Primary Source Document
with Questions (DBQs)
“ U P H O L D T H E F O U R B A S I C P R I N C I P L E S ” ( S P E E C H , M A R C H 3 0 , 1 9 7 9 )
B y D e n g X i a o p i n g
Introduction
Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) engineered a take-over of the Communist Party leadership in 1978, which culminated at
the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in December of that
year, when his supporters took over the Central Committee and the Central Committee’s Political Bureau (Politburo).
As part of his struggle to take control of the Party leadership, Deng had tacitly allowed democracy activists in Beijing
to put up posters at “Democracy Wall” and to print and circulate informal news magazines. Inasmuch as the activists
attacked the Cultural Revolution and Mao’s successor, Hua Guofeng (b. 1921), they were helpful. However, when
Deng had gained power, the activists were no longer of any value — in fact, their questioning and challenging of
Deng and his policies made them a liability. The repression began in the spring of 1979. This was part of the larger
process of Deng Xiaoping asserting his control and preparing the Party, the government, and the country to move in
the direction of economic reform and opening to the outside world that would characterize the period of Deng’s
leadership.
In the following excerpt from a speech of March 30, 1979, Deng lays forth what he called the “Four Basic Principles.”
These continue to be a part of the Chinese Communist Party’s ideological foundation and serve as a justification for
Party actions taken to control intellectual and political activity.
Selected Document Excerpts with Questions
From Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Richard
Lufrano, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 492-493. © 2000 Columbia University Press. Reproduced
with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.
“Uphold
the
Four
Basic
Principles”
(Speech,
March
30,
1979)

By
Deng
Xiaoping



The
 [Party]
 Center
 believes
 that
 in
 realizing
 the
 four
 modernizations
 in
 China
 we
 must

uphold
the
four
basic
principles
in
thought
and
politics.
They
are
the
fundamental
premise
for

realizing
the
four
modernizations.
They
are
[as
follows]:

1.


We
must
uphold
the
socialist
road.

2.


We
must
uphold
the
dictatorship
of
the
proletariat.

3.


We
must
uphold
the
leadership
of
the
Communist
Party.

4.


We
must
uphold
Marxism‑Leninism
and
Mao
Zedong
Thought.

The
Center
believes
that
we
must
reemphasize
upholding
the
four
basic
principles
today

because
 some
 people
 (albeit
 an
 extreme
 minority)
 have
 attempted
 to
 shake
 those
 basic

Primary Source Document, with Questions (DBQ) on
“UPHOLD THE FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES” (SPEECH, MARCH 30, 1979), BY DENG XIAOPING
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principles.
…
 Recently,
a
tendency
has
 developed
for
 some
people
to
create
 trouble
in
 some

parts
 of
 the
 country.
 …
 Some
 others
 also
 deliberately
 exaggerate
 and
 create
 a
 sensation
 by

raising
such
slogans
as
“Oppose
starvation”
and
“Demand
human
rights.”
Under
these
slogans,

they
 incite
 some
 people
 to
 demonstrate
 and
 scheme
 to
 get
 foreigners
 to
 propagandize
 their

words
and
actions
to
the
outside
world.
The
so‑called
China
Human
Rights
Organization
has

even
tacked
up
big
character
posters
requesting
the
American
president
“to
show
solicitude”

toward
human
rights
in
China.
Can
we
permit
these
kinds
of
public
demands
for
foreigners
to

interfere
in
China’s
domestic
affairs?
A
so‑called
Thaw
Society
issued
a
proclamation
openly

opposing
the
dictatorship
of
the
proletariat,
saying
that
it
divided
people.
Can
we
permit
this

kind
of
“freedom
of
speech,”
which
openly
opposes
constitutional
principles?



Questions:
1. How specific are these “Four Basic Principles”? Just what are the “socialist
road,” the “dictatorship of the proletariat,” the “leadership of the
Communist Party,” and “Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought”?
2. Why are the Four Principles written as they are (that is, the degree — or lack
of — specificity with which they are expressed)? What purposes do the Four
Principles serve?
3. In retrospect, what is the “socialist road” that the Party has been leading
China down since 1979?
4. Has the Party itself upheld these “Four Basic Principles” in the years since
1979?