í
'■'
13
■ she-ring. 11,43
I S3
J-mishan, 51 . ma-pa Ordei.
Padma dkar-po. 9
Padn
Padmasambh.
Pan-chen Lama, the
sPan-
Panikai. 5. 19
Päramiiás (twelve goo perfections!. 66
20
•Phags-pashei
know
nted
■
I
Rin-chen b^ang-po. 11. 41. 48. 61,
0   15-4
61,154
Rol-mu'i bsTan-b Rupshu. 3
Šäkyamum. 28, 31-2.Í4, 44
158
Zangskar). 11
Sánku. 5
Sana-iarhagara-raiiva-samgraha.33, 38 Saspol. 78, 79, 80, 81. Senge-lde. I! Seng-ge gdong-ma. 35 Senge Namgyal. 11. 13. 14 Shambhala. :■-> Sharong. 15
Signs of Good Fortune ŕeigh! | Sitätapaträ (?/><:
i Silendrabodhi. «0 Šraddhäkaravarman. 88. 89. 90. 92.
99 Spin. !-Spiiuk (JPe-thub). 74
Surle. 6,     I
19  i w
5   ■;   ti (Alchi)
:
15, 18
,       !     I I
Tshang-rgyal-po. II   13 Tshul-khrirm-'od. 121, 14
Tucci. G
lätapaträ, 33 ayS, 81 Vaidurya ser-po, 41. 42 Vairocana, 4.\
■ Vajrabli.
55.61 Vajradharu VajradhU Vajrapam
59. 61
pc iv. C
Vikasilakusui;:
■ YamUnta
•   :    11

<< t »lakh', ProceedlnS,if,rr>„,r*n~   Lü ;    : ■ ■ ::   Budapest 19   -
6   repr  New IVIhi IC ■■• Buddhism, i                               | repr.
"• '                                                                   Srínagar i Kashmii i
n 1956. ; ondon 1973. ! /' . Ronji - utta 1939. \ icienl Inscriptions from I                                 the Royal As
19, 45-64
--------------------------.Ancient História                      Lhasa        London 1952.
V. //.v #,W .1 n                                  -.,/. Calcutta 1940 & 1953. repr. New Delhi 1976.
:rul Asia, being the Tartkh-i-Rashidi oi Miraa Muham-Hajdar, Dughlit, first publ. 1895. repr. London & Dublin 1972.
'v/i aus Zentraltibet, Ladakh und Zanskar. Monumentu fibetica Historica. St. Augustin (Bonn) 1976.
U . "1 ihetan 'Fifteen' and 'Eighteen' ". in Macdonald. A. led ). Etudestibéta Marcelle Lahm. Pans 1971. 472-8. DL.. Buddhist Himalaya. Oxford 1957.
--------------------------. Four Lamas of '                   ford 1967.
--------------------------. ((                     >;age of the Buddha. London 1978.
---------------------------. and Richardson. H.E.. A Cultural History of Tibet, London 1968. 2nd ed  Boulder
(Colorado) 1980. Thoma.-. F.W., Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan. 3
G.. Indo-Tibi tica, vols MV. Rome 1932-41.
---------------. Travels of Tibetan Pilgrim, in the Svat 1 We} . Calcutta 1940.
__________. i                                  <sar ma. Tibetan Chronicles by bSod-nams-grags-pa. Rome 1971.
also our Bibliography to Volume One.
ABBREVIATIONS
are self-evident if reference is made to the Bibliography above.  E.g., Francké, ergan and Petech are referred to by name and date of publication.
Blue Annals refers to Roerieh.
Image of the Buddha to Snellgrove.
Indo-Tibetica to Tucci. etc.
T.T  ľ                   rripitaka.Tokyo-Kyoto, 1958, being the Tibetan Canon
as reprinted from Peking block prints. ~PS Tan tra = Durgatipariéodhana Tan tra.

....''.15
■
147                                              ChUtaj
■
Br, 13
Amiläbh :
Arhau,
■  ■
n
Bara La Baidan. (.. 13 Bhaisha
•61 Bhßmis (Twelve g
stages towards buUdha; Bhutan. 43 Blo-biang shes-rab. 151
tjnanvas), Bo-doi
Buddha
I
ceil Cent
crops. 5. n
napa, 11 dDe-ldan r!
■ m. 67 DharmadhätĽ-
Doda. 3
i mDo-sde-rin-cl
-
Dzalama
■
■
iC.od-iih.ii mCoivdka-
Gr»gs4dar
Gaaamiii
-:iion("CaiiDpy^. 48.-
nn Chos-gngs-'.
Herni > Sh .. herdmv:
cm
-::%. 90
Kttscal Kjmalaíupta. "W
í
-
87
.4.4?
Lihul.
^^^^^^^m
Í.ISC« ■.,.,„!,,„,. -II mux       n   is  h.H,I   I,
themi<M>thcc„turs      i
.....ttoitto,
Dtins ■
which   III,.|,M      i
»hor    ľhc equivalence ol rva, vhichhasl
tio     '   h    name with the i Ian name 'Bro i .win  vichi    mere is also a syllable rvánu In i m
"
ne or districl name is parallelled bj nts from Mazar ľagh I I homas li. 4,,,!,' i i which combines this syllabic with the ďo of the AI Ir*

(Tie two nai  i                                          are found complete in the Central Asian texts
ms minister mliai tTong-tbirtsan vuhzung ol the 7th -cntS ocumenl i I homas II                      p    Ifla-legs is paralleled h\ la-legs\lodn
■ '   '       is in Fact one of tl
syllable*                   íl fun-huang.
emelj common sj liable in Centi                       tan names which vines noi
Budi                                                      is II. I13ff).   It is also found in a Tibetan pillar
■tion (Richardson b). 30. 33).   Kt Alchi we have 'Plian-slebs   phtii,
t from being                                              ited with the Tibetan royal family in the 7th
rs .'! ľun-huang i I homas II. I 14. 136: also I4ii where brTsan-la-'phan is a mime if the s> llables found at Alchi),
of the names                                 '       al is well attested in Central Asia (Thomas U,
nentioned above, occurs in a document from Tun-huang {ibid . 362).
ibles -n Alchi TouihI also in Central Vsian texts are kliri (e.g Thomas II
:lan name), khrom (ibid., 202,247,255 with                                                               at (ibid., I14f), and 'dron (dron ibid.. 214).  Tse, frequent
un-huang. may however be Chine                     . i;r> in the name of the "Hi century Tibetan
princ.                                            this is perhaps out ol context.
ä ,i name, then bag is attested from Miran (Thomas II. 343, from [un-huang {ibid . 115. though perhaps Chine«                     ammoaObld
1 |3ff)                         i homas III
i of the above correspondences arc doubtless spurious, there can be no doubt thj.                                   genuine and thai the writers of these inscriptions were recruited from the
.   .pie named in the Central Asian texts and pillar inscriptions.
Technique
Al! Obviousb  Buddhist graffiti and inscriptions which I have seen m I  uLikh  a,ur. Iron»
*« «.....e a« Alchi. have been produce   b>-one o  two c.hmqu £    n^ ^ ^
th, rock is fairly deepl) incised so as to distinguish the ^»c1n"g"' í í   I u« an are,, .noun, .1
,   m the second the colour contrast ,s used a        J          '                          .„„,   , „,
'ayto'eavetho leite. ■r,hť"^     ;.           ecomcsliue that -I-simple
an Christian inscription at Khalatse uses this second technique

acknowledgements
»the rta«. rainist« mi
seem to have mid 10th cen-müitarj ot idi i ritten during the actual occup;
rhispe
■ ighty years that I propose to date the i
Hie site ol the insert]
s strategic impi Indus. *
-daily desert terrain) and produt task in breakir (one h> the bi                    - spol) al the Alchi siti
Mere the I; in their names from I die same ribetan-spi legs among th alienarmyof. : he cultural'I
-
5
fhondrup Narkyid
■
n
^^^M
khyl'l lo i.i
I
íl lh« in* riptioiu

S--ÄÄ!
Orthography
In Öie terapie UwCTlpti                      few the reversed
dear. U is rnamrj reserved for the genitive pan inseriptio i                   d ; is much man
the 8th and 9th centurj Rbetan pillai
lions (see Richardson, (a), 51f!
In that period; n in absent from the Sam-ye inscription which I
AD). The 'rule' is that in any line with an even numbei
ilie te are reversed as necessary                      lal number of left-facing and right-
Reversed fs nm also he found where the number of SUch vowels in a line is uneven   In l
corpus or long inscription a few e\eepiion~ will be found. Thusinthi
Nos. la and 3b break the rul«
Tshur-bu (A) inscription the rule is broken in line 21 (1
The letter m before i occurs just once i So 3b), and is I this, a possible me in No. 13 has no subjoin«
ľhere is no case of d* I would expect U actual!;,                     «nee is of no sign
Ononiaslics
Tlie names in these inscriptions d
„e temple mscnp.n^    rhe or* Budd b Buddhist nam«, though not m the combmatioiis
Of the Musi,,,, or Indo-Arv an affinities sometimes «counte
there complete.
The,vvodes„„a,onso,,a,M-am,ne.-„ia,,
M;pMmdWM,erent.^^^
prions are essentialia graffiti of the ty pi 'So-and-so wrote this' ratched oul with v u
tiona ar< the same as for the temple inscription: osl   J the writers omitted the intersyllabarj points (tsheg)   lalsoriv
,! a t tempi .1 I
texts and translations
7
'Written b) the Official sTong-rtsan in
ear.'                                               8
tw)l smer 'dron la     rta'i lo la      smer x
1.mi stebs   mnen la tung (11 smer ' sMer-'dron-la              in the horse year  sMer
(dbu med) \\\
sli) pon kinom
'(Written by) fTofngi-fdlpon Khrorn.'
an) III  85 \ sbrulo l.i mdo stang tsesl '1 bris 'Written by rnDo-siang-tse in th, year.'
written by ... btsan   'Phan-slebs
I l his maj be an amalgam ofsevt ral graffiti. I
sMer'
9(a)
.   UL84B commander of
:i thousand Tsa (? f
111. 84C
'Written by Rvang-kling rG) al-Mirt"
fbu-can)W rvang kling pril (?) myis bris 'Written by Rvang-kling I'ril-nivi I'M."
(dbu-can) 11.
shnil gyi lo sag mar lu bns
'Written (by?) Sag-mar-la in the snake
(dbu-can) III  841
- I'1 la rye shin •(Written by ?)Rye-shin m the monkey
{dbu-can)
do dps!
'(Written by)Do-dpal.'
9(b)

10

on) ill. S.ÍH 'bru.u gi lo la rvang kling leas iru mang '(Written bv .') Rvang klinu Legs-tru-mang in the dragon
(dbu-can) III. 83H rlang lo la
gi wcl la '(Written In  '1 HWo in Hit bull year"
(dbti-med)
'dod da
.S311
idhu-ian)\\\
nm ma ni pad me ham bag dar skyas zhai e mi sa lehat zla ba (im inani padme hum! (Written bj ?) Bag-dar-skyas thangs t-ini (?) in the fourth month
(dbu-can) 111
rvang kljng dpal sum
bris                          ,,, ,
'Written b) Rvang-kling dPal-mm


82
i i
i
.... ' i
I     llu-v «
Mini
li        .1.1,,,.     ,,,  ,, ,(|
rif'l..... ii.......
i
iml sn .....   'i
ill! Ion i
i                                                                                    ...
■■••■ dead     I lu-> i .m mil)  ho  .K .ti M......
i rul i l lu- .mil.....■• ilcllbi i ii
' ■ ■ .m I"  sipplii .1 . nli. i In I.mi ,.   Iliulillin    || lie particular oi                                     I imiliai with Vli III
i  .                                  i|, i oiil.iiiis m vcral |.ii
.    I        .                   it'llOJ!   I.I.S   Ml.Illl   Il'\.ll    ,l|Olllll   llll  llll
Ph) 0                                •    i        !               .    :    '   .        i.        ■     ,:     .   ,.|   I Ills   ||.mi.    .H   Ih.     Inn.-   IVOIllll
mu: rgj il  horn in Ngu ri und i"'                                                         i ibi tun liuddhl
I :,M ni,ins yeai                       litis insi liplion was vvrillen   Wi Jo
th.it King ľashi NamgyaJ was ecleetu in his patronage ol  lihelan Umlilliisl outers  but I havi Bo           pas in I utlakli
l.ľ-ln s.uiifx .il. i-i Limb patronised tin    Hi i ■■ 1111 ■■ ľ. i "1.1. i   Could the e\pi i   ste ill.n he    ■                                                                              !'!\ '   Mi'' mi ■
would h                     ......man) in this inscripti                        iown affiliations ol  Meh i an lothf
.. likelj
■          ■ ■      . icnl .h  Ii ;lii \.mi!'\ ill's territorial
lioi K INV RIPTIO IS
Nature m.i i... m.....
. ',"" í!
IM.,11     ,    .,.,,.     ,
vislb c the modern Srn
'" Al''"   "" "" ""'''.....tcropal thi
mu h  mi, .- porti ry; i
location of sKal-ld
out« ol On- one m Hi,' photoi
"•.....n
iki li......p III
I h.   ' m., k   ni.i iure Up l.i ;' .
:.i. t Whíi h i.i.
111., Il|'!'
ihm mi l                                u bod) of the i                                  iloui
I photo
I havi      !
•.-.ml.i also n.'.u ih, mo
i.....,i  i   i-       i
Subject mattet
.um .iml anim' . h.'i.ii.   und written Inw riptions    * nibjei i
Ilk' simple drawings are ol a type ••■ this area  ■                                                                     ,orJ •ll1,1 Pre'                                       ''
. led .ii Vli hi ii
i        .....in i„ pn nbel                               ' tradition whi
the Introduction ol Buddhism    VI an)
uxtini i loda) a                   '   ilakhls display littli......               Lhem

M the animals and m                 ,;    ■                                                                   ddhists
■
Ihism   On the other han, \                                             choiendll  -
,,, ,.„!,.......iol   hotel« quite similar to some of U                      i the boulders    \
i, n,.i on tin                         hl stupaswhich wen associated with
3440
379��
A�-5B
5
56
45
7
30
49
C13B
64
con firms ihls impression   B
rits ..him.-i be .1.-. im-..
1
■ uncous with each othi i  »id Iceade .'.lili, i     No    I folio« i « urks i perhups ih the deaths "i both --K.il I.!.in shes rah and 'Bi -1   leal Li t ■ j limn (his
cniioi
'.m.hin on theSum-tsek Inscriptions
' »re both Ír                        temple's loundci Slob-dpon r I
Lliis . laim isconsistenl W th th J in both the                         -                                              us   I similarl-    <] i    w*    °"
are found together   there is no ...:. in No 6    fin                        '.        is similar to that of No?       ■
mpl  typ     rhu' n *'"''"' lnuli in the late 11 th century,                                                 '
i m author, departs from the pattern in being mainl alas, hu.ll> damaged bj                                ,'n' ^ ,
ul-lchrims'od and sKal-ldan shes-rab wei
the style ol the on-stic in the test given here I cannoi
Nc                       ph) i- consist en I with a date similar to or rather later than No, 6    /',,
unnecessary' final a                     n from
ined | is as in Nos. 2 and 6.
nents of larger compi                  io 9 is so short th»)
■  ■-  --i- in be thai
clear!) fall together with the 'Du-kliang inscriptions and m ar date to them. No. 101                                           ptions considei                 in its dbu-iatt
luring the reign of K                    lamgyal (r.c. If                    :ording
> it follows modem conventions with no trace of archaism, although poor.
Observations on the Lotsawa Lhakhang Inscription (No. 111
orthogi ;-.       irehaismsare confined to subjoined i after m and one ins'
jgularly carrying it in the 'Ou-kluing inscriptions.  I would date N ; 12th century, or perhaps in the 13th                     I in Vol. I. p|
Observations on Inscription No. 12
The general sta,: rather w,
Po-dn .
I in- Content ol tht lnscri|
branch nfU branch of it in
Ny -ma-m
Jan.  ľoss.bh
' 'me taken pla Petech speculates that U might have been the 'Bro who invited Nyi-ma-mgon to til.
n the arri'.al in Ladal ion. ami
unname.1 'Bro descendant •-dbang-lnua l could this be an old spelling for Wa founder of the 'Du-kliung sKal-ldan m but the teacher in
sKal-ldan shes-Tab was a fully ordained monk   B                                                                  an*
ending in •loan sonage is very remini munificence, and the founding of a temple or tempi)
!. is the nephew of the previous on Tshul-khrinis '                     :. hut it seems
Inscripl                     -ill in some of the del i
wards the interpretation thai I
. born into the 'Bro clan at Simula and studied a: N
wealth)                                                                                                                                  r,he
river Indus) and bridgi
meaning of some crucial tet                                                                                                  »X«,1
Men
[„scrip
- „, .he tempi.
.
■N -    -

Otanvattoas on ttw Sum-rsck taseny
N            •• -                   -                . \
..       .

.  --          -                                -    .
■   ■
-                                         .-
..•                                                                 ■     -       \ ■-

.    S         i so s
N     š seem:
from                                                ?oot.
■
■             '..     ,,    i„ ... .1 .-,■.. No
-
The,

ke the Buddhi t ;ontentment to living beings,
Jri«,.am;,
Jumbaratl
knowledge                           "l^^H
: .„divisible. I praise the Buddhas!                ^"
in*                                       :!ne Buddha-word and explan:                         H
,h of «he two levels of truth                 ke an ocea*
,    ĺ     .«„«.h^nd excellent qualities, are like the tree of paratfH
ISSCRIPTI
X that, being pleased by the good health of Blo-b/-ian of Alchi monastery, and by the receipt of forty-two Bash e extent that (we> petitio: •-•ns of the mona                   received h
>usand fo:                  rcumambulation)". one thousand for
-ired for a "small'                 7*erson to make a great, a medium or a
bulations and confessions according to his
grant water                rills and oH
the medical dispensary.
The relatives Co-mo Byam-pa (?) and Ch bulations and afl                          103 mani-ston
-    n spread and flourish! Good fortune!
-r was obtained from Tsha"u'A:
. Hi  IK   Ml  '
mngwitneinothtpenor,,                                  .&■.
■
■
wtmm land«







/\scK/r//o\  n
.meintothe«
I Son with t)
I tak
•no dharma, spon,,'                               ; anU
»mpounded
se intellect, they comma
and ol
8Ure. threefold in form yet indivisible, I praise the Budd
the Buddha-word and explanat,
tne land an I :. tranquil and passion-
-n,e teachings which comprehend excellent qu
holy teachings of sacred import-

In order to repa.                    St me praise the . . . monks.
Grea:                                themselves apart because of the insig
::.ce for themselves and others lent monks, now gathered in their tomb I

take notice thai                                           aood health of Blo-bzang sh-,
mmg    j
of the
-
".•rson to n
bulat
i
Good for 'Onthis o-..
tjon, on the Du-khani
i
''~-^bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbi ■    i
,pte.



-■   ■■■'■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              _       ".
'uang'
■
led on that






«a-
I




1
I
If  i
l-khi
^^^M
■ ■ ■ ■

m wandered from Gu-ge and sPu-rant-. (?'*?) arm
is thcii
B tween
: '                                                thai super-
partial comp i
■     ; I
: indly Vi i ih the 'three wisdoms'
lharma
• á all living b :i
ailed
rab   .mel wh.ii-
'""N ''
ľ^^^^^^^^^HHH^i^^^^^^^l

/r//'>\ ffl
,pesof
I tl
lor and
ore than loving i 1 asl                                   rentrj salute you with body, speech and mind!
vara a                     d as king ©fus all. you shine as a sun of ha                                           a be ever
victorious! /. ma fro! (line ■ i
(line ■ of the lineage of this religiou skyabs had u helpe. & the monks MCra-sMs skyabs Don to this i'»'
(line 12) 'in response t     | paini
,4) 'From therm e brass ewer. From the offi
(Hne Mi    I roin u< ,. one brass From the Governor i    i and indigo   From the Mul-'
andina        ■                                 u~<i to
Service was rendered w
(line
^_______________IHL^L^L^Lb
...
...... v
v    .:
tnu*                                                   :     '"'
uvi-                                 '   .'.;'"'':"   ;ľ..   "T""
«tíh.                                                                          v *  ..; .  .      ..."
siMdan shťs-rab. hoMs to the v.
»OÍOĽTS ííkv                           -jjař htm *       ■
■"-•                 -f joussed bktu m ŕonaer i. ■. •
■  ■ ■     "-■:    f" "u».     ...                            .....--        .-...-    . - .--■;::; -:;-
j»d t<n J«    Vpiai aad agaa he hi« ^^^^^^^^^^^^■sr.                                .is amltaifccd greatr* th.
• p«rsu*ncť of the req. -            .   -:ber. be bialt thi. .
best
^ag dispoa: ttes. the teacbe - or tbe fi«? «ateste tamfe un&elf. > Br».                                                    iŕj iť^ir
*laai aad «erit. aad attaia the oauásck
■ ' Cejr Ligttr   ^H
t<i*i Äŕs-nb bate oaaapotsed _wst as « cuete sto tay auaá. retyins or
jves: lfea>^ .XV. -:
!md fault, fvťr oauusexst oaes coa/os tbe» ~>" -
.   r aad awtabjrat! Aar lí>> TI« -Gartar.                    rfCkar Ul»t. Ydto«- lasaiptioB
N
:
• ■
■ ■ ■-■ ■■ -—. -
-■ -
individual syllables
c verses
......
-     í ihes

K-e of the three lund the trud i
sattva vehicle perceives      two
■
on; i
The
i ■
sl
Th<
MSaUFTIOb   I
.. tich is hard    get. A rente truth, and
sorted the whole of the teachings   .4
of the under;
(line                                                                                                                       '■■■ edges:
Utd the fourth, his individui

[■________________ ■                                          ... . n««.-- -.     .            . rna» / .....
. ■ -
.....
•        ■ .-.- ^.,;.-                                                 *(?).x.x.x.x.*                   -    *•-
--    -                                       •      •                                                                              ■                                     -        •
-
-
•         •          •               •        '
ŕw RirriON n
//  bla.ma.i"                              • rgyaa.Bkal.bzangs.d..
chon.rj'                                       .   riyam.myed.rtss.bB.chen.po.y in.  //
-                                                      .             -             .1  .ütizsd.   //
jjl.i.ma.mtshungB.myd. 'gro.hn '                                                                     ' .  //
rlkiin.mcho:  .                                                                                       r.   //
rpynl.ba.' •    ■'
.     .     .  // rn                                          'ings.aku.gsum.'l                                                   ii.la.bstod,
ban,              i.sogs.ldnr.                    '.s.rname.iSbang.chen.
' r.on. 'cizad.zhi.ba.chogs.bral.rKya.wtst, .' .
yon, tan.rhun. ' tshopis.Btor                            ....           . lang.tshungs.  //
dam.tvi'i.don.ban(v).dam.choB.rin.ehen.r-                        .    i.bstod.  //
di-1    .                                                                          . ' a.rsb.bstod.na.
■•i .tin' i. 'bras, bus..-. I                .   yi.log.sens.dpa ■ .chv .      .n
. x. x. x. x . x .   . g.khang.'tshoga.       .■.-...                                              -i.bstod. //
INSCRIPTION 12
(1)     /     al.lci.ragon.g                                                                                 .rrang.
ha.     (i                           .' bris, rten.shing. 'bras. ba. shag. kha(?).bzh
) . 'byor.b ;   ..                                                 ...
.   haag.gi.bsV                             .
.:.'.'                                      .           .                     . -      .dang.     /
.                                                                                                                                                                   .                                                                                                                                                .                                                                                            ■
sdus.gsum.gyi.bskor.tshad.dani-.                   . 'gro.ba.rang.rai    .       ..     .
nus.d.v.                              .                                               .ng.bas.dgongs.'jags.
..                   ...               ri«ng.
. img.bcas.tshes.ln.sraan.khang.r...
... aas.                          ......
(11)     «di.
/W Kl ľ i li >\ S
-                                                     -    '                                                                                                                                                      '-..■■
b.na.ni.    //    :
......
pa'i.            ....
ctond..
• • •      / / . byung. bsod.n.-:"                      .     .■.     //
i\si iai'im\ v
.rab.tu.bkod.
l\S(Kll'IJO\   /"
(1)    //    f
rje'......     r.      //      bl    .
nas     //                                                                                   -      '          -     //
-   •■■ - •       •'     - -               -      -                 . '                 .lo     //
.byaa    //              .                                 .
i.ma'i.lam     //                       . '             .        .
'by«              '       . )       (Z)      mdzod     //     ;.'
gus.                    phalo.     //    pjzhon.nu.i        .        .             .las.rab.du.
byuj                                                                          ...
'    .                                          .
■. .: Qan -
■ .la.rab(                                                                ...
11  I..
'   ■ '                                    -     -                                                                                                                        • '   •
I    ■
'i.sku.mkl
//     I                                   -"     •                          rin.can.       -

//       -'       •     '    '
.■    •   -                                     -                                                                                     '     -
■ .   \
\
faangkpa
....                                .
...
aimably a preamí-                                                                                 , ;ôt-—
i
■ --
. ■   .                                                                                                                                                                      ■                                                                                          .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ...
.   . -
«U be duete
-
syllables indK
-
transl-ransl
l\S(HlľIK>\ I
(1)     //  óa.
dara.lfcar.bcae.la /       / trau.                                                        t0aB  /
/  rang.gzhan.ngest:                          ,'ir.gsal. •debs.r-.saas /
aa».bu.gling / -yul /      / m(?).x.                               '.dgon.gBo8.su/
/ dad. -   :
bxo'.rnatta.i     .   .       .s /      /   -                                                 ./..x.
x.x.x.x.dka'   //://  x.x.;                                                                       .
scyod.bsod.nams.     (2)     x /      /  S05.                                                /
mg /      /  sa.fc-nyune                                                                                                     . : ..
. ;:.ar.dka'   /       /   i                                                                      .   rsg.
yin.na.pnrog.tu.'ong / la.bab.es.      .        .
/  tug.gis.2hug.na.s'j(?i.yang.Etsnong /      / odag   .   .srin.aaai -..■---. er /      /j                                       /      / adc
.:.:..::         /        /bi:
/de.'-':.. i    ľ .■•:.-:■.■• L -.-.---. . 13   /        /      ( 3)
/      / de.ltar.                              .   sng /      /   s
s /      / dbyar.Vca.skul.ma.ayi.dga'.'aa /      /
Qg.b7ill.pa.pa8,       .     --.: - -                                      .    M
.-    5,   ••:.=-.;■.        ;.ia /       /  Bbyin.pa.el                                "g/
/   bsod. r. r,-= .;..-;: .        :     .      .
bar. by a //  :     // ayi(ť) .gda»(V   . I:::
-..       .                              -
.).sdugC:   .                 .
sfcoa.-
(4)-.                                   .                                   .                             -                                                                                                                                 •
.bros.pu.las/      / byang.-
yod / / sti.aug.gy . laa.la.'dzeg.pa.ga.l . na /      /                                                            -     •
....         -                                          '"•
......yaus /      /   'khor.be
/      / Pby-. ...                                                                    '•' ;   -r  '
na /     / «hul.
ip an»« tubftvt nutlrr
MM AC

:fw Ou-kMar. ate» ill» »r of «his to
- composed b> tKaMdan shes-ra
e cioo. with the customar)salutations and the statement., it 'Lamp of Clear RtcoBccboo has been composed m order to «rouse true »údom others, aad AM a -precious terapie' has been fotu
.   -: _ij r:ne «Bent m the aeon of degeiieraho-_--..-.        .rse in nine-sj-Bi:
- .-»ce aad oa the r.                   racňse «hat rebewa one can wtde th -
_ -se passage in asae-sytbr*. rise sakxsssfiil practice of rrfcašon   times ■-
\ wtse i'ľ'iji at aiae-syBabfed haes. pra> _- z •-                         foaadaw tii*
,   — posts*, tise »erse rru> result m tie rer-irta 01 b» -. «shockerbenefits, ft
..TOsocoŕirätr-syBafaied h                      .;■'.U'ries c ■'                     rianatj
JG**ia*t sMMJém sha+mb bdb&gTis brise                    ~ -:<r.« UCiKrdir. she -
A cotopinai sxatBag tkM ri»e "lampof Ckar Recofleeiiea' was cos;
-
fcamr? ysl box so a&a bangrepto-ai or
Ufa

he 3^šita: n- -
11A1P1.I  INSCRIPTIONS
Nature and location
Th                                                        I in Volume t a.
manne,                                                      temples and has
and August 1975 I ■
ing inscriptions, and have mart:
scriptions which I fo
Apart iron                                                       .'I written in a umior
in black paint or ink on rectangular pa,                   »toured pain:
painting an,! decoration of the plastered interr convenient for reading   No  I Oi* the same, e J is incised in dbu-can script into a j particular buildings in which the) are found   i wise there seems to be no particular logic in their arrangement from some very legible ones to others which are only partly deaf cracking plastei. Spla
ors to the temples that the wear and tear of the no.-.                                              led to the rub-
bing and obliteration of parts of some
tions, not marked on the Jiagrani. whi-                   •; worth the
include one in an Indian script to the left of 1 There  are also many blank panels at various points on the which were either never written, may have coraplet                    ly. or. more 111
been deliberately obliteral ceivably bring inscriptions to light on some of th.
I now learn from Professor P-fessoi Tuccj photographed inscri                -...hi dunng bjs
the inscriptions were in better condition at ť                                                                phsmight
be useful in improving the texts offered here.
Problems of decipherment
Despite th(                          tical help and
lifftcutt. labor
the temple clumbers, particular!« deep in the idles and butter-lamps. 1 lash p plastered walls   Mthoui then compared with photographs. I
evei  I have tried to reprodu«
WlKl!
indulgence ol all learned readers, and ask them not to hasten to condemn the errors which ma) turnout tobem) ownmisnsadi
■■flaflaflfl
n «flBHBHBHBH^H^HHHIHHHhiiivliiiVBali^Biii^BiBiB^111^1"1
<B.«to,/  (f 2«« I  .                                                                        rmrJsill„
No»,
i     ■
■ ta Kat ,„w
"""»Ml
'         ..   I      .....li, a                                           ------------------1
- --    -™      "" Mi mm lit mow N*» r »
ľ» ha 4
,:ra.                         ____!
■ ah thai ".' \. hul the) nan «,ih ,,„.,„, phnBtj   B
-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ■     '                                                                                                                                                                   :
il In ,.n
■ lie» jtlomptt'd improvement On Hi.
-bta ma lo tsnha ba ~                                                                                                                                         kýl Harten *fVo
r*. rfrvjr /a 'phrftj /M otg
■               I3|3): 1                                                                                                           :....■■•■,■••
toil i-, ihaplcr 10,
■
See        4i  loin«
Mylsdom
mumUWpyoí t*t*mt«1 H**'--
1L,   »«. .> r ,„ ,«, M dien p» Uí'l to *>"» '"•" "" ""
M
iní B and appear in C in a variant wording and placed earlier in the lew «tiet Hu
■ jptvran
atml thing ph
ite í i i" >iu- rranilalion.
■«e 111
ing from B, occur In almosl Id™Uci                      177«-*). In both MS     '
H!   HA PRA BH                          BMA II





k

S      A   S                  v-M      ^>                  «O   /     vín ^_   *    «J       o   «=
OmpyOod-.thegumttm
-ľ  .:-            - -     ■        r -ľ-r  r.:.r :-,   g -g -
eurarfws &*,] -■--■: 10   2)íľ*q| S^'^ii^-qTJ'-;A--?--j---rľ«
■
allowing things   »«ymbolo) n,. r   . ,.    ,
■■■-1 u   'v';,vľ' vl',",iu',!"'1'1""
Ukeahcart   Bj .1,, po J, ľ,     r     V' le«e----S (and *« Guards hebroughl

-^^OIR
"^C-Hj^ci^C-Ciíj^-tr^l   r ^-rr í--;.'•-. .---1. -íyy:'-':-  -
-^'^'^'«'Sr-^-1'*'-''^f-.-g-q-V-■-- t - r- --• i: r 1
qi^'q^V^'^-^'''^'-"^--^-'''-—'   £--V>:--.-- — r-ŕ - "S -                                      -:_..-
15 qlg-^-qs'---- = -;-^sr--c- = :-i'   t      .......í " :'~-'- :<!'   I r - y                               k'::--z-
V-'C-^-ií'í'-^T-'i.^ .'-r-.:--;-. -  í'   -.-■
liR-lcq^ECírS!^«!*^^««"^   -•.v^t-.~ á •;'-.■••                           -..-_.-;,  :;
T-f-;-j>r!5--;-_.^-^x.-r--------y;--ŕ.   -.•••-   .-   •■ r; .--■■     .-                .-.■;•----■-.
-ywrKWf-m -ity^cwf-q I^T-j1^


I i mini ■ľ thai time i m tli« sud lam


been led to the R. 'ľ      " s"""" '
^pŕarEŕÄírsÄ-........-.............1
M...           ,      ,      -   . .
"  fnHMhtOl                               j  M.'uMhrv ľ ľ           'I'" •""' '"'^^sumk   the lin«
dÄ?tL™rX;0^
m« .i..-> ^„.1 «!,,,;„,p,   :,r;,:,i,,,lori,y in "'"■■'
b I ľ  MU.                                tompiesand then possessions andithe
'":'|:!-"'1'"                   s and striving of thi. B«^i   ,.
G«if,KSSRosary'
Throughout the series of m> rebirths may I honour (hose lotus-feet v-Uwl salutation to that son of the Buddhas
us laid hold of the Sage's Teaching, thaTPreeious Law ads.t to all directions with the rays oSexce£ľwo£
M.ncth biography written in mTho-glingby dPal-ye-shesofKhyi-than«
> which he asked from scholars and panditas, the treasures of religion, the
Wealth, the treasures of wood, these and other detailed treasures are made in the long biography
ľhu small passage is musing from Text B and occurs in C at the end of the previous chapter (no: 9 according to C, bul 10 lo A]
Netween '------meant that he would translate Sanskrit and Tibetan" and "having obtained mastery of fleet-footedm
: differently-   "If outsiders (phyi-rjbs kyi mf-rnami) arc noi csrerul in regard n
;   '«it and wretched and their lineage cut off.   If you aalt whs Hiis is. (il is because) this grail » an incaxnaiion of Sakyamuni and is not an .irdiiiar-, person who has gained perfection.  So it i> important 10 b«   -•*■»» n*»1«inj to hiru".   See textual note.   The following admonitions to those in auilioiu. occur onl) In fextA»
m what pertai
„ordeJ.
Mo'«»'.....;
po'sbiograplt) asinclu
On the la
oftheti
ramed as thi  Royal Uncle and
guardian ol th
nbet, he besought the I ord Sraddha(karavarman) saying 'You must pic
guardian ol th                                                                     .f offerings In I
northern entran
With the manifestation oi the «igri l will give you
inslator did all this, but no sign became man
'Make the praises in the form ol a pleasing chant'    Ik- did this and at dawn on the seventh day a black man appeared by his couch ai                                          metéry in the south-western
lake as your example the fearful sound there and (then) make your praises."  Me went I cemetery to the south-west of Bodhgaya, prep u                                            -.rayed   He heard a
fearful sound as though two tigers had lept on a large human                                                  Then
he returned to the Guardian Temple at Bi                      ' .king as his model the sound of the tigers
eating the corpse, he praised the Goddess of Hobgoblin Form I S
intonation of a tigress. Thus at twilight on the third day he beheld the form of Mahakala in the act of trampling upon a dwarf and holding a knife and a skull, one above the other, level with his heart and agan{i " held central in his hands. He fell momentarily unconscious.  Recovering himself he looked and saw that innumerable tantric figures such as Hevajra and Cakrasarpvara were streaming forth from the figure, and thinking that they could be absorbed into his own body, he experienced many stages of delightful contemplation, and thus he remained until dawn on the third day in this state of contemplation.
When he emerged from this. Mahakala himself was visible there and Mahakala made an undertaking saying:   'Obtain the instructions (from your lama) and then we shall go to Tibet together in order to protect the doctrine'
As for his seeing Mahákäla's defiant form at that time, it is said B
Mahibrahma was in earlier times set to that defiant chant of the Guardian for the Blessed Lady
(Sugati), 53 and that there were two versions of the chant, a long and a short one. but the long one
which was known as 'Raising the sound of music' ?i m
and so is non-existent, and the one available now.,                       at one.
From that lime onwards he used to see the Ouai : I                                                                "IS lama
again, (and he said:) 'Do for the goddess as yon did r                                   md a black woman
appeared M.\ made a pronouncement sa> ing     Go tO the Gandhol, i    Bodhgaj i'    l ake as your model the violent sound o\ the ■-model the swaggering motion of the bran
.undVajrasanaCAdamantin                    the main Bodhgayä temple ma                    ewnere
s Ik) ununi sal undei the Bodhi Tree). Then call out at                                                          *
..„„a,
ind Uli  I ..... i, „   i ,
n '■■■ Umí ■•
*    Lord
I   i., \,!./,T1,','hi,.Lord .   .'    kv ■.....i......
J
i i.., ....                                       | „ "«now
\ii'.;i. "there WM
d
if1*" "" '                                                                    ton i i. „mi,   n   ,,
'I th.  Guh] i   imaja  on thcnoxi n  .....L8roünd n°°'
wditoi........i.....,.„„„„,■ n,;     "l':""1"' m
il thai v  „               , u'"'ll:m'"'-'
-           un i no                                    .   :   '.......■''»•.......
,, , , ,„         ':       '         '»wnoj,
paratelyand drorme i                 The                                    ',',   1 !'           "' '
I don"! understand it like thai    I -„ ,i ,„,,■,, V"l",""l'''"';""1 "'"
■* with one tho                   nbdued. yel...............PrKS i.....",
mi    h is quite sufflcienl toexp. rienci  In on    ,            ' '.....      ""'
the Lama Tr............
",m bushelsol barley andImanv Jod SSLiiľl,ofreř»*
: raräandtheinvocatii                                ,       .,„ , ,™* "   '•'' -' -the
' "    Ü»    divinities Ta etofac-     ,     ,"        ľ!,   '"
'     Um- '''-V'.....■'■'»•"""» A..-.-S teachings ,,„,,„   ,
íi absolute truth
• irdsD« ""•' *"■■■'■" Zh« in Purang,and \n.. a skillful and famous translator; I need to translate."   ľne rranslator replied   l<0 worthy
! hav< now reached eighty eighl years   M> hail too has turned to whiteness and mj t< ingue being no longei cleai forms impurely the words ol th
oj not doing this linguistic work"   Vtiiareplied "Your thoughts arc ij ' Vlthough I have the powei to Ihink, I do nol have a tongue to speak with'", and h                                        ŕhen ľshul-khrims rgyal-ba, the ľranslatorol
trai ilating
Vttéasaid    "O Great rranslatoi Ratnabhadra,41 you know man) scriptures and pirttual insighl    Vou haw possessions with which to live laki efforl in meditation " [p. I I'M
IUI  I III
. IUii, Hit   Obtl ''"'.  I '■!;;
*°-   °" '                                                        n rather title of Alii»
ll,(,,,,                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^—
''■■' '  " H"   '                                                        III ,:• . Ul   1042 lllfi
"Mill   II
mnunl   11
pi   i Mrtrji ,io                                                                            i, t__
;     I     ,1,   II,,.   It.ľ,   ||   í
the hlt—-1 ,a)fo (.,                              ordin» to the in                            * -t"
. Dlpar. nUiioi


nil.

,, .m,.., t i |gg»»phj
, ,v,-ni hi .....»tan
■      I ! "..............
.......ltd ,,, i.... m form mth« BiutAmm
lied m" i................'
^^^^^^^^^^Tavh i
naterinli
6......><    ■
htd
nm i ,,i n,, i,,i,ii ihuxsr/r cnenpnpuim„K„.,
mdgytto
■    i1,,  Hlui-  Inrutft, pp 280-1    'Tl                             id Clu  tbhliamtya of ihi
U
.    [ion ol                                                                                       i hymn i"
f ■.- ..«a i, miming In II & <'.

1,1 aaa^^—

•'    i i ■ i m Puranj • i ■   ■
i......in mi !     in the inn
yi ai from tomori i
Hi, 'I Iklni
from tom<
punish me!    "   ľhus «ritingth
handson                                                                                                                 i   I to
Hi. plea ang wund ol his i                                                                   in the top of hex
ttery ol fleet footed i while ii had tal                                                                                            nmii
\i foi hi
year in
meditation th                                                                                                           from
;              ■ m the (Wood I
As'vini *1 thai he took hisdepartui
n the 'Om-lo cave in P . in:' and frorfl RWing go il KJ                                               ind the
eight beams'4                                                                                       i funerary kiln,41
il ins relics did n< populai                                                                                          ' '
ipace with sounds of thunder-like dnu                                                                   unan
beings who •■■                                    ligjon and who were bound un
l illation
•i i   i in' non ill........n i to i                                          ,ih ihr won
dbvCMd aniinm   dnlte Im ihe MrniHr«' (khorha la tím
I , i Mo), .iii'l H'                                                                     "'J/gyi rnan
■   :!,.■   I ,l..l ,,,    .■.In   ,
moot ba
ii. At thin poli
■     it. :tle HM brine.
i Ihe loll
Ii
.....   (lung "'"]
muled

I   II
■.\ln.i     :
mil......■   ,'iľi  ■ In,.    The Ml
.
I 'i im I.

nil   Lhi ma ifrl		«Irfm-miflanJ '"t Ihe
		
		e Ihmg-pHugl. nol »pnn*
		
	Ihe lllh	■
^__________^^^ ilenüed namet oi'  u,
i i
'        '    II,,.   I'.Illl        ll ,
fein,' mi
,. ,1,,- problem "' (h                                           . i \   at Ke v
H   I'l  "'I   |.......'■ i  !'■'      Hi         .
v I" .re Ihe a mi    lull    , ,,, .                                                                                                                            .pecial authority in Ihr mailer
1,1,1.1,    Ml   III,,.,IIUIUlU.'.jl   III   111.'    «Ill     i.
illhoiich the refular form aa
I.      .                      .............. hl„.,.„hv.   rhavan    ihe  tour pillar»', namely Kin-chen
«hea-ral' of I
o of Kha-tae.   Ie»l U     ll
■ rattaMa „i oan

Klllll    >.l, ll:
nal] Vo
ol Ml-
___________ijjjjjjjjw — -   ■  -                                                   I'lttajM              ___________
ifiKyen-ver, V» ihaa dpa) ,.i ki
iřal «i i i,i ...                                                     .„< of Saa. Yon-tan:
i....... Hhala
U
n., u  .
inj hSod-
meJ »i heaJi for roaarim   Saa laachaa'

02
91

■
,.
«r
tnd
laľm ciaím
with lian
. idher me must ah. :
amely
A & C boll» read khy%tä ftng ba 10                                       it nu.   We arc tr»n«lati.\
•        ••     .                   •      ■    •               .        :•    • .     ..•■■•■     bul M would in .'••• I be«    intttual jms(c if all mod* «I
«»»«7. I    Tket* bow folio»»» ■ liet of lbe ceremonial article«, kepi in the temple    Thí» liji i                                              and li t. the oohr
ni,*                                                                                                                                                                         »oiofcheekifll
MfMJiaroir                                                        iranalauon remaJi
......     u  ...     , ■■ .       ■■    ■    ■■-   ■■  ■■    ■■      ■■ ■    ■   ■■■  - ■    ■■   ■      ■■■■■■-   ■'■■■■■   ■     '■'■'■'■   '    «erŕeed f ro«    m
■ ■   ■   -    •-• - -■■■■■■—■.........•'•":"::?'\ ■"'.':::'.::':;;. ; ,,.. Z5J5Z
■           ■                ■.■--.     .:..   :.■   n   I       ■■-    '■•■■■        ■■■■■-■■   ■    '           ■■    '■    ■■■.....
-   .      —   Hul ...> .-.- «„«.day. h« lbe metnu ol :be «i»l ll «"      •« fonowtol not«                          .....
In  K-M*"1

• vůni    :
				
	/             /			
	■			
	Kha-tse),		•	'
				•
				•'»ng.
				
				
				
■				■
X	2			■
in all tlr
/                                               'Ka he found*
for when he had alrea<:                          he founded al the end the
chung aii                                                                                               /-complete"
•,nag-fl-• be temple» a* many a in Rong-chung. •                                            treat Lama Tr»                        lay too mere
ünual ceremonial attendance*. He also founded innumt-
Such a fir                                                                                            placed it in a .
box and said to his disciples as he handed it •
the impel
nam and a blue water-snake [p. 109| came out and
it again, he said:   "Don't do as you did yesterday and dor
upper part of the valley at Kyu-wang". But the snake twisted th .                      • ! they
and so it escaped. The Great Lama Tran,;: you have been in error twice, and so nothing has been ga:-                                   Teings.
If you had opened it but once, there would have sprung up here -                     ,'idred
spoiled and from now on there will be only a village I with a                         I up pool".
jugh in general he practised unlimited extent from Zhei                                              'ulanglca. yet he remained
mostly at Gyam-shug. When he wj                         ^m-shug he sc-                    .    iples
and used to get his daily pit-..                      j-char in Purang. He went a
: the monastery with                         e vegetable-broth wa* prepa:
.-■old.
M n turcly confuted here.   It a In* number 31 aad not lac ■■■ptrinaa aaarbar of log waacn m coaipleiea er l the placet' ■                                                      .   •» th« leu now maka clear, aaw Hotmlaatfca- Tba redactor can oaf? naeaa
IfeU if we idtl the temple« In boundary areas. KMn» of which he lat«, the« Ibere »rer« many raore taa» 21. «dratá »T «iml ip tu 1(18
r íllina» ol place-funMa.   tau B ateo aar» deal tber« wa» J ■naket and t tu t they were y.ti m tu i golden bom.  Compare note 30 which drm attention lo bat t natltlaa, a leather bowl lato a !, th» thc«ame i«                           tor A   Pra-ii br Sal aera, ■ trad. at H»a tocfc-
; n.ar, e leemi to have t.ein trouMev. ■            ■                              ( * C  Taaar vcraoai are »>»«• «a the lei tuai
ie» of Purine was r«c of» foe a loo» Uja*-   ÍWe retain B'i I >n-tbor. he oMd to «et c» dad« phianre fraaa Kb» f»er of final                                                           «I «tram aa the .ejetabie-broth wea prepared-'
•m ror  to arrive, lo reach'    i." may hivr ihaaaei it tato the mote uiual word ileft-pa  •                                                                                     : hat la turn led lo toe iiaieelna of taw
earlier para»                                                                     .: Inlerpretalion <om«i from the Ho-axarW ba'í *aroat-pa. 'Planí) of
MM | • -i.« rahar »dun 6t«/i»r i»d U «el ... -W« bow lo him who wbea pr aclutni medialallon one-polnledly al Oy iiruhui, (ot ha plIlarKe from Mrva taaa/ aad «rrrr«d
1      '■    11 ! mu V, u   latoi   ,
i "!   »ndth.
■'  ■' *«"• and
inshrtoi the R                                     .
lift'I-rrists"    Meagre«......„    , ,,,„ „„, ,,/*■s """ •
"" Bodhlsattva said
vitSha?l0Xen-thescwai
I            ......              '  ,"h ' 8>vc you ,.,-li ....,
•1  livir, ,
so I should h                      i     i          ",:
1 ■'<•' twents o,i,Mv1!"!',nUili;|"","i,l»tal" 'heaskedilir„,„ľ      '''; * father an image   ,, V       H
' "ade the lama happy ^th fivľof SZ"^ °f gold ^ ■  S     i   «wenton^        " *"" in Wien thev «v,vh„„,,     ,                c '"»se-makers'
doing it honour, he broJSuheÄffi^ ** **
Wer six yea« heÍUirJSSwSt ■    ' h« üunfang thai he should paj bis respects to the Mighty One tľelam? n I holding, and since he had invited so many scholars a™ : te ROJ ,! I ama said:   "It is you Translator Rin-chen bzang-p" the means for these invitations.   You are welcome indeed'   Now you SlatOt here this monk from sPang-ldiyud." When he had learned
ikOled in grammar, he was known as the sPang-khyud Translator. «tet and pupil translated many scriptures with the help of those
[p.  I (J   I but he had been seized by a terrible illness and so ne diu not meet mm. as ; rites the Translator himself performed the Durgatipamodhana and others. As ■-,. the Mighty One Lha-lde and the Mighty One the Bodhisatl hun tv.                      tes and these are the twenty-one places dedicated to worship, and he
Mings, three general tea-ceremon.es for readings ol the sutras^every>ym COmmunitii                       ntj -one places, seven readings ol the Perfection of Wisdom
in 100.000 v                        i on, as well as images, hooks and chotens.
the
u*h i» it
naryandotnu-PflVi.....I    mgroi-ba
IBS« 0«m«l ««» all ,.,n,B, Ph.,« roimin, to -''"^'-ti'^i^w'p'ÔcS lSde an actual Image of his fath«. a mos. unlikely P
factor of thirt«« monthe.  I« »«J "' man received
. joie. i BudiUuli ■"'
I he thirteen twai
n on ■ day, bul tht (h
;   ill the t'-nip!
I
the intention of founding a high-roofed temp                     Is of Kyu-wang. as this
was hit birl                                                             : ■  ■ ■
ivere eight village-elders at Radnis, and the eight of them v
a painful illness   During                                                                   . im-shug. and then in
the Spring he an                                             ila at Kyu-wang in a field of the size which
lakes three mi                         I for planting), and in the centre of the mandala he con-
structed a large homa Hearth, where he performed the rite of burnt offerings and as a result Dzalamati and her three sisters appeared before him. Then the Translator called to all his disciples:   "Don't heat your drums for a moment, but stay were you are!", and he went to the head of the lield, whei                                             ■, to him and he bound
them on oath, and they made a firm promise to protect the Buddhist religion.  In particular tins sprite Dzalamati cut off her front locks of hair and as they came to about four yards in length, they filled ;i leather vessel three spans aer-..                   :   -nailer one.10
and these were placed as hidden valuables under the temple at Radnis   Having offered her life-force, she was known by the secret name of Heavenly Immaculate. She was appointed guardian divinity of the Wondrous Lotus Temple of Radnis and the whole matter was finalized with a coercive rite,  furthermore it was arranged for the whole circle of divinities of the (Juhyasamäja to be inside the temple.
As for the four Dzalamati sisters, the eldest, the wild spirit Zar-na-ma of Kha-tse. this one was appointed guardian of the temples of Kha-tse. The next one. the wild spirit Dro-mur-ma, was appointed guardian of the Red Temple of rGyu-lang. The next one the wild devil Srog-mur-ma was appointed guardian of the temple of Sum-nam   The evil water-spirit Dzalamati was the youngest of the four. Putting the Oblate Goat-Skin-CladM under oath, he made him work as personal attendant and made him responsible for guarding the possessions of all the temples of Rong-chung. This one is master of the demons and is named Byi-na-ya-ga.   Also known as the Goat-Skin-Clad, as Pe-har, as Dro and as ICags-ber. they are all one.  He performed tranquillizing coerc the set of evil water-spirits who showed themselves with bodies of a light yellow colour.
As for listing the Body. Speech and Mind Symbols and ceremonial equipment of the Wondrous Lotus Temple at Radnis. in particular there was an ivory' image of
ITl« thirteen ancestral branches arc referred U in Chapter 2.   Here A. 8 and C all use differing term», but the sense
A: pha-sgn.   B   rnnhan-tfO,   C   phaipun.   This is again an odd iter», and the notion of laying all the foundation» of different
placed in .'ne in arrears again,  See note 21 above.
roxi   \ reads,   'a temple like Mount Meru'. presumably therefore a tieredroof temple, or maybe with the  -
imposlngone.   Instead of ri rab mm. 'like Mount Meru'. B reads    brr-isom. which a«                                                        p. 381.
would mean a miniature temple.  C reads:   pa ru Ham. which iaschke IP. 32:1 lists as pa ri or pa ru with the meaning of 'bo«.
cylindrical or Ova], high or Hat. of wood or metal".  However '• box-like temple' is BXH in attractive proposition.
rext« B a i tefet hri   '                     ted DaaJatnall «u iha) tad a «ben ol dm listen   b simply refer» to mnu -
ti bya nu'i Iha 'bre {/or 'drejgtlug pa can     an evil demon, named the Water Sprile Umjn)   Dralamsti.  C ha-
omitting fdu| pa em   evil
l.'M  \ relets 10 lli•■■:                                                                                    ■' <man sec Jaschk.-
and vn Jcliio- Ir ..ni id,- forma Ol ihcir name« lhal they are understood io he feminine. I lus is pathapa rather doubtful, tba readme bobuj fur mihogium ma bit gang bvung ba.   text B says that 'a golden bosvi
hll.-.l  -Uli   lewel.  wis often-  '                             5» textual note.
text A ie.,,ls.   .Je, ■ iiimvri rj ■■;                                     translates Sanskrit upäsaka - a relimous layman .which lor neamess of Iran»
i.oi.i, we hava lortnad as ■oblate'  One wondera If ihr «im baa m mind iba monk (eg« babu) who had proved m ba
les........i iv h ar m the story as told «bos.-    I In,
demons (sgajn) h Baled bj •■•■■ aal »•Wojxovvlta, p  toS.3SS.etc   . Na le.t reiersto him mutakonls as nueen' of demons (bgega-kyl rgyiü-rnc)  None of tola paaaag« oecana hi B & 1     tin                                                                       > as one of anoiher s«i of four
,_


length form and its medium-
tvas known as l
aiuisof
rks as he with Šraddhäkaravarman
irto
iat he had not returned direct from Kashmir, he felt itíier he arrang
'-iropi 11 PTiuIUhari nemí bMT
rely separated from the subietiuent visu locwtrn Indů (i: • Kashmir,  »i PnulUhari
-
ra'sdatea.  U.V.
,.m,. Miutlilli.-                                                                                                                                                                                                      -aeeeeaeeeea
■a« .   '

m
me that he wer •■d-legged on a was general wonderment.                                    ">r gave thoug.' I
jt it was a delusive manifest 11 coercive rues.  Then he went to him and pointed his finger at him. ar.                        r-.ed
head                                   ground and *                                                          «Of *»
Then the Mighty One King Lha-lde invited many noble Prajnakara Srirmtra                                                1 they transla'
Wisdom in its long and medium :                                    iated and studied many religious
th seventy-five panditaslp. Í06).
: !de made hin                                                                       es in
Purang. and as for the manner of his using these sites to the greater honour of the Blessed
ingka-M Then Lha-lde asked him to found the temple of Kha-char. and in Gu-tje where b. the Royal Lama Ye-shes-'od founded < with him) the   i
Mar-yul fLadakh) he founded Nyar-ma, and the foundations of all three were laid it day.21  Thus his activity was unbounded in founding so many temp!. so many scriptures. Thus our great Lama Translator operated from Purang upwards and the Junior Translator Legs-pai Shes-rab did translation wort
Then in order to avert an illness of his mother and to prolong her years he had seven Amitayus mandates done. There upon his mother's life was extended by eighteen years. Then the consecration and formal opening of Kha-char in Purang. mTho-lding -and Nyar-ma in Mar-yul. of all these three temples were performed cm a great scale.
•r.ing Pe-bar. originally aa Indian Buddlmt protecme dtvauty. who when liauafiiml to Tibet «rat regarded ■ a head of usually benevolent demon, tec Nebwky.Wojkosvit«, Oarlei ma Demora. pp. »5-101 Teal B atye lkal the aaoak was a manifestation of a water                                   - Jud).
20.   cater, presumably indicating the eatreme eastern e.ter.t of Rro-chesi 6 rang po i biiirtaig actmtict. ocean often hroattl
-se).   It remaim u»ld*elifse4.   Fot HotTlaaga a teao snentiuaad «antral tätaas. G. Toed f. «31 suggests "" identity of a present day i<Btf. know» aa Lu|li 'near Kbapal« to tat tsorttvwat» of Udafch'.   This n lbe kind of situation required by the conteat.  aaTho-Sdiag a awD know« and kaa baaa fully daaulhwt by « Vol I. p. I».
21.   The Strange E I                                 .—.her Ihn»* h*r* and in th* rm of fli» pinig« fci||iiliifcia r»*m*4a*A wifh niiti«! ■ ff^— m
- aslcry in Zanpkar (see   p. ill  that the original reading was more likely to Ban baaa    Tu found :.- ma in Ladakh and he laid the foundation» of gSum-mda' is one day-  It would be oafea uiatth»» la triaalalr the passage nial below a».   'Then the consecration aad formal opeaing of Kha-char a> Fvraag. «sTati Irtkta, as Ga-ar tad of the temple« of Nyarf-mai and gSum(-nida') in Mar-yul were performed on a great scale.'  Howcret. Teat A. followed b)
mtaaaajSaoa not aa a place-name. »sit aa meaning "three'    It a coaccrvaMc that tak was aa early tesiual misunderstanding, leading to the rather odd tradition that Ria-chea hraag-po fouaded three aacasaaavaaaa. aa aaftaot
aj another, on a tingle day with the auggeatioo that he waa somehow magically pteaeot in al three Macaa at oace the biography of Rin-chen bxang-po composed ia 1976 by Bao-brang btod-pa to which reference a made above aa page 14 mention: lae            of           toi                           Great Ti
khang) Lata                              lad many tiles (jritiir-erni). monasterses and choteaa. the raoataateey of Xhe-che'i yast. th« moaattter-
- irnaybe 'or rung) and of Nyar mi, the monasten öf ARhi aad so on The Traaaiator came to l^ajakk when he waa 55 years old. Aa for the founding of the monasters of Nyar-ma of Tifctae !A*h/tga-rtae) there are eight temples larga aad aaaf. As for Ihe length  •                                     -lie temples they are :i yard» ij-om-aanji reapectnel*    rhe width of the lemple-waa»
is three feet llaf.Inml.   The height of the »alls is thirteen (eel   The surrounding wait» on the retoanuia asoe are each :S0 yarda (in length).   Their wiath ia one and a half feet.   The height ia more thaa eight feet.  Then arc aaon taaa * huadrad
•T..I1 ,nJ large                                                                                                  naatery ti! yean kam r a—J. - aaeassf 'nynrtirl
Nyar-a I                                 .-s later the T rarulalor founded Alchi Mooaatery with IU wonderful image of Osaatssstaeal Va
ranttssf  leslracteJ from folloa I J-l»).  The dau of 1011 for the fotusdaag of Kyat-nu ia aaite acceptable.  What is meant by Knachr i yul we Me left to gueaa.   Kbva-tae may be intended or the writer aaay e»e
• nils m Kashmir    Hod doel not occur aa a pla  :                                                                     eraphv. aad the writer aaaf
intend rant (    the lower valleys), a» indeed the word ia clearly written in aa escerpt from Suns-pa m Khan po's haatucy i - »ame volume ffo-                                                                                                         i made either of Ksa-cbea braag no "a
famous foundations al Ts*
lid not go beyond iliterall,   from) Purang. aad ta» laaaor Tnaalatal Sat« tad) Jid Iran                                                                                                                                          ssaaj delautca the»
real B ha» a complete rewording     He laid the foundatsoaa of the three in case day.   The« lea years had paaaed since he came fron                                                                        jnior Translator legs pa i Sacvra» aad other
urfanparliodham mamtalai for ha father's benefit at iK. .na wang at ha» bee i                                                                                                       etc  11151 'l   Tha haa the »ppearaoce of besag a debbecate
. m»de »t some rails period by a re J i  I   -                          • i»h to see Lega-aal Sbeavtab placad oa eoaal tanaa «rata
/angpo.
I -  I..i   Ins  moll!
[nought thai ,„
oman (wild th                        , !,      ' """ '"'' 'noli y
.....n il„.
I ■-■  ""    IIh-i. ihe rrauslaloi showed I, ■,'  mi,       " .....W
" '■■' '' was i" Ids walk-i   u,,, '      u •ll"k"
.: hundre
.........■     *• '"■" ' '"ľ mi                                   ■ '•"" nm ,.
YTlw'.....,ed,he'.....••■•" ■■"    lh    iM
no«                                             ' "ll woman and
'*»•   lhore iV'ľ'srú '". ",""'""' '" Kas»imirand
'    ""    M trumpet made ol  . hu  ,,   T",  ,;    ' twirled the trumpet three times round the lama's I,.', " "'i'   '   !''IH'"'"   The I       din« to whal we heard afterwards this was ,i'„- ,'          ''",W''"' """ »•
sion he «me to give me a blessin« LP,ľ i          yogin Ratna»iddM having recognised him. he said    rhen going a little fuXrwľ     .*         '      '«y«« and the                       und of hum.., „-.-". ... ť,,..               "' ' We mel ' Mil grown i......
*-'o7tj;e7£r^ La,,<                                    "egin with the Kashmiri cl     ,                       '""' ''I""''1" a '"*"
tl,ť;                                           *« w* had gone to beg alms in the middí o "íe E
met an old brahman, who looked a. the palm of my hand an.....thou, SayinganyThinT
rhen he offered me a silver incense-bowl filled with a b!     , ».he took hold of the end of my robe and pronounced m; are one who haw accumulated throughout many live! ?*<*■*                                                               u-ma you will be familiar with man-.
»resent                            Vou will benefit many living beings and later you will
tain perfect buddhahood". The name of that brahman was Šraddhäkaravarman.l4          |
ten«-.   what is involved is ihe miking of small ekes usually Of clay, ihapcd something like a «mall llflpa, mil u.   For ■ detailed description ■ if cm - -                                    'ruio-TToeftal. vol   I. p. 53 fl    rrtc tltlot of sotM
e moulded with clay in order to make a number, oflen Ihe sacred number of 108, of auch Utile n
10. UM«I ■ ture choiens'
deceased can he mouraeo wiin ciay in oraer to make a number, oitcn tne sacrt___
let are Iben usually placed inside a full-scale choten.   Rin-chcn b/ang-po proposes to do something «imilar with ihi woman's hair, treating il as a relic, which is thereby sanctified to her greater merit. .: ning Ihe term sang-bshed. see Ihe textual OOCS.
pieces of hair and Anger-nails the longue is also prized aa a relic, bul to protrude ihe tongui greeting to a superior.   Tes! B reads:  -showing her tongue she made the dumb                                        ■' off, I «ball have
nothing".-   Text i   reads    'showing her tongue and holding it with lie, hand, she made.                        Cul II......ft and II
male« no   difference".'  See textual note.
t( .nserls. sentence here    Then they wen. on to a «own named Kal "a Ml    Seei.,1......ngnot..
i 4     lpiothi*PO.„,T*x-                                           ..:-.«2503)h«»«c..n.....e. J M*      . , ,esy and a section missing in chapter 2 a. observed ,„ „oe, 2 » fsng or «ordering « the case may be. small blocks of material.   M HH» árľddhiiur.v^m.n (Dad-byed go-cha). and omi.ting ,n> re -,..........
own £™X-                          2- r "**-— ***•»••»
frM»«»** He came to .he. ow, men. and so he came «o .he c.t>
M........u.   Pan lite Quo
Ol i. .in,...     I
ihminnh id
(Wen 1,,,
Hon .111,1 m iii.
,,,111     ,   IimI.ii   I I
.....1 n.n, lati .1 thi V.....lh ,1 ,
i,[ ,1 1.....               I                  l a 1
and ■■vi,,ill
|0 hľ. LHin,'i   I.mi 1    111,1 "H  Mi     '
hi. hi,  ih ida 1 oi i, twl m mi   I. Knowli 1
1.....saj m"      1  mi -i "'.in limn fardl
inanl     o I 1 footedni
. däkinl tcai hin i
il 1   So i,  P0II1 ' ■
and m.nlr In, 1
■.-, 1.in,.n .in.i Hi,-   . i. m..n .   im
ii.iir.in  ,                                                                              I mind to I
■ ih, town "i i.iiii:ii.i'..niii
in the town ol i amain .....h
foi 1. ligious in mi, tion and having been and te u h......i n latina '" 'hi   ťoga-Tí
1 iii-   1 ulfilmenl ol Voga' and m in
iii ibetan h •
n.. 1 ord Närop i     W h mattet   i
and .1 angle bod)   '   I hen ilr
, ,111111 md i
1
• -ľ-nŕ'' ~
96
36
4
n body, «i little »odd ň caught up fa Whoever wa                                                                                    «tanir.
ripture. Which
i                     i    '                                                                            ......
to his home. He I                                                               , mmi, JIld |n,|K1 as Ihe iiVini
íon and my own life will suffer. bu1 . the lay-out of the land, my parents will be anxious, and 1 shall heap up d myself".  As he sat th.i                                           .other looked at her
iw dark it was.                                         -.y are you so .
ii. told his parents in detail the story of the djkinřs previous phophecy. Then his | and brethren took counsel together and I                                   |0 not let him go. hoth
religion and his own life will suffei                       that he should go. although
in anguish, if he goes, hut he should go to Kashmir and not to eastern India. returning here from Kashmir'                                 ;!e-<ompanion Broth
rtse-mo, |p. 1031 and in my eighteenth year in ti                                         «I out from
the village.  We took some 600 cowry shells9 and many small p;                     trrying
different things cooked by my mother and food-suppV.                       in old worn
clothes. We were joined as third by a                               .- | from Kulu who len
way, and my mother accompanied us until midday. We travelled from Khunu to Lahul (Gar-zha I, begging as we went. Then in the space of a month and three days we reached a village named Karika, and our companion from Kulu was tired of walking and did not want to go on. So the two of us. master and attendant, went on on a journey of three days we came to a great bridge named Mahasangala, wherL I an ill-disposed toll-keeper and a small community of three ho                     ■ -.■ them fifty
cowry-shells and slept the night there rather anxiously.  The nexl crossed the bridge and travelled on. We got two-thirds of the way up a pass, when I lay-brother was seized by a terrible illness and came close to dying, while I n. despairing and pin-.                     .J fell asleep.  Just at that time three hur...-.-
robbers were advancing and conung together, and the                                      Iream
appeared and said: "Son. get up'  As for this sick mat > aksint who dislikes men of religion and she intends harm. I have turned ti the disease is quick1
fervently to the Blessed Oi                                                      the sick man bj
and reciting p                                                                ind then look.                       ugh
the robbers holding weapons had reached the place they
- and that Jakini those two. master and attendant, remained unseen and went straight on their way    So the -                     aired and they were :
terror                                                                                                                     SOSSed
that high pass m happy and
For some three .lays they had no food. I                                                              *■*•
thej had been, they met an elderly woman and her daughter who w. ting out their bowls 1
-Otem                                                                      the matter and i
!•»« BraMhrnii-N'imlriU                                                                     « retljío«« tank«». Fro" tk» point «»«»»
I hoMmlk Ira »*Kh .uli tptyw. u»OH>.
"«■(•«unr-                                                                                        ■ «■>«►**. «*«»«ť* 4~frt>«i I— !■
ihu.    ik« loU-cOWrUf ■ lb» cktof mtm of Ik» ■ ih. „mini ~                            -»tsrtos.
hp, Kyu-wane
in.l ilteii Im. ! pa .nul ľsa ha;
i 11 Mís lather's n.mu- was tlít- \
iiotlioi was nu i                              ral   bstan ma ol the C
oui children. Ihe eldest heing Slu-srah dbang phyu •  [he mi ni T "■   '  ■    lan                                .     ', ',' v ■'">'
Mu- mul.lle boy Kin-chen dbang-phy'ui! waľth' ■■ issunied the life of a household id stayei                  m, L*''
earned lantric doctrines and gained ™VJli ..trine.                              gained perf^
anslator entered liis mother's womh .
-1''' ami a moon ova her left shouM«a su",Was s'>«ningall the da with turquoise-coloured beak and dawľw^iT    ,°Ve herhead
« m and that    He T.'m.       . ?    e Various Phasing
—     Hum when the ,im   Smľf0r        ■
Ireamed
iwentui                                      -»made
1 M ,lu' 'üth Ja                          i! h of summer ,n the ior   W i   T      *
w she fen«ÄísíSiSíÄrsr
t, and a patrol on the top ol her head                                                            n
ne from '". and as he said this, thev disapi >ther.  Then the boj was born without her feeling any suffering; he was MuiS                                     s face and bird's eyes and in the palm of his right hand there
ars old he use                 \ \ I í [the
i v    -•            labet), writing them on the ground, and then he would
sit there making a beseeching gesture. His father said
ising liim in yellow robes, he had him made a lay : ning the birth of the Bodhisa
thirteen he took religious vows before his Teacher Legs-pa bi, is teacher he learned the Tin sr with the coram irbed its meaning in a moment.
tel                                          L^SeSoíf11
■   ^exterior form, the translator
, the shade ol
.„.holding in pproachingh.n awnoie
, in her *n
SSKT.^*»—«-

H____
'uxgthohtetor«
s
fthcbibfi. .cSa-skyaPaml.tasTrc
^^^^^^^^B^^^^^B^^^^^B^B
'   »Mi
which
i
.11) ortho-
■

•  ■
■
■
tä R
■-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ■
S
■


-Ilent man. the Črta: I
.-.iphy in order to recall the gl
Ind for making known what
he taught   In writing this thort biograph;.                                                         she
matter in eleven chapters. 2
I.    ho«                                                                : man.
is his lineage,
3.   where he was bom.
- took religiou-, . 5     a                                                          i and so on.
6.   from which lamas and sages he sought instruction. how he translated th..
8.    how he founded communities and temples.
9.    how he honoured twenty-one smaller
10.   «
II.   whence he departed to higher --.
The prophesy of the Sage tŠäkyamunil is announced in many sutras an
I years from m                         will appear a monk
. ind he will spt                      ngs'.
The ancestral home of this lama was Hrugs                                                        - as the
ns. and
< the line of the holy Nyi-ma Hrugs. it is named Hrugs-wer. It is also said that his maternal uncle was                                                                             water-spirit f Klu
: am the elder one bred as a householder although he ha'
religious vows.  He v . -
Tne > ounger one was known as the                                  . tkot-sgra.*   Fow .hJdren
including the Great Transit-
I. The opentof »ertea of praate «re lairaai ■ Teat Km* am Gm pjllli faao hack» «*> a« -on»»-    ai O» n marr of the m. Ike noon ud a trap'. Hm»M< refearia« U the ■«  I   r la .toe» Um Grot TlllEM  I rafachara.1 eke »orla.   -the dote« ikrouekuvt to A. rrei. f re» the bexaeMr  •Sawtalina to ftrtaatartibkaart u i—Jej M liaaaSaUn» a« lata. Oo4 liea-litte Lasaa TramUice Rht-chea Me«, pa. itte lood m-Ik. aaataa aeae Ike Saat t (=fft]u«ataar»,i>uii—   lofeJ. f»l taiutauoa to tkal Lana!'
a otnita duplet leredtajp. ead c redact the«« to tea M i—lihl« ike Urn «aa.
X Coacaarataf. Kha-tae takto «ratr. Kara-tae aai Kküael «ad otkat placet Beaticattd a« Oas. 2ad charter eaa aat rater m Ca—piu Tta.li.lj.nheacall.pp.iS-T.  He tötetet» t-o correal htfiiiMllf.a» of Para«. Hrady lhal el i-f ar. to the •abate oi Kate i-titles a> Kala eat Oat Sar-r? of ladu =ap> -hath aia SpeK as3 a she «at u< the chaff aua or So»., aad fleaa li>u<> i lkal K arty refer to Kaietater. ttmaartBlca»! ceaaMrtaaf raw Great Tnaataaara taaatj a«k bakaahr. «ehack aa kat tie» »aa aBI a (aaaoaa Baikiktn (awl Ijalul had.
The ..p. .tu,« fShr. He»  aafjeat. «ee-»«ddkttl araatrjr aaw.aaa.jaa. aa tk. tSkra aar. tnHnM) ■cdBcaal hraaafa.  Saa tka Utrooacttoa to b ■                                -.p. IS ft.  Aha» Ik« tarn -er aa rtraat-aat m certaaalt a *>na pa aarm. far Haare a» a
laeceal daaa of Ike« dhaaiOea hao-aa ■ aar^ra«. h eaa haw haa» aoOaaa aiaaael tor «aek aeanar« Daaaka. t» lacaaaa aaa--erlaal to la. Mta itaraft Ike ajatt «ad Hark oeatanaa. >Tko Dar «acaator |T>«gi itii|»ii a. oaa «Da«aot tj»0-a. •i he «aa Waxkaa Mafjoi «rated falkar. to tka kae «oaa aot to kork war* r»,
■•« naailan 1 «Meet xtia Taaat.....nra a«iali all, aad rk. Urat oaaai eaatr rata» aa a local cheef «aav  TW»»
«aaa^ahaMaaadofaackhii.aaati «talian ataaaataial ptacaaaa I aaaah «.«. at Aicha.   Uajmte the tea» of the ataar «alalia», »«ark a»-«^t [»a^uai at Ijt«^                                                                I «aa«. at Tahataa.  Th, aaaaaa, of the
-karaact i a» teta»* i of ihete t»o hrothen. na-at far la« afchar had faar (or Oha r J     ail. cam cato rata aa aaacaa a> -aekk ike two liaialii attrbd.  Pieaaaaar Tacd l.tallfata aaaaa sf tka» a> Ike lada«« »iirlltrt.« kcaaWata. a* ok)  manu Takal '°—ľ * aartjctaati  The-heat |       ,i tiaa> TW. «aaa tkamaa «a«aatr-l hfaachea uáa aju>• to Ik. aad «« rkai ■■ 3 k
This thang-ka in the British Museum collection, to which Mr Wladimir Zwalf has kindly ':. must he identified as one oj the set of the IS Arhats (proper!} 16, to ■ tmely as Dharrrui-tala(alimOharmarr3ta, Tibetan Oioi' j*el tw Chos-skyongj. <                   '. see Tueei. Tibetan Painted S                  I949),pp.
.     Oagyab. Hbetan ReMgious An (Wiesbaden 1977), m ■"--''■ Then-may b, umu this 'travelling scholar'accompanied by a tiger, and the Incident in in. i o tiger on his indián nav. Is   I amotion RiH-chenbZang.po is said to be) appears Jus
^.^äc^infythe^nslawrS^am ^^) to the right.   Ihe,.....kingsoftheauarters
north and the west, hiseum pointing ■
PARI   III
510GQAPI1Y OF RIN-CHKN bZANG-PO
INTRODUCTION
Work mi thl                  iphy has be-on email-, helped                                       n 1977
if a ribetan volume entitled Collected Bio ■ ln\ subsequt t/t re • mbadiments a repro
dKyilM                 ipiti, as published by B                                                                   J Kuan.
Delhi. We also have                                                            the biography which we wen able
io microfilm                                          m the wintei                                                tiürd
work included in ihe <
written by dPal-ye-shes ol Khyi-thai                                     I Kin-chenbzan
disciples,   rhis has a claim I                     t available account ai
below in out translation, A. later amended version of thi
the Collected Biographical Material, but one rapidly gains l               ion that whoevei
ible lor tins re-editing ofdPal-ye-shes' account, has simply omitl
understand and has also reworded phrases which he could not o                                     pven in
our note- to the translation   li appears too that he was                     i variant text where the mat-
erials had been ordered differentlj ■
no: 5 in ihe ('ollei ted Biographical Material, is rep                                                         rj prc-
.i ihe Monast i                          Ian. and we note that the ordering of the subject-matter
inds closely with the re-edited version, upon whicl these three versions in out                                                                               i Bio-
graphical Material), ľ. -
ted version of A = no: i                    film version fi                                    ry carefully
made copy of A. reproducin                                                                                        mal
variations, whi« h are of little or no help for an understanding ol occasionally In the textual noti
Ml these versions are 'medium length' biograi                                                 m of
'short'and'lor                          it these we have not seen   ľhe colophon ol
'the teachings which Rln-chen tetan                   ffl scholars .m
the treasures ol wealth, the treasures ol wood, these and other detailed the long biography    Vi   would then                                                 ists of the kind
ui to some extent in our'medium                                             idd much to the
little winch appears t" be known about the actual life ol                                      ppointingry
inn. Is loid ni ins travels in Kashmii and Ihe real ol India although the start of the first joui
ribed circumstantially enough, as tho                 i I in the Translator's                    ■■.• note
7   to the translation) One is surprised thai an immediate disciple should know so hit'
lall) when ii comes to the odd tra ■ founded three monatories, ill remott
the writer appears to i                              In note 21 we have suggested a like
this problem, namebj thatthi                                         een taken in its meaning of three'
ol us original referan                                                                      it would be
řw
afWälB(cenmr&i                      ''Sas'",t
\ there are mii ;                                                with ten murals repi
the Eighl Bodni att\ i    >ne ol   I in ling '• «jrapäij
73                   in the i viiir• - "i the wall u is depicted the                                                            ľnode
Itabha. To tl                ■                         !
VvaJokitesvara and M                                                                                              them   The
mural below th
ľo the right ol Amitabha's paradise are four murs                                            I  ided
AvalOkitesv u i                        two B
On the '.'..ill <                                           ;  eated Vajrapaiji in his tranquii appeal
and one oi standing Vajrapini in ni
In the centre of the wall I) is j beautiful mural ol Sátcyamunl   On eithei Säkyamuni are six murals in ro                     In the centre ol                                           i mural ol
Atisa   Below bim is .1 mural ol La
%rags-pa and < II                         Two rounds to the 1
two to the ion show
central murals a« six tantric divinities   in the top row from left to tig! and Hevajra   In the centre of the lower ro                     lirava.   ľwo other murals are partly
■ i and difficult to identifj
70                   On the wall Eare three mandalas of Voire                                                          1 one of
standing Mail
The top row ol four murals on wall I represents from left to right   Mafljuin, AvalokitesVara, .1 fierce form ofVajrapapl and Mal                                                 murals, one of
Mai 1.imn .111.1.1 Vsisravana (rAfa                     Hen) and two ol Mahakäa   Next to theenti
yoi another mural ol Mahakala
Cmet\
1 hese i"" 1 aves are pra« licallj desi formation, is gradually sliding down, at] the caves will tventuallj disap
npletely upon and the murals which still survive are in very bad conditioa On the back wall ol 1 avi No   I 1- 1 mural ol .1 preaching Buddha and two mandalas. On the left wall an mandalas   fhe rest of this cave has slid down the hillsj                                      |                   :   onc
can hardly recognize traces ol murals on the back wall which still si u
valley!-.                                                                                                                              „„.
which leaves the main road at the fifi
two and hall" hours    I                                                                                                   W monies
lonk from Hen                     iple of Avalokit
rooms''                       .quare which local tradition ;
room m                                            -en-Headed A
murals and images of recent times and repi ^,5 0| divinities, á                                          '       . ■■■ Tsong-kha-pa. Padmasabhava and -
.
fo reach tl                                  -he main track                      i :ng-mo-sgang. On
reaching the second d                       -.mall track which forks to the right.  It leads to tbc
along mountain ridge                                                                           takes about for:
minute-                       .upy a magnificent position, from w;   .                                           the
Indus Valley. Some thirty feet lower down one hi                                            -la-mo-sgang.
The cave is walled from the outside: and inside it is divided into tu-which sei                                                   ipper part of the
worship.  Insiij.                                 images, one of N ar opa some •.-.:
i'jdmasambhava.  On the wall are hung about ten thang-ku< quality                                             eas and a juniper tree which is believed to be inhabited by a
serpvnt-deity |
Saspol
■ isible from Saspol. is situated above                     • ^her up on the
p of the hill are ruins of an old fort with son-                      -ding, below *
temple with the centra                                 ^ra. The walk of this temple have murals of
ini, several Arhats. Padmasambhava and pr                                                        :-. ill-side
near the temple.  I shall describe them one by one beginn                     . ^rcst to the temple.
to. /
luare. In the at
• .as beer repainted. An unskiii                                                                 tj mural of which some traces
are still left Oneithei                kyamuni there ate rows of miniatures repi
lamas j-                                                                                                           rith three larger
■
- »f a thousand       6<*
Buddi
. I the ' ■ the left wall                                                                           . r.\-
;■
:nuni"s nghi   •
timately
PH.
Iv

.

■
iropaand
1
: d al
oedby
n
the
I l
lib

■ direct Indian ■  j lenipk near rdud-ttlums-pa'i cave at Hemii    47. A bronze u                             temple near Hemis monastery.
' In i wide ,v„, P ul rtom two lh. lins two uhotcns.., small
ttina
mtcd on a crag above the \                       Ii1kJ
are. »    idei      pboard with ■
j el anothei
1-WlM
Lanu v uru
t the cave, it U inside the smaU and contains imi                           .   ,n,aand
Ahole istery.
n the monastery of Hemis. It is situated at the mon;                                                     inuteswalk.
a one row in a wooden cupboard, named by
jautiful mural                                             v irom the
The
-
m Leh to Srt -                                          «fore
resembling the shape of a human - travelling through Ladakh was pursued at onv
iru Rin-po-che (Precious Master). It is
mber oi Sikh                                   u> come to 1.
i
now built a small temple over the boulder and when-
66. Image of Visnu and Laksmi I clearly of J:'-::-'. Ir.Jian
provenance I in a temple near rGod-tshang-pa's cave at Hemis    6 7. A bronze choten in the same remple near Hcmis monastery.

.:>.........;■      "J   -       .■■•-''■

'  KVt II mim is
»d...........    .::";".■";■
ulai traditioi

« ho . said to have come to rib.1 m the I,,,,, part ,„ *  »Š^1* Ä
~-Ul'' h> <*h<                               Pad       .mbhava is the m
[reat Indian Buddha, so far a mcerned, primári!)
lous of meditating j                                      7.«11 o-io-11231 who despift
:.l> upon him by his master during his training, pro' shed pupil and the 01                           the tradition                     nitted
limsetl certainly practised meditation in solitary stylt der his master Naropa, but on returning to Tibet he - lolder, and while   í                                     nued unabated}
meditated at I                ther incongruous.3  We have referred
ting in Kashmir and Ladakh (see p. 35)    A Ka-gyu-pa ........      (tensively                                                 pa ol Lho-brag 0189-
have meditated m a cave near Hemis known as the rGod-tshang
amous in Tibet for his extraordinary powers of medita-.Titles.
Spituk
Tfl  .                                  red b> white-walled buildings on the lef. bank of the Indus
■      rftrfíi. London I9M.I**;
- E. i„hí. .., S   null  Budtlhlsl Uonia and Monasteries o) afmo*t '
0ne-                                          file "' hcuícrar ru"
SíSÄS
k  i                       i  .*.nicn sec/"«-m                                  ,o<.i

»r«. svsiteMc
ric" '"'ľľ'w
"-Sri
PP  tS-M.

I he louthei:: • rtK k-«arvfni                    Buddhas
PS ,x mi.-ii-Nl
'i a pan o? relatively old munďIňTo iptions buried behind b.

71

^m
••lue

blue
blue
foui Foul
four four
Rteen                   four
yellow                 four
black                   four
hands
nght: vafm, sword left    bell, noo«
eight
Is    I'wa.bell
right sword, snow, hook left:  noose, bow, bell eighi
two hands: «,/,„ & bell at the heart nght: sword, hook, arrow left    hatchet eight
i/ra, sword, arrow, wheel
left:  bell, noose, bow. khatváňeo eight
two hands: hide
right: Bve tipped vajra. arrow, skull It'll    lotus bud. bow. khafvOnga with bell & banner
riglit:
left:
eight
right:
left:
eight
right:
left:
raised (i.trisrha). three fingers stretched out like banners (rripatäka), sword, arrow lotus spear, club, bow
wheel, hook, sword, arrow bell, noose, rosary, bow
vajra. hook, sword, arrow bell, noose, spear, bow
The eight goddesses are placed in the corners, two in each corner, one to the right and one to the left:
Right                                             Left
Puspä. Dhüpi,                                Vajrarupá, Vajrašabda,
DIpä. CandhS                                 Vajrersyá. Vajrasparša
The next group of eight divinities is distributed to the cardinal and intermediate
vehicle
elephant {airävala)
buffalo
makara
man
bull
goat
corpse
deer
symbols
vajra. 'jar' {stana)
club.spear
snake-noose, eonch shell
hook, mace
trident, skull
ladle, vessel
sword, shield
wind-bag [va'tapuia)
the Afifeos. -^liras- and }'
li, i
I mandate and two lama
i built
12
them arc old and very elegant   The monk in                     rned  20
mc that he collected them trom an old tempi years ago.
Above the temples there i                          with badly damaged ■
arc ruins ol .1
Tsilaisc trTal-Htag-rtse)
1 !iis small complex has one temple with an image                                              Svata and a large stupa which is inside tlie building adjacent to the temple.  The four beautiful murals of eight goddesses known as mChocl-pa lit.: her hands one of the eight auspicious symbols {bKra-shis-rtags-b)                      .ire:
1. Precious umbrella (jin-chen gdugs)     protection from evil.
2    Golden fish [gser-gyi nya)     deliverance from suffering.
3.   Vase of great treasures (gter-chenrpo bum-pa >    containing spiritual
4.   I excellent lotus flower ipadma bzang-pn)     purity.
5.   White conch-shell horn {dung-dka                     t)     proclaiming Buddhist lev..
6.   Knot of abundance (dpai-gyibeu 1    prosperity.                                                     ___|
7.   Excellent banner (mchog-gi rgyal-mtshan) - victory.
8.   Golden wheel (gjer-gyi 'kkor4o)    order and morality.
Zangla
The descendants of the royal family live in two houses in the centre of the lather. Sonam Tendrup Namgyal. styled the king of Zangla. lives in one house, and his son Nyima Sonum in the other. The old fort, situated on a hill-top to the south, remains uninhabit. complete ruin.  A small chape! winch still Sinnes inside it contains a miscellanous collection of images and tfumg-kas.
An empty and unattended temple in the village has murals oi Sákyamuni the 1i> AiIijk. Vajradhara, .má Maňjtišri.  Another temple which is at the northern end oi the village is taken care Of by a Buddhist nun.  The murals in this temple are well ,:                      g the
back wall are standing several old imae.
Padum IdPal                       \ tum)
Ihc population of the capital amounts to about six hundred   Half .■■ '.he peopl Buddhist and half are Moslem   Padum                                                                               squeand
ppreciable following. The small mosque, buffi 1 the Sunnis who form the majorit) ol the Moslem populal
the inhabited area there are three te                      »emptj and tlu
.ne newlj remastered ami teadj
milill si.Hue m stucco.   The third temple has been icccnlK  repainted     Here we have well



fotu   red
white
yellow
stĺkaná ibeui
hssiddhi
garuda
4 Vajrasaltvas:
yellow
red while
right rajro.attov
ho..k
lefl    lotus, bow, noose,
bell.
eight
right: sword, vajra
hook left:  lotus, bow, noose,
bell.
Vajrakarma                 ^H_________________________
VajraralCsa
Vajrayaksa ______________________________________IVajrasandhi
Locan3. Mámakl. Pandurä. and Tara, the four Buddha-Goddesses, are placed in the intermediate quarters having the colour and appearances of their coresponding Buddhas. The lour Guardians of the portals. Vajränkuša. Vajrapáía, Vajrasphota, and Vajravesa (= Vajraghanta i white, yellow, red. and green in colours, stand in the portals of the first circle.
The next group consists of forty-eight divinities. To the east are the Twelve Bhümis • towards buddhahood envisaged as goddesses. I They have two hands. In their right hands they hold vajras and in the left their appropriate symbols.
East:       Adhimukticaryä
Pramuditä
Vimalä
Prabhäkaji
Ärcismati
Sadurjayä
Abhimukhi
Duramgamä
Acala
Sädhumati
Dharmameghä
Samantaprabhä
To the south are right hands they hold wish-
South:    Ramapäramitä Dänapa Šílapäramitä Ksäntipäramitä viryapäramitä
. :napárarnita Prajňäpäramitä apäramitä Pranidhánap.:: Balaparamita Jňánapäramitá Vajrakannapäianuta
colour
red
red
white
red
emerald
yellow
golden
blue
autumn colours
while
golden
like the sun
holding
red lotus
wish-granting jewel (ciniämanil
white lotus
solar disc on lolus
blue lotus
emerald
book on lolus
crossed vajra on loins
lotus marked with red five-tipped vajra
lotus marked with sword
prajňäpäramitä hook
Buddha image on lotus
Twelve Parami tas (Perfections). They have two hands, in the granting jewels and in the left ones their appropriate symbols.
red
white-red white yellow
emerald
blue
golden
green
blue
red
white
variegated
lunai disc on lotus
barley-ear bunch of flowers
white lotus
whin !■
pni/«lpflr8M/0 vajra on U»tus sword on lotUS
prajňäpnromiia branch oi bodhl-uee I vajra on lotus
I •  >h. We it are the- Twelve                                     their right hands they hold lotuses
and with their left one                                   ppropriate symbols.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^■^H        red five-lipped vajra
; ranting banner crossed vajra
eepet
D lotlll
• millet blossom blue lotus
sword on blue lotus vase of fortune (bhadraf) . white lotus with the righi hand & bunch
lis with the left, five-lipped vajra on lotus with the nght
l^l^l^l^lj^l^l^lj^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H             hand & with the
wish-granting banner
north arc the Twelve DhSranls I Spells I.  They hold eros-                    their right
hands and in the lefl ones their appropriate symbols.
Ayurvaíitä
ftddhi-. ' Adhlmul
iiiavaSitS
JliSnavs
Dharmavaiiia
while yellow
variegated blue while yellow
whne-blue while
while
Kuddhabodhiprabhiva:;'
Šumali Ramolkä ■ ijayä
Man
Parrjašabari
Jäňguli
Anantamukhi
Cundí
Prajňävardhani
Sarvakarmavaranavišodhani
ijSänakarandä
SarvahuddhaJliJ-
goldcn red white red-white
green white green white while green
red
golden
bunch of corn wish-granling banner
- šlone and jewels needle & thread
feadier
■ í poisonous Hon vase of undecaymg treasures vessel fastened with rosary sword on blue lotus
irked with ihree-tippcd
I lewels jewel .-■.
In the portals of this circle ate the Pom Pral                    . romplishments).
Dharmapratisamvit South:   a.
•   imvit North
while-red led
green
lok & noose •use
bell marked with I
In the intermediate quarters of the same circle are   1 is
flu- nexl circli Wrathful divinities, and eight                                                                       n the cardinal
directions the Wrathful divinities in the portals, and the eighl goddess
...     i ■ ibhsdri larbha

:ňia
trbha abba
-
			
			
			
			
			
		■ . indhl	
I.-I1     lotu
I.-11      |ol
Lun Buddha inten                                                      I «ii and app                                                                               i,lul
u phota and '■                     Vajraghaoli I
stand m the portals
The :                                                                                                           he I welve BhQmls
theii righl handa ■   symbols

Adhin. Pram:. Vimafi
i.atT Sadu i . Abhimukhi
.'3ma
-lali
Dharmám eghi
red while red emerald
golden
blue
allium;
while
golden
like die sun
holding
V.I'.li-f'rariting jewel \vimmnani)
Otlll
blue lotus emerald honk on lotus .
pped vajra lotui marked Wttl
I book Buddha ,
■• ľwelw                                                                         i hands, in the
i-graniiriH jewels and in the left ones their appropj
lunar   .
i wen lotui
blue
prajřtOpOramitt
...■■■

ft o
^^^^^^^^■^■^a^^^iWi™
i
■
■
lo ih. nortl h ind • ""i in the lefl
i- idl
■.
Buddhsba
Sarlh
I--.....I
Sarvii!
Iirecn while

bunch'
«esseI :                        rotary
while
jewel cnkei

Weil
In t
Vlruktlpraüsamvil
red green
icwel-noose
bell n r
In Ihi
I Wrathful divi                                                 ľl                                                                            M»*l
direction», the Wrathful d

Ak}!)' i
■ ■
South
'■■ Sarv i

64
unbhaveonhis lkshobhya on his elephant-throne below him   Similarlj                    . ,M ,„
■            -                                      hrone below    11,,--.,- row II
this splendid composition ral beautiful images placed on the flooi beneath the image ol Vaii tnd stucco images represent Maflj                   ini, áäkyamuní
lambhala
k k wall has miniatures ol a ITiousand Buddhas with an inai ription bi low them on ŠSkyamuni sun                 devotees with the rreeol Enlightenment
lions "i the righl and left walls adjoining the back wall are alsi i to the right are thre                  iddha miniatures and a small mural oi Vairocana.
itni.nlti.itu mandala of Vagisvara Marrju                   ral divinity is
and eight aims,  ["he Four faces are yellow, blu and white m colour. With the principal hands he is makin                                   the wheel ol
ravartana)   With ins righl hands he holds sword, arrow, and vajra, and :/;•,/ ix'li   rhe Eight Ufnifas (see p, .' 11 seated on li«>ns form the first circle round the central divinity. The) arc yellow in colour, with one face
two hands. With their right hands thej hold wheels and their left hands rest on the seats Hu-ir names and positions arc .-.
•
South-east    I
South-west    Mahodgata Uyusa
Vorth-west:   Ojas Usru'sa
Vorth-east    Vikirina Usnlsa
»ted on their appropriate vehicles arc to the cardinal poinl of theni is surrounded by four Vajrasattvas. (cf Vol I. p.35 i
leshobhya
colour blue
vehicle elephant
faces
blue white yellow red
4 Vajrasattvas:    Vajrasattva
Vajraraja Vajraraga Vajrasádhu
Katnasambhava
yellow
horse
foui  yellow
black white red
hands eight right: swi
hook
leli: dncalening gesture iiiir/ani). bell. bow. noose
eight right: va/ro
led   wtth-granüri
4 Vajra                 ijrarstna
rasörya Vajra Vaji.
"     =-

55. Protei u >r oj the northern quarti '                     mural In a tempta
at Tav r
L I thi ii lull nui I
■
I  .
i
Tagrimo I Tag-H-mo) m, i I'm>■ -
. I um. When 1 one elderly monk sitting under a tree, telling his bead                     ' the monks ha.; [
to attend the Kä&cakra ceremony presided 01
monk showed me with enthusia                       »urals and Images of popular I
Sakyamuni. Avalokitešvara. Vajrapani. and Padmasambhava. Of all the rmji ing are the ones on the right wall. Here one sc                                                        :n-dbang rnam-
urrounded by other lamas belonging                        i tradition.   \
contains images and ll .                  ' trpa and Mi-la -
Ptpiting is a sn                                                                                 ten and a complex of
houses, whieh occupy a hill-top overlooking the present village, are possib-foundation mentioned in the'Chrom.i near the large chi                     ilegant images
and Maitreva. The right wall has murals of Amitäyus. Sakyamuni with the Bhaishajyaj                                                                 ''admasanibhava in his eight r.
j-kha-pa. On the enir. the cardinal dircetions.   Belosv the ullage of Pipiting are the ruins of an old fort
Sumda I
• ing quarters for the monk i                                                  .-                iríod of the Gtea
Kin-.!                                                         nWy Hall and the t
Avalokit«                                                                                                                           . in the
The
a bouquet Of fll                                                                    .r lions
I
1
worship to b;
SO and 51   Hurah al Sani i \j I *

■
Bardan  8 u plan)
lg overlooking the Lingti river, the Bardan mom '
• the            47
d require imi hall will
■ 'ongkhul and Tagri;:                          ijciaied with the monast-
ery of Stakna in Ladakh.  Ngag-dl                       rdc-rje, the present incarnation ot the Stakna
forty monks while Diongkhul and ragtime                      .ml twenty respectively.
At the far end Ol the inner court..                      ,>,n-khang.  The walls of this tem;
; i .idy blackened by a thick layer of soot that themur:                      identifiable.
Especially noticeable arc a fine image of Samvara clasping his female partner and a collection of masks and weapons such as swords, knives, and spears.
^•rnbly Hail i                        nner courtyard.  It is pleasingly
painted and appears to have remained untouched tor the last three hundred yean and more. The left wall shows a central painting ol the lierce divinity Ka-gya with Marpa above and lamas of the
■■•■all are four mandalas. of Vajradhara, Samvara. Arnita;.                                  'in the wall to the rigfrl                 ten there is 3 fine painting of Vaj-
the door the:                     ption 'to be published later) with
rather worn royal and religious miniature figures above, referring to the foundation of the temple-Above near the top o!                                          ..--Armed Mahäkäla.
ire a large number of presiding images set in high cases against the facing wall. In the centra                  ire the Buddhas                                                                                        imuni
images of Vajradhara and the Zhabs-drung Ngag-dbari rgyal and to their right Padmasambhava and Avalokites'vara.  In front of these larger images there
ie on the Ear left is especially interesting in being a smal of Vajrapani as used for/tomu                                                                                       : over the saeri-   <
Rcial lire and the iter:                                            to its mouth, thus falling through into the flames.
There are also in                                                                1 and of MaSjusri and Maitreya as weO as
Sani
1 'nlike .ill oilier monastic foundations in Zangskar which occupy hilltops or mountain is built on flat land by the main 1                                 ^rgil to Padun;
ded by walls on .ill lid building                                                                             with two little tempi«                   -nous
Kamk.i ( hoteli at the back ol it     Parts ot the walls in the main teni;
which ai                                                                                                  1 he main image, j crowned
•'-   "'                                        fdum Illustrating i
sotted b) .: mandalaoj nine segments

naslery.
m
*m<
■Um/monastery.
^^■ofUmaNm^n.mc-^A
Rangdum (Rati
I his impressive mon
large a i
i    i mona I           '
mni HayagrTva. 1                                                                                                                ghl wall.
I he left wall is occupied I rhe entrance wail hat murals ol the proti   I
access to a room containing                                                                                        i a smaller
one ol ľsong-kJ                             assembly Hall                      pie temple witl
images.
I he private guarti ra (gZh yard. Here on the outside wall of tli                                                                                    trdinal
pliant. monkey, hare, and bird. Inside the g
can see a mural depicting the myti    i                            i/a with its armies in pursuit of enemy
forces. Those who are interested in the                                                                              at the
large kitchen containing u collection of copper p ■
Dzongkhul (rDzong-khul)
The origin of this monastic foundation                                          ■■■ about ten minutes
walk apart whi                                           adition were used for meditation by the famous Indian
yogin Näropa. On approaching                                                                                                      ist  43
the cave round which is built the actual monastea                                                             dope further
tu the west.   Hte lower of the two temples built below (he first cave is th* about seven metres square, and ;ts walls are covered «
are thang-kas of AJcshobhj                                                                i tner. To the right are Padmasara-
bhava and Mahakäla Other thang-kas adorning the walls inciud                                : a, the Zhabs-
ing rNam-rgyal  Vajra                                                                   .f the Four quarters.
In the alcove ol" the back wall there Stands a lil'e-si/e statue ol Eteven-h with colourful pieces ol eloth    \ door on the lefl wall leads : block-prints and other equipment
The second temple which is just a Mi-la ras-pa, one ol Marpa, and one ol \                                  sautiful images
wall are of great interest. From lefl to righl the) are   bZhad-pa rdo-rje, Lama Kanna   8
chos-iegs, and Lama Nor-bu   All these ima                                                                                  fheir 46
ire verj much alive and ful are small images of the »[ ■
i o gain at Mi. walls of the cave an blackened with smoke,   rhemuralswl be the oldest in the monastery. On the floor new the ingress there footprlnl   Images placed in a cupboard with glass-front n
he-ring, > iuru Rin p i                N                                                                                      44
though he were in deep thought, gives the impi s
A iák


The pr
It »*U 4
fntide can tee :•
large kitchen uMJMu
Dseongkhul' •
The entrance wall ha* muron of d -/t» contautuig a u:.-
» tnnpic Umpte * '
image*.
the head bMi ■ndaare «rural«
•t aMcmiMtf on«, Here oae *\\'.A enemy r* «-.'«& »*! the
«Z
• pn of thai monastic font                                                             \en nwnvtea
accordant to (he local tradition were tited for meditation by the bum» Indfcan fasteepgor;                                         mt reatK.T"
(fee care round which a bunt Ote actoal monamery. «Me the «aeon-:            apa >teep «lope farther
to the »mi.  The i                     -o terapie« bo* (teto* tr                        - jatembt? -haf.    n
about »even metre* -                                                                               he left of the wand«
are ihong-km of Atebobbya and of Samvara daaping nn fetnafc pariaer   To the right are bhava and MahakaJa. Other ihong-Sou adorning the wallt include thsae of Mna ra dnmg Sgag-dbing rKam-rgyal. Vapadhar» and tbe M Siddba». and the Kir.p of the Fear «paarta In the alcove of the bacfc wafl there «fand* a bf                       hie» en-beaded Avatofcatcr
»ith colourful piece* of doth. A door on tbe left wal lead» to a room m «bach a«e tu» Wocfc-priaU and other tqujprneni for prirtting Tibetan book* and prayer flap*-

The «econd temple which »an*t above the aaaembfy-haM. confan* «cveral/fco»? '-vpa.oneof Marpa. and one of Vajradhara.  Sc                      unapr» tan be mer.
decorated cupboard tundmg agar«* the left waH.  A                       *ro in the alcove .
«all are of p- -                                                            /                 >yt  Larru Karma.   Kmx-
.. -..- :i    ».' . :,;- : •••.'•..   41 the« mum» i* tbom 70  m i i zc and *.•? »í:: ernL—rd   r-   • 4f face« are very mach ahve and full of caprewtoa. In the head bosa't roow                       ■; vae wde
are «mau únage» of the whole 'Brut-pa Ka-fyu »ucceaawn of leachcrt arranged as a large caae-
i'jjfa/n j.-..                               vac has toibrnfc * ladder which tUnrfcntbc »fcoM
The «raft* of Ike cave are Hacfcened with wnofcc- The aaorafc «rhtch ace hardly vaabie appear to be the olde«t m the monastery. On the floor near the mgress there hca a «tone w*fh Karons'« footprint. linages ptaccd m a cupboard with ghw front represent Š*i>*r»ij«i Afahobbya. Npapdbang tahc-hnr                                                                                r-i *,a»g ishe-rrr a»
though he were in deep thought, gm» the impreawou of a ftving pewon- He war bora in the
jous vie«
■'
■
:
gariufa bird with I
formingan eton ■                                                                                              • ,n m
epical of the early j ■   ■ parts of the left and right walls adj                                                            identical and >
murals of rsong-kha-pa, one
n.....atures of Buddhas and lamas that surround them deserve special attention lor their deli
ition. On the On the left wall is a mural ol Vajrapäni, weari                   and Hanked by two ai
holds his hand                                                            [he hell resting on lol
the level Of his shoulders.
A third set ol murals was execute                                                          mds of
Guhyas imija                                                                                .                • itesvara. <>n
the lei t wall are murals of Green Tara ami Šakyamuni.  On the the white Guardian (mCon-dkw).
Three other temples in this complex also preserve old images hut the.. The mGon-kfiang situated above the Kanjur temple has statues of the protective divinities belonging to the dGe-lugS-pa order and .1 .                  old weapons -
right side of the cave is the_Assembly HaE Itconta              iction of block-]                 »Id
thang-kas,   and murals of Säkyamuni and Tsong-kha-pa.  From the .Assembly Hall one to a small temple containing an imag                           itatue of about t wo me
by two attendants.
Muni
This little monastery belonging to the dGe-higs-pa order anJ housing a small community ol" well disciplined monks is situated above the northern side of the village.  The two temple
I was shown have been recentlj redecorated. The assembly-hall contai against the back wall. The b .■                                     ■■■ half metres high an
flanked by smaller im
The right wall has a larger mural of Šakyamuni with Buddha miniatures ..i Yamäntaka and ol id -lugs-pa lamas occupj the lefl wall  ľa the left of * murals 01 Šrtdevi and Shugs-ldanin Ins three aspects,   the sec m I tei murals and images of the protective divinities.
On the edge of the village tfu miiii>1v executed statues and and protective divinities. In the fields beloi                 sandnearthe
of the fields Ilk re are several ancient rock-Carvings
..*">-

kW
&*% • .v-
37,   Vi, >                                                        he i,-. k\ i; n.a:i

■*                                     •      "   -tr *     -X        i**   .-      4 fk-
•     5
"tue of M it
■
' "n
'•'"••n Win
iiibhava
ire murals of the Four Kin«
-■ngS
'      '
pa.                                                        whole later n
,pk                                                                         n we cutis above, may
i Wll-top to the west of the
wed w the ruins of the fort is an i-                                                                                   murals representing thi
Budtl                                                                  asömg. Trie architecture and the style of paintings In
Is in Akhi Q Jinsof an old temple wh tdjacent büüding to the temple of Avalokiteéva                    r.ed
I rom the ruins of this temple v. fell in.
pie dedicated to Eleven-Headed Avalokitts'vara stands on the hillside ■ uses and chotens. This would appear to be the earlier remarkable for its well preserved murals, as usual mainly of favoured t also including miniatures of monks and layfolk, doubtless a royal
í scenes are all low down inside the entrance wall, and as usual are On the wall abov<                    the protecting                     ! .nakála four-armed
ntral image oi
ri to the lei:                                                                                                      ts. On the
corner to the left of th-
Translator "Phag-pa shes-rab below him                    ■»■*
.as been made at-,                                                                 ''Ple
,a and one of Vain                                                     daandVyaya
.omandalas.one:
.rth-wanessr                                            --rU,nly
Tonde

part
: ' I
the centre.  Si ■                      igbut
rath.'                                                                 í ;iľ window gives a m
■ ■
I 0 the right of tii lha-kh                                          ig thing in it is a beautiful sta                                                      ■ara
standing                                  bockwaUwil                    tabling Wock-pri
opposite end
Thefii                                                                            kjubtedly the most                        r.ple m the
mona
imp«                     nstrue the text   \i the head of the mor. ■
vhich the largest is Šakyamuni Buddha in the earth-witness i
flanked by .
nurals on the right and left walls are wel                       i would appear to be the oldest in all
the temple'-                        left wall are two larger murals, orie of Atiša and one ol
surrounded by smaller murals of monks and lamas.  A part of this wall which has been repainted
mg-kba-pa. The murals on the right wa                         iy damaged
rep«                        ra and Prajňäpäramita. These murals are especially nol                                 ranee 38
and artistic beauty.
To the left on entering th«                                                         ;ng into a small tern,
:h is about two and .                     high is enthroned to the centre of the
temple.  The remaining space is taken up by books and  that                                                     ributed.
Among odd items hanging from I                                             the insignia of the British Horse
Artillery.
On th                                                                                                     mother door
oni.                                                                    , number of (I
mor,
; mural of MaiiakaU executed in .
Irawn in gold I yellowi lines on a blatk backgr,
■ .nth temple .                     low the main monastic complex on the north-v.
J lha-khang,  I i .ave which bel                                                                j. Inch some
ofthemonl                                                                                                              n-.-v through
I
Phugtal
■
.pen-
11.   Ik» n» M nl» b uiiIki ľ                                                                                                     itiIiIj  ifnlgl...... ilTnm»  >«   n
«""'111      MM»M,       •
■^ÍL.......*.........'~"""......

I
M   Mural of Maltrtya btll                      bfyHoUuKmha fíu
■ ■ .1 Chmvv mih, ■                                                                                          ' ■•amed
III. 32                                                              um ji Kanha.
i!  HON OJ   i\i>l\ UM   \l   sill S
K i  1
1          "  monastu bu                  ,.,.,'. . ,   „"""
"es      Wni«                               . dntaínedthe I    V;
mastíc life centres around the main courtyard which is near ti
!    "   Iwoa lembb halls whi,-h°L° ■IhS
:. rn side and thi «i ond one caUed the '1 ower Wmi-u ., \,    '', - the gasten                                                                        wu"
S fire which brake qui in the mo                                       .part from tl
úfh the more inten                                   Šäkyamuni Buddhľ
WwpaandrD                                                         dthough the
the temple of the guardian divinities, situated next to the \ssemblv-
-  ml.ir stj le, contains a numbei                      i free-standing images
im-rgyal-ma) I and Hayagrivaf/ra-mgri/,)   | Idhas and Bodhisatl                   t the back wall are si
auttfullj                      I not very recent, A wooden statue of Tsong-kha-
attention for its delicacy of expression.
In a ■-. .                                     a group of divinities with theii I
tha-mo), Six-Armed Mahäkäla (mGon-pa Phyag-drug-pd), is-byed). White Guardian (mCon-di wh                   I ■-tueilivjr, '                                                         ipresented are Vaiárávanaand
Dhrtarastru. two oi the Four Great Kings imáliärala). To the right of the entrance are mui rapani, Dharnuraja finta                   Bale partner and the Six-Armed Mahäkäla.
in the same level with the courtyard and it is much Hall.  To the left                              m elegant statue of Maitrs
tj,e„                                                                    with the Tibetan Canon and a collection of images
rowned Saks amuni Uo-bo I, Amitibha, Vijaj á, Tára    I he murals on the wall opposite the entrance   I                           I rom the life of Sakyamuni Buddha, and these are
, permeated with Chinese influence especially m the matter oi ..tails. On the other hand                              right wall representing
Avalokitesvara, Tara, and Mafijusrl, are done in purely libetan style.
two other smaUerter
■: and |                  . .pies. mKhas-grub and K.yal-tsliab.
jr, called the i





kiff-M and Brut v   "                                                                                            *** "'
■
I
■
th century r.                                    --ntury.
i I been
'.._- have 3 number Ol .iepending CHI continuation of the pre

„1It thí                                                                                                                              p p *
l Gu-gelnth« lOihcc
Rin-chcn bzang-po is said to have buill one hun !                                              » "^
, ar whicn 011 |                       „ography may be dated with some certainty to
,        ,                        ; we have nov.                                 Mrm the iconographic evidence. IT*
f of Standa, written pi                                                                 *■»
that it was bu.lt by Rin-chen bzang                      I part of the inscription which mentions his name
follows:
A thousand salutations to the Victorious One Mi-pham dbang-po who is foremost in the maturing and saving of living beings, shin in the Ka-gyii Doctrine of the Lord of the World \Loke\vara). the White (Lord) of Compassion.
In the first place the sight of the story encourages faith, and at t: of the good qualities faith is bom. At the time of the previous period
th, the Tibetan Translator Rin-chen b/ang-po founded about one hundred and eight temples and this is the set of Five Buddhas with the Lord Vairocana in the centre which he consecrated in one day   Ik-ensured that all beings might supplicate it and caused grace 'to emanate from it) with the arising of faith. Salutation to this noble and excellent place which is capable of drawing down from the highest heaven all that n and heard th
The central image and a part of the murals in the assembly-hall Cdu-khang) at Sumda, one chóten still standing above it. and several images executed in wood and clay still preserved in their original state indicate beyond any doubt that Sumda was built at the time of the religious and artistic activities inspired by Rin-chen bzang-po. The iconography and the whole lay out of the Assembly Hall is practically identical with the assembly-hall in AJchi. Two wooden statues which are stored in one of the side temples at Sumda, totally executed in Indian style, would suggest an even earlier date.30
There are other places in Zangskar where artistic and iconographic remains indicate early foundations. Thus if one compares the ceiling in the sTon-pa lha-khang at Phugtal with that of Tabo in Spin, one even has the impression that the same craftsmen were at work in both places. At Karsha there is an old temple dedicated to Eleven-Headed Avalokitesvara just below the ruins of the ancient fort and thus u                       t >m the prese: '                                 ay (known as
Maitreya's Place, sec below p. 48).    An inscription in this old temple, which certainly b the earlier Ka-dam-pa period. pays tribute to favours received from the ruler rGyal-btsan Chos-grags-lde and his wife 'Dzoms-pa rGyal-mo and rami                                b al-mtshan as founder.
One may also note that S.mgs-rgyas rgya-mtsho. the regent of the 5th Dalai Lama, in his work
rser-po (written in lfi                                                        slator *Phag-pa Shes-rab found-
ations at Phugtal and Karsha.  No contradiction need be invoked here. ; temples would have had separate founders.
laliun of lne rťlťvanl patugc In his Biograph;.
■..mda. made dunr.. ilint peace betvras the Titwunt and ihe LaJaihU lowirdi the tw
■written and I ha".- i                                                         fmmf-
i I ha mi pham dhanc pot phyaí 'Klial H
hod k> i Id I) dang brjyad (tjyal tum (Im) bihci .
(ky,jJ™"                                                                      l-ajkycspah,,,, ■
au  drrn (dren) run pa'i tnu chen khyad par can 'di la ?u.
- M Alen. lhal Sumda WM ■■•                                                                              ..,  ,%M buih.   ft
lllc lull |«| :.l the |MCfi| '.                                           ..,,|  I4S.
__________________________________________________________met —-' u'WB-
_ _      1055 Instead he studied with Rin-chttn bzang-po's immediate pupil the iuniat i, m"i","'
'"*•"«' ' ■                                         stantAi          I.....ř-rin '« He studied with thr-m n,"' '"
md the rani
i „ed rrom ICha-cl    d
so studied and worked with several Indian and K°niľa^Pa ' Psrahita, Mahflí i                 th '.' '..„!"' , ''   ?"n B ddhJsl texts. » He invited toCentral libct u/ ,          k (pounded to him and several others the i ajniikharc                 »thľ""'^ »translatio   of this tantra on the basis of an already  »f.,«. roughi in gZhon-nu bum-pa  Die Hrst translation was      ľT T hott-mi EshuWchrims froni Zang                  , h.,ve here    .^^. ho .........Zangskar of whom we know little apart from his name
w an exposition of the VajraMkhara-Tantra ■ in^berofstAoIawwhocametoUstentohimandacouireknowIedBeof ■ Puti»tion as a rransl                  icher gained him a
namely gNyal-pa nyi-ma shes-mb, Mar-pa mgor-
mhntshan, who were closely associated •    wen called th< Four Sons of Zangskar (.Zangs-skar bu-bzhf).
toned a religious council (c/i •<       the Zj ngskar 1 ranslator seems to have played a leading role among all the ilai expounded the part of Buddhisl doctrine in which he was an rranslator had an excellent knoM               the Anuttara and Yoga Tantras,
■ iallj of the                   second halt' of the eleventh century' was in fact the period of an exten-
di different tantric  cj des: it was also the time when Mi-la ras-pa and Dam-pa sangs-rg:                                    »ractice of meditation (sgrub-brg
During :11s lite-lime, the Zangskar Translator travelled to Nepal and to Kashmir where a certain amount of time working with Indian and Kashmiri scholars. He also spent a ; his time ÍB                            ľibet). However most of his activities as a translator and teacher
were in Central Tibet   ':                                    till alive m 1114. We learn that when one of his last
S-pa I nicknamed Nying-phag-pa) came to Central Tibet from Purang in 1108 he found the Zangskar Translator building the Bo-dong monastery; aained with him as a student for six years.
From the limited amount of information available about the Zangskar Translator it would appear that he played an important role in establishing .he Buddhist religion m J.bet.Most of h-                                      - Centra! Tibet. He was however also active»ha homeland   or«
we will see presently. two of the early monasteries in Zangskar are attributed to hun by .ion.
ä:äsä......M.....—......•-.......""
the« and other referent                      ''hags-pa Shea-fab see The Blui Annuls, pp 70, 232. 354-5, 407, ioi)1; Bu-i'oit
Part U. pp 218-19:  lun Maud                                                        enXge   Part« 1968,Chapter VI.
T went» four works translated by 'Phags-pa Shea-rab arc included in the Tibetan Canon of the Peklnf i dllion.   I h of tnr                       intra which he made with Kumárskalaša i« not included in the i lanou but the one mide by Karma»«
and Tshul-klirims.
ii^lllH
28. Mural of tamos, the i
An inscription just below purp* "                       .' >/ the temple, but Joes nut help iden
Tiie central figure may be the Zangskar Translator Phags-pa shes-rab. I                     \ irsha.
i           .../«^^^^^^^ka^H
Modern mceo image ojmopa in one of the DzongKhul^
rady
rite protector of B
íja (Dam-effectively B
, De/, «</( i  ./"</ iřifnor <hii>iiu>s
Whili a distinction mi                                                                             Huddha rank
and the many les                                                                            ... :\\ be placed
since the variations are gradual Thm tti (rPJam-thos-sreu), king of the south, who is often represented in ten
mg i in his own right, may have equal claim to rank with such a dMnitj I in- sel of lour is regularly seen portrayed in the temple-p
Bast: DhrtaiaMia"! Yul-'lliar-l)\ntiix\. white m colour and playing
South  Virüdhal                                             'lour, holding a sword and a lotus,
West  Virupäksa t Mr.:-mi-bztmg), ted in coloui tioldii
North: Vaiáfävana (rNan                   -olden in colour, holding a jewel-banner and a mongoose.
I he Planets (druha) may certainly be regarded as minor' Šukra" (Porwuungs}, fed seated on a lotus and hold!                  irith ambrosia.
in {Phw-bu ). golden, seated <>n a lotus and holding a how and arrow. Soma (/Ju-hal red. seated on a goose and holding a moon on a lotus and a lotus stalk. Budha (Lhag-pa),                     ■'. on a lotus and holding a garland and a vessel shaped like a bird.
tka {Mlg-dmar)                                il and holding a dagger and a human i.
R.ilui (sGra-gcan). dark red, his upper hody has a human form and lower that of I
he holds sun and moon. Äditya (Nyl-ma), red. seated on a chariot and holding the sun on a lotus and alotus-s;..
I (sPerhpa), black, seated on a tortoise and holding a club while making threatening
gesture.
.il divinities, the ta-bdag, literal!;. 'Lords of the soil' who usually occur;. h ;is mountain-tops, summits                       particular crags, and the Klu or watei
pla) an important part in Tibetan life, as ma} be illustrated trom '                         >ľ lamas who
m in suitable subject                                              are known, v.1
from Indian or later lihctan sources, but the;, seldom pl&) an) part in lil themselves driven forth rituáli) before the ceremonj begins and even mor-.- seldom .ire the) produced iconographically  /'■. images i
SURVtY OF MONASTIC FOUNDATIONS
v, ahead) mentioned above ipp 11.1 ">■ 2 propagating the Buddhisi religion during the period of the i                       m Rin-chen bu
and the subsequent centuries It prod«                     irnedmenof whomtht
•■■.......ml«»]    i  I
..., (   I"    \   II..».' .

í»i í/ic mGon-l a; 7'v/í/ť.  InsreacJ o] !
m as n norwafl tmall surmount
■
ably Indům Iffu lfm Buddho-Uh
7. lamping
Buddl-
are the authors of comment;:-                                                          above paragraph-Some o
n Buddhists because of the part which they ptoj                     -ver-
sion of T                                            PiJmasambha--
Tibetans as Guru R                                                                    tved to have played a major part
quelling the antagonistic local demons o-                                            - i so miking it possible fc -
.nly belongs to the category- of the                        lahasiddha».
i! might be po-                                   with Saroruha. who U spe.                                  if them. Of
mportance to the Tibetan -                                                                 ;iopa and his
Säropa. whose Tibetan pur                                                                  -.» to Mi-la ras-pa and so t
iheir whole order, know as the T> ■ . and to have meditated in variou                   '.-zskar (see b-.
I tin-chen bzang-accoun! to biographical mat                                                                                                 ropa'l
hermitage of Phullahari in Tirhut (modem Bih.
nt from the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas the Tibetans also make a cu!: Indian masters such as Nägärjuna ai                              :- osa. Asanga. Vasubhandu. Dharr
and especially Atis3 who spent his las; years in Tibet w:                                   Famous Tibi -
were believed retrospectively to have reincarnated previously m Indi3 as such renowned Buddhist teachers.
renowned amongst such Tibetan lamas is Tsone-kha-7                                  ".olds a
position in (JGe-lugs-pa (YeO                                 . > analogous to the postion of Padmasar
for the older Tibetan orders, nan                                                        -pa as well as, '                     i-pa
(the old order proper). (These o:                                            - popular be                                  Red
Hats' as though there were only one order as distinct from the Yellow Hats'. > Images of Tsc pa. flanked by his two chiel                                 lb Dharma Rin-che~
referred to c
hold the main place in the                                -lugs-pa lemrv
image as that of Šäkyamuni may be permittee                                                                   sambhava
holds a similar position in                                                                                                     1 goddess-
consorts.
The £ have their own favourite lamas, foremost oi whom is the Z                                                        ■■ who
H -urv and confirmed                                            d Tibet
and the Dalai Lamas.
Under this ht rank of B whether of Buddha
-I
. Order, and his presid
lor Ü1
:■
lion io h
:i   1 oacm ito| iImm >.                                                                                                                          M ilmt.


'

Ipal
.
-um I Šuky a ti
peacock, preaching (orhoidinr •
■
CR]
WHITE
eíepíian«, rr.í
■
«íl


i
i
■
11
n
■
l
p  m
i
unporl
• ■
:
' 'mm maodal<i'
•    i um km already been dtocwwd   ľ
■
5   ',<.</•■;
0
;  i



• •*'*•


.oft, when this finally took shape in . 9| Hahäyänas&ma mentioned jusl which had re«                                 «ical itatus alreadj
,■•■ .d nn-iu-i i tata»........ber of conunentaries written
*ho are often at pains to interpret the ritualistic i   .tisfactorily Buddhisl philoso nbetaninord ■    :. the renjurCfc
I..,,,.!.,,,,,,,,., ,„,,,„,.
onical, manj liturgical texts were etan for use in the monastic ceremonies which the Tibetans, at
«e which were followed in Indian, and Nepalese ore the likelihood of other influences from the ancient : From the 7th to the 9th century were subject ..-...- well BS Tibetan iconography and painting. on tacts in Central Vsia, where Persian influences tese influences from the east. From the 10th century onwards the vast Ol Buddhisl culture from the Indian side I referred to by Tibetan historians ding of the Doctrine in fibet) tend to submerge much of the earlier Central main active up to this day.
incerned with the invocation and honouring of ties, are important for iconographk purposes, for as is only to be expected, I wit! the divinities most frequently invoked, and the sanctuary of invariably contains images of the Buddha-images most favoured by any particular religious order We have ahead) illustrated this poinl in our descriptions of temples in Volume I. especially
:ofth( Mchj 0                     w many of the Praises (Sanskrit: irorra) on which such
liturgi.                       re to be found in the Tenjur, but apart from these there are many more in
run devoted to lesser deities, who have no canonical standing, being treated as formerly averted forcibly to the Buddha's Doctrine, which they are pressed to serve averting extraneous deities to forced service must have begun very . history of Buddhism, for it is witnessed by the presence of those pre-Buddhist Indian - and yakshinls who adorn the stone railings of some of the earliest known misleading to treat this tendency as typical of the Mahaydna. it was nonetheless inevitable lhal the number ol such 'converted' divinities should continue to increase lory of Buddhism in India, even the great Hindu gods such as Vishnu (Tibetan: ig) and Mahädevi or Kali (Tibetan: JPal-ldan IHa-mo) being treated in this manner, not to mention the companies of lesser ones, guardians of the ten directions, celestial bodies and the In their turn the Tibetans added to the number from their own stock of local divinities, and in which this was done is well illustrated bv the stories of Rin-chen bzang-po's coercive recounted in the appendix to his biography (see below p. 93). It is easily appreciated that the Tibetan pantheon which finally evolved proves to be a complex one.
For the purpose of our pi                   ŕ we may consider them under the following categ
The Buddha Sakyamuni and his disciples.
Buddha emanations closely related with the Buddha Sakyamuni.
3.       The Five Cosmic Buddhas (Paňcatathägata i.
4.       The celestial Bodhisa!
5.       Goddesses of Buddha rank.
6.       The great tantric divinities of Buddha rank. Lamas who are                      is Buddhas. Major D                     the Doctrine Lesser Defenders and minor divinities generally.
i «idon I»S1 «nd nwn> reprinta   "ol I, p. I9 fl
I   jiie Buddha Šäkyamuni and his di
rhe early Buddhist traditio                                           into the Mahäyä
;.i  directly on Šä                                                                                                             preserved in
fibel
lifferent backgrounds relating to the main e>                                           lopularofthe
his previous births (Jätai                    lepicted. Very popular too in I                     t of
n o. eighteen Arhats, literally 'worthy Ones', representing who experienced the I                                                                                seemingly of Central
/Vsian or Chinese origin and it bears no relationship with the earlier quasi-historical account of the 500 Arhats who were supposedly available lor the famous meeting at Rájagriha immediately after Šakyamuni's decease. Also                                              muni iconographieally are his two
2:  leading                    nputra and Maudgalyäyana, while in the scene of his final                       vourite
disciple Ánanda is seen taking a leading place.
2. Buddha emanatipi                               I with Šäkyamuni
Early Buddhism frequently records a tradition of certain Buddhas having proceeded Šäkyamuni. sometimes seven in all, sometimes twenty-four, and later conceived of as a thousand or indeed infinite in number. Connected with this tradition is the early belief in the Future Buddha, the Bodhisultva (Buddha-to-be) Maitreya. in the Mahay ana this notion of the timelessness (or 'eternity ' I of self-manifesting buddhahood is represented by the so-called 'Buddhas of the Three Wus-gsum S                     where Dípaňxara iMar-mc-mdzad) represents the Past. Sakyamuni the
Present and Maitreya (ßyams-pa) the Future.
The Bodhisattva Maitreya as Future Buddha became the centre of a very special cult and we have already drawn attention in Volume I to the prevalence of this in Ladakh. where so many temples have been dedicated to him.
We may also associate with Sakyamuni the set of the Fight UsHisaS '" as represented in one of the mandalas of the Durgatipariiodhuna Tantra, where they appear as his emanations to the eight points of the compass. Such a set would appear to represent an early stage of the .V/u,; where no feminine partners are involved as in the case of the later set of Five Buddhas.

.. on 1 Buaan •
■
•
H
^aW
■
lO tills  I
and fell
■
Meme-la must have been v
B thought was the Hnal trial on
I went i" see the mai getting a lift to Kargil to Kargil that n
.. re climbing :                    the Penzi 1.1   1
all> bought the trucl                                                   «et the ma«
LA I had no choice but to accept it. W                   rl onde in the afternoon It was cold and 11
and í' rained sporadically. Several times tti                              I down in the ■
on two o<               ove into nearby stream!
The journey on the back of the truck was not .it all comfortable as the truck drove over stones and h<
glad to have returned safe!) from the expedition, flu.                                        pa with my
fashes Sonam and goo                   more.
The following year, in September and October, I made another journej t<> Ladakl Zangskar to complete                    work .unfinished in the summ
visit, less adventurous .mil much shorter.
THE TIBETAN BUDDHIST PANTHI ON
Tibetan Buddhism, like later Indian Buddhism of which it 1- • often described by westerners as ten«*   While this epithet is certainlj an apt 1 large part of Tibetan religion is concerned, it can be misleading in that it those other important aspects of Buddhism, which predate Indian Buddhist tantric develoi (approximately 7th centur) A.D. onwards) and which still form .m essential pari ol i Buddhism. '"' from the 7th century A.D. onwards
on to the 13th the Tibetans were bus> importing from India oil thej t                            B iddhist
traditions, literary, liturgical and k                    rid it is important to
oration of tantric literature and rites as an                                                                                         Indian
monks certainly did not cause the
In the Perfection of Wisdom (PrajftapfffamifS} literatur
the ever increasing commentarial and exegetieal literature on these iuiidaMu-ni.il texts. Nor did
this tantric incorporation destro] the whole tradil                         •                      1 continued to
base itself upon ancient Vinaya (monastic discipline) 1.
sources parallel with th<
Vinaya ol the Vlüta-Si                 School, u huh was still in us»                                         India
l-l.     I hi 111. ..ri-Mi.ili.iH   ..!   i.mln.    ■
■ .mi.....1 eanOdmci    Ho«                                                                                           ihMi
n ni iMf ni in,-  iiii.-i.in  1,-hiui In  ntwiwi                                                                                                                '»u«
fault.  H   tol i......
In .ill th
i .k .i while, v
ide in
■ covered itwitl
"ť flour with .i horse little b travel, the old m.m. whom I addre refreshmen    •'•
From Ehecoi                                          ne, 1 deduced <;                                                         ihc
price :                                                                            irney by a day                                   wootd
compensate him foi I                                                                i the time in the- world. One h
later I was again invited to dismoui that my hon;                  ľ that it would I                      trricd on as they with                         uld
.itch up with me. He agreed and off I went. I got myself a handsome stick and got the horse into a gallop. On my way I met people going in the opposite direction, and through them I passed the message to the old man that we would meet                     the place where we intended
to stay for the night I kept up a good pace for tl.                                              lay and the ha
place was still far away. By eight in the evening, when it was getting dark. I began to wonder about the wisdom of my decision. I knew that the place was not too far away, but i; too dark to recognise. Peering into the dusk. I began to think forlornly that I might I in the open, and as the Pen/.i La was only some two hours distant. I knew that the night would be very cold. Then happily I noticed a thick tongue of smoke rising high in the sky and inune I made towards it. It proved to be the ver) place I was looking for, and approaching it. I found a
ipherds and a -.tone-built enclosure for cattle. Coming closer. I saw two gj Attempts at conversation were unvailing. They looked at me. giggled and                       at, like
marmots, in a small aperture in one of the shelters. Sooi                      -.vornan came out whom I
addressed asuma-la (mother) hoping that maybe she would talk to me. She looked at me. lat., and said 'I am not a/na. I am unmarried.' and she invited me inside                    Fire and while I
boiled water for tea she went to finish milking her share of the dzo-mos. I unio.i let it loose on the pasture, and brought my pack inside the shelter. When she had finished mill the dzn-mos. we made some good tea and mixed tsampa in it together with butter and sugar When we had finished this repast, my kind hostess (her nan                  sno) took a drum lying
tire. Struck it rhythmically and began to sing. When she had Brush                      ng, I urgeJ her
to continue. It was truly delightful to hear such spontane                     flieh went so well with the
atmosphere of the shelter illuminated by the burning fire with the darkness and the howling wind outside. Alter a few songs the other two girls crawled in and joined her in singing, passing the drum from one to the other as though competing who could
paused, agreed what to sing next, and then continued. It was wonderful to listen to their sing unpretentious and genuine, flowing naturally from their h made a strong impression on me, as I thus experienced their living culture
V ■.: m irning the chief problem was to find the horse. I wandered among the rocks looking for the wretched animal for two hours, and finally found it hide.-                        large
boulders. We lud Some tea. then I loaded the horse, hid m>  hosts tare«c                        K the
Penzi La                                            oon. I made son -
the pass. As I took a steep track, the sack ol tsampa
the mountain side. I Struggle                   Bek on to the horse to i
blasting the rocks above me. for work on the ne«                                  «n in ruD progress Finally,
i the top of the pass, quite exhausted, pulKi                                           Blow the pass I
met ray two companions, ľheoldma calmed down and we continue                                 shiThonde.Su                   ;an to rain quite
i    n tranauillitx in n,, edtomylittl-                 i     ,   „
M   III,       IUI  ,,|   Hl,
imothchöu
M Ihecmitfľ .ticS.diSpiri„SandSo
(hat I could......letpherandwh)   sh, would ,„,,   '!, .'' '""'  '
«1     -i ling she even relumed to ask me whether Ihadiíllj ^ be and after an un<                     no,, l i,.,, ,hc n ľ       '"'      "K
......mewtthmj packs   1 realised in retrospect that ImiahSť
1 "* afternoon we readied .Téharľí   "ľ?
* with me to Muni Where"    1       ,k   "''" Vl"^ rj w« practically abandoned, as «SimoSÄ^T
frtlsfcptontheroofinathickayeľof    ľa              V"   I
eadache I decided to take , dispirin (me of ,       '   ,     '   /' I was in trouble again   lie told n,c   i>   ,    ,       '
1     t or might not help him. HetS aps ,1 would be bette, foi him to rub the pill directly ntohis thigh Sad l agreed rather helplesslj and he Man«! rubbing it in, a pioe«whW
■ woke up quite happy telling me thai he had a very good rüght ' without .my pain!
Next daj 1 visited the Bardan monastery, where I hail a pleasant talk with a young monk the temples.  I then drank some tea with him, gave him all ray rice and other food, >   Herelstaj                            Kith the local veterinarian, visiting the mosqut
ie nearby monaster} ol Tagrimo and the village of Pipiting.   Then I made a one-daj Be time With three elderly monks who were unable Leh.  Having returned to Padum 1 made preparations to return to Kargil.    \
o walk bj myself; apart from my sleeping bag and cameras. I carried some . lump of butter, sah and                  i of tsampa.  Being quite well exercised K then. I expected
ngdum in two days.   Semne out early in the morning. I visited Sani monastery on the way. where I had some tea with an                    ň-, and resumed my march.  It was a cloudy and cold  I
in tli.                             e collecting late crops of barley and peas.  I passed the village of Phe and as I
iching the small village Of Manda, heavy rain fell, soaking me in no tune.   From the
ched me and asked me what I was doing In Zangskar.  Indeed I began to vas doing amidsl                                             tnty cultivated fields and scat-
animals.   Me kindl) ottered me hospitality in his house, so we went there, and he Offered me accommodation on a veranda beside the domestic temple (Jhu-khang). In the evening we
SSS                 »SrÄtÄ

■u
16. Ute bridge at Ja, m                                                                            h cmst rhe Ĺiag
,'""".....;                        itoPadumwemetyetanoth
Kuru. led this time I     Ai
' atoreUB.......«irbas, at Kum
up to Kargya and th
Ralph indCapl Kambarglmath wh
"omowh        I                                                           .                 ,
(Vdikwado                                                                                              (Cargya we encounl
in find Major's initiative and persuasion ;arly afternoon, walking along the ti
ol Chila on I                                                                                       ■   , wc
came to the impress« numbei ol them had go the nearby village ol Bibi i
\i Mum we decided t<> have ■< good me ü and bought a ■ the tents, making the fire and slaughtering the jnun.il I handful of monks who were left behind wei tsampa and buticr. They showed me with great enthusiasm their newlj arrangements with them for staying on my return from Kargya. On m\
mastiff rushed from among the houses and bit mi                                                        : in Ladakit of
rabies my inevitable thought was 'Have 1 got it now?" I
down to the river, washed the wound as well as I could and decided to hope for the be I ing the meal was splendid  We drank. 1 especially                                             the hospitable i
Nex1 day we walked all the way to .i small Milage Of Surfe vate house.  On the way the soldiers amused themselves shooting to the south of Padum   A Iihetan might observe that it was no
associated myself with the killing of living beings. Themountaii                                             The
Lingti rivei Hows in a very deep and narrow                                                     rewn upon small and at
tunes larger n.it elevations among the- mountain n ;                                                                 •sKks in
the full sunshine produced a most remarkable atmosphere ■"■ beaut) and tras |
Next day we crossed a rope                       S                                          > Ja and then Phugtal.
one of the most impressive monasteries in Zangskar.  In the bridge near the monastery and walked towards the
Padum.   The cultivated fields spread widely below, to the -our no local temple to visit lliei,
ation inside it as ,t was niu yel painted or consecrated. From :
the afternoon   Fhis was our last hall together in Z    -
continue across the mountains towards the east, reaching Kuru »
back to Padum .md then to Kargi]   We had an abundant farewell diraw
rum to our oast davs together and a future reunion    As a part'                                            ' •' mťJf
eral cans of green peas and potatoes and, *
ged a horse for me to take to Teta,  Next morning I waw
anxious to get on with my own travelling and wori
side the house. When 1 brought my paeks the Fust thing he asked me
I simply answered saying that he agreed with the M
12 rupees. He smiled and said'weÄ. the Mo
arguÄ him I said'Come on, let's go. we'U so« it out when we
rupees, shook his han
that a can of green peas would be
the new village temple was crowded witl • hem. After some rest I resumed m3 small but clean house.  Ihefo time there with the fe« monks who were left visiting the temples,

f" riwr, swollen and violent fa, m
i —Mi,........,,,
'•'.....»......I    Hw flatter places pr
'   n ol which there was DknK   it the end ol the da> he had amassed two sacks ol them and expected me to »i lndeed h< u a                  • hedid noi even find lime tabelo
«1-hearted Moslem.soon realised Ihe situ
Olli nil'.lis
\i Rangdum monastery we were re«                    ispitablj and the monks gave us i
seded towards the village ol ľashi Thonde, hoping to le village temple and the quarters foi the local monk , odation    Hie local , •'■ M« their ■<■                               upied Hut accepted the situation. We were received
and aftOT a meal with him we slepí m .1 tent pitched «fore 1 got up Ralph was already husy talking to differenl people, tuatibn.  Ik- made contact with a group of Indian soldiers led by Captain Kam-iiake an exploratory visit. Captain Kambargimatli, a .red man. invited us to ioin him. offering us every assistance he could give   Thinking inefficient help we I                    From mir Ladakhi companion, we accepted his invitation with
veiling b> an army truck,   ["he horses cat the supp                                    . afternoon. We had a good hot meal prepared by the soldiers, then
b -1 the inipr. ■                                   iwn the side of the pass towards Zangskar, admir-
djfferenl kinds of fl                    ircumambulated a lonely chöten ami descended a hule way
down the /angskar vallej     Late in the afternoon the tents were pitched, and while the soldiers were ;  -\ the fire, sipped Indian army rum and. as usual in such circumsta
t of Dungring.  On the way we visited the temples in :.aee through which we passed.   Al Dungring we camped I'or two days    From there we made one to the monastery of Karsha and one lo Dzongkhul   N -   .    . proceeded towards Padum. passing through the Sani monastery.   Ihe distance from ring to Padum involved less than lour hours travel.  As we approached Padum from afar, it 8 town perched on a mountainside.   But as we came closer, we realised if the hill was covered with big boulders which looked like houses and thai only the base and tiie eastern side of the hill were inhabited    The army camped in the fields while Ralph and I found accommodation in a private house.  Next day the 'king' of Padum. deseendent of the old royal family, went to the army group and complained about the damage they were doing to his fields. demanding compensation.  A good dinner and polite conversation, however, soon removed all his
In Padum there are j lew stores where one can buy some basic articles butter and biscuits   During the summer the government bring               lupplies on horses end pontes
. and then one often meets cara'.                                                i« to
Padum.  There is a small radio station to make contact with the outside world, one policeman to ind a tasildar. representative ol ihe Jammu and Kashmir Government who isdireetly ihe Deputy ( ommis-iouer in Leh.  We had a letter of recommendalioii horn Mr  Ranní to pav him a visit,   lie read ihe letter, looked at us and said    Mi   Rahman s appoint-think he has much ;                                      I    rendered us some
little help but by no means as much as we had reason to hope.
aadeatwodi                                                                  !?0«*ÄÍ
thospitalit)    rhe old palace is practically m rums
and the                                                                                                           "lÄr
Sed in politics quite seriousl5                                                          ,d the monastery on ľonU.
plcndid positi                 king the whole of Padum VaHe>





98
,   u first th« shepherds refused to i '■ni   ^"ľon^wa and allowed us to drj bj
hing the top
SlSite «nade sure that a par. hen the sun began to s« nd the summit-calm OHa-tho
Ipeaks Down below«......d
! rind the Basgo for.  H „„e« down below alonj;the twtstH« hewn disappeared completel) and we walked m almost ,.„„,.„„ birds.H-bya)  As .t was ■santly aware of a strong fragrance of ighl we „-ached the monastery where we found one Kitchen foe cooking their evening meal. Exhausted after re pleased with our achievement. Altera meal of nee . ,,,.:| court) ard of the monastery. The next two ,     ., the temples. The Brug-pa monk in charge ol the iss any opportunity to extract as much money as he could. ; to paj lor photographing. I resented this and protested ling to be done. I paid him handsomely for our stay and for meals and
r him this was never enough. Two days later we parted ., jdfepleased with his craving nature. There were, however, worse I he tourney from the Sumda monastery and the few houses below it. S : nda Chung (Little), to the next village called Sumda Chen (Great), took us one •    . wit]  beautiful mountain scenery all around. Sumda Chen had little astic Establishments. We found a small temple, well maintained, with charge, most hospitable and kind. Having stayed the night in one of the houses we d ro proceed to Chiling. As we were tired, we thought of hiring horses.   These were produced re mptry but the price asked dissuaded us from taking them. The usual price for a horse per
■• .mment-rate horses cost 12 rupees per day) but we were asked to pay 120. aired about such exorbitant and unreasonable prices and were told that a few weeks before a Japanese group had travelled through the village and that they had paid what they were asked. 120 rupees per horse. If they could pay. you should be able to also, was the argument. Well we preferred to walk rather than yield to their line of thought. Before we reached Chiling we came upon a group of shepherds from that village. They were on high pastures watching their goats, dzo and dzo-mo, milking them and making butter. They saw us from afar and before we reached them they had prepared everything to receive us. They spread a rug outside their tent and invited us to partake generously of their curds, tsampa and butter. Now our main intention in visiting Chiling was to see the craftsmen working in copper and silver, but as we sat enjoying their hospitality, a teacher arrived on his way from Chiling to his home in Likir and told us that the whole village was practically empty. Most of the men were with their goats and dzo in the mountains and several good craftsmen were working in different villages in Ladakh. After some deliberation we decided to go back to Sumda and then to AJchi. We stayed the night at the monastery and the next day at five in the morning we set out for Alchi once again and so over the Tagpa La. The ascent on the Sumda side is gentler and shorter, and so it took only some four hours to reach the pass. Thus by three in the afternoon we were back in Alchi. My light boots were falling to pieces and during the last hours of walking I could feel ever.' little stone under my feet. Ralph tired to applv some special glue but it did not last very long. At the entry to Alchi we parted company with our helpful and Inendly companion R,g,in and hastened to Sonanťs house to find some comfort and food  As we approached his house we saw crowds of people in the garden and on the roof We made our Tí«i'íní'hng(ĽnqL"ľn^y * Wl,a' was gomg on- and soon ««««overed that Sonam's brother had
AfotlÍ«A^fÍ0tíePl0                               ,k. We had no choice but to join
werl nerÍrľ™ V    íh        r,n  ;                    •""'-' '"r ""-' m0aks '" ru** B» BtBW winch th
TnľrňSTZ «      Tľ                                    IUSC- By *" Un" *« runeral PS«!« started
a number of men sat with the.r eyes bright like candles and their cheeks red as ehernes. When the
.....n,                                                                                                                                           Fhen
pro-
r:,ry
I     ,.v   w  ,                                                                                                                                   -hart
liturgy, wnuewe dl left the |                                                        ,d behind to bum th.
■■.tanJ-empty.andľa MaTe      Zn carrying on sympatl                       tion with our he                                                             '
Leh with the intention of making preparations for the
nam road from Lehto Snnagar was badly damaged at certain points by landslides produced by such abundant rainfalls. We learned from the I
got stranded m Zangskar and even on one occasion an army helicopter had to rescue a woman who
lell from a horse and broke her ribs. The prospects were not too encourastne. hut wi
mined to pursue our plans.  The DepUt) Commissioner gave us permission to buy food supplies in
in. store at special rates, and offered us 3 large tent which would require two hon carry it. We decided not to take it. hoping to sleep in villages or in the open . majoi difficulty was to find a reliable companion and informant. As the Dalai Lama was coming to Ladakh at the end of August to perform Kalacakra ceremonies and to give his   .                      know-
ledgeable and helpful friends seemed to be involved in making the necessary arrangements for the event. Thus I had great difficuliy in find anyone to accompany us. Fir                       .vhom I did not
know, an ainchi (local medical practitioner) from Hemis Shukpa. offered to come for I only. Since he appeared a quite knowledgeable and able man. v                                               \ugust
8th we all took the bus to Kargil. but here the general opinion prevailed that there was no chance of getting into Zangskar for several days   It ■■                      I the road to Panikař in the Sum Valk
blocked.  After making final arrangements for the journey, bargaining                                   . ;-p for
Panikař and dissuading our Ladakhi companion from buying four gallons of kerosene. I wenl the cave teini l<                     and Phokar Dzong. Then on                      - .st. thanks to the help
K.ikpun. we managed to get a leep to take us to Panikař   We left in tht                                  nrived
at Panikař at about six in the evening. Th
with plenty of luggage, broke down twice en route. As we drove to Panikař we travelled along the river which sweeps with great force through deep gorges, amongst big boulders We passed several villages with mosques well maintained squelj situated above them.  Mos. ol the Valley apart trom the inhavitc covered with ravines and boulders                                                       -
perous. present                                          preach.
\i Pa                     tnd accomrooda                   Kashmiri man «
works between Kargil and Panikař    ľhe evening was spoil on   . obtain a. a ver) reasonable price. The nun was to turn bul the morning passed and the sun was soon high in th                         utside the ho.,
and admiring the beautiful peaks of Nun K lunch and we then began th« we all walked   Ralph and I walked at a gentle pa
;d to walk even slower, so that within two hours >                                                         ; ^r
a.....afternoon I drank very cold water I                                                                                  ^
or three days I suffered fro,                        tch pains, and n                                                         »«"
.....n.....verheated myselJ
halted for the night, finding
I rice and dal for our evening
the......tasteryofRangdumbyfiveinthe
passed the first Buddhist village of Zhuldo. Inanearbj was performing alitor»    \ little further on we met a Is
r;

pa i hiel lama ot the
hed IvTnot mean that Zangskar los«
\              ,   ||   who   W  IS   ill   Mil-
,slľ, -"     T        h' ľ   I ľw n
ined relatively good, but during the following lanrNM-rgyaHregned h -
i sup-Bgime in Bhutan in its struggle «gainst the 5th Dala, Lama (Vol I p.8/1-   I he
I .„ska,-.   War broke out between ,,: was fully involved,   ľhe Mongol  i I the Dalai Lama invaded Ladakh, and the dGe-lugs-pa monks m ZangskarteaK teneral chaos occurred as a result.  Indrabodhi . asked for help in Kulu. The reinforcements from Kulu arrived h                                            untr>.  In such .1 general disordei the kiny of Zangskar ai
oint effort and expelled the looting troups who had come from Kulu. l                                            drew from Zangskar attempting unsuccessfully on their was to
intra! Tibet had catastrophic consequences lakh asked Tor military help from the Moghul rulers of and -is a result the Central Tibetan forces were compelled to withdraw, but from that time ml rulers in the internal affairs of Ladakh continually increased,
During the political and military struggles of the 18th and the I9th centuries Zangskar
t« of Ladakh.  In 1 S2 2 Kulu invaded Spi t i and then collaborating with Kunuwar and Lahul it attack.                                 ile country was plundered and the royal palace at Padum was
Ratan Sher khan of Padar, a small state west of Padum. destroyed the from Aiing to Padum,   Vet another blow came from Mandi and Wardam whose forces plundered the whole of Zangskar again,   ľhe final destructive blow and loss of independence came from the Hindu rulers of Jammu.   In 1834 Zorawar Singh invaded Ladakh. On his was back d through the Sum Valley and Zangskar. where he imposed a taxation agreement sverj house hold was obliged to pay three and a half rupees.  From 1842 onwards th Ladakh became a part of the stale o! Jammu and Kashmir.
A JOURNEY THROUGH ZANGSKAR (1976)
the firs, «ES ^"V:red,lr"!" "" ""K °< Ladakhi life and .he severe winter of 1974-75. with vät   o La     k h  A  Z "ľt ľ    Under Way' W dCCided lhat " WSS BeCessar* t0 «■>« " «Wh«
WoľSvelleľvíľn                                               ;   "«it into Zangskar. At the end of June
■•IR   1    Rľd.ľr                                         !  """ ""J by ""r fricnd rrom Washingtor D.C
Colone Ralph Redford, n ,.                                           , Dip|omatic Sl.,.VKC  A ,      *
n Snnaga, calhng upon friends and visiting the Minister of Ladakhi A,i,,,s Sona^Norbu.
I he iournej from Snu                                   .„ ,      ,,   ,.
Kargil both.
.....I«
omfortabl,  n who,.....«dtoaddt
We were advised thai the besl way of going to Sumda was to start from Alchi A;  • on w,th my work, I pressed Sonam ,                                 :          ry as soon*as       jb -    v g
ŽSÄ i" I ľ 2" T "Ch r'",:              "" Akhi °ne ™" ™0W a BOOdtSkÄ
bank of the Indus nver, then up the Zangskar river which joins the Indus opposite the villae-Nye-m.,. Next one ascend, along the Sumda-ehu ,0 the monastery a. Sumdľ Between Ch Img Ld Sumda .here IS a well beaten mountain track, very picturesque and easy for those who are accustomed to travelling in mountams  This journey can take three to four days. Another possibility to take a shorter but more difficult track over the Tagpa La. This jour.;                                 'within
two days, and with considerable effort and determination in one long day. We opted for the shorter route. As we were getting ready. Sonam informed us that we would have to wait a few days until they celebrated the village feast of whitewashing all the temples in Alchi Chos-'khor So we roamed about the village and the beautiful temples of the Chos-'khor enclosure, re-photographing some of the murals and the inscriptions and visiting the eaves at Saspol. The day came: the temples were whitewashed and the men who had done it felt happy for they had done a meritorious act. At the end of the day all the villagers gathered in the Chos-'khor enclosure to celebrate the occasion. The local musicians, seated under an apricot tree, played folk music whiie we all sat on rugs and carpets spread along boards serving as tables, helping ourselves generously to chang which overflowed from large copper containers and to all kinds of breads and tsampa. Sonam as Lonpo of Alchi presided over the whole gathering.
When the celebration was well advanced into the night. Sonam suddenly received an urgent message about the serious illness of his younger brother. He politely excused himself from coming with us to Sumda the next morning and started making his own arrangements forgoing to see his brother in Leh. Ralph and I. confronted with further delays, deliberated what to do next. As we sat on the roof oi the house under the starry sk> , contemplating different possibilities, a young man arrived and offered to come with us to Sumda the very next morning. He was Tashi Ŕig/in. an employee ot the Public Works Department, who had been sent from Leh to inspect the ground for building a new school in Sumda. The next morning we set out for Sumda at 6 a.m   I he ait was chilly and windy and the sk
intended to reach Sumda thai same daj. 22nd Jul                     the hamlet ofSharong
a deep gorge leading to the pass u Inch laj some..                   1 I of us. On our way we met groups
of local people taking .heir goats to pasture on the high mou:"..                     afternoon we were
about half way to tt                   ort but very heavy shower poured on
were soaked. Half an hour later we reached a cluster of low. SttWl                                 Pher*
from Uchá. Sonam had told us to introduce                                                     ssaring us that
we would recede a warm welcome In this we were disappointed in the first instant
no. only unwelcome looks, but the sheph(                   wed to lei us in or to sell usaaj ol their
milk curds or butter. We later discovered the reason for their unfriendly attitude. There is a general
belief, in Alchi thai the local divinitj                              on thepasswhit
should not be disturbed before the snows disappear on it II is from this pass and the surrounding
peaks thai the main water supplies for irrigation and drinking flow through the „elds ol
I he Shepherds knew  thai .here was still some >„•■■.                                          i.iged  but t,a,
intention of changing ourplans. \
them. I took a loaf of bread which had been made for oui
I
Nubra where he mel stroi
:
rgyah»o soudí
'to :    I '     Mína Haidara                                                       . ,,h,ch
he led into fibet with                                                                                                        „ere
ill 1534 heretumed to La                                                                                                                   , hjm |he
astle al Shey (Vol (, p. 85). In the following year he plundered the western district! including Purig, Sum Valley, and Zangskai From his memoirs we team thai he wenl stayed For sinnt- tíme waiting for the harvest so thai
the people of Zangskar, His favourite                                      to Padum in the winter and met with
resistence. Fighting look place between his forces and the«                                                fort at
Padum was destroyed, parts of the country were plündere!                       I .ken prisoner   I.
pa Rab-bsian ol I'hugial monastery ransomed the king by                                                lia-21
withdrew to Kartse in the Suru Valley taking with 'urn a number of hostages. In 1536 Min left Ladakh for Badakhshan. Bui il was not the end of his raids on this country. In I 545 he invaded the Western Himalayas from Kashmir and is said to I KB                                         to submission. His
last invasion took place in 1 54« when he succeeded in adding both Baltistan and Ladakh to Kashmir When he died in 1551. the districts in the Western Himalaya                      ." independence. During
the reign Of King Tshang-rgyal-po ZangSkar was raided on two more occasions by the pec; As for the internal situation and distribution of power. Zangskar appear  I                    livided
among the members of the royal family who controlled particular parts of the country with the kingoJ Padum exercising at least a nominal authority over the whole. Th
themselves kings, such as the rulers of Tonde and T ;                                             Eh Tshanii-rgyal-
can have had little military power.
With the rise of the second dynasty in Ladakh. ihat ol" th:                                  istoiy of
Zangskar entered a new phase. As the power of the Mamgyal rak .eas inevitably limited. First came the invasion ol  i ■íamgyal (ruled c.l 575-95) who subdued the ncighbou                                              afltbe
vassal rulers rebelled againsl the power of Ladakh. Jamyang Namgyal met will                       ace not
only m Purig but also in Zangskar. The young prin dpal-klc. kine of Zangla, offered firm resistence to the ■ the principality. The king of Ladakh admired the bravery of the young prii allowed him to 1               Central Tibet where he be                     the more promiň
first Pan-chen Lama   ľhen Ladakh suffered attacks from AK Mir in 1591 (Voll,p.80 the country and placed the king in confinement l: „ulepen,    :                   ■ nitry, and during his reign /.
mentioned above, the contemporary king in Zangsl        S       '                                            «•
took as wife the elder sister ol                                                                                             EuSľľ
With each Other, as ,i result Ol «Inch SI armed force arrived Írom Ladal ten ol Bardan and the king Ol Zangskai fled to a southern bonier region I •
n    i.....korí u a.......i s,- lift ■■■•■ '■■■i—' pp
i.....nil id» m....., m í     ■
i.i    pel«* n ■     i   ' ■

Whethci  KaShmii i«                                poBticalandma
Wh  ,   k.Nlm.rl.,Mlly|,.|ll,,,vf,,slĽn,.l>.
"" poslem ruler»of Kashnwand    I                                                                                   ;1|y
Äfi!a8f«^ they could ml                                                                               nturiesXtan
"u".'                                                                                                                                             riained
3 fwdd™»! country uptothepp                                                                                                   [ose
cultural and religious contacts with I
upon the strengths and weaknesses ol mcl
ivdy a dependency from the 17th cemury onwards.
We have already referred to the                       various kingdon                             mo Vol I
md 81-2). mentioning the discord between the '(                      Ladafcrľ 7 and other available
accounts. Thus according lo the 'Chronicles '■! '                                                                  :.. the
middle one mok Purang, and the youngest took Zhang-/                    i-nu-dpal9 (1392-1481) says
that ihc eldest son ruled Mar-yul, the middle one P                                                               .^ which
formed pari o! (to-ge. 'The Chronicles of the Kinas oľ Zangla- in Zang.kar trace the roval 1 to the youngest son IDe-gtsug-mgon, thus following the version given in the '<                   | l.ada'kh'
Further argument lor this version comes from t!                                             .vhich we find
■ice of the kingdom of Purang which seer.: ot Gu-ge   It seems, however, that Zangskar existed more or less as an independent kingdom, until the I 7th century when u was annexed to Ladakli by King Senge "samgyal (rule I
We encounter further difficulties when we attempt t                                            -of the
kings of Zangskar. The'Chronicles oľ the Kings ot Zangla'pla.                                           ad of the
lineage. The next named king Senge-lde who divided the kingdom between his two sons, thus initiating two separate royal lineages, one at Padum and one at Zai. •                               srably
later period. The intermediate names between IDe-gtsug-mgon. the founder Senge-lde are missing. From the 'Chronicles of Z                       am that the father of Sengedde i the
actual text reads Senge-ldor) was someone called Sakya-thub who was invited from Spiti. In the biography of Ngag-dbang-tshe-ring l0 (1657-1732) of Dzongkhul monastery in Zangsl that Lha-chen Šäkya-lhuh came from Spiti and took Padum. He budt a fort on the north. and resided as king of both the south and the north  His son was Senge-lde  S                 SOB was
Tshe-ring dpal-lde and his son was another Senge-lde. also known as / the contemporary ol King S                     ilofLadakh.
According to the 'Chronic I                                ige-lde had thi
(whose name is not given) m                    w-bar (= Kashíawar)                                            :de ťnc
southem part of the kingdom, and the third son Khri-nam-lde the region to the north. Tsha-zar, Zangla. and the land down to the brook of Me-llse. The most prorou icJes is King rshang-rgyal-po, the grandson of Senge-lde. We further . that during his I                                           Haidar) invaded the countrj
again w i are dealing with the second royal lineage Both in I                                             :iJ °[
Zangla the Ersl lineage is missing I he names ol the king                                          »      «"*•a
period of some four to live centuries, were tmkno
'Chronicles ol theKingsoi Zangla'provide us with aim istacompl '- list   I lames lineage, and the-Chronicles of Zangskar'list a few nan ol Päd,,,,.  *s for the earlier period, as little isla
í all Western libel before the 15th century (Vol I, Pi   i ,t. P.„i inthepropaga and there are-                                                                                                                                                  SWmda'

IIISIOKK M  SIJRVLY
Z                          the materials a\
■ something about ,
the i hronli Iss of Ladakh   the't
infom"......' namely !l i count ol thei -                                                     ncyupon
Kashmir in pie-Tibetan Umi
times incoherent and difficult to interpret, :om
the Kings of Zangla  • apart from giving us a bsl                                            ismaBprincip
provide us wuli no other useful information. Several inscriptions thai
wty historical data Despite these [imitations, however, il is possibli -
impre                        squence of the historical events in Zangsl                      above mention«
and [he information available from the                                                                                          ..,,.
chronicles ol Ladakh and Central Tibet, from Bu-ston. Padm                      ! other historians, we can
draw a certain amount of information about ZangsKar. Other important sources of information
relevant to Zangskar come from the histories of Kashmir and the Mongols of Central Asia.
Il is fairly certain thai during the military expansion of the Tibetans in the 7th century A.D., the Western Himalayas were overrun by their forces   I                     : not only parts of Central
Asia and Zhang-zhung but also the lands farther west, probably as far as the Zoji La.J They doubtless established military posts at different points, but at that early period their culture can have made no real impact on the indigenous population. Prior to this first Tibetan invasion and for several centuries afterwards the cultural inspiration came almost entirely from the west, namely from Kashmir. It seems likely that the Dards. a people of Indo-European stock who had penetrated the Western Himalayas, were affected by Buddhist religion.4  The rock cai
AvalokitesVara. a lotus and a horseman, the impressive statu                     I at Mulbek. and some rock-
carvings at Changspa near Leh.s all of which may be dated at some ume between the "th and I (Jih centuries, clearly witness to the existence of Buddhist religion m ti                                   inally
taken over by the Tibetans. To those already mentioned in our first volume we may now adj several more. Two of them arc in the Suru Valley, one of Maitreya at Kartse iJKar-rlHn :. identical to the one at Mulbek. and one of Padmapani AvalokitesVara at Byama Khumbu. a small place some ten kilometres short of Sanku. In Zangskar we find similar rock-carvings in several . Thus near the Sani monastery we lind a group of rod                    : which the most impi
of Maitreya. Other old rock-reliefs are found at Padum. Mum. Tonic am! K
stüpa at Sani. which is attributed by popular tradition to the famous Kushäna emperor Kanishka. provides less certain evidence. The inscription at Sam Monastery which K                       late compil-
ation of quotations from various literary sources such as Vinaya texts, tan t angiographies of Padmasambhava, Säropa and other Buddhist yogins.6 It is thus insinuated that tins stflpa al Sani is in fact the famous Kanishka stupí of Kashmir, I attested in more reliable accounts, and such an exaggerated claim. COnCOCh sources, suggests 31 <>ncc a later fiction. However, the site may well be an old on,-worthy that even at the late date when this inscription was written, the cultural and religious bonds winch existed between Zanuskar and Kashmir m the past had not b                                           -'".
ofZangskar' firmly state that before the arrival oi the Tibetans the count                      ■ :o Kashmir.
i dllad and iramlotod la   V.H   Fi
ma ľľ ! ■
lvi,-, Ii   l"--. ,■,' 6-1 I     ivk-,1,  193», ľľ u" ^.-.' .mi Valun
I IM  HUH  .Hi.Mi in
I ,it  III,'  h-vl ,,|   this m..... <i"i.....


left bodl
....   the laintaincd and.......„„

■

i mountain sici« •
n thai on Stem and ruta


^^^^^^m                     f one such temple called bCu-gclg
stills.....ves intact
bank of the;                 ... >M the way
.   the right bank of I
igeofRinam From Zangla
„inwards foUowing the road which leads , Mth its Kanika chöten. Outside the íikŽMeftof which the largest is that of ol monastery. Pad urn. the .   .                          S ni across a wide flat vallej which
turesque mountain town of medieval greater part of the hill is covered with are inhabited. In the past, the hill was uins now remain. On the side of the I ingti river is a
on the left ba                                here is the village of Pipiting with the
nremssery above on a hill-top. The village of Ubti with ruins of an ancient fort is still further down s    smonas                  mo. On the eastern side there is a suspen-
■   _.   .                                      track to the monastery of Tonde which is on a high hill
lum Valle)   ľhe distance can be covered on foot within three asdih-                           s the track continues to Zangla, some five hours away.
:   of Padum. two hours distanl and on the left bank of the Lingti. there is themenastery of Bardan beautifully perched on a crag over-looking the river. Half-way between the opposite bank of tl                             of ( hila. Its main attraction is
Zangskar. Travelling further south of Bardan one comes to the village .veil maintained monastery and in the Gelds there art several scattered ancient
rn*                                 i'rom Muni to Kargya, the most soulhernly situated village. ,
two days. On the way there are several attractive villages. Sude and Teta ank. and Itchar (gYtehar) and Ja ibCa-ha) on the right one. Teta, seat of an tillage south of Padum. From Kargya one mountain Bara Laeha and another one leads in an easterly direction towards Lad.ikh
turesquely at the mouth of a large cave above
ied by crossing                                    „eh is at the
Lingti by the village of Pu-ne or by crossing the bridge at Ja.
tracks leading t,                   ery, near which there is a
Ol the two tracks that follow the Lingti the one along the
..L^f^ZZr,vtmJK,,s.........."""'"'"—.....
tUdbuted to Rin-chenbzang-po and the village
.rth-castempai
lest access is from Zanpkar rivers                            ' "Y **"* ' ,R,ck """W th* lcfl <** up the Indus and        |



'•'' ■ ,"l!'1" :""' äT88*' ""  '""lv WP**                  «•  A number oľ villages have neatly
budí BOVM which are pi tur ,ľ,iy sftuated on hill-top. i„ .h, past the v«U«ywas undoubtedly a BUOdhwl  and and there are surviving rock-carvings which hear witness to the previous existence 01 Buddhfc  religion  Sanfcu, Hie largesl village, is spread over a beautiful valley on the left hank of the Sum River, H lias the usual small shops in which one can procure simple provisions
The journey from Kargil as far as Panikař village can he easily made by jeep or by public transport Al Panikař «M usually obtains horaes for further travel into Zangskar. Zangskar abounds m horses hui since loiinsis have appeared, one may be disconcerted by demands for excessive daily rales  Leaving Panikař on fool or on horseback, one ascends Ihe Suru river, while to the south there unfolds the beautiful mountain scenery of the snow-covered Nun Kun. The distance from Panikař to Rangdurn monastery and then on to Tashi Thonde, where accommodation is available, can be covered with ease within two days. On the way there are several villages of which the largest is Parakshik. The people to the south of Sanku are polite and hospitable but rather unaccustomed to foreigners. It may be possible to halt at night time in one of the villages but more often one has to stay in the open finding a suitable sleeping place amongst the rocks. Along the river there are patches of grass with herds of goats and horses wandering freely in search of food. In the summer one finds a great variety of flowers and herbs and a considerable number of marmots.
Zhuldo (Zhul-mdo) is the first Buddhist village on the way.lt is just a small hamlet with chötens round about. The features of the people and their way of dress also change, for here they speak a Ladakhi dialect and wear long Ladakhi gowns. Rangdurn monastery, which is only 45 minutes walk away, is pleasingly situated on a rocky hill in the middle of the valley which widens considerably at this point. The monastery, built during the reign of King Tshe-wang Namgyal (Vol 1. p.85), belongs to the dGe-lugs-pa (Yellow Hat) order. A further walk of 45 minutes along the valley brings one to the village of Tashi Thonde, on the edge of which there is a small temple, repainted rather recently, and living accommodation for the monk in charge. From Tashi Thonde to the Penzi La the road is even and so not too strenuous for walking. This part of the journey can be comfortably made within six hours, but the scenery is rather monotonous, a wide and barren valley with the Suru river and its small tributories meandering here and there.
From the top of the Penzi La one has the first glimpse of Zangskar, a wide stony gorge glittering with small streams and covered with clumps of willows. To the west of the pass one admires a glacier of which the white tongue descends to the bottom of the gorge. Near the top of the pass there are two small lakes and a solitary chöten.
From the Pensi La to the village of Abring. a distance of some six to eight hours walking, there are a few upland pastures, but otherwise just deep ravines, bare rocks and bolders. From Abring to Padum there are several small villages within a short walking distance of one another. Most of them have a little temple looked after by the villagers themselves. Of these the interesting ones are oľ Himilung, Phe and Dungring. Patches of cultivated fields round the villages are watered by small streams descending from the mountain sides and in the summer the green fields ot oarles. buckwheat and peas appear as small oases in the vast mountainous wastes.
At Dungring one crosses from the left to the right bank of the Doda river and until 19-that was the only bridge traversable by animals. All the other mam crossings in Zangskar are narrow suspension bridges made of pleated willow reeds, which are quite impassable tor anm als. When we were in Zangskar the old bridge at Dungring was in process of be.ng replaced b> a new bridge made of steel and suitable for jeeps.
Before continuing to Padum. which is within three hours walking ä^^«*"" make a detour to visit Dzongkhul monastery, situated in the gorge ol a tributory oftheD
which descends<.....osite the ullage of Phe, Fhe monaster) looks bta .i swaUo* ;";';'«
the mountain sale. On the way up one passes through several hamlets and £**»•« '. ^ mountain-side one sees the small monastery of Tsflatse holdteg a commanding vie» ovej Ihe «note valley.
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
. ,         Zangskar. an area of some three thousand square miles and with a mean elevation of
Harten thousand feet, comprises the country lying along the two main branches of the Zangskar river. The first one. the Doda, called m I ibetan dPon-rtse<fm, has its source at the base of the glacier Which descends towards Zangskar near the mountain-pass known as Pen/i La (Tibetan correct spelling: dP,w-mc-lu) and then Hows along (he main valley leading towards Padum. taking a general direction south-east. On its way it receives a number of tributaries descending to il from the side valleys and glaciers. On both sides of the Doda river valley there are high mountain i which remain covered with snow for tile greater period oľ the year. The valley itself, mainly of moraine and rock formation, is cut across by a number of ravines which in the spring turn into violent rivers. Despite the rather wild terrain and severe winters it is alona this valley that the majority of villages are situated.
The head-waters of the second branch, the Lingti river (Tibetan Lung-nag), rise to the north oľ the Himalayan Range near the Bara Lacha. It has two principal branches known as Kargya-chu and Tsarap-chu, which unite below the village of Pu-ne. From that point onwards until its confluence with the Doda river, it is known as the Lingti. It flows along a narrow and precipitous gorge with spectacular mountain scenery the whole way. descending in a north-westerly direction towards the Padum Valley. The Doda and Lingti rivers unite four kilometers below the village of Ubti, From their confluence the Zangskar river takes a north-easterly course and at the eastern extremity of the Padum Valley it turns gradually to the north and again towards the northwest, passing below the village of Zangla and then turning to the east-north to join the Indus river opposite the village of Nye-mo.
Most of the villages are distributed along the valley of the Zangskar river and its two main branches, the main inhabited areas being the valleys of the Doda and Lingti rivers and the Padum Valley. The greater part of the country is made up of high mountains.
To the north Zangskar is bounded by Ladakh. To the west and north-west are Kashtawar and Purig. To the south it borders on Lahul, where the boundary is formed by the Great Himalayan Range itself. To the east it is bounded by Rupshu.
Access to Zangskar is difficult from all sides. Communication with the neighbouring Himalayan areas is maintained across mountain passes and by the tracks which follow the irrer gorges. The easiest approach leads from Kargil through the Sum Valley and over the Pena La. Thus it is along this track that the Jammu and Kashmir Government has decided to build a road to Padum, thus connecting Zangskar with the main road from Srinagar into Ladakh.
In 1977 the Public Works Department was completing the first stretch of a road from Kargil to Padum. the first road ever built into Zangskar.  In the past ail trade was by meant animal transport-'
Taking this route from Kargil to Padum one travels south along the Sum river, which flowing down from the mountain peaks to the north of the Penzi La. passes through Kargil tt> join the Shtego river live kilometres beyond. The atiractive Sum Valley is inhabited by people of
W. n»y add ih« by IMfewbailM.........OWN I.......•>" !••""■ «"-•■■■■■                            ■''"'   ""'"""„,.
rouKii mek. kouldn mm t»i »l im w.y. »nd «inbtoi.ni, r™ ion.« .,.j w. rr.ftr.wy »o. <"""'"*"*
s„.-.i......—!.■ .......IvWthKoZ,.....I..........■......•»«*»  '
.......,.,,,........U......toltaltati
he.rl of /.ng*k.r. .1 ťaiium or Kudu, ih«e U kOMWr« M> oil« raw.....I IIWfM mm«
3
T**
<fT
Ml
má
Tibet ort
kil
i«
n
.,      _..i k»r. /if.«rihed elsewhere hv IM.  Part ill constats of ílu- translation oľ ■SSÄ^^SXt-^Íed^n oftbe T.beta SnSSe   Finally Pan IV contains temple and rock inscriptions .1 Alch,   This detailed work o. , editing and translating excerpt« from (he imenptlOW was done by Philip B*
The method of mm nbing Tibetan names and terms H the same as in our Volume I Mnct«« dMnfflei and Buddhiati ternu are given .n Sanskrit with the hlx-tan eqoh in brackets *m                         ' OCJ' P,acc nam" are wn,tcn Phonetically with the proper Tibetan
»peiin                      mekttt
.uld like to thank the School of Oriental and A                           r!v I mwrsity of
Academy for their further financial support which enabled us to make two /    «kar. and to prepare the materials for publication    Personally I pre« my appreciation for the help which I received in Ladakh from Mr  Mahmud-t who made every effort to facilitate my work .m,l trav,!                                      Special appreciation Is due to Bv.iir, :                        : Mr  Uchu
Ladakhi. who helped me with preparations for the expedition into Zangskar   While travelling in /                    ived friendly help from the Indian army officers. Cap!   I                   ft  „,,| Maior
, I ol Baroda   Nor do I forget t c                     ľ Mr. K.ikpiiri. the tour                     '». irgil.
and Mr Mundil, the informativ                      >: Kargil. who accompanied me on my visit to the
Sum Valley in 1977   Son am Dorje of Alchi and Ycshes Son ■.
very food hosts,   iashi Rig/en of Sakti made jn excellent companion durme rn> ,,n.i Special thanks and appn                       to Ralph Rcdford who accompanied mc on my journey to
md ihcn toZanpkar Without his friendly advice and help I would have endured quite a number of < • tra difficulties resulting, from my incspcricnce in travelling. Finally I would like to thank Mrs Frank Woodsand Mru Deborah Manderson for typing the first two pans ol thai volume
Tade us/ Skofupski Institute of Tihetan Studies Tring. 2M Jun


H.:!B<centuwie.„t.)inCaveNo3alSuspol
,, J, „,, British MHm oolhctlon IUwu»«ta. *. total Dtarma-ttl.. K,n «tan bZant-po. Hron. i mural In m o« <*«" " Al''"
äSläXÄ*»«.........».....................--■
Pian of the temple inscriptions at Alchi. Temple liisciiption M8.6« Alchi. SO     Temple Inscription Mo, 10 M Alchi.
.,„ md sketch BMP of the site of the rook tasafctlons near Alchi.
-  .,«s painted inside an old chölen al Alchi S3.     Rock drawings near Alchi.
84.   Rock inscription! i-5. 7. S5.    Rock inscriptions S. 10-14.
Ahnten ti hmy n pe Al (*« **»*« »/"'<• «*» «9* <** "**»'" rf/e,,a"r &****>**■
80 82 III 113 118 118 136 141 156 157 157 159 160
LIST OF COLOUR PLATES
I.       A worshipping goddess, from the Dharmadhäiu mandala in Sumda monastery.
II.      View from Tagpa La on the way to Sumda.
III.    Monks of Karsha performing their liturgy in the Assembly Hall.
IV.    Mural of Samvara in Cave N'o 3 at Saspol.
V.      Mural of Vajrapäni in the sTon-pa lha-khang at Phugtal monastery.
VI.    One of the sixteen Arhats ai portrayed in the village at Phe.
frontispiece between pages 70 and 71
between pages 86 and 87
FODEWODD
Zangskar. variously written in Tibetan as Zangs-dkar ("white copper-). Zangs-mkhar ( copper palace ). hZang-dkar ('beautiful & white'), or even Zangs-skar ('copper star') is one of the least known Buddhist kingdoms of the Western Himalayas, remaining for centuries hidden behind high and inaccessible mountains.  Situated in a remote and difficult area, far from major trade routes, it did not attract the western travellers and explorers of the 17th and 18th centuries who visited the Western Himalayas (Vol I, p.xiii).  Most of the foreigners who went to Ladakh travelled either along the main route from Srinagar to Leh or from the south over the Bara Lacha. Zangskar, however, had the honour of being visited by Alexander Csoma de Koros, the pioneer of Tibetan studies in the West, and it was there that he did most of his research on [he Tibetan language and religion.  It was in 1822 that Csoma reached Leh after a long overland journey from Europe.  Realising that there was no possibility of proceeding to Yarkand and further north in search of the origin of the Hungarians (it was for this reason that he had set out on his journey i. he decided to return to Kashmir. On his way he met at Dras an Englishman George Moorcroft. This encounter had a decisive influence on Csoma's life. Moorcroft interested him in the study of Tibetan and so eventually a formal agreement was made that Csoma. in return for his subsistence, should learn Tibetan and write a grammar and dictionary for the British Government in Calcutta. In Ion« Csoma arrived in Zangla where he stayed for some 16 months. During that period he acquired a working knowledge of Tibetan, compiled the larger part of his dictionary of some 40.000 entries, copied out the MafiOvyutpatti (Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary), and made a list of Buddhist divinities and an analysis of the Tibetan Cannon.  On his next visit to Zangskar he lived at Phugtal and Teta from August 1825 to November 1826. In Zangla and at Phugtal monastery there are stone slabs commemorating his visits to those places.  His grammar and dictionary of Tibetan language were published in 1834.  Apart from these two published works he wrote a number of papers on various subjects such as philosophy, religion, geography and medicine. In 1842 Csoma resumed his journey in search of the origin of the Hungarian race but his life was suddenly brought to an end tf. attack of malaria.  His work was continued by another Hungarian. H.A. Jáschke. whose dictionary, first published in 1881. remains a standard one still.'
The present materials on Zangskar and the cave-temples of Ladakh and Zangskar included in this volume have been collected by myself during two visits made to Ladakh and Zangskar in 1976-77.  A considerable amount of research work, reading inscriptions and biographies, checking references and reading the final draft before publication were done jointly with Professor David Snellgrove.    I acknowledge too the help received from Professor Luciano Petech's latest most admirable work. The Kingdom of Ladakh c 950-184: A.D.. published in Rome in 1.977.
The present volume is divided into four parts. Pari I includes the historical and incono-grapbJe materials on Zangskar.  Part II is dedicated to a special study of the ca                    if 1 adakh
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tbe upper torso of a stucco image of Avaloki tes'vara at Sunida.
.   pol decorated with delicate silver work as made at Chiling. \. -ha monastery. kfcafcsc/Mumiaaoistery.
I    .,Je of plaited willow, one of the five such bridges which cross the Ungti river, .rproached from the south. IS.    The entrance choten and front of Sani monastery. The Kanika Chöten, not seen in the photograph. is m a counya.-d to the rear.
toother pre-Tibetan rock-carving in the fields of Muni village. The figure appears to be holding with the right hand a crossed-vajra (vtítavajra) level with the heart thus plausibly identifiable as -pani. The figure is approximately one metre high. 20.   One of several damaged wooden images. 70-80 cm. high, of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. which now ire standing around inside the three temples at Sumda. and which undoubtedly date from about 1000 AD. when this monastery was founded. They represent a purely Indian Kashmiri style remarkably similar to early wood carvings in Nepal. This particular one. of which the missing robe lower edge, is an unidentifiable Bodhisattva. 21     A crowned Šákyamunl (referred to in Tibetan as Jo-bo. "The Lord') which is the central image in the mam remple at Sani. The trellis like back of the throne is supported by the vehicles of the Rue Buddhas, of which dwarfs and horses can be seen in the photograph.
late mural at Karsha illustrating an enthroned Avalokites'vara and the scene of raft final nirvana   To the right of the recumbent Buddha is the funerary kiln (gdung-■ ■■■ which the body is cremated and the style of which is totally Tibetan. Just above is the vase in which the relics are to be preserved and below is a row of mourning monks one of whom is receiving Buddha's begging bowl for the last time.
23.     An unusual stucco image in the mCon-Oung at Tonde. Instead of being inset within the headdress ot LokesVara as is usually the case, the small surmounting image of the Buddha Amitabha is shaped so as to compose the whole pouited head-dress. Although we would hesitate lo give an early date to the image, the lace is remarkably Indian in its features and the whole effect is more Sv»-üke than Buddha-like. A suitable identification is I okejvara <= Avalokites'vara as 'Lord of the nond >.
24.     MafijusYI. another ancient wooden image at Sumda monastery; compare III. 20.
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26      Entirety modem Image ol Vajrabhairava with hü female partner at Tonde monastery.
27      Sot-Armed MahakBa, mural in the tTon-pa Dw-kfumg ai Phugial.
28.     A mural ol lamaa In« only inch one included m the temple of Elevenheaded Avalokites'vara ai Karsha. There is an Inscription hut below purporting to he I record ol this temple, but this does not help identification   The central figure may be Ihe Zangskar Translator •phags-pa tfaet-rab foundei ol Karsha
29.     The temple of Eleven-Headed AvalokitesVara at Kanta.
30.     Paintings on the ceiling, undoubtedly very early work, in the vřw/ia Ihu-khaitK at Phugial.
31.     Mural of Four-Headed Vairocana in the Labrang at Karsli,,
32.     Mural of a preaching Buddha at Karsha portrayed as Nägaraja. Note the snake coils behind his shoulders climbing up to the snake head-dress.
33.      Mural at Karsha of Amitabha flanked hy iwo Bodhisattvas in his paradise of Sukhavati.
34.     Mural of Maitreya in the Lower Assembly Hall at Karsha. The style is late Tibetan showing marked Chinese influence. II comes next to the scene shown in III. 22.
35.     One of the goddesses attendant on the main image of fclevcn-Headed Avalokites'vara in the temple named after him at Karsha.
36.     View of Tonde as one approaches from Padum. The monastery is high up on the mountain side to the centre of the photograph.
37.     View of Phugtal monastery clinging to the rocks beneath its enormous cave.
38.      Mural of Prajnapáramitä in the Tshogs-khang at Tonde. 39-40.   Paintings of goddesses and decorative motifs in the sTon-pa lha-khang at Phugtal.
41.     An image ofdGe-legs ye-shes grags-pa, the founder, at Rangdum monastery.
42.     Mural in thegZim-chung at Rangdum illustrating defenders of the land of Shambhala. represented by a mandala of nine segments.
43.     General view of Dzongkhul monastery.
44.      Image of Lama Ngag-dbang Tshe-nng at Dzongkhul.
45.     Image of Lama Norbu. also a t Dzongkhul.
46.      Image at Dzongkhul of Lama Karma, disciple of bZhad-pa rdo-tje.
47.      Bardan monastery on its cliff-summit.
48.      Images of Marpa and Mi-la ras-pa in the Assembly Hall at Bardan.
49.     Za-byed mkha'- 'gro. an image of Vajrapäni used in homa sacrifices. 50-1. Murals at Sani of two Arhats.
52.     Image of attendant Bodhisattva at the side of the main image in the temple at Sam. see 111. 21.
53.     Bas-relief in stucco and niches with images on the back wall of the second temple at Sani.
54.     Šäkyamuni. the main image in a temple at Tagrimo.
55.     Protector of the northern quarter (1-as-mgonl a mural in a temple at Tagnmo.
56.     The central image of Four-Headed Vairocana in the Assembly Hall at Sumda.
57.     Crowned dwarf and two of the four lions supporting Vairocana's throne. Sumda.
58.     Centre of the Dharmadhátu mandala ol" Vagísvara Manjusri.
59.     The Ka-gyii-pa Lama. Ngag-po-pa; a later mural in the Assembly Hall at Sumda.
60.     A goddess holding two fishes, tepieseming one öf the eight auspicious signs as painted around the chöten at Tsilatse.
61.     View of Tsilatse monastery.
62.     View of Padum from above. Compare III. 5.
63.     Phokar Dzong: the caves containing relics are in the mountain side to the left of the photograph. The temple in the foreground is new. General view of Wakha. The cave temple can be seen in the cliff-face just above the village.
64.
65      Images of Tillopa and Niiropa in Näropa's cave at Lamayuru.
66.     Image of Visnu and LaksmT (clearly of direct Indian provenance) i cave at Heniis.
67.     A bronze chöten in the same lemple near Hemis monaster. b$-     Padmasambhava's cave near Nye-mo.
69.      Mural of Eleven-Headed Avalokitesvara In Caw No I at Saspol.
70.      Mandala o( Four-Headed Vairocana in Cave No 3 at Saspol.
71.     View of old Saspol fori, with [he caves to the left.
72.     Mural of áakyamuni Buddha in Cave No C at Saspol
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Printed in England
LIS! OF I LI LSI KATIONS I -M OF COLOUR PLATES
FOREWORD
PARTI:  ZANGSKAR
Geographica] Factors
Historical Survey
A Journey through Zangskar (1976)
The Tibetan Buddhist Pantheon
Survey of Monastic Foundations
Descriptions of Individual Sites
PART II:  CAVE TEMPLES OF LADAKH
PART HI:  BIOGRAPHY OF RIN-CHEN bZANG-PO
Introduction
The Saving Cord of the Crystal Rosary
Appendix
Tibetan Text
Textual Notes
PART IV: TEMPLE AND ROCK INSCRIPTIONS OF ALCHI
Temple Inscriptions Rock Inscriptions
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS INDEX
IHi^Hi^^^MiH
ÍHE CULTUQAL HERITAGE OF LADAKH
^^^H          ZANGSKAR
AND THE CAVE TEMPLES OF LADAKH
David L. ônellgrovc
and
Tadeusz Ôkorupaki
wild PARI ^ "N ""
INSCRIPTIONS  vi   \i< m i;\  WBJP PIMWOOD
B
"■""

AL HERITAGE OF LADAKH
1
David L.ônellgrove
& Tadeusz ôkorupôkf