1. Rhoticity In English Rhotic and non-rhotic accents The r-colored vowels of General American can be written with "vowel-r" digraphs: Stressed [ɝ] (more formal) or [ɚ] (more accurate): hearse, assert, mirth, work, turkey, myrtle Unstressed [ɚ]: standard, dinner, Lincolnshire, editor, measure, martyr Stressed [ɑ˞]: start, car Stressed [ɔ˞]: north, war In words such as start, many speakers have r-coloring only in the coda of the vowel, rather than as a simultaneous articulation modifying the whole duration. This can be represented in IPA by using a succession of two symbols such as [ɑɚ]or [ɑɹ], rather than the unitary symbol [ɑ˞].^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowel 2. Flapping Contrast with stops and trills The main difference between a flap and a stop is that in a flap, there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation, and consequently norelease burst. Otherwise a flap is similar to a brief stop. Flaps also contrast with trills, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a flap, but are variable, whereas a flap is limited to a single contact. Types of flaps Alveolar flaps Main article: Alveolar flap Spanish features a good illustration of an alveolar flap, contrasting it with a trill: pero /peɾo/ "but" vs. perro /pero/ "dog". Among the Germanic languages, this allophone occurs in American and Australian English and in Northern Low Saxon. In American and Australian English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic /t/ (as in "butter," "later," "fattest" and "total") – see intervocalic alveolar flapping. In a number of Low Saxon dialects it occurs as an allophone of intervocalic /d/ or /t/; e.g. bäden /beeden/ → [ˈbeːɾn] ‘to pray’, ‘to request’, gah to Bedde! /gaa tou bede/ → [ˌɡɑːtoʊˈbeɾe] ‘go to bed!’, Water /vaater/ → [ˈvɑːɾɜ] ‘water’, Vadder /fater/ → [ˈfaɾɜ] ‘father’. (In some dialects this has resulted in reanalysis and a shift to /r/; thus bären [ˈbeːrn], to Berre [toʊˈbere], Warer [ˈvɑːrɜ], Varrer [ˈfarɜ].) Occurrence varies; in some Low Saxon dialects it affects both /t/ and /d/, while in others it affects only /d/. Other languages with this are Portuguese, Korean, and Austronesian languages with /r/. In Galician, Portuguese and Sardinian, a flap often appears instead of a former /l/. This is part of a wider phenomenon called rhotacism. Retroflex flaps Most Indic and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in [bɐɽɑː] big, a murmured retroflex flap as in [koɽʱiː] leper, and a retroflex nasal flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of Sanskrit [mɐɽ̃i] ruby. Some of these may be allophonic. A retroflex flap is also common in Norwegian dialects and some Swedish dialects. Lateral flaps Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that don't distinguish [r] from [l] may have a lateral flap. However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral-central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral [ɺ] or [l], sometimes central [ɾ]. This has been suggested to be the case for Japanese, for example. The Iwaidja language of Australia has both alveolar and retroflex lateral flaps. These contrast with lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a retroflex tap [ɽ],alveolar tap [ɾ], and retroflex approximant [ɻ]. However, the flapped, or tapped, laterals in Iwaidja are distinct from 'lateral flaps' as represented by the corresponding IPA symbols (see below). These phones consist of a flap component followed by a lateral component, whereas In Iwaidja the opposite is the case. For this reason, current IPA transcriptions of these sounds by linguists working on the language consist of an alveolar lateral followed by a superscript alveolar tap and a retroflex lateral followed by a superscript retroflex tap. A velar lateral flap may exist as an allophone in a few languages of New Guinea.^[citation needed] The retroflex lateral flap does not have an officially recognized symbol in the IPA. However, an ad hoc symbol based on the alveolar lateral flap may occasionally be seen: Lateral flaps.png Such derived symbols are becoming more frequent now that font-editing software is widely accessible. Note that besides not being sanctioned by the IPA, there is no Unicodevalue for it. However, the retroflex lateral flap may be written in Unicode-compliant fashion as a digraph of the alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] with the right-tail diacritic, [ɺ̢]. The palatal and velar lateral flaps may be represented with a short diacritic over the letter for the homorganic approximant, although the diacritic would need to appear under the palatal due to its ascender: [ʎ̯, ʟ̆]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_consonant 3. Yod Dropping Y-cluster reductions Yod-dropping Yod-dropping in English is the elision of the sound [j] in certain contexts following other consonantal sounds within the same syllable. The term comes from the Hebrew letter yod, which represents [j]. Yod-dropping before [uː] occurs in most varieties of English in the following environments:^[1] · After [tʃ, dʒ, j], for example chew [ˈtʃuː], juice [ˈdʒuːs], yew [juː] · After /ɹ/, for example rude [ɹuːd] · After consonant+/l/ clusters, for example blue [ˈbluː] There are accents, for example Welsh English, in which pairs like chews/choose, yew/you, threw/through are distinct: the first member of each pair has the diphthong [ɪu] while the second member has [uː].^[1] Many varieties of English have extended yod-dropping to the following environments, on condition that the [j] be in the same syllable as the preceding consonant: · After /s/, for example suit [ˈsuːt] · After /l/, for example lute [ˈluːt] · After /z/, for example Zeus [ˈzuːs] · After /θ/, for example enthusiasm [ɛnˈθuːziæzəm] Yod-dropping in the above environments was formerly considered nonstandard in England, but today it may be heard even among well-educated RP speakers.^[1] In General American yod-dropping is found not only in the above environments but also: · After /t/, /d/ and /n/, for example tune [ˈtuːn], dew [ˈduː], new [ˈnuː] Glide retention in these contexts has occasionally been held to be a shibboleth distinguishing Canadians from Americans. However, in a survey conducted in the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario in 1994, over 80% of respondents under the age of 40 pronounced student and news without yod.^[5] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iw-uw_merger.svg/220px-Iw-uw_merger.svg.pn g The areas marked in pink show parts of the United States where a distinction between /ɪu/ in dew and /u/in do is made.^[6] General American thus undergoes yod-dropping after all alveolar consonants. Some accents of Southern American English preserve the distinction in pairs like loot/lute and do/dew by using a diphthong /ɪu/ in words where RP has /juː/, thus [lut]/[lɪut], [du]/[dɪu], etc.^[6] However, in words like annual, menu, volume, Matthew, continue, etc., where there is a syllable break before the /j/, there is no yod-dropping. Some East Anglian accents such as Norfolk dialect extend yod-dropping not only to the position after /t/, /d/ or /n/, but to the position after nonalveolar consonants as well, so that pairs like pure/poor, beauty/booty, mute/moot, cute/coot are homophonous.^[1] Watchers of UK television are likely to be familiar with Bernard Matthews's description of his turkeys in his television advertisements as bootiful forbeautiful. In yod-pronouncing dialects, the spellings eu, ew, uCV (where C is any consonant and V is any vowel), ue and ui, as in feud, few, mute,cue and suit generally indicate /juː/ or /ɪu/, while the spellings oo and ou, as in moon and soup, generally indicate /uː/. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters 4. Ile Endings. 5. 11 Letter words that end with ile * Ailurophile * Antimissile * Bibliophile * Bloodmobile * Contractile * Heterophile * Nonvolatile * Nucleophile * Protractile * Spermophile * Supervirile * Technophile * Thermophile * Ultravirile 10 Letter words that end with ile * Acidophile * Amphiphile * Audiophile * Automobile * Bookmobile * Chrysotile * Coleoptile * Discophile * Fluviatile * Mercantile * Nonhostile * Otherwhile * Overfacile * Percentile * Pimpmobile * Prehensile * Projectile * Refractile * Retractile * Snowmobile * Thermopile * Videophile * Worthwhile 9 Letter words that end with ile * Airmobile * Basophile * Campanile * Cantabile * Chamomile * Cinephile * Crocodile * Difficile * Erstwhile * Expansile * Exsertile * Extensile * Facsimile * Halophile * Hemophile * Homophile * Inductile * Infantile * Infertile * Insectile * Interfile * Logophile * Meanwhile * Mycophile * Nonmobile * Nonmotile * Nonvirile * Oenophile * Pedophile * Pulsatile * Recompile * Reconcile * Rheophile * Skimobile * Stockpile * Turnstile * Turophile * Unfertile * Unhostile * Unsterile * Versatile * Vibratile * Xenophile * Xerophile 8 Letter words that end with ile * Afebrile * Camomile * Domicile * Enophile * Eolipile * Eolopile * Erectile * Erewhile * Imbecile * Immobile * Immotile * Indocile * Invirile * Juvenile * Laetrile * Lyophile * Narghile * Outsmile * Oxyphile * Quantile * Quartile * Quintile * Sandpile * Saxatile * Scissile * Scurrile * Strobile * Tractile * Undocile * Volatile * Woodpile * Zoophile 7 Letter words that end with ile * Abaxile * Bastile * Beguile * Besmile * Centile * Compile * Ductile * Febrile * Fertile * Fictile * Fissile * Flexile * Fragile * Gentile * Gracile * Hostile * Inutile * Misfile * Missile * Nargile * Nitrile * Outwile * Pantile * Pensile * Prefile * Profile * Puerile * Reptile * Sectile * Servile * Sessile * Sextile * Stabile * Sterile * Subfile * Subtile * Tactile * Tensile * Textile * Tortile * Unagile * Verbile 6 Letter words that end with ile * Aedile * Audile * Awhile * Decile * Defile * Docile * Ensile * Etoile * Facile * Fusile * Futile * Habile * Jubile * Labile * Mobile * Motile * Nubile * Penile * Refile * Resile * Retile * Revile * Rutile * Sedile * Senile * Simile * Unpile * Uppile * Vagile * Virile 5 Letter words that end with ile * Agile * Anile * Axile * Chile * Edile * Exile * Guile * Maile * Smile * Spile * Stile * Toile * Utile * Voile * While 4 Letter words that end with ile * Bile * File * Mile * Pile * Rile * Tile * Vile * Wile http://www.scrabblefinder.com/ends-with/ile/