AI           SEMINAR 9 -- ANSWER KEY     

                                      Professions and Careers

   

   Task 1 -- Based on class work.

   

   Tasks 2 & 3 -- Listening -- Title: The Working Week in Twentieth-Century America

   

   1: D     2: K     3: G     4: B     5: H     6: A     7: C     8: F     9: J     10: E     11:
   I

   

   Transcript:

   Introduction

   Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, if I may have your attention, please? Thank you very much
   for coming along today. My name's Nathan Morse and I'm going to be outlining some research
   we've been doing at the University of Arkansas on the working week in twentieth-century
   America. First, I'll be looking at the situation at the beginning of the last century. Then
   I'm going to show you how the general trend has not always been to work less and less, and
   finally we'll be looking at some startling predictions, some made in the 1930s and others more
   recently.

   Body

   So, first of all, let's look at how many hours people were working last century. Data on the
   annual average workweek tends to vary enormously, one reason being that it depends on whether
   we are talking about agriculture or industry. For instance, in agriculture they worked just
   under seventy hours at the beginning of the twentieth century, compared to sixty hours in
   industry. What is interesting is that at the end of the nineteenth century the highest paid
   workers worked substantially fewer hours than the lowest paid, a situation that was gradually
   redressed over most of the twentieth century and has now almost completely been reversed.

   

   Now, let's look at more detail at the situation for industry. In 1900, people were working an
   average sixty-hour week, which fell quite rapidly down to fifty by about 1920. It then went
   down steadily, but not quite so rapidly, to forty-five hours over the next twenty years. The
   Second World War meant that industry was working overtime, so there was a sharp rise in the
   number of working hours during the war years, reaching a peak of about  fifty-five hours in
   1943, before dropping rapidly back to forty-five in 1947. Between 1947 to 1970 there was a
   gradual decline toward a forty-hour week.

   

   If we turn to studies made in the 1930s it's interesting to note, as you can see in this
   slide, that they forecast that the trend in the shorter working week would continue far beyond
   forty hours. This has not happened in the US, though in some European countries they were
   pushing for thirty-five hours at the end of the last century. Instead in the US the total
   number of working hours has been going up since 1970 by an average of 163 hours per year. If
   the present trend continues, the average white collar American will be working over sixty
   hours per week by the year 2020.

   

   Conclusion

   So, to summarize, the idea that we will have more and more leisure time seems to be in total
   contradiction to today's working hours. In fact, more and more skilled workers and
   professionals are finding ways to keep themselves at work rather than at home.

   

   Closing

   OK, well, thank you very much for your attention, and if you have any questions perhaps you'd
   like to ask them over coffee. Thank you.

   

   Transition and helping words are in bold italic.

   

   

   Task 4 --  1: H     2: B     3: G     4: J     5: K     6: C     7: E     8: I     9: A    10:
   D    11: F    12: M   13: L

   

   Task 5 & 6 -- Based on class work.

   

   Task 7 (PP = present perfect; PS = past simple)

   this semester    PP       in the summer   PS       on Monday PS             this week 
   PP              

   since Tuesday  PP       two weeks ago  PS       last month   PS             at Easter   PS

   

   Task 8

   1          Have / (ever) write / a work evaluation report?  

   Example: Have you ever written a work report?

   2          When / write / your first CV (in English)?   When did you write your first CV?

   3          Have / work / outdoors?  Have you ever worked outdoors?

   4          How / feel / at your first job interview? How did you feel at your first job
   interview?

   5          Have /  be / a volunteer? Have you ever been a volunteer?

   6          Have / be selected / for a prestigious position? Have you ever been selected ... ?

   7          Have / be / unemployed? Have you been unemployed?

   8          How many months / work / last summer? How many months did you work last summer?

   9          Have / apply for / a job in a foreign country? Have you ever applied for a job...?

   10        Have / think about / working freelance? Have you ever thought about... ?

   

   Task 9

   1   Do you know about Ann? She has given up her job.

   2   My boss has promoted me and now I am in charge of the whole department.

   3   When Paul and Mark left school they applied for a job in a local travel agency.

   4   The job involved doing quite a lot of paperwork, so I quit two weeks ago.

   5   I was responsible for training street workers last year but this year I have to deal with
   team building.

   6   Do you know that he is unemployed? They have sacked him.

   7   Finally! They have resigned! What a great piece of news!

   8   Meg started looking for a new job with a bigger company last week.

   9   They have had enough of this shift work; they would like to have flexi-time.

   10 Pete and Steve were not at work yesterday. I wonder why!

   11 Sue has had five different jobs in the past four years.

   12 Itīs the first time I have handed in a notice.

   13 I never had a part-time job when I studied at univeristy.