Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 1 Problem of National Cinema and Film Culture till 1918 History of Central European Culture since 19th Century I Mgr. Michal Večeřa, Ph.D. Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 2 Introduction ̶The concept of National cinema ̶Production -> Distribution -> exhibition ̶ ̶Transnationality ̶ ̶Examples ̶Czech lands ̶Travelling cinemas ̶Alexander Kolowrat ̶Asta Nielsen ̶ ̶Footnote – SOURCES! Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 3 Chronology ̶1890s-1907/1910 ̶Travelling cinemas ̶ ̶1907/1910-1914 ̶Permanent cinemas, stabilisation of production ̶ ̶1914-1918 ̶Problems due to war ̶ ̶Post-1918 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 4 "What exactly is it that defines a national cinema?" Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 5 [animate output image] Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 6 National Cinema ̶National movements of the 19th century ̶ ̶Ethnic diversity ̶ ̶Did all people share the shame identity? ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 7 National cinema ̶…different connotations in different times and different parts of the World… ̶State-National cinema ̶ ̶Ethno-linguistic cinema ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 8 Example and comparison of both cases? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 9 Map of France - Cities and Roads - GIS Geography U.S. state - Wikipedia Czechoslovakia | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 10 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 12 Limits of searching for the National? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 13 Poland ̶Kazimierz Prószyński ̶ ̶Poland of 21st century does not exist •Russia; Austria-Hungary; Germany ̶ ̶Popularity of foreign stars ̶ ̶Local stars •Pola Negri •Anton Fertner •Władysław Starewicz ̶ [USEMAP] Výsledek obrázku pro anton fertner Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 14 Wladyslaw Starewicz ̶Russian – Poland – Latvia ̶ ̶What was his identity Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 15 Central Europe – Small National cinemas ̶Insufficient sales ̶ ̶Small size of the audience ̶ ̶Language barrier ̶ ̶Weak economic base Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 16 Central Europe – Small National cinemas ̶Predominance of imported films and stars ̶Delayed start ̶First-mover advantage ̶Weak economic base ̶Lower production quantity ̶Artists leaving "for better" Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 17 Central Europe – Small National Cinemas ̶Dominant business of distribution ̶Specialised sales practices ̶Production profitable but popular ̶How many theatres does it take to make a movie profitable? ̶Government support? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 18 Central Europe – Small National Cinemas ̶Different starting point ̶ ̶Non-existing previous structure ̶Inventors, optiques etc. – Lumiere brothers, Oskar Messter, Skladanowski ̶ ÞObstacle for building stable industry Þ ̶Austria-Hungary – systematic industry 1910s 1900s – Saturnfilm ̶ ̶Smaller regions in the gravitation field of „superior“ central places ̶Prague, Berlin, Wien Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 19 Central Europe – Small National Cinemas ̶The way to „succes“? ̶ ̶Local topics ̶ ̶Local genres ̶ ̶Local stars ̶ ̶Economic power Den hvide slavenhandels (1909) Vs. Den hvide slavenhandels (1910) Fotorama - Wikidata Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 20 Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 21 Were the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire similarly strong and well-developed in terms of economy? (e.g. modernity, industrialization, added value, etc.) - Quora Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 22 Transnationality? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 23 First projections ̶Differences from nowadays film screenings ̶Length of films ̶10-20, later 3-5 ̶Variability of available programme – comedies, actualities, history genre, ̶French, American, Italian ̶ ̶Attributes for live action shows ̶ ̶Film inserts used in theatres ̶ Non-existent standards Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 24 Non-existent standards Lumiére Cinématographe — The Malkames Collection FIGURE_02-02_EDISON_GAUGE Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 26 Travelling cinemas ̶The break of 19th and 20th century ̶ ̶Distribution method ̶Selling instead of rental system ̶ ̶Non-existing cinematic infrastructure ̶ ̶Non-existing stable production HISTORIE BRNĚNSKÝCH KINEMATOGRAFŮ – KOČOVNÉ KINEMATOGRAFY Kočovná kina hostující v Brně Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 27 Distribution circuits? ̶How did films got to target market? ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 28 Distribution circuit ̶Foreign agents ̶ ̶Lumiere ̶Edison ̶Skladanowski ̶ ̶ ̶Local films ̶Sáňková dráha na Myslivně, Kluziště v Lužánkách, Zkušební cvičení brněnských hasičů ̶ ̶ ̶Melies, France ̶ ̶ ̶England ̶ ̶ ̶ Czech lands ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 29 The beginnings of film production ̶Short films ̶ ̶ ̶Mostly non-fiction ̶ ̶ ̶Different dynamics in different countries Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 30 Beginnings of cinema – Scandinavia ̶First film projections ̶Denmark – Vilhelm Pacht – 1896 ̶ ̶Norway – Skladanowsky & Bioskop ̶ ̶Sweden – June 1896 ̶ ̶Finland – June 1896 – Lumiere ̶ ̶Iceland – 1903 ̶ ̶First fiction films ̶Denmark – 1906 ̶ ̶Norway – 1907 ̶ ̶Sweden – 1896 ̶ ̶Finland – 1904 ̶ ̶Iceland – 1919 ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 31 Tsarist Russia ̶Non-fiction majority ̶1908-1912 – 141 of 226 films; 85 fiction 53 % literature, 26 % fairy-tales ̶1909 – 19 -> 1913 – 129 ̶WWI development – 1914 – 230 -> 1916 – 500 – multiple-reel majority ̶2 most important local producers ̶Drankov ̶Chanžonkov ̶Local Cinematic centre in Moscow Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 32 Jan Kříženecký ̶Nonfiction cinema ̶First fiction films ̶1906 – Satan‘s ride on a train ̶1907 – Sokol festivities ̶1910 – Jarní sen starého mládence (1910) ̶1913-1914 – director Kino Louvre Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 33 What was the public reputation of cinema? And why? Popcorn and drink in an empty red theater Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 34 What was the public reputation of cinema? ̶Czech lands ̶The court decree of 1836 – itinerant entertainment ̶New law was not valid before 1912 ̶ ̶Cinema was seen as something „suspicious“ ̶Part of other itinerant entertainments ̶Several contemporary accidents during projections ̶ ̶1904 – Karel Scheinpflug – Kinematograf vychovatelem ̶ ̶Two lines of the discussion – 1) program restriction Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 35 Children in the Den Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 36 Cinema and the state ̶Film censorship ̶ ̶Central level – Wien/Budapest ̶ ̶Local level – Prague ̶ ̶Local authorities – police stations 3.7.1898 Dostaveníčko ve mlýnici 8.1898 pokažené zastaveníčko pana Švába 6/1/1923 Milostné dobrodružství z mlýnice/Dobrodružství z mlýnice 9/2/1927 Přerušené dostaveníčko 3/2/1927 Překažené dostaveníčko 5/24/1928 Zastaveníčko u mlýnice 5.1929 Překažené dostaveníčko u mlýnice 4/6/1932 Dostaveníčko ve mlýnici 4/9/1932 Dostaveníčko ve mlýnici 51/1933 "Scéna u mlýnice" aneb "Překažené dostaveníčko" 20.3.1993 Dostaveníčko ve mlýnici 11.2.1995 Švábovo zmařené dostaveníčko aneb dostaveníčko ve mlýnici Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 37 Can you imagine any problem connected to the censorship structure? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 38 Permanent cinemas ̶1907 – first permanent cinemas ̶Brno and Prague ̶ ̶Cinema in every major city before WWI ̶ ̶Local distribution companies ̶ ̶Low level of local production ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 39 To which degree were local Cinematic clusters independent on superior central points? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 40 First attempts for systematic film production ̶Kinofa ̶Illusionfilm ̶Lucerna ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ASUM https://dafilms.cz/media/gallery/2013/09/29/IMG_8971.JPG http://film.nfa.cz/portal/navrecord/F001_0037a03/f/get/1a931ebfb702829a80b92e7ba8cc8bfb35ca0cf75764 2644ce1abb5c1a02TTgzSFUuR01TLkMkWihGWEIuVyxaLDM4WihFKUowNz0tNUNBVzM0MS0sVUU0MDdIQi5XLFosM0hCPSIoWwp NPFNIUSxDSEI4NTxROiVIUjVGOTo5U1RdKENNUy5DJFooRkRCLlcsWixDYFooRF0kNTc1LTUlRVozJkkpCk0sNFUzLSM1LTlTVF 0oQ01TLkMkWihGNEIuVyxaLDM4WihEVTQzN0UvMSQkVTNHSTE~NF0hLzNUQi5XLFoKMiwzSEI8UihbPFNIVC5CKTo1VUlOKENNX QpgCg.jpg Svatojánské proudy | dafilms.cz | filmy online Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 41 Other places than Prague ̶Sascha-film ̶ ̶Alexander Kolowrat ̶ ̶1911/1912 ̶ ̶Cocl&Seff ̶ ̶Liberec/Reichenberg Alexander Joseph Kolowrat-Krakowský – Wikipedie bauernschreck1 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 42 Stars and their transnationality ̶Asta Nielsen ̶Afgrunden (1910) ̶ ̶ ̶Pola Negri ̶ ̶ ̶Andula Sedláčková ̶ Asta Nielsen - IMDb Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 43 WWI and its impact on the cinema? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 44 Film production during WWI ̶Development – permanent cinemas, local distributors ̶Dominance – Pathé, Nordisk ̶Italian, russian, German production ̶The beginning of WWI – import restrictions ̶December 1916 – halting the import – renewed 1917 ̶1918 – 16 distributors x 300 cinemas ̶Local replaced foreign Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 45 Film production during WWI ̶Pre-war companies – bankrupted – economic & personal reasons ̶Prevalence of non-fiction ̶Film stock – Hans Otto Löwenstein ̶Some of future filmmakers worked as front cameramen ̶Karel Lamač, Otto Heller ̶Short fiction films ̶Ahasver (1915) ̶Polykarps winter adventure (1917) ̶Propaganda – Thanks of the war orphan (1915) ̶New growth during the 2nd half of war – new films, new companies ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 46 The impact of the end of WWI? ̶What was the impact of the end of the war on European cinemas? ̶ ̶Were there any continuities with previous periods? ̶ ̶Were there any differences? ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 47 Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia Alexander Joseph Kolowrat-Krakowský – Wikipedie Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 48 Film Studios and Production Culture in Central Europe 1918-1945 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 49 Topics ̶Mode of production ̶Production ̶Distribution ̶Ateliers ̶Sound cinema ̶Changes during WWII Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 50 Mode of production ̶People involved in production ̶ ̶Physical capital ̶ ̶Financing ̶ ̶Hollywood studio system ̶Role of script The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 51 Mode of production & Cinema of small nation What are differences from Hollywood? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 52 Mode of production & Cinema of small nation ̶European avant-gardes ̶ ̶France ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶Germany ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶Soviet Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 53 Chronology Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 54 [animate output image] Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 55 Central Europe Film production ̶Poland ̶1919 – 21 long-features & 61 shorts ̶Decline in 1920s ̶Literary classics, comedies, Yiddish cinema ̶ ̶Hungary ̶1918 – peak – 109 features & 37 companies ̶1919 – attempt for a revolution ̶1920 – Treaty of Trianon – disintegration of the industry because of the political situation Mihály Kertész, Alexander Korda, Jenö Janovics ̶ Quotes about the Treaty of Trianon by famous non-Hungarian people - Daily News Hungary Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 56 Situation after WWI? Bohemia Moravia, Silesia Slovakia Carpathian Ruthenia Agriculture 29,69 35,27 60,63 67,63 Industry 40,55 37,79 17,43 10,41 Transport 5,58 4,97 3,53 2,47 Trade & finances 6,87 5,3 4,14 4,66 Public services, army 6,08 5,44 5,01 4,35 Others & Unemployed 11,23 11,23 9,26 10,48 Zemská mapa Československa v letech 1928 až 1938 s vyznačenými zemskými hlavními městy a znaky jednotlivých zemí, 12. 8. 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0 Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 57 Cinema exhibition business Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 58 Cinema exhibition business Czechoslovakia Bohemia and Moravia Slovakia Carpathian Ruthenia Nr. of cinemas Nr. of seats Seats / cinema Nr. of cinemas Nr. of seats Seats / cinema Nr. of cinemas Nr. of seats Seats / cinema Nr. of cinemas Nr. of seats Seats / cinema 1935 1833 578877 316 1630 519274 319 187 54267 290 16 5336 334 1936 1847 593312 321 1642 531891 324 193 57262 297 12 4159 347 1937 1850 597932 323 1642 535291 326 196 58283 297 12 4358 363 1938 1279 412783 323 1115 364095 327 153 45521 298 11 3167 288 59 Adobe Systems 60 Distribution Which films dominated? Short or long-features? German or American? What genres? Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 61 Year (sound) USSR USA Germany France Italy Austria Others 1922 4 254 457 84 56 35 34 924 1923 5 362 236 83 28 42 31 787 1924 1 318 133 77 28 21 34 612 1925 0 35 141 48 16 12 25 592 1926 4 339 158 49 9 13 10 582 1927 9 292 192 45 7 10 19 574 1928 4 273 204 34 0 16 2 553 1929 25 (0) 282 (48) 176 (3) 34 (1) 2 (0) 11 (0) 39 (1) 569 (53) 1930 18 (0) 130 (149) 98 (74) 12 (10) 2 (1) 8 (0) 10 (8) 278 (240) Total 70 2797 1872 477 149 233 233 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 62 Cinemas with 1 projector Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 63 Adobe Systems 64 Film production What was a typical contemporary production company? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 65 Film production before 1924 ̶Short-livedness ̶ ̶Lack of financial sources ̶ ̶Low amount of fiction film production ̶ ̶Non-existent professional union ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 66 System of production ̶Low level of division of labour ̶Absence of some professions ̶Lack of strategic production planning ̶Neglect of the pre-production phase ̶There were no elaborate scenarios ̶Collective style ̶Problems with the "auteur" handwriting of directors Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 67 Technical conditions for production Učitel orientálních jazyků (1918) – Filmový přehled Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 68 Ateliers Films % of total production Praga-film (1918-1920) 19 6,99 Excelsiorfilm (1918-1919) 2 0,74 Wetebfilm (1918-1922) 17 6,25 AB (1921-1930) 118 48,38 Kavalírka (1925-1929) 39 14,34 Vienna (1920-1930) 16 5,88 Berlin (1920-1924) 7 2,57 Others 54 19,85 Total 272 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 69 Film material Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 70 Excelsiorfilm – Utrpením ke slávě Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 72 Film production after 1924 ̶Stabilisation ̶ ̶ ̶Vertical integration ̶ ̶ ̶Distributors ̶ ̶ Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 73 Year Films (sound) 1918 20 Including short 1919 33 Including short 1920 22 Including short 1921 33 Including short 1922 29 1923 18 1924 8 1925 16 1926 31 1927 24 1928 17 1929 35 1930 15 (8) Including language versions Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 74 Films and genres ̶Nationalist vs. cosmopolitan ̶ ̶Literature ̶Literary classics ̶„Penny-dreadfuls“ ̶Popular literature ̶ ̶Social topics ̶ ̶Fairy tales – ̶Little red riding hood (1920) Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 75 Stavitel chrámu (1919) Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 76 Local topics – Svatý Václav & Plukovník Švec Svatý Václav (1929) | ČSFD.cz Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 77 Transnationality ̶Cosmopolitan production ̶ ̶Neue Sachlichkeit ̶ ̶Prague German speaking authors ̶ ̶ Pasák holek (1929) - FDb.cz der-madchenhirt Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 78 Carlo Aldini Carlo Aldini - IMDb Pancéřové auto (1929) – Filmový přehled Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 79 Film censorship ̶Disputes over departmental jurisdiction ̶MŠANO vs. MV vs. MITOŽ vs. MSV ̶Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of 16 June 1919 - establishment of the CSK ̶1919 – 9 members - 2 representatives of MŠANO; 1 representative each of MV, MS, MNO, MSP, MIT; 1 representative of the Czechoslovak Foreigners' Office; 1 representative of the Union of Education in Prague (later called Masaryk Institute of Folk Education) ̶1927 – 8 members ̶1936 basic - MLÚ, MS, MŠANO, MNO, MV, representative of women's educational circles Extended - permanent members: MLÚ, MIT, MSP, MS, MSANO, MNO, MV and representatives of the domestic film trade and industry; alternate members: 1) representatives of the Workers' Academy, the Mánes Society of Visual Artists, the Syndicate of the Czechoslovak Daily Press; 2) representatives of the Union of Visual Artists and the Central School of Workers; 3) representatives of the Czech Provincial Commission for Youth Care, the Syndicate of Czechoslovak Writers and the Art BesedaTranslated with ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 80 Film censorship – topics ̶Problematic topics: ̶Nationality, religion, authority and officials, military and war, justice, morality, criticism of the political and social order, Crime ̶ ̶Enforcement of film interference ̶ ̶Re-cuttingChanges in the script - The Good Soldier Svejk (1931); ̶ ̶Language revision of intertitles ̶Depicting president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk ̶ ̶In the early 1920s, a negligible level of self-censorship by producers Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 81 Censorship Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 82 The coming of sound cinema ̶Season 1929/1930 ̶40 cinemas ̶Show boat (1929) ̶No Czech films before following season ̶ ̶1930 – Zwei herzen in ¾ takt ̶ ̶Western Electric vs. Tobis Klangfilm ̶ ̶Nationalist tendencies ̶ ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 83 Can we consider sound film as an opportunity for National cinema? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 84 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 85 The coming of sound cinema 1.Dubbing 2. 2.Subtitles 3. 3.Multiple-language versions Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 86 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 Cinemas 1513 1817 1966 2024 2002 1955 1833 1847 1850 Sound cinemas 14 148 490 848 1025 1273 1343 1608 1720 Share 0,93 % 8,15 % 24,92 % 41,90 % 51,20 % 65,12 % 73,27 % 87,06 % 92,97 % Seats 466,3k 539,2k 587,7k 613,5k 605,3k 586,5k 578,9k 593,3k 597,9k Attendance 85,6 mil. 92,1 mil. 90,6 mil. 76,4 mil. 68,7 mil. 64,6 mil. 63,7 mil. 74,5 mil. 84,5 mil. Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 87 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 88 Film ateliers ̶Vinohrady ̶Barrandov – 1933 ̶2 halls 32x20x11 m ̶Annual capacity 80 films ̶Host ̶3 halls ̶Without laboratory ̶Radlice (Foja) ̶Trhani (1936) – 8:36-11:10 Filmové ateliéry Hostivař hostily svého času největší hvězdy filmů první republiky | Region Budova filmový ateliérů FOJA - Jaroslav Foist v Praze Radlicích, 2008 89 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 90 Film life cycle ̶1,5-2 years ̶Return of production costs 3 years ̶ ̶Premier cinemas Prague ̶ ̶Film exchange ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 91 Long-features Short Newsreels Silent Sound Hungary Poland Silent Sound Silent Sound 1930 15 8 - - 112 4 97 0 1931 0 23 - - 159 7 67 2 1932 0 24 - 14 156 21 70 2 1933 0 44 - 11 143 32 62 0 1934 0 37 13 14 94 30 59 0 1935 0 34 20 14 41 99 59 0 1936 0 31 27 24 0 164 0 56 1937 0 49 37 27 0 159 0 57 1938 0 41 33 21 0 145 0 66 1939 0 41 25 19 0 75 0 104 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 92 Financing film production ̶Silent era ̶Average production costs 250k Czech crowns ̶ ̶Sound era ̶Average production costs 750k Czech crowns ̶ ̶Necessity of govermental support ̶Later than in other countries – inspiration in existing contingent systems ̶Reflection of relations between state and the industry Other European countries earlier in 1920s ̶Varied dependant on individual conditions Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 93 Financing film production ̶Contingent system (1932-1934) ̶Obligation to produce & fee ̶Contingent film Sněhurka a sedm trpaslíků (1933) ̶American studios left the market ̶ ̶Registration system ̶Fee for allowance to import ̶Filmový poradní sbor – „Film advisory chamber“ ̶American are back Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 94 Was there functional star system in Czechoslovakia during interwar period? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 95 Věra Ferbasová-Jiří Dohnal ve filmu Dceruška k pohledání - Pohlednice Jindřich Plachta, Ladislav Pešek - KINOREVUE. - 1938. – Antikvariát Pražský Almanach Adobe Systems C. a k. polní maršálek (1930) – Filmový přehled C. a K. polní maršálek (1930) 96 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 97 How politics influenced cinema? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 98 How politics influenced cinema? ̶Migration ̶From Austria & Germany ̶From Czechoslovakia ̶ ̶Import ̶ ̶ ̶Production ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶ Neporažená armáda (1938) – Filmový přehled Bílá nemoc - dafilms.cz | filmy online Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 99 Mnichovská dohoda a okleštěné hranice Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 100 Changes of late 1930s ̶1938 – The treaty of Munich => so called „Second republic“ ̶Separatist tenencies in Slovakia ̶Ministry of interior – independent film evaluation ̶February 1939 – Slovak film council ̶Settlement negotiations ̶Distribution and debts ̶Growing anti-semitic tendencies ̶Czech nationalism Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 101 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ̶15th March 1939 ̶ ̶Which films were forbidden? And why? ̶ ̶What was „arization“? ̶ ̶What were basics of German film policy in Protectorate? ̶ ̶Why did Germany want to seize control over Protectorate cinema? Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 102 Industry reorganisation ̶Českomoravské filmové ústředí ̶ ̶Concentration tendencies ̶Merging smaller distributors ̶Declining number of producers ̶1943 – Vesmír-film ̶ ̶ ̶ Why? ̶ ̶ Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 103 Film production during the Protectorate Czech film production 1939-1945 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Long-features 41 31 21 11 10 9 1 Hungarian LF 25 38 40 48 53 - - Others 179 258 196 173 195 178 51 LF-producers 17 14 7 4 2 2 1 Others producers 36 37 36 24 22 21 8 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 104 Other central European countries ̶Poland ̶Production halted – only 7 films completed during the war ̶ ̶Hungary ̶Continuation of the mid-1930s boom ̶1943 – peak of 54 long-features ̶ ̶Austria ̶United with Germany after anschluss in 1938 ̶Wien-film Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 105 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 106 Zlaté dno (1942) Počestné paní pardubické (1944) Story 71 000 119 000 Music 67 550 115 000 Cast 430 000 870 000 Crew 363 650 639 000 Atelier & laboratories 1 769 380 2 829 000 Material 131 960 291 000 Set design 190 000 550 000 Exteriors 54 200 490 000 Transport & insurance 70 000 190 000 Fees, administrative costs, others 283 300 420 000 Total 3 431 040 6 513 000 Adobe Systems 107 Movies in Distribution 1939-1945 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Total Protectorate 41 31 21 11 10 9 1 124 Germany 92 98 74 69 65 58 14 470 USA 89 33 6 0 0 0 0 128 France 8 0 0 0 11 2 0 21 England 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Italy 5 12 17 5 5 8 0 74 Hungary 0 0 2 2 2 4 0 9 Sweden 0 0 9 0 0 3 0 15 Denmark 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 5 Netherlands 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Spain 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 Finland 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Japan 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 TOTAL 242 174 134 115 94 87 15 861 Adobe Systems Problem of National Cinema and FIlm Culture till 1918 108 National Defence Tendencies ̶1939-1941 ̶ ̶Tulák Macoun (1939) ̶ ̶Babička (1940) ̶ ̶Madla zpívá Evropě (1940) ̶ ̶Pantáta Bezoušek (1941)