15 Journal of Film Preservation / 70 / 2005
Editor's note: The following essay is the author's contribution to the FIAF
Technical Commission's workshop of 8 June 2005.
In the Journal of Film Preservation of December 2004 José Manuel
Costa underlined that the discussion about the identity of film archives
will be crucial in the coming years. One of the important aspects of his
article is that Costa demonstrates that technology and archive policy
have become very strongly interrelated. And indeed, although this is a
seminar organized by the Technical Committee of FIAF, the debate we
have today is crucial for the future of film archives. The way archives
will use old and new technologies will be crucial for their identity, and
their ability to survive. But identity is not solely dependent on
technology. The fundamental question "what is film?" or "what is
cinema?" precedes the technological issues. This basic question is
relatively new, arising from the archive situation of today. For many
decades there has of course been a certain understanding of what film
is, if only because film was made of celluloid, and archive policy was
based on the assumption of this certain understanding about what
film is. And technology? Technology was something behind the scenes.
Of course, you had good prints and bad prints, good duplications and
bad duplications. Quality was the buzzword in our technical activities ­
but it was hardly correlated with political choices with regard to an
archive's identity.
Urgency
Our discussion today is not only crucial, but urgent, since digital
technologies will be dominant over analog technologies within a few
years, and then the whole landscape will alter. How will archives act
and react?
In recent years, there has been a clear shift in the discussion about
photochemical and electronic technologies, and in particular about
analog and digital technologies. For a long time these discussions were
dominated by normative criteria: photochemical analog film was
simply better than anything else. But now that new technologies have
overcome their initial shortcomings, the perspective of discussion alters
completely, and many like to think that digital technologies will take
over completely. Well, they may be right, but it is exactly here where the
particular responsibilities of film archives come in. Archives have to
react quickly, or they will soon become the victims of the new
technologies and become mere suppliers of content. Film archives must
not become crypts of celluloid. The new technologies urge archives to
review the old concepts of collection policy, preservation, access, and
programming. They have to serve the old and the new. They have to
respect the past, but also have to stand with one foot in the world of
Apport de ľauteur  ľatelier du 8 juin
2005 de la Commission technique de
la FIAF, le texte utilise comme point
de départ ľarticle de José Manuel
Costa (dans le Journal of Film
Preservation de décembre 2004) qui
déj signalait ľétroite relation qui lie
désormais ľévolution technologique
et la politique des archives du film.
Pour Meyer, ľidentité des archives du
film, voire mme leur survie, va devoir
beaucoup  ľusage qu'elles vont faire
des technologies, anciennes et
nouvelles. Mais il faut ďabord faire
face  une question préalable :
 Qu'est-ce que le film? ,  Qu'est-ce
que le cinéma? 
Ce débat, en plus ďtre crucial, est
urgent : les technologies numériques
vont bientôt surclasser les
technologies analogiques. Tout le
paysage va changer. Comment
réagiront alors les archives du film?
Quelles actions choisiront-elles? Et les
archives du film doivent réagir
rapidement, sinon elles risquent de
devenir de simples fournisseurs de
contenu. Ce sont nos politiques
ďacquisition, de collection, ďaccs et
de programmation qui doivent tre
réévaluées  la lumire de ces
changements technologiques.
Il y a un enjeu esthétique en cette
Traditional Film Projection in a Digital Age
Mark-Paul Meyer
Open Forum
16 Journal of Film Preservation / 70 / 2005
today, and be able to cope with new productions, new demands, new
audiences.
It is very encouraging that the FIAF Commission for Programming and
Access to Collections has just completed the Advanced Manual of Film
Projection, which has as one of its objectives to maintain the projection
of analog photographic film in a digital environment. I don't see this as
just a practical challenge, but as a curatorial obligation of a film
museum. I see film archives as the museums of film culture, not as
libraries of moving images. I am very sympathetic to the concept of
Langlois, cited by José Manuel Costa, which refers to a history of
cinema of 300 years. Indeed, there is cinema before 1895, and there will
be cinema after 2095. The great advantage that film archives have is
that their collections reflect a large part of film history from 1895 up to
today, and that these films are a perfect reference of what film is. In the
confusing situation of today's world, the film history of the last 110
years is an excellent reference point for film museums to develop new
policies without losing their identity, since their identity is rooted in
this 110 years of cinematography.
My contribution to this discussion is about ethics and aesthetics, two
domains of philosophical reflection that previously may not have been
very prevalent in the film archive community, but which have become
increasingly important in the last 15 years or so, in particular with
regard to preservation practice and the innovation of duplication
technologies, both analog and digital.
Aesthetics
Film history is a long sequence of new inventions, new technologies.
There have been countless attempts to invent color in film, countless
efforts to add sound to film, or to invent different film and projection
formats."Film" as an invariable entity has never existed. And every
innovation, every new technology, also brought its own aesthetics, new
forms of expression, new forms of addressing the audience, new forms
of representation and storytelling. The saturation of certain colors, the
grain structure of the emulsion, the contrast range of a particular film
stock, etc. ­ all these characteristics were often consciously used by
directors and cinematographers to obtain a certain effect. In this
perspective,"Digital" is just a new emulsion. And this new emulsion
will also create a new visual language. Here lies the critical factor for
film archives. Must films not be presented in the format ­ i.e., the
aesthetic framework ­ in which they were originally intended? Will the
"look and feel" of Ossessione not change in digital projection? Of
course, in our present time, when audiences are getting used to DVD
quality, and digital cinema at home, they probably wouldn't bother to
think about digital projection in a film museum. But this is a tendency
that we should strongly oppose. In this context, I think it is very serious
that some major studios intend to restore and release their films only
in a digital format. If Casablanca is available in the future only in a
digital format, archives are to blame if the cinematographic
appreciation of this film disappears.
Note that I'm not saying that digital is taboo. First, the cinema is
definitely going digital, and digital-born film production should find a
place in film archives. And secondly, digital means can be a valuable
affaire. Si on se reporte  ľhistoire des
divers procédés de couleur au cinéma,
ne pourrions-nous pas considérer le
numérique comme une nouvelle
émulsion? Mais cette nouvelle
émulsion créera inévitablement un
nouveau langage visuel. Ďo la
question cruciale : Ne doit-on pas
présenter les films dans leur format
(au sens de caractéristiques
esthétiques) ďorigine?  Ossessione
en numérique aura-t-il la mme
allure? Sera-t-il perçu de la mme
manire? Et si un grand studio décide
de restaurer et de diffuser un film,
Casablanca par exemple, uniquement
sur support numérique... Alors ce sont
les archives du film qu'il faudra
blâmer pour avoir laisser disparaître
chez les spectateurs la capacité
ďapprécier les qualités proprement
cinématographiques ďune telle
oeuvre. Dans un musée du cinéma,
mme si le numérique est la
technologie dominante, il faudra
pouvoir voir Ossessione et Casablanca
sur film!
Il y a aussi un enjeu éthique.  cause
de la nature mme du cinéma, la
projection sur écran constitue une
dimension essentielle dans ľexistence
ďun film : la projection, c'est la
perception. La projection numérique
essaie ďimiter la projection
cinématographique traditionnelle,
mais nous savons tous que les
qualités esthétiques propres au
cinéma ne peuvent pas tre copiées.
Pour ľauteur, il n'y a pas de doute : la
nouvelle identité des cinémathques
est muséale. Les archives du film sont
des musées qui doivent recréer les
conditions de perception et de
fréquentation du cinéma telles
qu'envisagées  ľorigine. Et les
archives du film doivent prendre leur
rôle de musée au sérieux! Elles
doivent intégrer  leur travail les
technologies nouvelles tout en
prenant grand soin des technologies
anciennes.
La projection des films sur grand
écran avec ľéquipement traditionnel
fait partie de la fonction muséale des
archives du film, et cette fonction
muséale est la base mme de leur
identité future.
17 Journal of Film Preservation / 70 / 2005
instrument in restoration processes. We all know how problematic film
duplication is, and we have all been struggling with film stocks that are
very different from what we wanted. I know, a digital intermediate
process could overcome part of these problems. But I think we should
go back to the appreciation of cinema as it was intended as much as
possible ­ this means that in a film museum you should be able to see
Ossessione and Casablanca as film. And moreover, we are not only
speaking about "old" films. Films are still being made today, and some
directors choose very consciously to use film, sometimes even Super8. It
is these films in particular, which are not yet necessarily subject to any
imperfect restoration or duplication process, that we want to be able to
project as film in 50 years or so. Any other format is just a highstandard
form of access, of presenting content.
Ethics
Cinematic appreciation is strongly related to the ontology of film.
"What is Film?" Film is essentially a series of photographs (or animated
pictures, if you want) that have a direct reference to the filmed object.
And these series of photographs create an illusion of movement in
projection. The projection is essential in bringing film to life. It is the
projection that constitutes the perception. When film museums and
film archives take their task seriously they try to maintain this
fundamental condition, which creates the cinematic appreciation of
film. Of course "perception" is a difficult topic, and it is evident that
digital projection techniques try to emulate traditional projection
techniques. This is largely due to the fact that film and photography
are considered as the reproducible arts par excellence. As I see it, this is
Se trata de un aporte al taller del 8 de
junio de 2005 de la Comisión técnica
de la FIAF, que toma como punto de
partida el texto de José Manuel Costa
(véase Journal of Film Preservation de
diciembre de 2004); se sealaba en él
la estrecha relación que vincula
actualmente la evolución tecnológica
y la política de los archivos de cine.
Según Meyer, la identidad e incluso la
supervivencia misma de los archivos
dependerán en su mayor medida del
uso que hagan de las tecnologías,
tradicionales y recientes. Antes de ello,
es necesario dejar asentadas algunas
premisas: Qué es la película?,
Qué es el cine?.
El debate, además de ser crucial, se ha
vuelto urgente: en poco tiempo, las
tecnologías digitales van a superar las
tecnologías analógicas. De resultas, el
panorama va a cambiar por entero.
Cómo se comportarán entonces los
archivos de cine? Qué iniciativas
tomarán? Es sumamente urgente que
los archivos adopten medidas, pues,
de lo contrario, corren el riesgo de
convertirse en simples proveedores de
contenidos. Es indispensable volver a
evaluar nuestras políticas de
adquisición, colección, acceso y
programación a partir de los cambios
tecnológicos.
Se juega también en ello una opción
estética. Si hiciéramos referencia a los
distintos procedimientos de color en
el cine, no podríamos considerar lo
digital como una nueva emulsión? Y a
su vez, la nueva emulsión creará,
inevitablemente, un nuevo lenguaje
visual; se plantea entonces la
pregunta crucial: No tenemos acaso
el deber de presentar las películas en
su formato original, en el sentido de
sus características estéticas?
Ossessione digitalizada, conserva el
mismo aspecto?, se percibe de la
misma manera? Y si un gran estudio
decidiera restaurar una película, como
por ejemplo Casablanca,
exclusivamente en soporte digital...?
En ese, caso los archivos de cine serían
responsables de que los espectadores
perdieran la capacidad de apreciar las
cualidades estrictamente
cinematográficas de las obras.
Aunque predomine la tecnología
digital, debería ser posible ver en un
museo del cine Ossessione y
Casablanca en película.
Ingrid Bergman and Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca by Michael Curtiz, 1942
18 Journal of Film Preservation / 70 / 2005
one of the biggest misconceptions of the 20th century. Content is
something you can easily duplicate, the narrative of a film may not be
dependent on its presentation format, but as soon as the specific
aesthetic qualities of a film come into sight, we all know that these are
almost impossible to duplicate. This implies that the whole concept of
film preservation through duplication is a very problematic one. It
seems that it is generally accepted that film restoration is at best a
simulation of the original. But in my opinion simulation is already too
much water in the wine, and we should be more conscious about what
we lose.
Again, the digital intermediate process can be very helpful to get better
results, but it will remain different from the original. It is this respect
for the original which I consider as one of the most valuable
developments in the archive community in recent years, and I would
really regret if this gets lost because of pragmatic solutions. For
instance, the database of film stocks that Alfonso del Amo is working
on is of inestimable importance, because that information is
conditional if you want to understand what the specific characteristics
of an original are.
In my opinion, the new identity of cinematheques is a museological
one, not just presenting content, not just historiographic, not just an
institution that describes film history and provides visitors with
appropriate illustrations. Film archives are museums that can recreate
the perception and the appreciation of cinema as it was intended. I
think film archives should take their museological function seriously.
They should embrace the new technologies, but also cherish the old
techniques. The prospect of a heritage of 300
years of film history means we should know
where it came from, how it originated, what
scientific projects caused the invention of
photography and film.
The projection of film in a traditional way is
part of this museological function, and this
museological function is the essence of our
future identity. Of course, the cinema of the
future also belongs to this identity, but archives
should adapt their policies and preserve, collect,
and present both photochemical films and
digital films, and they must deal with
"electronic emulsions" as respectfully as
photochemical emulsions. But it is a mistake to
replace analog film with its digital duplicate,
simply for pragmatic or economical reasons, or
the dominance of digital technology. In the film
museum of the future, analog and digital will
exist side by side. And even when the whole
cinematographic world has become digital, it will be characteristic for a
film museum's identity that it is still the place where you can see that
masterpiece of the 20th century in analog traditional film projection.
Va en ello también una opción ética.
Por la naturaleza misma del cine, la
proyección sobre pantalla constituye
una dimensión esencial de la
existencia de una película: la
proyección es la percepción. La
proyección digital se esfuerza por
imitar la proyección cinematográfica
tradicional, pero bien sabemos que las
cualidades estéticas propias del cine
no pueden ser copiadas.
El autor no tiene dudas: la nueva
identidad de las cinematecas es
museal. Los archivos de cine son
museos y, por lo tanto, tienen que
volver a crear las condiciones de
percepción y frecuentación del cine
según habían sido concebidas en sus
orígenes. Los archivos de cine tienen
la obligación de asumir seriamente su
papel museal, integrando en su
trabajo las nuevas tecnologías,
conservando con todo esmero, al
mismo tiempo, las tecnologías del
pasado.
La proyección de películas en la
pantalla grande según los medios
tradicionales forma parte de la
función museal de los archivos de
cine y ésta es, en sentido estricto, la
base de su identidad futura.
Ossessione by Luchino Visconti, 1943