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Time and Space VI
Pavel Caha
April 4 2023
1 / 31
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(1) topological
a. I visited my uncle in Odessa.
b. I visited my uncle in the spring.
2 / 31
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(1) topological
a. I visited my uncle in Odessa.
b. I visited my uncle in the spring.
(2) projective
a. Auto
car
bylo
was
před
in.front.of
dom‐em
house‐INS
‘The car was in front of the house.’
b. Odjezd
departure
byl
was
před
in.front.of
poledn‐em
noon‐INS
‘The departure was before noon.’
2 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
auto
‘the car’
Location
Place
před
‘in front of’
GROUND
domem
‘the house’
3 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
auto
‘the car’
Location
Place
před
‘in front of’
GROUND
domem
‘the house’
Predication
FIGURE
THING
Location
Place
před
‘in front of’
GROUND
THING
3 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
departure
‘the departure’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
Predication
FIGURE
EVENT
TIME INTERVAL
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
TIME INTERVAL
4 / 31
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(3) Přijeli
arrived
jsme
we.have
před
before
poledn‐em
noon
‘We arrived before noon.’
5 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
Přijeli jsme
‘We arrived’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
6 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
Přijeli jsme
‘We arrived’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
Predication
FIGURE
EVENT
TIME INTERVAL
PlaceP
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
TIME INTERVAL
6 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
Přijeli jsme
‘We arrived’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
Predication
FIGURE
EVENT
TIME INTERVAL
PlaceP
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
TIME INTERVAL
(4) a. A: We have arrived.
6 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
Přijeli jsme
‘We arrived’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
Predication
FIGURE
EVENT
TIME INTERVAL
PlaceP
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
TIME INTERVAL
(4) a. A: We have arrived.
b. We have arrived (*before the noon)
6 / 31
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Predication
FIGURE
Přijeli jsme
‘We arrived’
Location
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
polednem
‘noon’
Predication
FIGURE
EVENT
TIME INTERVAL
PlaceP
Place
před
‘before’
GROUND
TIME INTERVAL
(4) a. A: We have arrived.
b. We have arrived (*before the noon)
c. We arrived before the noon 6 / 31
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Some prototypical relations, Haspelmath (1997)
7 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
8 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world,
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary,
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well.
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones,
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor.
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor. The data confirm
the universalist’s expectation that spatial expression of temporal
notions is extremely widespread in the world’s languages,
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor. The data confirm
the universalist’s expectation that spatial expression of temporal
notions is extremely widespread in the world’s languages, being
limited neither genetically (e.g. to Indo‐European),
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor. The data confirm
the universalist’s expectation that spatial expression of temporal
notions is extremely widespread in the world’s languages, being
limited neither genetically (e.g. to Indo‐European), nor
geographically (e.g. to Europe),
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor. The data confirm
the universalist’s expectation that spatial expression of temporal
notions is extremely widespread in the world’s languages, being
limited neither genetically (e.g. to Indo‐European), nor
geographically (e.g. to Europe), nor typologically (e.g to languages
with SVO word order).
9 / 31
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Haspelmath (1997)
This phenomenon is so widespread in different languages across the
world, and in different parts of the vocabulary, that we have to
conclude that space and time are linked to each other in human
thinking as well. One common way of conceiving of this relationship
is by saying that temporal expressions are based on spatial ones, and
that the transfer is a kind of conceptual metaphor. The data confirm
the universalist’s expectation that spatial expression of temporal
notions is extremely widespread in the world’s languages, being
limited neither genetically (e.g. to Indo‐European), nor
geographically (e.g. to Europe), nor typologically (e.g to languages
with SVO word order). In this sense, the transfer from space to time
can be said to be universal.
9 / 31
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Jackendoff (1983)
The significance of this insight to the present undertaking cannot be
overemphasized.
10 / 31
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Jackendoff (1983)
The significance of this insight to the present undertaking cannot be
overemphasized.It means that in exploring the organization of
concepts that, unlike those of physical space, lack perceptual
counterparts, we do not have to start de novo.
10 / 31
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Jackendoff (1983)
The significance of this insight to the present undertaking cannot be
overemphasized.It means that in exploring the organization of
concepts that, unlike those of physical space, lack perceptual
counterparts, we do not have to start de novo. Rather, we can
constrain the possible hypotheses about such concepts by adapting,
insofar as possible, the independently motivated algebra of spatial
concepts to our new purposes.
10 / 31
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Jackendoff (1983)
The significance of this insight to the present undertaking cannot be
overemphasized.It means that in exploring the organization of
concepts that, unlike those of physical space, lack perceptual
counterparts, we do not have to start de novo. Rather, we can
constrain the possible hypotheses about such concepts by adapting,
insofar as possible, the independently motivated algebra of spatial
concepts to our new purposes. The psychological claim behind this
methodology is that the mind does not manufacture abstract
concepts out of thin air, either.
10 / 31
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Jackendoff (1983)
The significance of this insight to the present undertaking cannot be
overemphasized.It means that in exploring the organization of
concepts that, unlike those of physical space, lack perceptual
counterparts, we do not have to start de novo. Rather, we can
constrain the possible hypotheses about such concepts by adapting,
insofar as possible, the independently motivated algebra of spatial
concepts to our new purposes. The psychological claim behind this
methodology is that the mind does not manufacture abstract
concepts out of thin air, either. It adapts machinery that is already
available, both in the development of the individual organism and in
the evolutionary development of the species.
10 / 31
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Modeling the transfer
Modifying time in clauses
Tense
summary
11 / 31
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Two models
(5) moving‐ego
a. As we go through the years...
b. As we go further into the 1990s... We’re aproaching the
end of the year. In the weeks ahead of us...
c. This coming Tuesday...
d. Bygone events
(6) moving‐time
a. The time will come when...
b. The time for action has arrived. Noon crept up on us.
c. Time flew by.
d. Thursday rushed by.
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(7) projective
a. Auto
car
bylo
was
před
in.front.of
dom‐em
house‐INS
‘The car was in front of the house.’
b. Odjezd
departure
byl
was
před
in.front.of
poledn‐em
noon‐INS
‘The departure was before noon.’
13 / 31
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Modeling the transfer
Modifying time in clauses
Tense
summary
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20 / 31
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21 / 31
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(8) Reichenbach (1947), Demirdache & Uribe‐Etxebarria (2007)
a. Event time = time interval when the event takes place
b. Assertion time = time interval for which the claim is made
c. Speech time = time interval in which the sentence is
uttered
21 / 31
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Aspect
22 / 31
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Aspect
(9) a. At 4 pm/When I arrived, it was raining
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Aspect
(9) a. At 4 pm/When I arrived, it was raining
b. When I arrived, he had eaten
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Aspect
(9) a. At 4 pm/When I arrived, it was raining
b. When I arrived, he had eaten
c. When I arrived, he was about to leave
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Aspect
(10) WWI ended ...
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Aspect
(10) WWI ended ...
a. before 1924
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Aspect
(10) WWI ended ...
a. before 1924
b. in 1924
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Aspect
(10) WWI ended ...
a. before 1924
b. in 1924
c. after 1924
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Aspect
(10) WWI ended ...
a. before 1924
b. in 1924
c. after 1924
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Modeling the transfer
Modifying time in clauses
Tense
summary
24 / 31
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Tense
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Tense
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(11) He arrived before Christmas in December
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(11) He arrived before Christmas in December
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Modeling the transfer
Modifying time in clauses
Tense
summary
28 / 31
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▶ Spece time transfer
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▶ Spece time transfer
▶ Events (as figures) are located wrt. times (serving as the ground)
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▶ Spece time transfer
▶ Events (as figures) are located wrt. times (serving as the ground)
▶ in front of = before (inherent)
29 / 31
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▶ Spece time transfer
▶ Events (as figures) are located wrt. times (serving as the ground)
▶ in front of = before (inherent)
▶ behind = after (inherent)
29 / 31
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▶ Spece time transfer
▶ Events (as figures) are located wrt. times (serving as the ground)
▶ in front of = before (inherent)
▶ behind = after (inherent)
▶ In clauses, time adverbials modify assertion time
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▶ Spece time transfer
▶ Events (as figures) are located wrt. times (serving as the ground)
▶ in front of = before (inherent)
▶ behind = after (inherent)
▶ In clauses, time adverbials modify assertion time
▶ assertion time is also crucially implicated in aspect
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References
Demirdache, Hamida & Myriam Uribe‐Etxebarria. 2007. The syntax
of time arguments. Lingua 117(2). 330–366.
Haspelmath, Martin. 1997. From space to time: Temporal adverbials
in the world’s languages. München: Lincom.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1983. Semantics and cognition. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of symbolic logic. New York: Free
Press.
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