Lost and Found E li D a o g u e I) At Professor Yamashita's office. 1 V 3 V . 3 v 3 y : 5 ya>: 6 I'll /:*/vtfK At the station. 4 , *f **o 5 IH 7 V 5&16BH 0 ij At school the next day. 5 ATi± : vu^0 J: < t^ä tte0 John: Excuse me. Professor Yamashita, I am sorry that I couldn't come to the class today. Prof. Yamashita: What happened? John: Well, I got up late and 1 missed the train. I am sorry. Prof. Yamashita: This is the third time. Why don't you buy an alarm clock? John: Yes . . . um, Professor Yamashita, as for the homework, could you please wait till tomorrow? I cannot find the file I put my homework in. Prof. Yamashita: That's a problem. 1 hope you will find it. John: Excuse me, I have lost my file. Station attendant: What is the file like? John: It's a blue file about this size. I think I left it when I got off the train. Station attendant: Please wait for a minute. I will call and ask. Prof. Yamashita: John, did you find the file? John: Yes, a station attendant found it for me. Prof. Yamashita: Good. John: This is the homework. I am sorry it is late. Prof. Yamashita: That's OK. It's well done. John: Yes, because the station attendant helped me. ►se*asm Vocabulary Nouns * X.^^/C^/C) IR.M station attendant $1 parent Z! garbage $ £ "9 #"$1 sugar Li ň Af < 3^ scholarship L/C-tf-3< íl-frŽ' relatives ~t v^-tí^ L* i 7 ttJI^ letter of recommendation 7c*ř < v, \/v A ^ Pit graduate school 7c*.">„i\"? typhoon S day * 7r-í 'V file; portfolio it. way; road; directions * tó^áliflt^ §f Í L^!+ alarm clock l\ -adjective ^ Ťz & ^ 5^ ^ dirty (/-verbs Z ~f C "f" to wake (someone) up ii Z' l> to treat, (someone) to a meal (person \ ~ meal £) & % Z tj to get depressed * C á ž IS 5 to have difficulty iij "f to take (something) out; to hand in (something) Oipftv^ itjft "O ■* < to take (someone) to (a place) (person & place 1-) *£h~f i£"f to correct; to fix ^fel-í i 7 iSJ-eli "T* to become lost; to lose one's way •K3 i ~f fK."f to translate (source ž target f-) h h 1 3£ 7 to laugh R u - v e r b s T A V > & ů*l-f Z> to iron (clothes) fo-otbZ %.*hh to collect • Words that appear in the dialogue M6HH *») it fti Irregular Verbs 311*11" <& Adverbs and Other * C (JO <* h ^ L* ^ ^* J; n %>>P l &*L lit to put (something) in (thing & place K) to miss (a train, bus, etc.) to show to oversleep to show (someone) around to explain to come to pick up (someone) Expressions well . . . ; let me see . . . by the end of today the other day about this much (= «1 tl C" h V V- <7> < h W - tl < h V->) I'm sorry, (casual) Excuse me.; Sorry to interrupt you. (do something) oneself in class; during the class other X /S Grammar We learned in Lesson 14 that the verbs ( tiZ, h If Z, an Hi describe transactions of things. Here we will learn the use of these words as helping verbs. When these verbs follow the fe-form of a verb, they describe the giving and receiving of services. / do something for you. You do something for others. I do something for others. Somebody does something for somebody else. Somebody does something for me. You do something for me. Somebody does something for you. We use the fe-form + &(f 3 when we do something for the sake of others, or somebody does something for somebody else. The addition of the helping verb $>lf& does not change the basic meaning of the sentences, but puts focus on the fact that the actions were 1 performed "on demand" or "as a favor." I (generously) lent my sister money (to help her out of her destitute conditions). cf. f£ H *K l"~ H£ £ !pf I £ Ltzo Ian objective statement] t,fd i-tit: li- te-form + £>lf& -► \ \ ' You Others <- te-form + < tl-S 1Note that in £>!f 3 sentences the nouns referring on the beneficiaries are accompanied by whatever particle the main verb calls for. goes with the particle U, while iktiX^^ < goes with £. These particles are retained in the fclf 5 sentences. When you want to add the idea of "doing somebody a favor" to a verb which does not have the place for the beneficiary, you can use ~<7)tztbl-. frlZZ fc d ^/yco/c^>i:y ^i-ff ^ t Itzc cf. fUiS^ftr.ftM L/;0 / went shopping for Tomoko. Kyoko (kindly) took Tom to the station (because he would be lost if left all by himself), ci. ^ I 1 LllY l,^ L^m-.^X^^ iLfz0 [an objective statement! 2 We use < tl i> when somebody does something for us. K tj l» -c 'Jt---- / got a friend of mine to help me with my homework. Compare the last sentence with the < H& version below. They describe more or less the same event, but the subjects are different. In t h 1 sentences, the subject is the beneficiary. In < ti% sentences, the subject is the benefactor. ^^«Hft<3t < tit Itzo A friend of mine helped me with my homework. 'The beneficiary is almost always understood to be the speaker in < tx%> sentences. Therefore it usually does not figure grammatically. If you have to explicitly state who received the benefit, you can follow the same strategies employed in &lf Z> sentences. That is, if the main verb has the place for the person receiving the benefit, keep the particle that goes with it. The verb ilfeft'C 1 < calls for &, while fi z. & calls for for example. Thus we can say: Jii: $/v^&j^SR!:ift*t-Cv^-t < hi Itzo (Compare: fr±Klz&HX^< ) Kyoko took me to the station. tz\1l$/v*tztz (} i comes from ^tztz'HZ, the potential verb which in turn comes from <^tztz' <, "to receive (something or a favor) from somebody higher up." We also have < tz" $ v ->i which comes from the verb < tz $ £, "somebody higher up gives me (somethings or a favor)." < tz $ v \ is historically a truncation of < tz'in^i -tir/v*'. The variants of the ^tz tz'ii £ -tir/v*' pattern are listed in what is felt by most native speakers to be the order of decreasing politeness. In addition to these, each verb can be used in the affimative as well as in the negative. ~Xi->tztztfHtA,-!>* (^ tz tz' It i, the potential verb for ^tztz < ) ~t < tfs^a-tf/C** (< tzii) ~X t h x. £ (i> (3 Hi, the potential verb for Ui) ~X b 5, in the short form) ~ X < ft *£ ^ ? (< *i S, in the short form) mm* You can use the present tense short form + £ to say that you hope something nice happens. When you say Z >< >v ^"C"f to, you are wishing for the good luck of somebody other than you. / hope you find a good part-time job. I hope it doesn't rain. To say what you hope for for your own good, you can use £ *• ^ ^"Ci"**. This shows the speaker's attitude is more tentative and makes the sentence sound more modest. Note that both £ v n ^X'irfa and £ v u ^-C-f mean that you are hoping that something nice happens. This means that these patterns cannot be used in cases where you hope to do something nice, which is under your control. In such cases, you can usually turn the verb into the potential form. / am hoping that the exam is easy. >>\ b$ «o H ft S Evn^"Cla*o / hope I can catch the eight o'clock train. I hope . . . (for you/them) / hope . . . (for myself) rM^itflt* E vn^fi-**o Compare: X ^ izff < E vn ^A^X't^o / am hoping to go to college.—I am hoping that I can go to college. 5If hope that you do something for me, that is, if I want to make an indirect request, we use X < tlZ before r^^/ltti', as in: X — ? As&fcX < ti%> H ^Wv-t-i-:>>>0 Sue, I hope you ivill come. We use the word b# to describe when something happens or happened. sentence A_jg^ sentence BQ When A, B. time reference main event The sentence A always ends with a short form, either in the present tense or the past tense. You can decide which tense to use in A by doing a simple thought experiment. Place yourself at the time the main event B takes place, and imagine how you would describe the event in A. If A is current or yet to happen, use the present tense in A. If A 6 has already taken place, use the past. The present tense in A If, at the time the main event B takes place, A is current or is still "in the future," use the present tense in A. Thought experiment: ■?-<"/ h izft < 3* 0 £ to I will get the visa issued when I go to Tibet. going to Tibet A:-----------------.......4------------------- f<7 r KVt < B:—-\-----tf-f£lM£to having the visa issued Note that as long as event A occurs after event B, the clause A gets the present tense (tf <), irrespective of the tense in clause B (fc 0 £ -f or Is.1) £ Ltz). In the example below, the whole sequence of events has been shifted to the past: at the time you applied for the visa (=B), the departure (=A) was yet to be realized. The temporal order between the two events is exactly the same as in the example above, hence the present tense of \i <. Note especially that we use the present tense in A, even if the two events took place in the past. / had the visa issued when I was going to go to Tibet. The grammar of the temporal clauses in reality has more twists and quirks than are shown here, but this should be a good enough start. SI16B-« ( Observe more examples of this tense combination. / take out the contact lenses when I go to sleep. (You take out the lenses [=BJ, and then go to bed |=A].) x >: .*> I locked the door when I went out. (You locked the door [=B], and then went out [=A].) 7 Clause A also gets the present tense, when the state of A holds when event B takes place. XL h I call up friends when I am lonely feeling lonely A: B: make phone calls r s. Note that &-adjectives get and nouns get <0 before Bf. / get a headache when it is cold. 7If A is a verbal idea (action) and describes an ongoing event during which B takes or took place, the verb in A is in the X v > 3 form. In the example below, the phone call event (= B) occurs in the middle of TV viewing (=A). "rUVZfLX^Zs*, -fat-kfri, & 0 i Itzo A phone call came when I was watching TV. watching TV A:-B:- phone call 4SP Note in this connection that it is wrong to use the following sentence pattern, because VjoX^^h does not describe an ongoing event but is a description of the result of "going," that is, being in a faraway place after going (see Lesson 7). I went by plane when I ivas going to Okinawa. / / jog in the park when I feel fit. > y-'iii>/<. -5 / tooA rfo^ to c w/zew // sick. The past tense in A If, at the time of the main event B, A is already "in the past," use the past tense in A. Note that we use the past tense even when the two events are yet to take place; it is the order of the two that matters. In the example below, you will have already arrived in China (=A) at the time you buy tea (=B). *®i:*f-3/=B^ i>-o >&£5C^i "to / will buy oolong tea when I go to China. / bought oolong tea when I went to China. going to China A:-—H- ^m^^tz^f B:-------_f--?-n>&£JC\,^t/£ Lfco buying oolong tea / taA is mainly used among friends, "5 "I"3 is a polite alternative for 33 Use Z'%:tyi'% instead when the person who will treat/treated you to a meal is a superior, such as a teacher or a business associate. *T % "51~ £ refers to "invite for a meal" as well as "pay for a meal." i 7 life list ■Hi A.m%ZM% Z% % 7 IX < titLLteo it') VZ tt/v Mr. Sato treated me to lunch. ss * ;& fc* s * uf/vx-m zm * z % * v l &0 L»-J*ott J: \ik It A. I invited friends for dinner this weekend. Prací c e A. Your friend is sick, and you did the following for your friend. Describe them with Example: cook dinner 11 A, 1. help with his homework 2. correct his paper 3. buy flowers 4. take him to the hospital 5. do laundry 6. clean his room 7. lend him your notebook 8. call his teacher 9. go to a bank and withdraw money 10. do dishes B. Pair Work—Your partner needs help. Tell what you would do for your partner in each situation using ~ic$>l:f5. Example: A : &/cib**^£ < X ^ £/'I Wv"T1~0 B : fo&fefrlX&tf £ to 5. *>*A,Xri-a 6. M'XI^II^l/c/vtfo 3116131« 83 ) C. The following are what your host mother, your friend, and a stranger did for you. Describe them with —"cr> 9. A ^. 11 > 10. 3£fc&*.5 11. 12. WRff D. Describe what the following people did for you using ~7i U'/, u/u -j', (1) o (3) o (4) name ( ) cook X X clean the house x' £}._.. wake me up O do dishes O take out the garbage o ....._J*^.__ buy present >___ iron ) 1 ■ G. Answer the following questions. ZA, £' Ii Ii If »bt, y £!: ü I 2. TföVBS, I X < h£ ltzA\ 3. t/til:HHtH^/:^tt^o 4-J-i, A'« tj ti: as A. Ask these people the following favors, as in the example. @ Example: < 9 S§"t" © ► zs§5 • X/£li§ 2. HA. i-t 3. &tzt>£&frfZ *Xr7r : ')-<0 5. 5^s#(:fe3 i* -> < r i-; 7. fc-frSfcfl-s - (8) Res-fcaut-ajit I ~i—rr ( 1 T"r~n B. Connect the sentences using —Hi. Pay attention to the tense before ~Bf. PI Example: it 1 £ i &A{:j££W < A *> it C> LA -J 0" c A r, > i. ^ffe^s/^Bi^rtta 4. rf--xj 5. wstz/nm&tz a- 8. < / ^Pil-ft < C. Pair Work—Ask each other the following questions. Answer them with ~B§ Example: A : XL fcn#Hf£ £ fit-J. 111: £ N <•!••' « 1. ^^Bl^H^^t^ 2. ^^HCt^LJf^, 3. ^/v^Hf TtlK^'ll "l^c D. Complete the following sentences. 2. ________ Bf> '''f-ř-f Lí L i •) 4. ^l^, ___________ £ ^ -.-.------_--,--- III' l- li/o - -i'b >' J ~ 6. Xtzlot*__ ®h 1t - " - ~-----e > 7. -<>y m**e,<,jvb$. A. Make sentences apologizing for the following things using ~Z~$~fo£itr\jZ"l> Example: tfC^blli^ < ^"t«*á«tí-/t"Cl fc0 (to your professor) 1. t£S*t-ft1- 2. S 3. il'JtS >ií «• u t (to your friend) 6. h 7. ř -i — í::íťj&»&^ B. Make sentences to apologize for the following things and add excuses to it. Use —TffržižrvT-Ut: or ~ZZl&)h depending on whom you are talking to. Example: You came late to the class, (to your professor) SSIBHN 1. You couldn't come to the class, (to your professor) 2. You woke your roommate up. (to your roommate) 3. You forgot your friend's birthday, (to your friend) 4. You laughed at your friend, (to your friend) 5. You told a lie. (to your friend) 6. You lost the book that you borrowed from your host father, (to your host father) A. Talk about a good experience you had recently. Example: Z<7>M, -Af|# lz& JL o X, s£ lzi& o fz A,X"fe Z ia *r -ct> /.. 1 tllfrotzX'to B. Role Play—Make a skit based on the following situations. 1. You were absent from class yesterday. Apologize to your teacher and explain why you were absent. 2. You stood up your date. Apologize to him/her. Then tell him/her that you are too busy to have a date next week, and ask him/her to wait till the week after next.