13ARBAKICA 13ARBAÍII CA Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu W65. RGCZNICL^LRODZlN f or Professor Akdrzej Kokowski ou His 65™ birthday WĚj^fi tom mm;- JlEDÄKČjA T3ARBARA ni EZABITOWSKA-Wl šniE WSKA (PlOTRiUCZKIEWICZ 5ylwester5adowski Marta 5tasiakXyran MichaeľErdrich ĹUBIíU 2018 WSPOLNA EUAOPA 0/VMON ELROPE ARCHEOLÓGIA ARCHIWALNA archive archaeology Co co m o > U3 o ~n o o H m H co 10C 118 182 206 222 248 268 282 300 ANDRZE] BRONICKI Sekera wschodniobaltyjska z mejscwošo ZGltaňceMolonia. stan. 9, pow. chetmski, woj. lubelske MARCIN BIBORSKI, MICHAL GRYCIEL jwagi o ZRÓZNieWANIU meczy ludnošg elropejskego BARBARICUM na progu nowej ery JÁN RAJTÁR De Fibeln vom Typ Almgren 43 EDUARD DROBERJAR Eine Vggelhbel mit hoeem Nadelhaeer vom Typ Maseomecz aus Vrbová Lhota (MittelbohívEN) ACNIESZKA PŮLPÁNOVÁ-RESZCZYNSKA CŕvENTARZYSKO W NEZABYLCACH (OKR. CHOMUTOV ÚSTECKÝ KRAJ) - NOWE MATERIAtY DO POZNANIA OBRZADKU POGRZEBOWEGO NA obszarze PÓtNGCNO-zachodnich czech w okrese rzymskim JÖRC KLEEMANN Küsten sind offene Grenzen JAN SCHUSTER Ein Beschlag und zwei Fibeln. Seeene romiscfe Objekte aus Nordwestpolen JESZCZE JEDEN, NIEZWYKLE INTRYGUjACY ZABYTEK... z dratowa MAXIM LEVADA Zwei „Bestattungen" vom Graberfeld HanscvLutäre MICHEL KAZANSK RBARIANS AND TEE LATER ROMAN EWPIRE'S PONTIC BORDER - o > o o o h CO JES MARTENS 482 wpen it CMGS to tpe poppt.. on tt£ WOODEN ROUBLE PONTED SPIKES from BORREMOSE ANDRZE] MICHAtOWSKI, ANDRZE] SIKORSKI, MILENA TESKA, PATRYCJA KACZMARSKA 492 WlLK OGNIOWY z OPCISKIEM TKANINY PLÓCEPNEJ z MIEJSCWOŠC DANISZEW, gm. KOŠCELEC, pow. kolski, STAN. 18 GABRIELE RASBACH 502 Waldgirmes - A case of icnoglasm (Bildersturm) apo its DOCUMENTATION in tt£ GROUND MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKULA, MICHAL SEKULA 512 KOLEJNE ODKRYCE WISIORKA W KSZTALCE MINIATUROWEGO TOPORA z MIEJSCWOŠC MAJDAN, STAN. 8, gm. WlAZOWNA, pow. otwgcki, woj. MAZOWIECKIE HENRYK MACHAJEWSKI, ICNACY SKRZYPEK 522 Trzy zapinli brazowe z Mirogniewa. pow. czluchowski, woj. zachodniopomorskie RADOSLAW PROCHOWICZ 530 ostrog z KOWPLEKSU OSADNICZEGO w PRZERAPOWIE ANDRZE] KASPRZAK, ROBERT KRASZCZUK 536 DZIOBOWATE OKUCE KONCA pasa Z MIEJSCWOŠC RAPOLN NAD ŠRODKOWA NOTECA ANDRZE] SZELA 542 Skromy zespól grobowy z Brudnic. przyczypkiem ľo nowego spojrzenia ya niektoré obiekty z okresu wpdrówek ludów ALEKSANDRA RZESZOTARSKA-NOWAKIEWICZ 550 zapinla pipcopalczasta z okolc platkowa kolo Chgciwla na Pojezierzu iňskim (Pomorze Zachodnie) Christian Leiber 560 Zur Entdeckung von zwei Glaswarenlagern aus dem 17. Jahrhundert an der Waldclashutte inter dem hllsborn bei grupepplan im hlls, _apdkreis Holzmipden, Niedersachsen ad Můra \mos, Pane profesorzei ad muios anmos professor! MARIUSZ MIELCZAREK 572 Blrsztyn, jedwab i rozpustný cesarz Helíggabal (21 8-222) JUDYTA RODZINSKA-NOWAK 580 Nápoje alkoholowe mieszkaňców Barbaricum 590 nota od redakci 591 a note from tfe edtors 592 wykaz skrótów 592 abbreviations WALßCIFMS - A CASE OF I6NCCLASM IBiLDERSTLRM) AhD ITS QOCUf^NTATION IN "TVE GROLNC 503 Gabriele Rasbach Waldgirmes - A case of iconoclasm (BILDERSTURM) and its documentation in theground Gabriele Rasbach Römisch-Germanische Kommission Palmengartenstr. 10-12 D 60325 Frankfurt am Main gabriele.rasbach@dainst.de "rom 1993 to 2009 excavations on a Roman 1—" settlement were carried out in "Waldgirmes, J borough of Lahnau, Hesse (A. Becker, G. Rasbach 2015). As the course of the investigations showed, it concerned a late Augustan civilian settlement. Based upon numerous timbers from two wells, the start of the settlement can be established very precisely to the years around 4 or 3 BC, since all the tree-trunks employed in them were felled in those years. Probably during the governorship of Publius Quinctilius Varus it was upgraded by adding a comparably monumental forum. This attempt to create a Roman province in the areas east of the Rhine ended, however, with the decision of Emperor Tiberius in AD 16. In comparison to other Roman towns, the forum, which belonged to the construction type without a temple, was at 2,200 m2 clearly oversized (A. Becker, G. Rasbach 2015,58). The settlement was founded around 4 BC as just a roughly 8 hectare large site defended by an earth-and-timber wall (praesidium /forum mercantile?); its legal status is unknown (Fig. 1). The many den-drochronological dates from the two wells within the settlement give the start; the dating of its end is based upon the stratigraphy of certain features, the evaluation of the finds and the historical records of the Roman withdrawal in AD 16. Sometime after the settlement's founding it was embellished with a forum unusually large for the interior of the site. One can well describe this as a phase of monumentality, since apart from the forum there were two pits to receive monuments on the forecourt of this building-site. In the courtyard of the forum pedestals for up to five statues of horsemen were erected, from which ashlar and exterior stones have survived in the grubbed out pits. The stratification of the fill shows clearly that both monuments on the forecourt of the forum were never completed. Chronologically this phase of expansion is probably linked to the governorship of Publius Quinctilius Varus from AD 7 to 9, since the establishment of places, where legal proclamations could be made public and which could function as administrative centres in the newly conquered country, was of essential political interest. Archaeologically this dating is not provable, since apart from den- drochronology we do not possess such precise methods of dating. As early as the second excavation campaign of 1994 a small, gilded piece of cast bronze was found, which pointed towards the existence of a statue. During the investigations some 160 fragments were collected from various pits and ditches, including pieces of chest-harnesses (baltei) and a horse's hoof, which belonged to the riders' statues. However, only two fragments of baltei display clearly that the remains of at least two horsemen's statues are present, since the two pieces, both of which are adorned with scroll ornament, fit to one another neither in style nor in size (Fig. 2). Most of the other fragments are either tiny chips or larger, but non-assignable pieces. The fragments were scattered over almost the whole area of the excavation; thus, they are to be regarded as resulting from an iconoclasm (Fig. 3). Beside Augustus, the group of honorary statues certainly incorporated various members of the Imperial household. For the internal chronology of Roman Waldgirmes the pieces of statues are of paramount importance, as the contexts of the ■ Fig. 1. Waldgirmes. Reconstruction of the settlement according to the buildings of the phase of expansion. Graphics: Faber & Cour-tial, Darmstadt. 504 \ARIA ARCHAEOLGCICA WALGCIRf^S - A CASE OF i6ncclasm [BILDERSTURM) AhD ITS QOCUf^NTATION IN TVE CROLND 505 ■ Fig. 2. Waldgirmes. Comparison of the va-rious frag merits of the chest-harnesses (baiter, of the bronze horses. M. 1:1. ■ Fig. 3. Waldgirmes. Distribution of the statuary fragments in the investigated areas or the urban settlement. different fragments clearly demonstrate that the settlement did not cease after the iconoclasm, but rather that buildings in Waldgirmes were repaired and one of the main streets was renewed. The final conflagration in the settlement, which led to its abandonment, only occurred a few years after the iconoclasm. The largest fragment of statuary was discovered in the final year of excavations. From well 2 the life-size head of a horse of gilded bronze could be recovered (Fig. 4; G. Rasbach 2014). It lay among eight quern-stones without being damaged by them (D. Baatz in: A. Becker, G. Rasbach 2015, 300-301). This is an important indication of the relatively high water-level within the well. This find's context proves, however, that the sinking of the horse's head and the quern-stones can II JlL / Balleiis: i ii ■ i Pferdekopf i i . i RelterfuK : '. i j \ rf mi Mi 1J- -->■' Größere ansprechbare Bruchstücke U j Hortfund aus fünf Bruchstücken Li ■ Fig. 4. Waldgirmes. Gilded bronze head of a horse from well 2 in its restored condition. The life-size head had a length of 59 cm. Photo: Hessen Archäologie, Wiesbaden. be deemed as one event1. The quern-stones cannot be grouped into hand-turned querns. Seven were in use for different lengths of time, the eighth is the prefabrication of a runner stone (D. Baatz in: A. Becker, G. Rasbach 2015, 300-301). This assemblage seems clearly to be an irreversible This is also supported by physical analyses concerning the speed of falling and sinking, which ai bach in prep.). to be published separately (D. Baatz, G. Ras- VARIA ARCHAEOLGCICA WaLGCIFMS - A CASE OF i6ncclasm [BILDERSTURM) AhD ITS GDCUf^NTATION IN TVE CROLND 507 deposit of ritual significance. This could also be the case in several of the other larger fragments (G. Rasbach 2014). In modern times cases of iconoclasm are religiously or politically motivated circumstances, in order to destroy the figures of the persons represented and thereby to desecrate them personally or to liquidate the historical roots of cultures. Within the Roman judicial context such a method was legally sanctioned, ifadamnatio memoriae had been passed by the senate or the emperor. However, spontaneous eruptions of anger could occur at any time, which would then effect the representations of rulers. Deposits could be politically, economically or religiously motivated (Insignia of rulers e.g.: C. Panella 2011). One must differentiate between reversible ones, where the objects should be recovered later, and irreversible ones, where the objects were to remain in a place perpetually. In connection with the Augustan site of Waldg-irmes, in particular the irreversible depots of statuary from various cultural backgrounds, i.e. the Classical, the Celtic and the Germanic, are of special interest. In "Waldgirmes artefacts from these cultures and their transitional zones are present in such numbers, that one can deduce a multi-cultural population. On the other hand, only a few ground-plans of buildings exhibit or allow one to assume a non-Roman architecture. As described above, it was between this phase of expansion (presumably after AD 7) and the abandonment of the settlement (after AD 10) that an iconoclasm of the honorary statues standing in the courtyard took place. Especially helpful for this event is well 2, on the bottom of which the deposit of quern-stones and the life-size bronze head of a horse could be found. At the end of the field-work we assumed that on the abandonment of the settlement the well had been rendered obsolete by filling it up with rubbish. However, following the sieving of the well's backfill, a new basis for interpretation was provided. The detailed investigation of the fill not only revealed numerous wooden objects, but also showed that a significant amount of burnt loam had been present only in the upper part of the collapsed well-shaft. This indicates that the well had been rendered unusable some time prior to the final conflagration at the settlement's abandonment. A further indication for the deliberate closure of the shaft might well be the fact that one had removed all metal fittings from all the wooden artefacts and from most of the quern-stones. Chronologically this action can be more closely defined with the aid of two finds: Firstly, there came from the central section of the filling an as of the first minted series from Lugdunum (Lyon), which had been re-struck with a countermark of Varus; secondly, different parts of at least one wooden ladder could be dendrochronolog-ically dated to the autumn or winter of the year AD 9/10. The youngest piece of wood provided a felling date of at least AD 10, but this branch lacked the bark (Fig. 5:2). Thus, the well was abandoned in year AD 10 at the earliest. Moreover, various pottery sherds from dolia showed that the well had been filled in a process with mostly scorched wooden objects and settlement rubbish. However, thanks to the exceptionally good conditions of preservation, it was possible to prove joins within the filling (Fig. 5). The chronological relationship of the deposition of the horse-head and of the quern-stones aimed at closing up the well-shaft cannot be more closely defined through the context. Ground processes within the natural soil provide indications of the height of the water-table in the well. The grey discolouration reaching about half-way up the well-shaft results from soil-forming processes connected with standing water. Thus, we can assume a water-table of up to 5 metres. This pedological feature can also be recognised from the fact that a quern-stone came to rest on the bronze head without damaging it. This feature, therefore, is to be interpreted as an irreversible deposition of the horse's head. The depositing of statuary fragments in wells and other pits is also common in the cultural scope of antiquity. For instance, in 1901 a bronze head of the Augustan period was found near the bottom of a well's fill in Turin (E. Ferrero ■■>5W.*' I Buche I Eiche 1901; L. Mercando 1998,314-317). During excava- altar (closer to the threshold)2. The perhaps best tions in 1910 in the ancient Nubian city of Meroe known example of the desecration of an emper- a bronze head of a statue of Augustus was un- or's statue is a head of Gordian III. from Nicop- earthed in the rubble between a door-sill and an olis ad Istrum in northern Bulgaria, the ears and T. 0pper20i3; D. E. L. Haynes 1992,177-181, esp. 179 Garstang's sketch-plan (pi. XXXI, 2) shows that the head of Augustus was found between the stone threshold ofBuilding 292 and the 'beaten steps'in front of'it, rather closer to the latterthan the formerand somewhatto the west of the central structure.The depth atwhich the discoverywas made is described as '21/2 metres fromthe surface'and it is clearfrom a photograph ofthe find-spot (pi. XXXI, 3) that it must have been well below the level of the threshold. The head was found in a pocket of clean sand from which the excavator deduced, surely correctly, that it had been buried there intentionally.... ■ Fig. 5- Waldgirmes. The 11 m deep well 2. 1 - Drawn depiction of the feature; 2 - Map of the timbers from the interior of the well's fill with d end roch ronological felling dates of winter AD 9/10 (red no. 10 with felling date after AD 9); 3 - Map of all finds in the well (without timbers). WALDGIRŕ/ES - A CASE OF i6ncclasm ÍBlLDERSTLRM) an3 ITS DDCUr^NTATION IN TVE CROLNC nose of which had been cut off (J. Bracker 1979,28-29. Bronze head of Gordian III. Sofia, Nacionalen Arheologiceski Muzeum). In this connection one can well add a bronze bust of Caligula on which numerous cut marks are visible (H. Jucker 1982,110-118). A new example is provided by the fragments of statuary from two wells in Cossyra-Pantelle-r'a| I ^c'1^er' ^' Schmidt, M. Osanno 2015; on the context K. Schmidt 385-389; on the statues T. Schäfer 717-763). Iconoclasms are also found in historical sources, which are not always connected with an officially designated damna-tio memoriae (T. Pekäry 1985,134-142). In Waldgirmes only tiny fragments were recovered, which perhaps can be attributed to parts of a human head. All larger pieces, whose finds contexts will now be discussed, belonged to statues of horses. The high esteem for horses can be evidenced in almost all Classical and pre- and protohistor-ical cultures. In the Graeco-Roman cultural region this is visible in representations of chariot races, hunting scenes and on tombstones. In the Celtic world we find pictures of horses, for example, on the Iberian peninsula since the 5th century BC on stela as companions in war and in small-scale art, such as on fibulae and coins. They accompany deities, such as in our area Epona, of whom for instance in Saint Valerien, Departement Yonne a roughly 40 cm high, three-dimensional, bronze-plated wooden statue was recovered from an offering-shaft3. Pictorial representations from the Germanic world are very much rarer, a result of the general antipathy towards pictures in this culture (in general: G. Behm-Blancke 2003; T. Capelle 1996,18-19). Nevertheless, we have received reports and mythological narratives from Tacitus down to the sagas of the 5th and 6th centuries AD, from which we gain indications of the importance of the horse in this culture4. As far as archaeological finds and features are concerned, we can note the horse graves from the Germanic ambience or graves from the prehistoric to early mediaeval period, where the deceased were buried accompanied by horses. The sacrifice of horses, too, is evidenced in literature and in archaeological finds, such as horse rugs, as well as horse hide with scull and hooves from bogs in the north. Thus, the irreversible deposition of the horse's head from well 2 fits easily into the traditions of the cultural environment, the central mountainous region representing a contact zone between the Celts and the Germans. Especially in an environment in which life-size depictions were unknown, these raised statues of riders certainly produced a huge impact. The Roman defeat at the battle in the Teuto-burg Forest in AD 9 caused a great deal of insecurity. The fear that hosts of Germanic warriors could cross the Rhine prompted Augustus to raise military conscriptions. The alarm resulting from the lost battle ebbed in Augustus only when he realised, that the Germans had not even advanced to the Rhine. The inhabitants of Roman Waldgirmes also had a lot to lose, which is why their anger was vented towards the depictions of the representatives of the defeated power. In the minds of the people living in Roman Waldgirmes the deposition of the horse-head, as well as further larger fragments in other pits, occurred probably to appease both the new power and the gods, too. Apart from the horse-head there are three further larger fragments to mention, whose contexts as irreversible deposits must also be discussed. These are a horse's hoof, a horse's penis and a 3.5 kg fragment of a chest-harness. The pits, from which the first two items from a bronze horse were recovered, displayed fillings comparable to well 2. Both pieces lay on the bases of the pits and were covered with clean soil (Fig. 6). Only above it lays the burnt layer closing the features, which must be connected to the final conflagration of the settlement. On the other hand, the fragment of the chest-harness lay in an east-west running street ditch upon a natural layer almost devoid of finds, but again beneath the last overlying layer, which developed through or after the final conflagration. The finds present prove the tactical procedure of the Romans, the implementation of clearly existing antetypes for forum buildings and their embellishment with statues. The production of the bronze portraits in the partial cast method facilitated their repetition. In this way, the find of a horse-head of equal form is entirely possible, although for the cast of the piece from Waldgirmes the wax model was trimmed in the area of several of the harness medallions and the forehead protection (prometopidion). The features presented and the position of the finds represented an event not reported in historical sources, the destruction of probably five gilded, bronze honorary statues. Destroyed, too, were the insignia of the new political power of the region, the commanders of the Roman army, the losers of the 'Battle in the Teutoburg Forest! Research on these events so remote in time is up-to-date, as demonstrated by the very recent examples of iconoclasm. Translation: Clive er, Xanten, 12/2015 C. Driard, S. Deyts 2013; One has to remind oneself of the small, three-dimensional iron horse statuette of the 2nd c. BC, which was found in fragments in the area of a presumed Celtic sanctuary ir the oppidum of Manching (S. Sievers2003,96-98) or of the votive figures from the Heidetranktal (F. Maier 1977)- 4 Summarised in: RGA 23,2003,24-35: entry'Pferd' (S. Zimmer, H. Reichstein); 50-96: entry'Pferd eg raber' (H. Steuer). VARIA AR C HA EO LOCI CA 'Bibliography 3aatz, d, Rasbach, g in prep. In: Waldgirmes. Die Ausgrabungen in der spätaugusteischen Siedlung von Lahnau-Waldgirmes (1993-2009). 2. Ergänzende Untersuchungen, Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Frankfurt. 3ecker, a, rasbach, g Waldgirmes. Die Ausgrabungen in der spätaugusteischen Siedlung von Lahnau-Waldgirmes (1993-2009). 1. Befunde und Funde, Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 71, Darmstadt. 3ehm-blancke, g Heiligtümer der Germanen und ihrer Vorgänger in Thüringen. Die Kultstätte von Oberdorla, Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 38, Stuttgart. 3racker, j 1979 Gordianus III, In: M. Wegner (ed.), Gordianus III bis Carinus, Das römische Herrscherbild 111,3, Berlin, 28—29. Capelle, t Anthropomorphic wooden idols, News WARP 19, 18-19. Driard, C, Deyts, S 2013 line statue d'Epona en töle de bronze sur modele en bois ä Saint-Valerien (Yonne), Revue Arch eologique de l'Est 62, 435—442. zerrero, E Scoperte di antichitä romane entro la cittä, Notizie degli Scavi 1901, 391—397. Hayn es, DEL The date of the bronze head of Augustus from Meroe, In: N. Bonacasa, A. di Vito (eds.), Allesandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano. Studi in onore diAchille Adriani, Studi e materiali 4, Roma, 177—181. jucker, H Die Bildnissstrafen gegen den toten Caligula, In: B. Freytag gen. Löringhoff, D. Mannspren- ger, F. Prayon (eds.), Praestant interna. Festschrift für Ulrich Hausmann, Tübingen, 110—118. Mai er, f Ein bronzenes Votivpferdchen aus dem Heidetränk--Oppidum im Taunus, Germania 55, 64—77. MANIQUEI CH Le dépôtcultuel du sanctuairegaulois de Tintignac á Naves (Corréze), Gaüia 65, 273—326. MERCANDO, L Riflessioni sul linguaggiofigurative, In: L. Mercan-do (ed.), Archeológia in Piemonte. 2. Letá romana, Torino, 314—317. Opper, t 2013 The Meroe Head of Augustus, London. PANELLA, C (ed.), Isegni del potere. Realtä e immaginario della sovranitä nelle Roma imperiale, Biblioteca di Archeológia 24, Bari. Pekary, T Das römische Kaiserbildnis in Staat, Kult und Gesellschaft dargestellt anhand der Schriftquellen, Das Römische Herrscherbild 111,5, Berlin. Ras bach, g Bronzene Reiterstatuen aus der augusteischen Stadtgründung von Waldgirmes. Ein herausragender Neufundfrühkaiserzeitlicher Großplastik, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 15—44. schafer, k, schmidt, k, osanno, m (eds.), Cossyra I. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Akropolis von Pantelleria/S. Teresa, Tübinger Archäologische Forschungen 10, Rahden/ Westf. sievers, s 2003 Manching. Die Keltenstadt, Stuttgart. NOTA OD 'REDAKCI Przygotowujac do druku dwutomowa Ksiege po-šwiecona Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu przyjelišmy nastepujacy zásady: ■ laciňska transliterácia cyrylicy zgodna z norma miedzynarodowa ISO 9 we wszystkich tekstach w jezykach polskim, angielskim i nie-mieckim ■ w tekstach w jezykach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim nie transliterowano jedynie nazw wíasnych kultur, krain geograficznych i rzek pozostawiajac zápis powszechnie stosowany w každým z tých jezyków ■ w tekstach w jezykach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim wszystkie cyryliczne pozycje bibliograficzne zapisano w postaci translite-rowanej, umieszczajac ponižej takže zápis ory-ginalny ■ w tekstach w jezykach polskim i rosyjskim na-zwy jednostek administracyjnych Polski, Rosji i Ukrainy (np. powiatów, województw, rajo-nów, oblasti) zapisano w formie przymiotni-kowej, obowiazujacej w tých krajach ■ w tekstach w jezykach angielskim i niemieckim, w tym w streszczeniach w tých jezykach, nazwy jednostek administracyjnych Polski, Rosji i Ukrainy zapisano w formie rzeczowni-kowej, podajac takže, najczeáciej przy pierw-szym užyciu, oryginalny zápis cyryliczny nazw rosyjskich i ukraiňskich ■ w tekstach w jezyku polskim nazwy jednostek administracyjnych Rosji i Ukrainy zapisano w formie rzeczownikowej, podajac takže, najczeáciej przy pierwszym užyciu, oryginalny zápis cyryliczny ■ w skróconym zapisie nazw paňstw, z marymi wyjatkami, zastosowano zalecany, dwulitero-wy kod ISO (ISO 3166 alpha-2). Oczywiácie w uzasadnionych wypadkach pozwo-liliámy sobie na pewne odstepstwa od powyž-szych regúl. Redakcja A NOTE TROM THE EDITORS When preparing this two-volume Festschrift for Professor Andrzej Kokowski we have adopted the following rules: ■ Latin transliteration of the Cyrillic script following the international norm ISO 9 in all the texts in Polish, English and German ■ in the Polish, English and German texts, only the proper names of cultures, geographical places and rivers were not transliterated, leaving the commonly used notation in each of the languages in question ■ in the Polish, English and German texts all the Cyrillic bibliographical entries were transliterated, leaving the original notation below ■ in the Polish and Russian texts, the names of administrative units of Poland, Russia and Ukraine (e.g. districts, voivodships, regions and oblasts) were written in the adjectival form which is in force in the respective countries ■ in the texts in English and German, including the summaries of the texts, the names of the administrative units of Poland, Russia and Ukraine are given in the nominal form, providing also, upon first use, the original Cyrillic notation of Russian and Ukrainian names ■ in the texts in Polish, the names of administrative units of Russia and Ukraine are given in the nominal form, providing also, upon first use, the original Cyrillic notation ■ in the contractions of country names, with small exceptions, the recommended two-letter ISO code (ISO 3166 alpha-2) was used. In justified cases we allowed for certain deviations from the above rules The Editors WYKAZ SKROrOW ABBREVIATIONS WYKAZ 5KRÓTÓW ABBREVIATIONS AA to- Acta Archaeologica AAC to- Acta Archaeologica Carpathica AarbKob to- Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie AAustr to- Archaeologia Austriaca ActaArchHung to- Acta Archaeologica Acade- miae Scientiarum Hungaricae ActaPraehistA to- Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica AiBB to- Archäologie in Berlin und Brandenburg AIHV to- Annales du Congrés de ('Association Internationale pour I'Histoire du Verre", Liege AL to- Archaeologia Lituana APoIski to- Archeológia Polski APS to- Archeológia Polski Šrodkowowschodniej, Lublin Arbeitsber. Bodendenkmalpfl. Brandenburg to Arbeitsberichte zur Bodendenkmalpflege in Brandenburg ArbFBerSächs to- Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Badendenkmalpflege Arch.BaItica to- Archaeologia Baltica Arch. Korrbl. to- Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt ARozhl to- Archeologické Rozhledy BARIntSer to- British Archaeologica! Reports, International Series, Oxford Beiträge zu römischer und barbarischer Bewaffnung to- C. von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.), Beiträge zu römischer und barbarischer Bewaffnung in den ersten vier nachchrristlichen Jahrhunderten. Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums in Marburg a. d. Lahn, 20. bis 24. Februar 1994, Veröfftlichungen des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars Marburg, Sonderband 8, Marburg-Lublin 1994 BerRGK to- Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission EAZ to- Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift Europa barbarica to- P. Luczkiewicz, M. Gla-dysz-Jusciiiska, M. Jusciiiski, B. Niezabitow-ska, S. Sadowski (eds.), Europa barbarica. Cwierc wieku archeologii w Masiomeczu, Mo-numenta Studia Gothica IV, Lublin 2005 FPP to- Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia Goci i ich sqsiedzi to- W. Nowakowski (ed.), Goci i ich sqsiedzi na Pomorzu. Materiaiy z konfe-rencji „Goci na Pomorzu Srodkowym", Koszalin 28-29 pazdziernika 2005, Koszaliriskie Zeszyty Muzealne, Seria A: Studia Archaeologica Pome-ranica II, Koszalin 2006 HS to- Hersonesskij Sbornik / XepcoHeccKuü CöopHUK (=XC) 200 Jahre Fibelformen to- J. Kunov (ed.), 100 Jahre Fibelformen nach Oscar Almgren, Internationale Arbeitstagung 25. -28. Mai 1997 Kleinmachnow, Land Brandenburg, Forschungen zur Archäologie im Land Brandenburg 5, Wilnsdorf 1998 IAK to- Izvestiä Imperatorskoj Arheologice-skoj Komissii / M3BecmuR MmnepamopcKoü ApxeoAozunecKoü Komuccuu (=I4AK) InvArch to- Inventaria Archaeologica, Pologne IbRGZM to- Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Kontakt-Kooperation-Konflikt to- C. von Car-nap-Bornheim (ed.), Kontakt - Kooperation - Konflikt. Internationales Kolloquium des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars der Philipps-Universität Marburg 12.-16. Februar 1998, Neumünster 2003 Kontaktyponadregionalne... to- M. Fudziri-ski, H. Paner (eds.), Kontakty ponadregionalne kultury wielbarskiej. Przemiany kulturowe w okresie wpiywöw rzymskich na Pomorzu, Gdarisk 2015 KSIA to- Kratkie soobseniä Instituta arheolo-gii / KpamKue coo6u^enuR Mncmumyrna apxeoAozuu (=KCI4A) WYKAZ SKROTOW ABBREVIATIONS Kultura bogaczewska to- A. Bitner-Wröblewska (ed.), Kultura bogaczewska w 20 lat pózniej. Materiály z konferencji, Warszawa, 26-27 marca 2003, Seminarium Baltyjskie I, Warszawa 2007 Kultura wielbarska J. Gurba, A. Kokowski (eds.), Kultura wielbarska w miodszym okresie rzymskim, 1.11988, II1989, Lublin KZM to- Koszaliňskie Zeszyty Muzealne LA to- Lietuvos archeologija MAIET to- Materiály po arheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii / MamepuaAM no apxeoAozuu, ucmopuu u 3mHozpa(ßuu Taspuu (= MAI43T), Simferopoľ-Kerč / CuMcßeponoAb-Kepn MANH to- Materiály Archeologiczne Nowej Huty MatArch to- Materiály Archeologiczne MIA to- Materiály i issledovaniä po arheologii SSSR / MamepuaAM u uccaedoBohúr no apxeoAozuu CCCP (=MMA), Moskva / Mockbü Mon.Arch. Barbarica to- Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica, Kraków-Warszawa Mon. Stud. Gothica to- A. Kokowski (ed.), Monumenta Studia Gothica, Lublin Monographien RGZM to- Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz MSROA to- Materiály i Sprawozdania Rzeszow-skiego Osrodka Archeologicznego MS to- Materiály Starožytne, Warszawa MSiW to- Materiály Starožytne i Wczesnosre-dniowieczne, Warszawa NachrbLDt.Vorzeit to- Nachrichtenblatt für deutsche Vorzeit Nowe materiaiy kultury wielbarskiej M. Fu-dziriski, H. Paner (eds.), Nowe materiály i in-terpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej, Gdansk 2007 Offcina archaeologica optima to- W. Nowakowski, A. Szela (eds.), Offcina archaeologica optima. Studia oflarowane Jerzemu Okuliczo-wi-Kozarynowi w siedemdziesiqtq rocznice uro-dzin, Swiatowit Supplement Series P: Prehistory and Middle Ages VII, Warszawa 2001 Orbis Barbarorum to- J. Andrzejowski, C. von Carnap-Bornheim, A. Ciesliriski, B. Kontny (eds.), Orbis Barbarorum. Studia ad archaeolo-giam Germanorum et Baltorum temporibus Imperii Romanipertinentia Adalberto Nowakowski dedicata, MonArch. Barbarica, Series Gemina VI, Warszawa-Schleswig 2017 PamA to- Památky Archeologické PArch to- Przeglad Archeologiczny PMMAiE to- Prace i Materiály Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Lodži, Seria archeologiczna Pogranicze trzech šwiatów to- W. Nowakowski, A. Szela (eds.), Pogranicze trzech šwiatów. Kontakty kulturprzeworskiej, wielbarskiej i bogaczewskiej wšwietle materiaiów z badaň iposzukiwaň archeologicznych, Swiatowit Supplement Series P: Prehistory and Middle Ages XIV, Warszawa 2006 PomAnt to- Pomorania Antiqua Prussia to- Siztungsberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia (Prussia. Zeitschrift für Heimatkunde) PZ to- Praehistorische Zeitschrift RArch. to- Recherches Archéologiques RA to- Rossijskaä arheologiä / PoccuücKan apxeoAozuR (=PA) RB to- Rocznik Bialostocki RGA to- J. Hoops. I-IV (ed.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Straßburg 1911-1919; H. Beck, D. Geuenich, H. Steuer (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Berlin, New York RGF to- Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Berlin- Leipzig -Mainz SA to- Sovetskaä arheologiä / CoBemcKan apxeoAozuR (= CA) Saalbjb to- Saalburg-Jahrbuch SAI to- Arheologiä SSSR, Svod Arheologiče-skih Istočnikov / Cboö apxeoAozunecKux ucmoHHUKOB (=CAI4), Moskva I Mockbü SCIVA to- Studii si cercetäri de istorie veche si arheologie SGD N.F. to- Schriften der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig N.F. SiLAnt. to- Silesia Antiqua SIovA to- Slovenská Archeológia Spisy Brno to- Spisy Archeologického Ústavu AV ČR Brno, Brno WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW ABBREVIATIONÍ SprArch. to- Sprawozdania Archeologiczne StudArch to- Studia Archeologiczne, Wroclaw Studia Gothica to A. Kokowski (ed.), Studia Gothica, Lublin Stud.Sachsenforsch. to Studien zur Sachsenforschung Štud. Zvesti to Študijné Zvesti Archeologického Ústavu SAV (Slovenskej Akadémie Ved) Ery EpiTHCKMM ľocyAapCTBeHHbiM yHMBepCMTeT Bľy tO- BopOHe/KCKMM ľocyAapCTBeHHbiM yHMBepCMTeT Ij/IM tO- ľOCyAapCTBeHHblM I/lCTOpMHeCKMM My3eŕi, MocKBa I4AK to- I43BecTMí5 MivinepaTOpCKOM ApxeOAorMiecKOM Kommccmm (=IAK) I4A PAH to- MHCTMTyT apxeoAOrMM Poccmmckom aKaAeMMM HayK I4I4MK PAH tO- MHCTMTyT MCTOpMM MaTepMaAbHOM KyAbTypbi Poccmmckom aKaAeMMM HayK KBA3 to- KaMCKO-BíTTCKaa apxeoAOrMnecKaa BKCneAMHMH KCI/IA to- KpaTKMe coooineHMír MHCTMTyTa apxeoAOrMM (=KSIA) Terra Barbarica to A. Urbaniak, R. Procho- wicz, I. Jakubczyk, M. Levada, J. Schuster (eds.), Terra Barbarica. Studia ofiarowane Magdalenie Maczyňskiej w 65. rocznice urodzin, Monumen-ta Archaeologica Barbarica, Serieš Gemina, II, Lódž-Warszawa 2010 WA to Wiadomosci Archeologiczne ZNUJ PA to Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ja-gielloňskiego, Prace Archeologiczne, Krakow MAI43T to MaTepMaAbi no apxeoAOrMM, MCTOpMM m BTHOrpaíjjMM TaBpMM (=MAIET) M3KIT to My3eŕi-3anOBeAHMK «KyAMKOBO nOAe», TyAa MI4A to MaTepMaAbi m MCCAeAOBaHMa no apxeoAOrMM CCCP, MocKBa (=MIA) MM to- My3eŕi MocKBbi MHI4I4HAI43 to- Mopaobckmm HaynHO- -MCCAeAOBaTeAbCKMM MHCTMTyT Í53MK, AMTepaTypbl MCTOpMM, 3KOHOMMKM PA to PoccMMCKaa apxeoAOrMM (=RA) CA to CoBeTCKaa apxeoAOrMM (=SA) CAI4 to Cboa apxe oa or Mie c k mx mctohhmkob (=SAI) XC tO XepCOHeCCKMM CÖOpHMK (=HS)