THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
) 2005 IPA
	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal		Glottal	
Plosive	P  b		t d			t 4	C     J	k g	q  g			i>	
Nasal	m	m	n			n.	ri	q	N				
Trill	B		r						R				
Tap or Flap		v	r			r							
Fricative	«t» p	f  v	e Ö	S  z	J  3	§ \	9 j	x  Y	X *	h ?		h fi	
Lateral fricative		1 fe											
Approximant		v	j			i	j	iq					
Lateral approximant			1			l	Á	L					
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)				
Clicks		Voiced implosives	Ejectives	
O	Bilabial	D      Bilabial	•>	Examples:
1	Dental	Ll       Dental/alveolar	P'	Bilabial
!	(Post)alveolar	-J-       Palatal	ť	Dental/alveolar
*	Palatoalveolar	Q       Velar	k'	Velar
1	Alveolar lateral	Cj      Uvular	s'	Alveolar fricative
Close-mid
OTHER SYMBOLS
Voiceless labial-velar fricative w    Voiced labial-velar approximant
U       Voiced labial-palatal approximant H      Voiceless epiglottal fricative
T       Voiced epiglottal fricative
\p   £p   Alveolo-palatal fricatives
*A    Voiced alveolar lateral flap H          Simultaneous   I   and   yV
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Open-mid
Open
CUD
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
ß  ts.
T       Epiglottal plosive
o DIACRITICS     Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. 1]
Voiceless o	n o	á o		Breathy voiced	b  a	Dental                     t    Q
Voiced	s	t		Creaky voiced	b  a	Apical                     t    Q LJ                                                                                    LJ            LJ
h Aspirated	th	dh		Linguolabial	í   d	Laminal                   L    U □                                                        DD
More rounded 3	0 3		w	Labialized	|W ^jw	Nasalized                       C/
Less rounded c	0 C		J	Palatalized	tj dj	n                           ^n Nasal release                 Li
Advanced +	u +		Y	Velarized	tY   dY	1                       H1 Lateral release               Li
Retracted	e		i	Pharyngealized	ť   ď	No audible release        U
Centralized	ě		~	Velarized or pharyngealized    J		
X Mid-centralizec	x e		X	Raised	e     (j x                 v x	= voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic	n		T	Lowered	?  <í	J = voiced bilabial approximant)
Non-syllabic	e		H	Advanced Tongue Root          C.		
Rhoticity	&	a^	h	Retracted Tongue Root           C.		
SUPRASEGMENT ALS				
	i	Primary	stress	
	■	Secondary stress .founs'tijsn		
	T Á	Long	e	r
	f	Half-long       C Extra-short     C		r
	|	Minor (foot) group		
	||	Major (intonation) group		
	•	Syllable	break	li.aekt
	*—'	Linking	(absence of a break)	
	TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL                              CONTOUR			
SS e s e	x   1 1	Extra high High	V Cor é	/\     Rising ^      Falling
ě	H	Mid	e	A     High '     rising
v e w e	-1 J	Low Extra low	e *■—. e	j     Low ^     rising *\     Rising-1     falling
i	Downstep		/*	Global rise
t	Upstep		\	Global fall