[INS: Primární :INS] [INS: , :INS] [INS: sekundární :INS] [INS: , :INS] [INS: terciální :INS] [INS: :INS] Researchers across disciplines have become increasingly interested in understanding why even people who care about morality predictably cross ethical boundaries. This heightened interest in unethical behavior, defined as acts that violate widely held moral rules or norms of appropriate conduct[KG1] (Treviño, Weaver, & Reynolds, 2006), is easily understood. Unethical behavior creates trillions of dollars in financial losses every year and is becoming increasingly commonplace (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011). One form of unethical behavior, dishonesty, seems especially pervasive (Bazerman & Gino, 2012). Like other forms of unethical behavior, dishonesty involves breaking a rule—the social principle that people should tell the truth. Much of the scholarly attention devoted to understanding why individuals behave unethically has therefore focused on the factors that lead people to break rules. Although rule breaking carries a negative connotation in the domain of ethics, it carries a positive connotation in another well-researched domain: creativity. To be creative, it is often said, one must “think outside the box” and use divergent thinking (Guilford, 1967; Runco, 2010; Simonton, 1999). Divergent thinking requires that people break some (but not all) rules within a domain to construct associations between previously unassociated cognitive elements [KG2] (Bailin, 1987; Guilford, 1950). The resulting unusual mental associations serve as the basis for novel ideas (Langley & Jones, 1988; Sternberg, 1988). The creative process therefore involves rule breaking, as one must break rules to take advantage of existing opportunities or to create new ones [KG3] (Brenkert, 2009). Thus, scholars have asserted that organizations may foster creativity by hiring people slow to learn the organizational code (Sutton, 2001, 2002) and by encouraging people to break from accepted practices (Winslow & Solomon, 1993) or to break rules (Baucus, Norton, Baucus, & Human, 2008; Kelley & Littman, 2001). Given that both dishonesty and creativity involve rule breaking, the individuals most likely to behave dishonestly and the individuals most likely to be creative may be one and the same. Indeed, highly creative people are more likely than less creative people to bend rules or break laws (Cropley, Kaufman, & Cropley, 2003; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995; Sulloway, 1996). Popular tales are replete with images of “evil geniuses,” such as Rotwang in Metropolis and “Lex” Luthor in Superman, who are both creative and nefarious in their attempts to ruin humanity. Similarly, news articles have applied the “evil genius” moniker to Bernard Madoff, who made $20 billion disappear using a creative Ponzi scheme. The causal relationship between creativity and unethical behavior may take two possible forms: The creative process may trigger dishonesty; alternatively, acting unethically may enhance creativity. Research has demonstrated that enhancing the motivation to think outside the box can drive people toward more dishonest decisions [KG4] (Beaussart, Andrews, & Kaufman, 2013; Gino & Ariely, 2012). But could acting dishonestly enhance creativity in subsequent tasks? In five experiments, we obtained the first empirical evidence that behaving dishonestly can spur creativity and examined the psychological mechanism explaining this link. We suggest that after behaving dishonestly, people feel less constrained by rules, and are thus more likely to act creatively by constructing associations between previously unassociated cognitive elements. General Discussion There is little doubt that dishonesty creates costs for society. It is less clear whether it produces any positive consequences. This research identified one such positive consequence, demonstrating that people may become more creative after behaving dishonestly because acting dishonestly leaves them feeling less constrained by rules. By identifying potential consequences of acting dishonestly, these findings complement existing research on behavioral ethics and moral psychology, which has focused primarily on identifying the antecedents to unethical behavior (Bazerman & Gino, 2012). These findings also advance understanding of creative behavior by showing that feeling unconstrained by rules enhances creative sparks. More speculatively, our research raises the possibility that one of the reasons why dishonesty is so widespread in today’s society is that by acting dishonestly, people become more creative, which allows them to come up with more creative justifications for their immoral behavior and therefore makes them more likely to behave dishonestly (Gino & Ariely, 2012), which may make them more creative, and so on. In sum, this research shows that the sentiment expressed in the common saying “rules are meant to be broken” is at the root of both creative performance and dishonest behavior. It also provides new evidence that dishonesty may therefore lead people to become more creative in their subsequent endeavors. Článek se mi zdál srozumitelný a dobře čitelný. Uváděné odkazy na předchozí literaturu byly dobrým shrnutím předchozích studií. Žádná podstatná informace v nich nebyla vynechána, tématu bych porozuměla i bez čtení původní literatury. Popularizační článek: Obcházíte zákony a často překračujete pravidla? Gratulujeme, zřejmě jste velmi kreativní Vědci z Harvardu publikovali ke konci minulého roku překvapivou studii, ve které se mnohý čtenář najde. Na první pohled nesouvisející vlastnosti autoři zkoumají pěti nezávislými experimenty. Co má tedy společného porušování zákona a kreativita? Obojí vyžaduje jisté překračování pravidel, je třeba se vymanit ze stereotypu a vydat se až za horizont. Jenže je to kreativita, která způsobuje ne vždy žádoucí chování, nebo je tomu naopak? Na tuto otázku se vědci zaměřili a získali překvapivé závěry. Kreativní lháři Aby nebyly výsledky zkreslené výběrem účastníků, každého experimentu se účastnila jiná skupina lidí. První tři experimenty zaměřené na vztah lhaní vs. kreativita podpořily hypotézu, že lháři jsou kreativnější oproti poctivým a pravdomluvným lidem. Systém úkolů byl velmi podobný, experimenty spočívaly v nadhodnocení svých výsledků. Za lháře bylo označeno přibližně 50% všech účastníků. Tyto experimenty zároveň dokázaly, že je to právě lhaní, které zvyšuje kreativitu. Zajímavým faktem je, že skupinka lhářů se po experimentu cítila podobně jako jedinci, kteří nelhali. Co se týče porušování pravidel, výsledky byly obdobné. Bylo zjištěno, že porušování pravidel jen posiluje vztah mezi nečestným chováním a kreativitou. Měření spočívalo opět v subtestu na přecenění svých výsledků, z kreativní části a z hodnocení fotografií, na kterých byla porušována pravidla. Závěrem studie byl zjištěn vztah mezi kreativitou a porušováním pravidel: Nečestné chování navozuje pocit nevázanosti na pravidla a právě tento pocit zvyšuje v daný moment kreativitu. Takže příště až budete podvádět u zkoušek, netřeba mít špatné svědomí, i tento přečin se vám v jistém směru vyplatí! ________________________________ [KG1]that is subject to or judged according to generally accepted moral norms of behavior. [KG2]It involves divergent thinking, rule-breaking, the suspension of judgement and leaps of imagination. . It is frequently the case that innovation requires the breaking rules of the framework in question, but it is generally only very few rules that are broken. [KG3]To be an entrepreneur, it is often said, one must break the rules so as to take advantage of opportunities one identifies or can create. [KG4]Few studies have looked at how factors of integrity such as honesty are influenced by creativity. Gino and Ariely (2011) found that people with creative traits were more likely to manipulate the results of their tests than less creative people by lying more about how well they performed on each trial of the experiment. This tendency was especially true when there was ambiguity that could be interpreted in the favor of the more creative person. It was argued that this creativity then mediates a person’s ability to justify cheating and therefore increases the extent that people would lie, leaving the authors to conclude from these results that creativitymotivates dishonesty.