ä; í. '-■^v- TePMHHH COUHAJIbHOH CTpyKTypbi MoHroJibCKoro yjiycA flOHItinEPCKOrO H PAHHEHMnEPCKOrO B P E M E H H + POflCTBO H PHTyAJI B nPH3ME 3MOL(HH: MHKPO-HCCJIEflOBAHHfl n O B C E fl, H E B H O C T H B COOBIIIECTBE XEMIHH/IOB KPACHOflAPCKOrO KPAfl ♦ Kto takhe «pyccKnn hataca» H «MOHrOJIbCKHH 333»? AßyHKy/IAT K AK M E T AO O PA RJIR BhIPA)KEHHfl COqHA/IbHOrO POflCIBA H HEPABEHCTBA y BYPflT KAPAKOJIbCKHE C APT - KAJI M AK H ľ! O H E B bi E OHEPKH ♦ 1 Tar.tar.ia Magn by right of consanguinity CLAN STRUCTURES AND MATRIMONIAL STRATEGIES IN PAST AND PRESENT OF EURASIAN PEOPLES Tar.tar.ia Magna STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA R.USSICA ET CETERA 2 / 20I2 no nPABy KPOBHOrO POACTBA PO/JOBblE CTPYKTYPbl H EPAHHblE CTPATETHH B nPOUI^OM H HACTOflLH,EM HAPO/JOB EBPA3HH THE WORLD OF SELF AND OTHERS : CONFLICT, INTERACTION AND SYMBI ■ SIS 1 MHP «CBOHX» H «Hy>KHX»: KOHOJIHKT, B3AHMOflEHCTBHE, CHMBH03 BBK 63.3(0) VflK 94(l-Il) riOJIHaH SJieKTpOHHaH BepCHH >KypHajia flocTynHa Ha caÖTe www.Tartaria-Magna.ru ISSN 2224-9559 © KojIJieKTHB aBTOpOB, 2012 ©HMET CO PAH, 2012 © ByPHAfl-MOHrOJI HOM, 2012 Kapma ruMcuiaee na jiuu,eeoü u nocjiedneü cmopouax o&hojkku juo6e3HO npedocmaejiena KOMnanueü NextGIS (www.nextgis.ru) &omo na oöopome oöjiojkku: /JeeyuiKa U3 njiemenu Hbun6a 3a npsuiKoü. JlK>6e3H0 npedocmaejieno Hencu Jleeuu &omo Ha cmp. 2: KocmwM deeyuieK ypzunoK 1920-x zz. 0omo U3 c6opuuKa «MoHzojiMH ApdbLH Tap Ypjiaz». HcmounuK: apxue U3damejibcmea «Bypxad-Mohzoji Hom» HjuuocmpauuA na cmp. 79: KajiMbiuKan Ku6uniKa. HcmounuK: Hemep Cumoh riajuiac, «nymeiuecmeue no pa3HbiM npOBUHUUHM Poccuückoü HMnepuu». ^iacnib I. —Cawan-nemep6ypz, 1773 z. &omo na cmp. 97: KpacnodapcKan xeMiuiuuca. JlK>6e3H0 npedocmaejieno Honoü Ulaxna3apmi &omo Ha cmp. 151: TypcynöeK Omopoe (öaüun-6axbi, c. Taui-KbLM, 2011). JlK>6e3H0 npedocmaejieno EaupoM Han3amoBbiM Hjuuocmpauusi na mpembeü cmopone o6jio3icku: Map3an Ulapae. «Odun denb Monzojiuu», nauajioXX eeica. HcmounuK: My3eü u3o6pa3umejibHbix ucxyccme Mohzojiuu um. 3ana6a3apa C/jiaanöaamap, Mohzojiur) KOHIJEIIT TARTARIA MAGNA, HHKOrfla He HMeBIHHH 3KBHBa- jieHTOB b boctohhoh reorpac|)HH, Hcnojib30BancH b eBponencKOH HayKe c siioxh PeHeccaHca pfla o6o3HaHeHHH oöinnpHLix, Majio-HaceneHHLix, MajioH3yKfle6- HblMH TeppHTOpHH, ipaHHITbl KOTOpLIX 6bIJIH BeCbMa yCJIOBHblMH. Ha KapTe OpTejiHJi BTopon nojioBHHbi xvi BeKa BejiHKaa TapTa-pHH npOCTHpaeTCH OT HH30BHH Bojirn H EIpHKacnHH flO OKeaHa, no3flHee nojiyjHBinero hmh Tnxoro, orpaHHHHBaacb c ceBepa Oceanus Scythicus hjih Mare Glaciale, a c rora ropaMH KaBKa3-ckhmh h KHTaeM. B flanbHeHineM 3th rpaHHijbi pacHiHpmiHCb h nojiyjHJiH HeKOTopyio fleTajiH3airHK>, bkjiiothb b ce6a Mockob-CKoe u,apcTBO, CpeflHioK) A3hk>, Tn6eT h MoHrojiHio. EIo3flHee He3yHTbI nOCHHTajIH npaBHJIbHbIM npHCOBOKynHTb k TapTapHH h 3eMJiH MaHbH)KypoB. B raa3ax eBponeHCKHX xpoHHCTOB h Kap-Torpa(|>OB Tartaria Magna HHKorfla He 6buia eflHHbiM ijejibiM, XOTH B pa3HOe BpeMH C Heß CBH3bIBajIHCb H HMnepHH MOHTOJIOB, h 3ojioTaa Opfla, h UHHCKaa HMnepna h oöinnpHoe ijapcTBO Po-MaHOBbix. H Bee me Grand Tartarie Bcerfla ocraBanacb noHHTHeM COÖHpaTejIbHbIM. Mbl TaiOKe He CKJIOHHbl BHfleTb B BejIHKOH TapTapHH HeTKO OHepneHHbiH reorpa(|)HHecKHH perHOH hjih, Bcnefl 3a HOBblMH XpOHOJIOraMH, KOHKpeTHOe HCTOpHKO-nOJIHTHHeCKOe iiejioe. Tartaria Magna b hmchh Hainero >KypHajia sto CKopee hc-cjieflOBaTejibCKoe nojie, oflHOBpeMeHHO flaiomee npeflCTaBJieHHe o HecTporHX reorpac^HHecKHX rpaHHijax H3bicKaTejibCKoro hh-Tepeca, coBnaflaiomHX c (|>opMyjiHpoBKOH, noHBHBineHca b Bpn-TaHCKOH 3Hii,HKJioneflHH B 1771 rofly, h noflnepraiBaiomee Hfleio 06 3tom eBpa3HHCKOM xapnuiende xax o Bee eme HeH3BecTHOM h HenoHHTOM pernoHe MHpa. no mhcjih co3flaTejieH, »ypHaji oöte- flHHHT Ha CBOHX CTpaHHII,aX HCTOpHKOB, KyjIbTypOJIOrOB H aHTpO- nojioroB caMbix pa3Hbix HayHHbix hikoji h HanpaBJieHHH. >KypHaji BbIXOflHT Ha pyCCKOM H3bIKe, H OflHa H3 erO OCHOBHblX MHCCHH npeflCTaBHTb pyCCKOH3bIHHOMy HHTaTejHO pe3yjIbTaTbI H3bICKa- hhh MejK/iyHapoflHbix HccjieflOBaTejieH b pyccKHX nepeBOflax. # O KOHiiEnqHH acypHAiA Tartar.!a Magna STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA Pe/iaktopei n.K. BAPHABCKHH H.B. UHPEMnH^OB PeAAKUHOHHAH KOJIJIETUR R.R. AMOTO^OHOBA B.K>. B A III KY E B A. C. EPEC.7IABCKHH B.3. HAH3ATOB Pe.ziakh.hohh hh COBET B.B. BA3APOB HJien-Koppecnondenm pah, MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah B. O. EOEPOBHHKOB MHcmumym eocmoKoeedenuR pah .71.B. KAJIbMHHA MHcmumym Monzojioeedemui, öyddojiozuu u muöemojiozuu co pah K. KOJIJIMAP-nAy^EHq EepncKuu ynueepcumem A. MOPPHCOH Jlueepnyjibaaiu ynueepcumem H.B. OKTÜBPbCKAfl MHcmumym apxeonozuu u amnozpatfiuu co pah T./I. CKPblHHHKOBA MHcmumym eocmounbix pyKonuceü pah K. XAMiJPH KeMÖpudjKCKUu ynueepcumem Editors nikolay tsyrempilov pavel varnavsky Editorial Board darima amogolonova vsevolod bashkuev anatoly breslavsky bair nanzatov Editorial Council boris bazarov corresponding member o/ras, Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras VLADIMIR BOBROVNIKOV Institute of Oriental studies o/ras CAROLINE HUMPHREY Cambridge University LILIA KALMINA Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of Siberian Branch o/ras KARENINA K O L L M A R-PAU L E N Z Bern University ALEXANDRE MORRISON Liverpool University IRINA OKTYABRSKAYA Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberian Branch o/ras TATYANA SKRYNNIKOVA Institute of Oriental Manuscripts o/ras Tartarja Magna STUDIA TUR.KJCA MONGOLICA TlBETICA MANCHUR.ICA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA 2 / 20I2 TEMA BbinycKA: no nPABy KPOBHOro po/ictba. Po/iobme CTpyKTypbi H BPAHHME A/IbJäHCbl B nPOIIJlOM H HACTOfllHEM HAPOflOB E BPA 3H H Tlpeducjioeue MccjiedoeanuR 12 IloHeMy nojinaHflpHH TepnHT Kpax: hctohhhkh HecTaÖHJibHOCTH b nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKax HEHCH JIEBHH, /I5KOAH CH^K 50 TepMHHbi coipiajibHOH CTpyKTypbi MoHrojibCKoro yjiyca flOHMnepcKoro h paHHeHMnepcKoro BpeMeHH TaTbHHa CKPblHHHKOBA 80 PoflCTBO h pHTyaji b npH3Me smoijhh: MHKpo-HccjieflOBaHHH noBceflHeBHOCTH b cooömecTBe xeMinHJioB KpacHOflapcKoro Kpan HOHA UIAXHA3APAH 98 Kto TaKHe «pyccKHH Haraca» h «MOHrojibCKHH 333»? AßyHKyjiaT KaK MeTacJiopa zum Bbipa>KeHHH coipiajibHoro poflCTBa h HepaBeHCTBa y 6ypHT CAJ1HA HAMCAPAEBA OuepKU 128 KapaKOJibCKHe capT-KajiMaKH: nojieBbie onepKH BAIP HAH3ATOB, MAPHHA C O R H O M n H Jl O B A 152 PoflOBoe flBH>KeHHe b Pecny6jiHKe AjiTaö h Pecny6jiHKe XaKacHH: (JiopMHpoBaHHe o6pa30B npoiruioro pernoHOB EKATEPHHA CAMYUIKHHA Tahtarja Magna Studia Turcica Moncolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera 2 / 20I2 theme of the issue! By Right of Consanguinity. Clan structures and matrimonial strategies in past and present of eurasian peoples Peuen.3uu na khuzu 170 Epec7iabckhh, Ahatojihh. IlocTCOBeTCKHHyjiaH-Yfls: KyjibTypHoe npocTpaHCTBO h o6pa3bi ropofla (1991-2011 rr.). (A.C. Epecjiaeacuu. —Yjian-Yda: M3damejibcmeo EypsimcKozo zocydapcmeenHozo ynueepcumema, 2012. —156 c.) flMITPHH3AMHTHH Coo6w,enue 174 ApXHBHbie flOKyMeHTH no HCTOpHH 6yflflH3Ma B POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH Tenepb flOCTynHbl OHJiaHH HHKOJIAH qblPEMni^OB riPE/liHC^OBHE k BbinycKy Cjiobo pedaxuuu ^^^T HajieKTHKa B3aHMOOTHOineHHH Me>Kfly «cbohmh» h «ny-I I mmh», KOHCTpynpoBaHHe h npeoflOJieHHe rpaHHU, pac-y | cMaTpHBajiHCb b npeflbiflymnx BbinycKax Tartaria Magna b I I MaKpo-nepcneKTHBe—Ha npHMepe TOTajibHbix KynbTypHO-CHMBOJiHHecKHX h/hjih nojiHTHHecKHX CHCTeM. B HaineM OHepeflHOM BbinycKe mh npe/yiaraeM aBTopaM h HHTaTejiHM paccMOTpeTb Ty >Ke npo6jieMaTHKy Ha «Me3oypoBHe», Hcnojib3yH SBpncTHHecKHH noTeH-UHaji h aHajiHTHHecKHe bo3mo>khocth, ineflpo npe/yiaraioiHHecH b paMKax TaKoro HccjieflOBaTejibCKoro HanpaBJieHHH KaK kinship studies. 3flecb, KaK hh b KaKoii flpyroft flHCUHiuiHHe, mo>kho o6Hapy>KHTb Ha-rjiHflHeHinHH h b to ate BpeMH HeTpHBHajibHbm MaTepnaji, KOTopbiH flaeT HaM B03MO>KHOCTb H3ynaTb MexaHH3Mbi coiniajibHoro rpynira- pOBaHHH H OTHy>KfleHHH/HCKJIIOHeHHH. Pa3JIHHHbie CHCTeMbI pOflCTBa h cooTBeTCTByiomHe hm TepMHHOJiorHH h HepapxHH Moryr noKa3aTb BHHMaTenbHOMy Ha6jiK)flaTejiio KaK cxoflCTBa, TaK h pa3JiHHHH b CTpa-TerHH h TaKTHKe HHTerpa^H/flHcJjcJjepeH^auHH coo6iHecTB, a MeTa- (J)OpHHHOCTb H3bIKa 3THX CHCTeM n03BOJIHeT HaM BepHyTbCH, B03M05KHO, Ha 6ojiee bhcokom ypoBHe o6o6ineHHH, h k MacniTa6y MaKpo-aHajiH3a. H3yneHHe CHCTeMbi poflCTBa—KJiaccHHecKHH STHorpacJiHHecKHH cio>KeT. B HayqHOH jiHTepaType mo>kho HaHTH orpoMHoe KOJinnecTBO onHcaHHH reHeajiorHHecKHX CHCTeM pa3JiHHHbix KyjibTyp h HapoflOB; MHorne acneKTbi flaHHOH npo6jieMbi 3aTparHBaioTCH b KOHTeKCTe H3-yneHHH ceMeHHO-6paHHOH KyjibTypbi, coiniajibHOH noBceflHeBHOcra, TpaflHu;HOHHOH KyjibTypbi, a TaKace b KOHTeKCTe STHoreHeraHecKHX HccjieflOBaHHH. OflHaKO nacTO HccjieflOBaHHH Ha 3Ty TeMy hocht hcto-pHHecKHH xapaKTep, a co6cTBeHHO poflCTBeHHbie/TeppHTopHajib- In this issue of Tartaria Magna we offer our authors and readers to consider a problem of interrelations between "insiders" and "outsiders" within kinship studies research trend. Here, as in no other scholarly discipline, one may come across most illustrative and, at the same time, unconventional research material giving us a chance to study mechanisms of social grouping and estrangement/exclusion. Various system of kinship and their relevant terminologies and hierarchies may expose to an attentive eye both similarities and differences in the strategy and tactics of community integration/differentiation. The metaphorical character of these systems allows us to return, perhaps, at a higher level of generalization, to macro-analysis IIpe/ihcjiobhe Tartaria Magna 2'2oi2 9 Tlpeducjioeue k BbmycKy HO-poflOBbie/sTHomiaHOBbie CBH3H name Bcero He hbjihkdtch b hhx ochobhhm npeflMeTOM HccjieflOBaHHH. B Tex >Ke H3 hhx, rfle «ajire6pa poflCTBa» (roBopH cjioBaMH MajiHHOBCKoro) H3ynaeTCH Henocpefl-CTBeHHO, HccneflOBaTenH hcxoaht H3 miaccHHecKoro noHHMaHHH flaH-hoh npo6jieMaTHKH: reHeajiorHHecKaH cxeMa ceMeHHO-poflCTBeHHbix CBH3CH, KOTOpyK) KOHCTpyHpyiOT STHOJIOrH, BOCnpOH3BOflHT JIHHIb cxJjHUHajibHbie (6biTb MO^KeT, fla>Ke h HfleajibHbie) npeflCTaBJieHHH o TpaflHu;HOHHbix conHajibHbix CTpyKTypax, ho Majio hto flaeT fljra no- HHMaHHH JIOrHKH H MOTHBaUHH «peajibHbix» COUHajIbHblX HHTepaKI^HH KaK Ha BHyTpn-, TaK h Ha Me>KrpynnoBOM ypoBHHX. TeM BpeMeHeM, fla>Ke b «KJiaccHHecKOM» Tpa/jHUHOHHOM o6inecTBe (J)yHKi^HOHHpoBaHHe CHCTeMH poflCTBa, KaK noKa3aji n. Eypflbe, ho-cht flOBOJibHO ycjioBHHH xapaKTep h, no o6biKHOBeHHio, noHTH Bcerfla BblXOflHT 3a rpaHHUbl «HOpMaTHBHbIX IipaBHJI", C(J)OpMyjIHpOBaHHbIX caMHM >Ke o6m;ecTBOM. TeM 6ojiee cjio>KHyio KapTHHy npeflCTaBjraioT co6oh coBpeMeHHbie o6inecTBa, b KOTopbix mo>kho Ha6jnoflaTb chh-KpeTHHecKoe CMeineHHe aneMeHTOB «TpaflHUHOHajiH3Ma» h «MOflep-Ha», h nopoft oneHb cjio>kho pa3o6paTbCH, KaKan >Ke napaflHrivia OKa-3biBaeTCH 3flecb flOMHHaHTHOH npn onpeflejieHHH (JjopM h coflep>KaHHH conHajibHbix npaKTHK. AsTopbi pa3MbiHuraioT o (JieHOMeHe poflCTBa h oco6eHHOcrax ero H3-yneHHH b pa3Hbix HccjieflOBaTenbCKHX CHTyaijHflx. Bcex hx 06'beflHHHeT >KejiaHHe oxapaKTepH30BaTb pojib poflCTBeHHbix OTHOineHHH b 6ojiee innpoKHX cou;HajibHbix CHCTeMax—o6in,ecTBax h coo6in,ecTBax. AsTopbi pacKpbiBaioT KaK o>KHflaeMbie, TaK h nopoft Heo>KHflaHHbie mhkpokoh-TeKCTH, b KOTopbix mh o6Hapy>KHBaeM cnenjHcJjHHHyio pojib, KOTopyio nrpaeT poflCTBO, flonycraM, b MOHrojibCKOM h Tn6eTCKOM o6in,ecTBe, b pecny6jiHKax AnTaft h XaKaccHH hjih 6ojiee KOHKpeTHO—b coBpeMeH-hoh >kh3hh capT-KajiMaKOB b KnprH3HH h coo6in,ecTBe xeMinnjioB Kpac-HOflapcKoro Kpan Pocchh. HccjieflOBaHHH, npeflCTaBJieHHbie b flaHHOM HOMepe, noflTajiKHBaioT Hac k npHHHTHio 3HaneHHH nparMaraHHOCTH, CHTyaTHBHOCTH H KOHTjIOHKTypHOCTH COIJHajIbHblX HHTepaKLJHH, KOTO-pbie MO>KHO 0603HaHHTb KaK npaKTHKH poflCTBa, HTO B TO >Ke BpeMfl HH b KoeM cjiynae He CHH>KaeT Ba>KHOCTH HCTopHKO-KyjibTypHoro kohtck-CTa. TaK, b CBoeft CTaTbe aMepHKaHCKHe aHTponojiorn Hencu Jleeun h JldKoan Cujik fleMOHCTpnpyioT, KpoMe nponero, KaK Moryr KapflHHajib- HO MeHHTbCH 6a30Bbie npHHI^Hnbl H MeXaHH3MbI 6paHHbIX OTHOineHHH BHyrpn HenoBenecKHX coo6in,ecTB. AhajiH3Hpyn hctohhhkh HecTa6HJib-hocth b nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKax TH6eTCKoro HacejieHHH ceBepo-3a-naflHoro Henajia, aBTopbi noKa3HBaioT, KaK poflCTBeHHbie OTHOineHHH BnHCbiBaioTCH b jiorHKy jioKajibHoft KyjibTypbi h coijHajibHOCTH. CTaTbH TambRHbL Ckpuhhukobou pacKpbiBaeT (JjeHOMeH poflCTBa b MoHrojibCKOM yjiyce flOHMnepcKoro h paHHeHMnepcKoro BpeMeHH. AHajIH3HpyH TepMHHbl poflCTBa, aBTOp (J)OpMHpyeT 3HaHHMyK) flJIH 3TOH npeflMeTHOH o6jiacTH npo6jieMy KOHBeHijHOHajibHOCTH Tex hjih hhbix IO www.Tartaria-Magna.ru «nojieBbix» h «aKafleMHHecKHX» itohhthh, peniHTb KOTopyio npeflCTOHT He TOJibKO MOHrojioBeflaM, ho h flpyrHM coo6in,ecTBaM yneHbix, CBH3aH-hhx c H3yqeHHeM hhbix chctcm poflCTBa. TpaHnnibi rpynn h coo6m;ecTB, onpeflejraeMbix nepe3 TepMHHOJiorHio poflCTBa, oneHb noflBH>KHbi h KOHCTpynpyeMbi, hto HarjiHflHO fleMOHCTpnpyeTCH b CTaTbe. H3bIKOBbie Hrpbl nOCpeflCTBOM TepMHHOB poflCTBa H HX MeTacJiopHH- HOCTb, KaK noKa3HBaioT pa6oTbi Hohu IIlaxHa3apsm h Casmu HaMca-paeeoii, Ka>KflbiH pa3 CTaBHT nofl coMHeHHe He3bi6jieMOCTb CTaTycHbix OTHOineHHH H COOTHOIUeHHH nOHHTHH CBOH-Hy>KOH KaK Ha BHyTpH-, TaK h Ha Me>KrpynnoBOM ypoBHe B3aHMOfleHCTBHH. Hona IIlaxHa3apsm fleMOHCTpHpyeT Ha MaTepnajie STHHHecKoro MeHbinHHCTBa KpacHO-flapcKoro KpaH Pocchh xeMinnjioB, KaKHM MeTaMop(J)03aM cnoco6Hbi noflBepraTbCH noBceflHeBHbie con;HOKOMMyHHKaTHBHbie npaKTHKH B yC/IOBHHX flo6pOBOJIbHOH H30JIHLi;HH H OTKa3a OT BOBJieHeHHOCTH B MecTHbie con;HajibHbie ce™. B pa6oTe Casmu HaMcapaeeoil noKa3aHO, KaK 6ypHTbi Hcnojib3yioT TepMHHbl aByHKyjiaTHoro poflCTBa fljiH bh- pa>KeHHH Hfleft flOMHHHpOBaHHH H CTaTyCHOCTH Ha ypOBHe Me>K3THH- necKOH KOMMyHHKanHH. TaKHe Bonpocbi, KaK aKTyajiH3an;HH poflOBbix CBH3eft h hx HCKJiioHHTejibHaH Ba^KHOCTb b npou;ecce Me>K3THHHeCKOrO B3aHMOfleHCTBHH noflHHMaioTCH h b 3KcneflHu;HOHHOM OHepKe Eaupa HaH3amoea h MapunbL CodnoMnujioeou. HeKOTopaa cxo>KecTb CHTya-ij;hh capT-KajiMaKOB b Kbiprbi3CTaHe, 6ypHT b Mohtojikh h xeMinnjioB b KpacHOflapcKOM Kpae Pocchh OTKpbmaeT nojie fljiH cpaBHHTejibHoro aHajiH3a h njioflOTBopHbix flHCKyccHH. 3aBepmaeT HOMep CTaTbH Exa-mepuHbL CoMyuiKimou, KOTopan nocBHin;eHa poflOBHM OTHOineHHHM b pecny6jiHKax CaHHO-AjiTan. Pa6oTa xopomo HjmiocTpHpyeT tot c/iy-Haft, Korfla poflCTBO, coxpaHHioinee 3HaHHMOCTb Ha ypoBHe ceMeftHbix OTHOineHHH, OflHOBpeMeHHO CTaHOBHTCH H HHCTpyMeHTOM STHOHaUHO- HajibHoro flBH>KeHHH, Hcnojib3yion];ero ero b KanecTBe cnoco6a kohco-JiHflan;HH coo6inecTBa h MapKepa 3THOHan;HOHajibHOH HfleHTHHHOCTH. Bee paccMaTpHBaeMbie b BbinycKe c^ynan 3acTaBjraK>T Hac npeflno-jio>KHTb, hto KyjibTypa Boo6m;e h TpaflHn;HOHHaH KyjibTypa, b nacTHO-cth, HMeeT OTHOCHTenbHbiH OHTOJiorHHecKHH CTaTyc, ee HeKOppeKTHO noHHMaTb KaK HeKyio 3acTbiBmyio «KJiaccHHecKyio HopMy», c noMO- mbK) KOTOpOH H B TpaHHUaX KOTOpOH OCymeCTBJIHeTCH HJIH KOrfla-TO ocyrnecTBJiHJiacb con;HajibHaH opraHH3an;HH o6m;ecTBa. 3to BecbMa noflBH>KHaH h njiacTHHHaH cy6cTaHUHH, H3 KOTopoft, noflo6HO repa-KJiHTOBCKOMy orHio, po>KflaioTCH caMbie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie (JiopMbi coij;h-ajibHOH CTpyKTypbi h cnoco6bi con;HajibHOH KOMMyHHKai^HH. CTaTbH 3Toro BbinycKa 3aBepmaioT TeMaTHHecKHH ij;hkji «Cboh h Hy>KHe», HanaTbiH hsmh 6ojiee rofla Ha3afl. B flajibHeHuinx BbinycKax 3Ta TeMa SyfleT HeH36e>KHO 3aTparHBaTbcn, ho b paMKax flpyrnx 06-iuhx npo6jieMaTHK, o KOTopbix bh MO^KeTe y3HaTb Ha HameM caftTe www.tartaria-magna.ru. # Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe ajibRHCbL e npomjioM u HaarLomjueM napodoe Eepa3uu llPEflHCJIOBHE TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 II Why Polyandry Fails: Sources of Instability in polyandrous Marriages Polyandry has long been viewed as an anomalous form of marriage that raises fundamental questions about variability in human kinship systems. This paper integrates and evaluates a set of hypotheses derived from sociocultural anthropological and evolutionary biological theories of polyandry against data collected on the Nyinba, a well-studied ethnically Tibetan population living in northwestern Nepal. In this population, polyandry is fraternal; it is the normative form of marriage and highly valued culturally. Nonetheless, certain polyandrous marriages fail-men occasionally leave their natal households and abandon their joint marriages. In exploring the reasons for these marital breakdowns and the characteristics of men who instigate them, this paper offers a new perspective on the presumed contradictions of polyandry and a more fruitful approach to understanding how polyandrous practice comes to be perpetuated from one generation to the next. It also contributes to discussions about how sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives may provide complementary viewpoints for ethnographic data analysis Cmam.hR nepeoHauajibHO ony6jiuKoeaHa ua aHZMUUCKOM M3bLKe e iicypHOJie Current Anthropology, Vol. 38, No. 3. (Jim., 1997), pp. 375-398 14 Hehch JIebhh, flatoAH Chjik riOHEMy nOJIHAH/JPHfl TEPFIHT KPAXI HCTOHHHKH HECTAEHJIbHOCTH B nO/IHAH/JPHHHblX EPAKAX Hencu Jleeun, JldKoan Cujik KajiuifiopnuucKuu ynueepcumem, CUIA OpaTepHajibHaH nojinaHflpHH HBjraeTCH HopMaraBHOH (J)op-moh 6paKa y Hhun6a, STHmecKH TH6eTCKoro HaceneHHH ceBepo-3anaflHoro Henajia. HecMOTpn Ha sto, nojinaH-ApHHHbie 6paKH HbHH6a 3aHacTyio pacnaflaioTCH, a oflHH H3 cynpyroB (hjih 6ojiee) noKHflaeT coBMecTHyio ceMbio h o63aBOflHT- CH Co6cTBeHHbIM flOMOX03HHCTBOM. Ll^ejlb flaHHOH CTaTbH-OIipeflejIHTb 4>aKTopbi Ha ypoBHe ceMbH h jihhhocth, KOTopbie B03fleHCTByroT Ha CTa6mibHOCTb TaKHX 6paKOB.1 HaniH CBefleHHH flaioT flonojiHHTenbHyio irainy fljra npoflOJDKaiomeHCH flHCKyccHH o npHHHHax MHoroo6pa3HH 6paHHbix CHCTeM, KOTopbie 6a3HpyioTCH Ha flByx TeoperaHecKHX napa-flHnviax: cou;HOKyjibTypHO-aHTponojiorHHecKOH h 3bojik>ij;hohho-6ho- JIOrHHeCKOH. HaHHeM c KpaTKoro o63opa jiHTepaTypbi o ncuiHaHflpHH, flenaH aK-u;eHT Ha TeopHHX o npmHHax bo3hhkhobghhh ncuiHaHflpHH b nejioBe-necKHX o6m;ecTBax. 3aTeM paccMOTpHM (JiaKTopbi, KOTopbie, c tohkh 3peHHH cou;HOKyjibTypHOH h sbojiioijhohhoh TeopHH, BepoHTHee Bcero B03fleHCTByK)T Ha Me>iOIHHHOCTHbie H nOJIOBbie B3aHMOOTHOineHHH B nojinaHflpHHHbix ceMbHX h Ha CTa6mibHOCTb ceMeft. Ilocjie 3Toro mh h3jio>khm 3THorpa(J)HHecKHe flaHHbie o nojinaHflpHH y HbHH6a. /JeMO-rpacJ)HHecKHe h SKOHOMHHecKHe flaHHbie, co6paHHbie JleBHH, ncnojib- 3yK)TCH H3MH flJIH OIipeflejieHHH B03M05KHHX HCTOHHHKOB HanpjDKeHHH b nojinaHflpHHHbix ceMbHX. HaKOHeu;, mh paccMOTpHM (JiaKTopbi, ko-Topbie MoryT onpeflenHTb Kpocc-KyjibTypHyio peflKOCTb TaKoro pofla 6paHHbix floroBopeHHOCTen. EjiazodapuM P. Eoiida, A. T. Kapmepa, B. /JmpxeM, C.E. Xpdu, E. CMum, T. 0puice, M. Eopzepxotptp-Mmdjiep u K. XadduKC 3a ux 3aMeuamisi ua cmaduu pa6omu Had pyKonucbio cmambu. McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 15 YIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax Cassidy u Lee Hedaeuo OÓHOBUJIU OÓKSlCHeHlW nojiuaudpuu couuajibHozo ypoBHM u npednojioiicujiu, umo ee npuuunu jiencam e «couemauuu cypoBhix npupodubix ycjioeuů c ozpaHuueHHoň npou3eodumejibHoů pojibio }icemu,UH» (1989: 9) 16 nPUHHbl nOiHAHflPHI /Jp nocjieflHero BpeMeHH counoKyjibTypHbie HccjieflOBaHHH nojinaHflpHH b ochobhom (J)OKycHpoBajiHCb Ha oĎijHCHeHHHX Toro, noneMy onpefleneHHbie o6m;ecTBa hbjihkdtch nojiHaHflpHHHbiMH. Hhhmh cjio-BaMH, yqeHbix HHTepecoBajio, noneMy CTOJib 3K30THHHaH 4>opMa 6pan-Horo floroBopa, k KOTopoň, KaK Ka>KeTCH, JiioflH iijioxo npHcnoco6jieHbi, BCTpenaeTCH b BHfle 4>eHOMeHa rpynnoBoro ypoBHH. SBOjnouHOHHCTbi XIX BeKa paccMaTpHBajiH coBpeMeHHbie hm flHcnepcHbie npHMepbi nOJIHaHflpHH KaK «pejIHKT» npHMHTHBHHX 3IIOX B HejIOBeHeCKOH HCTOpHH (cm.: McLennan 1876 [1865]: 137,139). BecTepMapK, BnepBbie o6paTHB- IHHHCH K CHHXpOHHbIM OĎTjHCHeHHHM, HfleHTH(J)HI];HpOBajI KOMnjieKC «cocymecTByK>m;HX ycJioBHH» hjih npeflnocbuioK nojinaHflpHH, cpeflH KOTopbix: BbicoKoe cooTHOineHHe nojioB npn po>KfleHHH, orpaHHHeHHH b pecypcax, reorpa(J)HHecKHe rpaHHUbi apeajia paccejieHHH h fljiHTenb-Hoe OTcyTCTBHe Myaca flOMa (1926: 258-60, 264). 3th 4>aKTopbi flo chx nop (J)HrypHpyioT bo MHO>KecTBe coBpeMeHHbix flHCKyccHH o nponc- XO>KfleHHH H coxpaHeHHH nOJIHaHflpHH1. BpHTaHCKHe couHajibHbie aHTponojiorn, KOTopbie npoBOflmiH no-jieBbie Hcc^eflOBaHHH nojinaHflpHHHbix o6m;ecTB b cepeflHHe xx BeKa, KOHI^eHTpHpOBajIHCb Ha 3HflOreHHbIX npHHHHaX H XOJIHCTHHeCKHX oĎTjHCHHTejibHbix paMKax. /_Lth Leach inpHJiaHKHHCKaH nojinaHflpHH 6biJia cpeflCTBOM peineHHH CTpyKTypHbix npoTHBopeHHH b o6m;ecTBe, Korfla >KeHmHHH h MystHHHbi Hac^eflOBajiH cymecTBeHHyio co6cTBeH- HOCTb, a 6paTbH COXpaHHJIH COBMeCTHyiO COĎCTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJIK>. B TaKHX o6cTOHTejibCTBax HHTepecbi 6paTbeB OKa3biBajiHCb pa3flejieHHbi-mh Me>Kfly HHflHBHflyajibHbiM npHflaHHM >KeH—npo6jieMa, KOTopyio mo>kho 6biJio H36e>KaTb nepe3 nojinaHflpHK) (1966 [1955]). Tambiah (1966: 285, 298, 303-5, 316-I7) flOĎaBHJI K 3TOH flHCKyCCHH Bonpocbi o JIHHHOM Bbi6ope h npHHHTHH peineHHH. Oh onncbiBaji HipHJiaHKHH- CKyK) nOJIHaHflpHK) KaK OflHy H3 MHO}KeCTB CaHKUHOHHpOBaHHblX Kyjlb- Typoň CTpaTerHH fljiH peineHHH npo6jieMbi ycHJiHBaiomeHCH 3eMenb- HOH pa3flpo6iieHHOCTH. IlOJIHaHflpHH 6bIJia BblTOflHa JIIOflHM H CeMbHM TeM, hto coxpaHHJia 6ojibniHe yqacTKH 3eivuiH, B03Mem;ajia HeflocraTOK My^KCKOH pa6oHeň chjih h yBejiHHHBajia BepoHTHOCTb Toro, hto xoth 6bl OflHH B3pOCJIbffl My>KHHHa OCTaBajICH 6bl flOMa, nOKa OTCyTCTByiOT flpyrne (uHTHpyeTCH Gough 1952, 1959, 1961 fljiH cpaBHeHHH c npn-MepoM HanpoB). riocneflyiomHe HccneflOBaHHH npoflOJi>KajiH flenaTb aKneHT Ha bh-roflax nojinaHflpHH KaK fljiH hjichob ceMeň, TaK h fljiH o6m;ecTB b nenoM, h flonycKajiH npeflnojio>KeHHe, hto sth npeHMymecTBa 6buiH oco6eHHO Ba^KHH fljiH SKOHOMHHecKoro npeycneBaHHH b 6eflHbix pecypcaMH pe-rnoHax. B c^ynae c hhahhckhmh THMajiaHMH, rfle nojinaHflpHJi o6hhho coneTaeTCH c nojiHrHHHeň, npeHMymecTBa, o KOTopbix roBopHJiH yqe-Hbie, BKJiioHajiH yMeHbineHHe flpo6jieHHH 3eMenb, flHBepcH(J)HKai];Hio HEHCH JlEBHH, /(5JÍOAH ChjIK flOManiHen xo3hhctbghhoh fleHTenbHOCTH h CHKaceHHe pocTa po>Kflae-mocth (Chandra 1987: 148; Majumdar 1962: 75; Parmar 1975: 127-50; Saksena 1962: 24-25). yneHbie TaKace yrBep>KflajiH, hto 3Ta CHCTeMa, o6hhho onpeflenHeMaH KaK «nojiHrHHaHflpH5i», corjiacoBbmaeT cyMMy pa6oneH chjih c Hy>KflaMH H>KflHBeHrj;eB h c HMeiomeHCH pecypcHoft 6330H1. Goldstein (1976, 1978) cxoflHHM o6pa30M onncbiBaji nojinaH-flpnio b STHHHecKH TH6eTCKOH o6m;HHe ceBepo-3anaflHoro Henajia KaK aflanTarjHio k OKpyacaiomeH cpefle. 3flecb, yTBep>Kflaji oh, JiioflH npeflno-HHTaioT nojiHaHflpHio, fljiH Toro hto6h H36e>KaTb pa3fleneHH5i ceMeHHO-ro noMecTbH h cocpeflOTOHHTb 6oraTCTBO h KJiaccoBbie npeHMymecTBa B yCTOBHHX OrpaHHHeHHblX BHeniHHX SKOHOMHHeCKHX B03MO>KHOCTeH (1978a: 326, 329). 3th co3HaTenbHbie u;ejiH OTflenHioTCH hm ot nocTy-jinpoBaHHbix jiaTeHTHbix (JjyHKi^HH CHCTeMbi: cflep>KHBaHHe pocTa Hace-jieHHH h roMeocTaTHHecKoe perynnpoBaHHe pa3MepoB rpynnbi b coot-BeTCTBHH c pecypcaMH (Goldstein 1976: 231; 1978: 330, 33s)2. /_Lra Tex, kto HHTepecyeTCH 3BOJiiorj;HeH noBefleHHH, cymecTBO-BaHHe nojinaHflpHH npo6jieMaTHHHO, nocKOJibKy, KaK Ka^KeTcn, 3Ta 4>opMa 6paKa orpaHHHHBaeT penpoflyKTHBHbra ycnex My>KHHH, onpe- flejIHK>H];HHCH KaK HHC^O TKUBySHUX nOTOMKOB. MySCHHHbl, KOTOpbie pa3flenHK)T OflHy >KeHii];HHy c flpyr-HMH My>KHHHaMH, BepoHTHee Bcero, ocTaBHT MeHbine noTOMCTBa, He>KejiH My>KHHHbi, HMeiomne MOHonojib-hhh flocTyn k cbohm )KeHiyHHaM. Ko BceMy nponeMy, MyscHHHa b no-jiHaHflpHHHOM 6paKe MO^KeT paccHHTHBaTb Ha 3anaTHe TOJibKO nacTH po>KfleHHbix >KeHii];HHOH fleTeft. TaKHM o6pa30M, npeflCTaBJiHeTCH, hto cym;ecTBOBaHHe nojinaHflpHH b HejioBenecKHX o6m;ecTBax npoTHBO-peHHT o6m;eMy o>KHflaHHio, hto 3BOJiiorj;HH cofleftcTByeT pa3BHTHK> noBefleHHH, noBbiinaiomero cnoco6HOCTH nejioBeKa k Bbi>KHBaHHio h penpoflyKrj;HH. 3BOJiiorj;HOHHbie 6HOJiorH o6hhho corjiainaioTCH co MHorHMH co-r^HOKyjibTypHHMH aHTponojioraMH b Bonpoce o tom, hto nojinaHflpHH npaKTHKyeTCH Torfla, Korfla SKOHOMHHecKHe, SKOCHCTeMHbie h fleMO-rpacJ)HHecKHe o6cTOHTejibCTBa orpaHHHHBaioT cnoco6HOCTb OTflenbHO-ro My>KHHHbi o6ecneHHBaTb afleKBaTHoe coflep>KaHHe >KeHii];HHe h hx coBMecTHHM fleraM. Alexander (1974: 371) npeflnojio>KHJi, hto (JieHO- MeH nOJIHaHflpHH «CBH3aH C HH3KOH H Hafle>KHOH npOflyKTHBHOCTbK) 3eMJieflenbHecKHX xo3hhctb c TeM pe3yjibTaTOM, hto flonojiHHTejibHaH pa6onaH CHJia 6e3 flonojiHHTenbHoro noTOMCTBa (to ecTb, 6ojiee oflHO-ro My>KHHHbi Ha ceMbio) CTajia jiynniHM nyTeM MaKCHMH3arj;HH penpo- flyKUHH H3-3a Heo6xOflHMOCTH COXpaHeHHH MHHHMajIbHO npHeMJieMO- ro ynacTKa 3eMJiH». Crook h Crook CHHTajiH nojinaHflpHK) b 3aHCKape, Ha ceBepo-BOCTOKe Hhahh, «OTBeTOM Ha SKOJiorHio, b KOTopoft npo-nycKHaH cnoco6HOCTb 3eMJiH He TOJibKO HH3Ka, ho h noflBep>KeHa cy-poBHM ce30HHHM orpaHHHeHHHM» (Crook h Crook 1988: 99; cm. TaK->Ke no 3TOMy Bonpocy: van den Berghe h Barash 1977: 811 h Durham 1991: 100)3. 1 Berreman (1978:343) ymBepiic-daji, umo maicoů duana30H ópauHozo Bbíóopa «coo6w,aem C0M0X03SlUCmBaM 3K0H0MUUeCKU Bbizoduym zuÓKoemb. Tam, zde KcuibíM 3a ueBecmy domicen 6umb BbtcoKUM, miu zde cymecmByem HedocmamoK 3eMJiu, (ppamepnam,-hclr nojiuaudpusi Moncem 6umb xopoiuuM peiueHueM npoójieMM 3icemimb6bi... Tam, zde 3eMJiu docmamouHO upaóombt ueMHOzo, omsemoM Mooicem 6umb moho-zclmur, luiu 3ice npednoumeuue mo-iicem 6umb omdauo nojiuzuuuu» (cm. maKiíce: Majumdar 1962: 76). TeM He Meuee, u Berreman (1962: 65; 1978: 344), u Majumdar (1962: 76) ozoeapueammcsi, umo ue ece zuMajiaůcKue eucoKozop-Hbie o6w,ecmea npaicmuKymm no-jiuaHČpum, uecMompx ua cxodnue npupodubte u 3K0H0MuuecKue ycjioeuR 2 B srnou Modejiu cucmeMU nojiu-audpuuHozo 6paica cjiyncam Mexa-HU3MaMU couuemajibHozo ypoeux, icomopbte npueodxm uucjieuHocmb Hacejieuux e coomeemcmeue c pecypcaMU. Pezyjiupoeauue ocy-mficmejmemcsi uepe3 pa3peuieuue MOHOzaMHbLX 6paK0B b nepuod paCUlUpeHUM SKOHOMUUeCKUX 803- MoiicHocmeů. Mohozomur, oduaico, npueodum k poemy uacejieuusi u yBejiuueuum uazpy3KU ua pecypcu, u smuycjioBUR codeůcmBymm B03Bpaw,eHUK> k c/jpamepHOJibHoů nojiuaudpuu. nocmyjiupyemcx, umo srno oópamuax CBX3b, ubu adanmuBHbte npeuMym^ecmsa ne npouumbieaiomcsi couuajibHbíMU aicmopoMU (Goldstein 1976:232-33; 1978: 33; cm. manyice: Crook u Crook 1988:102) 3 Crook u Crook maioice noduepKU-eamm, KaK nojiuaudpux noeu-uiaem adanmauum k ebicomnoů 3acyumueoů OKpyycamwfiů cpede, Komopasi xapaKmepusyemcR ozpaHuueHHoň nponycKuoů cno- COÓHOCmbK), CypOBbíMU Ce30HHbíMU ozpaHuueHURMU u noóopaMU co cmopoHbí zocydapemea u co6-cmeeHHUKoe 3eMJiu. KaK u e Modenu Goldstein, nojiuaudpux 3Čecb eudumcR KaK cujia, cdepycueam-wfiR poem Hacejieuux u mokcumu-3upymw,asi o6%eM paóoueů cujiu na Kaoicdym ceMbm (Crook u Crook 1988: 99, 102; 1994: 760-61) McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 17 1 Xorrm mm cneuuajibHO He paccMampueaeM ncencKuu B3zjuid ua nojiuandpum, cjiedyem 3aMemumb, umo no-jiuaudpusi eepoamnee ecezo 0Ka3bieajia eo3deucmeue KaK ua MyiiccKou, mate u ua ncen-ckuu penpodyianuBHbiu yenex. ECJIU HOJlUUUe HeCKOJlbKUX Myoiceu o6jiezuaem docmyn 3iceHiu,UHbL KpecypcaM ujiu ejiimem ua 6jiazococmomiue ee demeii, mo me 3iceHiu,UHbL, Komopue 3aK7uouajiu no-jiuaudpuuHMU 6paK, UMejiu jiyuiuee nojioncemie e cpaeue-huu c 3iceHiu,UHaMU, Komopue 3aKJU0U0JlU MOHOZaMHUU 6paK. B Jladaxxe iicenmwia e MouozaMHOM 6paKe UMejia 3.1 pe6eHKa, mozda KaK iicenmwia e nojiuaudpuunoM 6paice poiicdcuia e cpedueM 5.2 pe6emca (Crook u Crook 1988:106). Oduaico om nojiu-audpuu oiicudajiocb yeejiuue-uue pacxojKdeuuu e ncencKOM penpooyicmuBHOM yenexe, nocKOJibKy e nojiuaudpuuHbix o6w,ecmeax co c6ajiaucu-poeaHHMM coomHoiueHueM nOJIOB MHOZUe 3ICeHW,UHU, eepoamno, ocmaecuiucb 6u He3aMyjicHUMU (Crook and Crook 1988:106-7) 1 Tym Mozym 6umb donymenbi dea o6o6w,eHim. Bo-nepeux, 6ojibiuuHcmeo u3eecmHbix nojiuaudpuunux o6w,ecme RBJisuomcR 3eMJiedejibuecKU-mu ujiu cadoeoduecKUMU. Bo-emopbix, (ppamepHajibHan nojiuaudpusi accou.uupyemcsi c nampiuiuueuHbLM pod- CmBOM U BUpiUlOKOJlbHOCmbK) 18 H3 B3rjiHfla Ha nojiHaHflpnio KaK Ha OTBeT Ha cnenH(|)HHecKHe npn-poflHbie orpaHHHeHHH ecTecTBeHHHM o6pa30M BHTeKaeT Hflen o tom, HTO MJOKHHHa, KOTOpbffl npeflnOHHTajI nOJIHaHflpHHHHH 6paK, MOr B penpoflyKTHBHOM CMbicjie 6biTb 6ojiee npnroflHbiM, He>KejiH tot, kto npeflnoHHTaji MOHoraMHbiH hjih nojinrHHHbiH 6P8K1. OflHaKO flBa sthx KOJiHHecTBeHHbix HccjieflOBaHHH penpoflyKTHBHbix nocjieflCTBHii nojinaHflpHH npHiiuiH k coBeprneHHO pa3HHM pe3yjibTaTaM B stom bo-npoce. Ecjih Beall h Goldstein (1981) HaxoflHJiH, hto nojiHaHflpHHHbie My>KHHHbi b ceBepo-3anaflHOM Henajie HMenH MeHee MHoroHHCJieHHoe noTOMCTBO, He>KejiH MOHoraMHbie MyscHHHbi, Crook h Crook (1988) coo6inajiH, hto nojiHaHflpHHHbra MyscHHHa b 3aHCKape npoH3BOflHJi HecKOJibKO 6ojibine fleTeft no cpaBHeHHio c MOHoraMHbiM MyscHHHOH. K BblBOflaM 060HX HCCJieflOBaHHH CJieflyeT OTHOCHTbCH C OCTOpO>KHO- CTbio, nocKOJibKy He HMeeTca Hafle>KHbix CBefleHHH 06 OTUOBCTBe fle- Teft, pO>KfleHHbIX B nOJIHaHflpHHHHX CeMbHX. TaKHM o6pa30M, (JjyHKUHOHajibHbie 06'bHCHeHHH HejioBenecKOH nojinaHflpHH, npefljio>KeHHbie connoKyjibTypHbiMH aHTponojioraMH, HfleHTHHHbl TeM, HTO BblflBHraiOTCH 3BOJIK>UHOHHbIMH 6HOJIOraMH, H 06a 06'bHCHeHHH HBJIHKDTCH npeflMeTOM OflHHaKOBOH KpHTHKH, a HMeHHo: TpyflHO ycTaHOBHTb nocjieflOBaTenbHyio CBH3b Me>Kfly cnen;- H(J)HHeCKHMH SKOHOMHHeCKHMH, SKOJIOrHHeCKHMH HJIH fleMOrpa(J)H-HeCKHMH nepeMeHHblMH H HajIHHHeM HJIH OTCyTCTBHeM nojinaHflpHH. y Tn6eTCKHX 3eivuieflejibHecKHX HapoflOB ceBepo-3anaflHoro Henajia h 3anaflHoro Tn6eTa, HanpHMep, HeT conHOKyjibTypHbix, nojiHTHHecKHX, SKOHOMHHeCKHX HJIH fleMOrpa(J)HHeCKHX (JiaKTOpOB, KOTOpbie 6bl c Ha- fle>KHOCTbio o6ycnoBJiHBajiH B03HHKHOBeHHe nojinaHflpHH. Berreman He BHflejI HHKaKOH CBH3H Me>Kfly HajIHHHeM nOJIHaHflpHH H JIK)6bIM flpyrHM HfleHTH(J)Hi];HpyeMbiM (JiaKTopoM y rpynn, HacejiHiomnx rn-MajiancKyio Hhahio, h CBH3biBaji pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTb nojinaHflpHH c KyjibTypHoft HCTopneH (1978: 344). H HaKOHen;, y nojiHaHflpHHHbix o6m;ecTB HeT Hmero o6m;ero, hto 0flH03HaHH0 OTJinnajio 6bi hx ot He-nojinaHflpHHHbix o6iu;ecTB bo BceM MHpe2. HCTOIHHKH HAnPfDKEHHJl B nO^HAHflPHHHHX BPAKAX Con;HOKyjibTypHbie h 3BOjnon;HOHHO-6HOJiorHHecKHe 06'bHCHeHHH hc-tohhhkob nojinaHflpHH con;HajibHoro ypoBHH HMeioT nepeceneHHH b HecKOJibKHX TOHKax. JIorHHecKHe BbiBOflbi, npoHCTeKaiomHe H3 flByx 3THX TeOpeTHHeCKHX KOpnyCOB, CXOflHTCH B yTBep>KfleHHH O TOM, HTO nojinaHflpHH HBJiHeTCH cjio>khoh (JiopMOH 6paKa, coxpaHHBineHCH 6jia-roflapH ee aflanTHBHHM nocjieflCTBHHM fljiH o6m;ecTBa h ee skohomh-necKHM npeHMymecTBaM fljiH eflHHHHHbix ynacTHHKOB. CjieflCTBHeM 3Toro yTBep>KfleHHH hbjihctch to, hto MyacHHHbi SyayT noKHflaTb cboh nojiHaHflpHHHbie ceMbH KaK TOJibKO CMoryT no3BOJiHTb ce6e sto. B to Hehch JlEBHH, flH(OA h Chjik BpeMH KaK con;HOKyjibTypHbie MOflenn (JjOKycnpyioTCH Ha Henocpefl- CTBeHHblX HCTOHHHKaX KOH(J)JIHKTa H HanpH>KeHHH, KOTOpbie OIOCo6- hh pa3pyinaTb nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH, SBOJiionHOHHbiH aHajiH3 bh-flenHeT npeflejibHbie Bbi6opoHHbie (JiaKTopbi, jie>Kaii];He b ocHOBe TaKHX KOH(J)JIHKTOB. 3THOrpa(J)HHeCKHe HCCJieflOBaHHH nOKa3HBaiOT, HTO nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH nopo>KflaioT onpeflejieHHbie ranbi npo6jieM h TpeHHH Me>Kfly MyacbHMH. My^KHHHH MoryT o6n>KaTbCH Ha oco3Ha-BaeMoe HepaBeHCTBO Me>Kfly hhmh, oco6eHHO MJiaflinne 6paTbH, koto- pbie HaXOflHTCH B nOflHHHeHHOM nOJIO^KeHHH no OTHOIIieHHK) K CBOHM CTapniHM 6paTbHM. MyacHHHbi MoryT HMeTb HeyflOBJieTBopHTejibHbie Me>KJiHHHOCTHbie h ceKcyajibHbie OTHOineHHH co cbohmh >KeHaMH, oco-6eHHO ecjiH >KeHbi CTapine hx no B03pacTy (Ekvall 1968: 37; Goldstein 1971: 73; 1976: 232; 1978: 328), KaK b cjiynae c MJiafliHHMH 6paTbHMH. y HbHH6a, corjiacHO coo6m;eHHHM, Hec6biBinHecH o>KHflaHHH otij;ob-CTBa, oco6eHHO b 6ojibiHHX rpynnax 6paTbeB, cofleftcTByioT HeyflOB- JieTBOpeHHOCTH B nOJIHaHflpHHHOM 6paKC TpeHHH B nOJIHaHflpHHHHX ceMbHX ycyry6jiHK)TCH, Korfla MyscbH HMeioT HepaBHoe hhcjio cbohx fleTeft. B LUpH-JIaHKe, rfle nojinaHflpHH He Bcerfla 6biBaeT (JjpaTepHajib-hoh, y My>KeH-6paTbeB 6ojiee CTa6HJibHbie 6paKH, He>KejiH y My>KeH-He-poflCTBeHHHKOB (Tambiah 1966: 286-87, 298; cm. TaKsce: Hiatt 1980)1. ToBopH o HbHH6a, Levine (1988:152) npeflnojio>KHJia, hto MyscbH, HMe-lomne pa3Hbix poflHTejieft, MeHee TepnHMbi k HepaBHonpaBHio, He>Ke-jih My>KbH, HMeiomne oflHHX poflHTejieft. B sbojuouhohhom aHajiH3e JIozunecKue eueodhi cxodnmcR e ymeepjKdeHuu o moM, Hmo nojiuandpun RejinemcR cjiojkhou (popMou 6paKa, coxpcLHueweucR 6jiazodapR ee adanmuGHbLM nocjiedcmeuRM djiR o6w,ecmea u ee 3KOHOMunecKUM npeuMymecmecLM djiR edunuHHbLX ynacmHUKOG Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 MapKU3CKue ocmpoea no-Ka3bieamm eduHcmeeuHMU u3eecmHbiu npuMep netfipa-mepuajibHou nojiuaudpuu (uacmo K0M6uHupyK>w,eucsi c nojiuzuuueu), e KomopouMy-ncbR npojKueamm coeMecmuo. O6 3mux npaKmuKax co-o6maemcn miuib e omuemax nymeiuecmeeHHUKoe XIX eeica, ho ohu, k coiicajieHim, He ydejuuom bhumcihusi nodpo6- HOCmHM B3aUM00mH0UieHUU Me-yicby MyiicbXMU, moMy, KaK na 3mu omHoiueHUM bjiusuiu 6jiu3Koe podemeo u pa3Huv,a e cmamyce, KaK podemeo u cmamyc bjiusuiu na ceKcy-ajibHbiu docmyn k o6m,eu ncene u KaK 3a pa3JiuuHMMU MyjKuunaMU 3aKpenjuuiocb omu,oecmeo (cm.: Otterbein 1968 [1963]) CHHTaeTCH, HTO yflOBJieTBOpeHHOCTb MySCHHH HX 6paKOM flOJI>KHa 6bITb CBH3aHa C penpOflyKTHBHHMH CJieflCTBHHMH nojinaHflpHH. TaKHM 06-pa30M, B03paCTHOH flHCnapHTeT MySCeft H >KeH flOJI>KeH 6bITb Ba>KHbIM HCTOHHHKOM HeyflOBJieTBOpeHHOCTH, nOCKOJIbKy My>KHHHbI OCTaiOTCH 4>epTHJibHbiMH ropa3flo flojibine, neM >KeHiHHHbi. MyacHHHa, KOTopbift HaMHOTO MJiaflHie >KeHIHHHbI, MO^KeT 6bITb 03a60HeHHbIM OTHOCHTejIb- ho ee cnoco6HOCTH po>KaTb eMy fleTeft b 6yflym;eM. 3to mo^kct 6biTb oco6eHHO Ba^KHO fljiH My>KHHH H3 MHorofleTHbix ceMeft, nOCKOJIbKy 6paKH, BepoHTHee Bcero, 3aKJiioHajiHCb CTapniHM 6paTOM hjih ajih Hero2. Kpocc-KynbTypHbie flaHHbie noKa3HBaioT, hto 3bojholi;hh ccjiop- 2 B paccMampueaeMoti 3decb 06ufUHe MyjKUUHbL 06bLUH0 Bbi6upamm ncen, Komopue na HecKOJibKO Jiem MJiaduie ux comux. Kozda podumejiu yempaueamm 6paK, ohu cma-pammcR nodo6pamb deeyuiKy, B03pacm Komopoii coom-eemcmeyem 803pacmy ux cmapuiux CMHoeeu, dim mozo, umo6bi 6umb yeepeHHMMU e ux coBMecmuMocmu. Mnozue maKiice ycejiamm nodo6pamb docmamouHO 3pejiym dim poncdeHua nacjiednuKoe deeyuiKy McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 19 YIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax 1 Teopux podoBozo om6opa He nodpasyMeeaem npedno-umeHim penpobyKmuBHOzo paeeucmea Mynceu. Oua maKiice ne nodpasyMeeaem coenadeuim penpodyianue-Hbix uumepecoe podumejieu u ux demeu (Alexander 1974: 372). IlOCKOJlbKy MyjKUUHbL 6jlU3ICe C8R3CLHbl CO CBOUMU co6cmeeHHbLMU dembMU, ne-yicejiu ueM c dembMU ceoux 6pambee, MyycbR Mozym koh-Kypupoeamb dpyz c dpyzoM 3a penpodyianuBHbLe 803M03ic-Hocmu, a penpodyianuBHbLU ycnex 6pambee Moncem ea-pbupoeambCM (Crook u Crook 1988:110). Jljia.podumejieu ne UMeem 3HaueHim, Komo-puu U3 ux CMHOBeu RBJisiemcR omiiOM UX BHyKOB—dim hux ux enyKU odunaKOBO 6jiu3ku. Ecjiu nojie3Hocmb dedyuiKU u 6a6yuiKU b ochobhom 3aBucum om mozo, CKOJibKO 3a6omu, 3aw,umbi u m.d., nojiyuamm om hux ux BHyKU, a oduH Myiicuuna ne cnoco6eH ydoBJiemBopumb Bee nyiicdbi coBMecnmbix c ezo iicenou demeu, mozda podumejiu dojincHU 6buiu 6u nobyycdamb cboux CMHOBeu Bcmynamb b nojiuandpuu-Hbiu 6paK u codeucmBOBamb o6w,eceMeuHOMy xo3xucniBy (Alexander 1974: 372) MHpoBajia HejioBenecKyio ncHxojiorHio h onpeflejimia CHJibHoe npefl- nOHTeHHe CO CTOpOHH MV5KHHH TKeu, KOTopbie MJiafline HHX CaMHX (Buss 1989). Ycnex mvjkhhhh b 3anaTHH fleTeft Mor TaKace BJiHHTb h Ha ero peineHHe coxpaHHTb hjih pacToprHVTb nojinaHflpHHHbiH 6paK. Ecjih penpoflyKTHBHbra ycnex BapbHpyeTCH ot Mysca k mvjkv, to Te My>KHHHbi, KOTopbie 3anajiH Majio fleTeft, MoryT npeflnonecTb pa3BOfl. SBOJiionHOHHaH TeopHH TaK^Ke npezi;cKa3biBaeT, hto nojinaHflpHH, Be-poHTHee B03HHKaeT cpeflH poflCTBeHHbix, He^KejiH cpeflH HepoflCTBeH- HblX MySCHHH. CTeneHb pOflCTBeHHOCTH CpeflH MySCHHH, KOTOpbie HMe- k)t o6ihhh flocTyn k cynpyre, Ba^KHa, nocKOJibKy TeopHH poflCTBeHHoro OT6opa rjiacHT, hto He BCTpenaioiHHH OTBeTa ajibTpyH3M, KaK npaBHJio, orpaHHHeH rpaHHnaMH pofla. AjibTpyH3M onpeflejraeTCH 6nojioraMH KaK fleftcTBHe, ocjia6jiHK>iHee reHeraHecKyio npHroflHOCTb flOHopa h ycHJiHBaiomee reHeraHecKyio npHroflHOCTb peniciHeHTa. PoflCTBO npeflocTaBJiHeT MexaHH3M sbojiiouhh ajibTpyncTHHecKHX B3aHMOfleH- CTBHH, nOTOMy HTO pOflCTBeHHHKH npOHCXOflHT OT OflHOTO npeflKa H, c^eflOBaTenbHO, BepoHTHee Bcero, HMeioT mhoto o6inero b reHeraHe-ckom MaTepnajie (Hamilton 1964). CoBMecTHbift flocTyn k >KeHe hbjih-eTCH oco6eHHO nopa3HTenbHHM npHMepoM ajibTpyH3Ma, nocKOJibKy My>KHHHa, no3BOJiHioirj;HH flpyroMy MyacHHHe ceKcyajibHbift flocTyn k CBOHM >KeHaM, npHMO CHH^KaeT CBOH Co6cTBeHHbIH penpOflyKTHBHHH ycnex (Beall h Goldstein 1981: 6). Mhokcctbo HccjieflOBaTeneH 3aMe-najio, hto penpoflyKTHBHaH neHa nojinaHflpHH MO^KeT KOMneHcnpo-BaTbCH, ecjiH flpyrne MyacbH hbjihkdtch 6jih3khmh poflCTBeHHHKaMH (Hiatt 1980: 587; van den Berghe and Barash 1977: 812) \ IIohth Bee MySCbH B TH6eTCKOH nOJIHaHflpHH npOHCXOflHT H3 OflHOH CeMbH, HO HX B3aHMOOTHOineHHH 6bIBaK)T pa3HHMH, 33BHCH ot 6paHHbix floroBopeH- HOCTen npeflbiflymero noKOJieHHH. Ecjih penpoflyKTHBHbie H3flep>KKH nojinaHflpHH KOMneHcnpyioTCH 3a cneT penpoflyKTHBHbix Bbirofl, Ha-KanjiHBaeMbix 6jih3khmh poflCTBeHHHKaMH, to Torfla mo>kho npeflno-jio>KHTb, hto Han6ojiee CTa6HJibHbie h cruioHeHHbie nojiHaHflpHHHbie CeMbH SyflyT COCTOHTb H3 MySCHHH, HaXOflHIHHXCH B 6jIH3KOM pOflCTBe flpyr c flpyroM. He Bee Te, kto BepHT b to, hto HejioBenecKoe noBefle-HHe ccJiopMHpoBaHO 3BOJiioii;HeH, corjiacHJiHCb 6bi c noaeflHHM npefl-nojio>KeHHeM. HeKOTopbie Hcc^eflOBaTejiH, KOTopbie Ha3biBaioT ce6fl 3BOJiioii;HOHHbiMH ncHxojioraMH, CHHTaioT, hto 3bojiioii;hh C(J)OpMH-poBajia ncHxojiorHHecKHe MexaHH3Mbi, KOTopbie jie>KaT b ocHOBe ne-jioBenecKoro noBefleHHH (Cosmides h Tooby 1992, Symons 1992). 3th MeXaHH3MbI 3BOJIK)li;HOHHpOBajIH Ha npOTH>KeHHH fleCHTKOB TbICHH JieT, B TeHeHHe KOTOpblX JIIOflH 6bIJIH OXOTHHKaMH-Co6HpaTejIHMH H 5KHJIH He6ojibniHMH srajiHTapHHMH rpynnaMH 6jih3khx poflCTBeHHHKOB. Earn nojinaHflpHH He nrpajia 6bi HHKaKOH pojiH b stom cu;eHapHH, tot-fla My>KHHHbi He HMejiH 6bi ncHxanormecKHX MexaHH3MOB, KOTopbie CHH>KaioT ceKcyajibHyio peBHOCTb no OTHOineHHio k conepHHKaM hjih 03a6oHeHHOCTb BonpocaMH OTii;oBCTBa. KoHeHHbiH hctohhhk 03ape- HHH OTHOCHTejIbHO (J)aKTOpOB, BJIHHK)irj;HX Ha CTaĎHJIbHOCTb nojiHaH-flpHHHHX 6paKOB, npOHCXOflHT OT CaMHX nOJIHaHflpHHHHX HapOflOB. 3MHHecKHe ou;eHKH TaKoro pofla MoryT BJiHHTb Ha peineHHe HejioBe-Ka o ero 6paKe h, TaKHM o6pa30M, 3acjiy>KHBaioT oco6oro BHHMaHHH. Ecjih cnpocHTb, hto noflpbiBaeT nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH h BefleT k hx HCHe3HOBeHHK>, caMH HbHHĎa yKa>KyT Ha KOJiHHecTBO 6paTbeB b ceMbe, 6iiH30CTb poflCTBa My>KeH, pa3Mep 3eMejibHbix BJiafleHHH hjih flocTyn-HOCTb B03Meirj;aeMbix 3eMejib, ycnex bo B3aHMOOTHOineHHHX c o6meH >KeHOH h HajiHHHe hjih OTcyTCTBHe «co6cTBeHHbix fleTeň» b 6paKe (cm. TaKace: Levine 1988: 257). 3th TeoperanecKHe h 3THorpa(J)HHecKHe hc-tohhhkh flaioT 6oraTbiň Ha6op rnnoTe3 o 4>aKTopax, bjihhk)itj;hx Ha CTaĎHJibHOCTb nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKOB. Mbi npoBepnjiH 3th rnnoTe3bi o npHHHHax pacnafla 6paKOB y HbHH6a flByMH nyraMH. Bo-nepBbix, mh HccjieflOBajiH, CBH3aHbi jih 06a rnnoTeTHHecKHX 4>aKTopa c bo3mo>kho- CTbK) OCTaBJieHHH MySCHHHOH nOJIHaHflpHHHOH CeMbH. Bo-BTOpbIX, Mbi HccjieflOBajiH, yjiyninaioT jih OTflejieHHe ot CTapoň ceMbH h Bxo>KfleHHe b HOByio 6paHHbie ycjioBHH, k neMy Hac noflBOflHT rnnoTe3a. OcTaBJiH-jih jih My>KHHHbi, k npHMepy, CTapniHX >KeHirj;HH paflH Tex, hto mojio- >Ke? npHCOeflHHHJIHCb JIH H36HpaTejIbHO My>KHHHbI K CBOHM 6jIH>KaH- niHM poflCTBeHHHKaM nocjie OTflejieHHH? Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbi u 6panHbie cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HacmomjueM napodoe Eepa3uu yCTAHOBKA H HCTOHHHKH /IAHHHX Hbun6a npo^KHBaioT Ha rpaHHii;e Me>Kfly HenajioH3biHHbiM KacTOBbiM MHpOM HHflyHCTOB H THĎeTCKHM MHpOM. TeM He MeHee, OHH OflHO- 3HaHHO hbjihkdtch TH6eTLjaMH no H3bmy h KyjibType, fleMOHCTpHpyH CHJibHoe cxoflCTBO c 3eMJieflejibHecKHMH rpynnaMH 3anaflHoro Tn6eTa. HbHHĎa >KHByT b HeTbipex cejiax Ha nojiornx CKJioHax Ha BbicoTe Me>Kfly 2800 h 3000 MeTpoB Hafl KpynHHMH peKaMH. KyjibTHBHpyeMbie 3eMJiH npocTHpaioTCH npH6jiH3HTenbHO Ha 300 MeTpoB HH>Ke h Bbiine STHX flepeBeHb c ajibnHHCKHMH flOJiHHaMH Hafl nojiHMH, Hcnojib3yioirj;HMHCH KaK jieTHHe nacTĎHma. KaK h flpyrne STHHHecKHe TH6eTLi;bi b Henajie, HbHHĎa o6ecneHHBaioT ce6H, coneTaH 3eMJieflejiHe, ckotoboactbo h ToproBJiio b OTflajieHHbix MecTax. nocjieflHHe roflbi CTajiH CBHfleTenHMH ynaflKa peHTa6ejibHOCTH h noBbiineHHH phckob b pa3JiHHHbix ceKTopax 3KOHOMHKH. 3eMJieflenHe CTajio MeHee BbiroflHbiM, nocKOJibKy pocT Ha-cejieHHH OKa3biBaeT CHJibHoe flaBJieHHe Ha naniHH, jkhbothoboactbo coKpaTHJiocb b CBH3H c pacnaiiiKOH nacTĎHirj;, a BbipyHKa c ToproBJiH nepecTajia 6biTb Hafle>KHOH H3-3a flecTa6HJiH3an;HH KOMMepi^HH c Th-6eTOM. HecMOTpH Ha sth He6jiaronpHHTHbie o6cTOHTenbCTBa, HbHH6a npHcnoca6jiHBaioTCH k nepeMeHaM h npoflOJi>KaioT coxpaHHTb aoctoh- HblH ypOBeHb 5KH3HH. BojIblllHHCTBO CeMeft npOH3BOflHT afleKBaTHHH o6i>eM npoflyKTOB nHTaHHH fla>Ke b roflbi Heypo>KaH h Heyflan b Top-roBJie. Hx flOMa xopoino nocTpoeHbi h yfloĎHbi, jnoflH Heruioxo ofleTbi, 20 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 21 TIoueMy nomiandpuR mepnum xpax 1 BpaKU y paôoe mpaduu,uoHHO ÔbUlU MOHOZÜMHbtMU U yKCOpiUlOKOJlbHbíMU. JlUUlb e npoumoM noKOJieuuu ôojiee cocmoamejibHbie Hjienbi ooufUHbi cmcuiu 3aKJUouamb eupiuioKajibHue u nojiuaudpuŮHbíe ôpaicu, u smo 3ampydHMem cpaeueHim c HacejieuueM mpaduiiuoHHbíx 3eMJieejiadejibu,ee. (O 6paKe u euympeHHUx cucmeMax pa3JiuuHbix cmpam cm.: Levine 1988: 72-74, 81-84) a flepeBHHM yflaeTca Becra >KH3Hb, HacbiineHHyio oöpHflHOCTbio. Bo3- M05KHO, CaMOH nOpa3HTejIbHOH HepTOH COUHOKyjIbTypHOH CHCTeMbI HbHHÖa—Hpe3BbiHaÖHO BbicoKoe HHCJio cjiynaeB 4>paTepHajibHoö no-jiHaHflpHH, b peflKHX cjiynaax conpoBOJKflaeMoö nojinrHHHeö. JleBHH npoBejia flBafluaTb flBa Mecnna 3THorpa(J)HHecKOH nojieBoö paöoTbi b flepeBHHX HbHHÖa b nepnofl 1973-1975 h 1982-1983 rr. 3to oöecnenmio CTaTbio pa3JiHHHHMH HCTOHHHKaMH CBefleHHH, BioiioHaH nepenHCb H oöcjieflOBaHHe flOManiHHX xo3hhctb peTpocneKTHBHOö 4>epTHJibHOCTH, öpaHHbie HCTopHH, HHTepBbK) o cofleöcTByioiHHX npHHHHax pa3flejie-HHH ceMeö, o peineHHH BonpocoB o coöctbchhocth b pe3yjibTaTe sthx pa3flejieHHH, 06 onpefleneHHH OTUOBCTBa b nojiHaHflpnÖHbix 6paKax h poflocjioBHbie MaTepnajibi. IIoflpoÖHOCTH o CTpaTerHH c6opa flaHHbix h orpaHHHeHHHX Haöopa flaHHbix H3Jio>KeHbi b TIpmiojKenuu A. B pa3JiHH- HblX OÖCTOHTejIbCTBaX HCnOJIb30BajIHCb pa3Hbie CTpaTerHH BblÖOpKH. B nacTHOCTH, nepenncb h oöcjieflOBaHHH flOManiHHX xo3hhctb npefl-nojiaraioT cjiyqaÖHbie cpe3bi HaceneHHH, Torfla KaK HH(|)opManHH co-önpajiacb no Ka^KflOMy cjryqaio pa3flejieHHH ceMeö, npoH3onieflniHX Ha npoTH^KeHHH 6ojiee neM flBaflnara míra nocneflHHX jieT. CjieflOBaTejib-Ho, b Haöope flaHHbix pa3fleneHHe ceMeö npeflCTaBJíeHO 6ojiee npoHHX flpyrnx flaHHbix. IIpHHyflHTejibHaH BbiöopKa pa3flejiHBiiiHXCH ceMeö flaeT oflHO npeHMymecTBo: öojiee innpoKyio njiaT(J)opMy fljiH oijeHKH 4>aKTopoB, hmooihhx 3HaneHHe b nponecce pa3flejieHHH. nOJIHAH/(PHÍI y HbHHEA B 1983 rofly HbHHÖa HacHHTbiBajiocb 1132 nejioBeKa, H3 KOTopbix 716 cocTaBJíHJiH My>KHHHbi h 616—>KeHiHHHbi. Bce HacejieHHe noflpa3flejiH-jiocb Ha flBe öojibniHe SHfloraMHbie couHajibHbie CTpaTbi: HHCJieHHO ro-cnoflCTByioiHHe 3eMJieBJiaflejibUbi h noTOMKH paöoB, ocBo6o>KfleHHbix b 1926 rofly. B stoh CTaTbe 6yfleT paccMaTpHBaTbCH cjioh 3eMJieBJiaflenb-neB, k KOTopoMy othochtch öojibiiiHHCTBO HacejieHHH (1152 nejioBeKa), rjiaBHHM o6pa30M noTOMy, hto y öhbihhx paöoB cyinecTByioT flpyrne TpaflHUHH pOflCTBa H 6paKa, flO CHX nop BJIHHIOIHHe Ha HX nOTOMKOB, h ocoöbie KyjibTypHbie h couHOSKOHOMHHecKHe orpaHHHeHHH Ha sth öpaKH1. B ceMbHX 3eMJieBJiaflejibueB HbHHÖa 6paTbH coBMecTHO >KeHHTCH Ha oflHoö yuemmme, Korfla oflHH hjih öojiee 6paTbeB flocTHraeT lOHonie-CKoro B03pacTa. To >Ke npaBHJio fleöcTByeT BHe 33bhchmocth ot kojih- HeCTBa ÖpaTbeB, H BnOCľJieflCTBHH npHÖJIH3HTejIbHO 70% HS I50 HCCľJie- flOBaHHbix 6paKOB HbHHÖa H3HaHajibHO 3aioiioHajiHCb flByMH hjih öojiee 6paTbHMH. Co BpeMeHeM, oflHaKO, nponopn;HH nojiHaHflpHÖHbix 6pa-KOB h HHCJio 6paTbeB BHyTpH cymecTByiomHX nOJIHaHflpHHHHX 6paKOB HeH36e>KHO naflajiH b cbh3h co CMepTbio My>Keö, CMeinaHHbiMH 6paKa-MH h, BpeMH ot BpeMeHH, pa3BOflaMH. TaKHM o6pa30M, nepeKpecTHbiö aHajiH3, npoBefleHHbiö b 1983 rofly, noKa3aji, hto jiHiiib 74 (49.3%) HccjieflOBaHHbix 6paKOB Bce em;e ocTaBajiHCb nojiHaHflpHÖHbiMH. OflHa TpeTb BHOBb co3flaHHbix MOHoraMHbix 6paKOB noHBJíHJiacb b pe3yjibTa-Te pa3flejieHHH ceMeö. Ilocjie CBoero noHBJíeHHH TaKHe MOHoraMHbie 6paKH, KaK h Bce nponne, coxpaHHJiHCb Bce BpeMH >kh3hh cynpyroB. BH(J)paTepHajibHaH nojinaHflpHH hbíihctch Hanöojiee ranHHHbiM (ľJiynaeM. B HHíľJie 6paKOB c OflHoö >KeHoö 28 % BKJiioHajiH Tpex 6paTbeB h jiHinb 17%—HeTbipex hjih öojiee 6paTbeB. TeM He MeHee, TpH(J)pa-TepHajibHaH nojinaHflpHH u;eHHJiacb öojiee Bcero b KyjibTypHOM CMbicjie h CHHTajiacb >KejiaTejibHoö b skohomkhcckom, nocKOJibKy Ka>Kflbiö h3 6paTbeB b stom cjiyqae Mor cocpeflOTOHHTbCH Ha OflHoö h3 Tpex ccjjep TpOÖCTBeHHOrO X03HÖCTBa HbHHÖai 3eMJieflejIHH, pa3BefleHHH CKOTa HJIH TOprOBJíe. CHHTaeTCH, HTO 6paKH C ÖOJIbHIHM KOJIHHeCTBOM My>K- HHH CKJioHHbi k pa3flopaM h TepHioT ycTOÖHHBOCTb (Carrasco 1959: 36; Goldstein 1971: 68). Elo stoh npHHHHe MOJioflbie fleByniKH HeoxoTHO BCTynaioT b TaKHe 6paKH, h hx TpeBorn pa3flejiHioTCH hx poflHTejiHMH, KOTopbie 3aHHMaioTCH yjia^KHBaHHeM 6paKOB. B 3anaflHOM h n;eHTpajib-HOM TnöeTe 3afleöcTByioTCH pa3JiHHHbie MexaHH3Mbi fljiH orpaHHHeHHH HHCJia >KeHHii];HXCH 6paTbeB, fljiH nero cbiHOBeö onpeflejiHioT b MOHa-CTbipb, OTnpaBJíHioT HCKaTb yflany Ha CTopoHe hjih >KeHHTbCH Ha Ha- CJieflHHUe HMeHHH. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu Bce nacejienue Hbunôa e 1983 zody nodpcL3dejiRjiocb na dee ôojibiuue 3HÔozaMHbie cov,uajibHbie cmpamu: nucjienno zocnodcmeyiow,ue 3eMJieejiadejibv,bi u nomoMKU paôoe, oceoôojKÔeHHbLX e 1926 zody KaK h b flpyrnx pernoHax pacnpocTpaHeHHH THÖeTCKoro H3biKa h KyjibTypbi, nojinaHflpHH y HbHHÖa cocyinecTByeT c H3peflKa BCTpenaio-meöcH nojiHrHHHeö. 3to HeH3Öe>KHO BefleT k cjiynaHM 6e3fleTHOCTH, a TaioKe MO^KeT npHBecTH h k rjiyöoKoö HeyflOBJieTBopeHHOCTH oflHoro hjih öojiee My>Keö o6m;eö >KeHoö, b pe3yjibTaTe Hero k 6paKy npncoe-flHHHeTCH BTopaH >KeHa. IlocjieflHee oöcTOHTejibCTBO, T.e. nojinaHflpHH hjih nojiHrHHHH c flByMH (JjepTHJibHbiMH )KeHiiíHHaMH, BeflymaH K (J)Op-MHpoBaHHK) «coBMemaromero 6paKa», HMeeT Ba>KHbie nocjieflCTBHH1. Oho nacTO npHBOflHT k pacnafly H3HaHajibHO KOJUieKTHBHoro 6paKa, nOCKOJIbKy B03HHKaeT TeHfleHI^HH K (JjOpMHpOBaHHK) ceKcyajibHO HC- KJiioHaiomero napraepcTBa. CoBMemaiomHÖ 6paK HMeeT Tpn flajibHeö-niHX nocjieflCTBHH. Bo-nepBbix, oh npeflocTaBJíHeT nojiHaHflpHÖHbiM MySCHHHaM flOnOJIHHTejIbHbie B03M0>KH0CTH HMeTb HX «COÖCTBeHHblX fleTeö». Bo-BTopbix, oh co3flaeT nocTOHHHbiö pncK pa3pbiBa, xoth hhc- Cpedu 150 cymecmeymmux ôpaKoe, ucaiedoeaHHbíx e 1983 zody, 9 (6 %) etaimucuiu nojiuzuHum (Kozda Myiicuiiua ucemuícR na deyx u ôojiee iicenmwiax u3-3a Hedocmarmca (pepmujibHocmu), a 5 (3,3 %) ôbuiu coBMemammuMU 22 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 23 IlojiuaHdpuÚHasi CeMbX HbUHÔa. 0omo juo6e3HO npedocmaejieHO Heucu JleeuH K1984 zody 16 U3 26 (62 %) coBMew,amw,ux ôpaicoe, icomopbte ÔbíMU 3aKJU0HeHbl e nocjieduue decnmujie-musi, pacncuiucb. Usunb U3 smux ôpaicoe OKomujiucb oedoeeHueM 6e3pa3eoda (cm.: Levine 1988:174). Cydbôa dpyzux namu coBMew,amw,ux ceMeú (cm. cuocKy 12) ueu3-eecmna. 1 B cooôw,eHunx o nojiuzunaH- dpuu B UHÔUÚCKUX TUMOJiaSlX omMeuaemcsi, umo nocjie pa3B0Ôa 3ICeHW,UHbt CXOÔHbíM o6pa30M mozjiu onpedejuímb omu.oe demeú, poiicdeHHbĽX b nojiuzuHaudpuÚHbíx ÔpCLKCLX. 3m0 JlUUlb OÔUH U3 MHOZUX OnUCbíBaeMbĽX MemodoB, BKJimuamw,ux ycpeôuú, nopxdoic poncdemiR (nepBbíú peôenoK omnocujicsi k cmapiueMy U3 ôpambee, Bmopoú—cjiedymmeMy no cmapiuuHcmBy u maic dcuiee), (fiu3imecKoe cxodcmBO u smo-uuoHajibHasi npuBM3aHH0cmb Meiicdy MyiicbsiMU u ucenaMU (cm.: Berreman 1975: 128-29; Parmarl975:83). Jlioôoe oôcyncdeHue Bonpoca onpedejieHUM omu^oecmea b nojiuaudpuu ccbuiaemcR na taiaccuuecKue npuMepu HaxpoB u moda, o Komopux UHmepecyioufuecR uumamejiu Mozym npouumamb y Gough (1959:26-27) u y Rivers (1906: 319-23) JIO TaKHX CJIO>KHbIX C0I030B COXpaHHJIOCb Ha BCeM IipOTJDKeHHH >KH3- hh cynpyroB1. B-TpeTbHX, oh npoH3BOflHT fleTeň c pa3HHMH OTnaMH h MaTepHMH. BojibniHHCTBO 3thx MaTepeň He CBH3aHbi Me>Kfly co6oň y3aMH pOflCTBa, XOTH TpeTb H3 HHX HBJIHIOTCH CeCTpaMH HJIH CBOflHbIMH cecTpaMH, po^KfleHHbiMH b nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKax. B OTJiHHHe ot THÔeTCKoň nojiHaHflpHH, KaK OTMeHajiocb b flpyrnx paôoTax, HbHHÔa flenaioT ôojibinoň aKneHT Ha OTUOBCTBe fleTeň; oflHH 6paT npH3HaBajicH «HacTOHin,HM» (momoK) otuom, to ecTb Myscnn-Hoň, 3aHaBinHM peôeHKa2. MaTb oôhhho 6epeT Ha ceÔH HHHnnaTHBy peineHHH Bonpoca o tom, kto mo^kct 6biTb otuom, b cooTBeTCTBHH c MeCTHbIMH IipeflCTaBJíeHHHMH O 3aHaTHH, COrjiaCHO KOTOpbIM }KeHinH- Ha HMeeT 6ojiee Bcero inaHCOB 3a6epeMeHeTb bo BTopyío Heflejiio ee MeHCTpyajibHoro UHKJia. yBepeHHOCTb >KeHin,HHbi b tom, kto HBjraeTCH otuom ee fleTeň, BepoHTHee Bcero, ocHOBbmaeTCH Ha 4>aKTe Toro, hto MyscbH nacTO noflojiry OTcyTCTByioT flOMa. EcTb HecKOJibKO nocjieflCTBHň ycTaHOBJíeHHH OTUOBCTBa. Bo-nepBbix, sto B03fleňcTByeT Ha Me:suiHHHOCTHbie OTHOineHHH BHyrpH CeMbH. KaK CHHTaeTCH, fleTH HMeiOT OCOÔeHHO 6iIH3KHe OTHOUieHHH CO CBOHMH «HaCTOHinHMH» OTLjaMH, a 6paTbH H CeCTpbl OT OflHOľO OTna h MaTepn oinyinaioT 6ojiee TecHyio CBH3b flpyr c flpyroM. 3to ocoôeH-ho Ba^KHO fljiH 6paTbeB, KOTopbie, KaK o>KHflaeTCH, npo^KHByT BMecTe bck) >KH3Hb. Bo-BTopbix, sto onpeflejraeT nopHflOK HacjieflOBaHHH co6-CTBeHHOCTH, KOTopbiň paccHHTHBaeTCH no reHeajiorHHecKHM jihhhhm. Mo>kho npoHJiJiiocTpHpoBaTb 3Ty CHCTeMy Ha npHMepe neTbipex no- JIHaHflpHňHblX HaCJieflHHKOB, TpH H3 KOTOpblX HBJIHIOTCH CblHOBbHMH oflHoro My>KHHHbi, b to BpeMH KaK HeTBepTbiň—chh ero 6paTa. Ilpn reHeajiorHHecKOM nopHflKe HacjieflOBaHHH nepBbie Tpn 6paTa «npn- HHMaioT flojiio CBoero OTua» (hto 03HanaeT, hto Ka>Kflbiň nojiynaeT oflHy inecTyio HMymecTBa). HeTBepTbiň 6paT OflHH nojiynaeT nojiHyio nojioBHHy. OflHaKO HacjieflHHKH MoryT peníHTb, OTKyfla HanaTb pac-neT reHeajiorHHecKoň jihhhh, a MystHHHa h ero B3pocjibie CHHOBbH MoryT HanaTb cboio coôcTBeHHyio jihhhio. B stom cjiynae pa3fleneHHe HacjieflCTBa MO>KeT BbuiHTbCH b pacnpeflejieHHe coôcTBeHHOCTH no paB- HblM flOJIHM1. Taômiua i Oômee mhcjio 3e- MejIbHblX BJiafleHHH* (ruiyzodneu) J\ojix 3eiviejibHbix BJiafleHHň Ha ieno-BeKa* (ruiyzodneu) CeMbH Hhcjio ceMeň Cpednee 3HcmeHue ľlozpeuL-HOCmh Cpednee 3Hm.enue ľlozpeuL-HOCmh Hepa3flejieHHaH 6o 14.61 0.97 5-42 0.41 CoBMemeHHaH 8 22.58 1-59 6.97 0.78 PacnpeflejieHHaH 18 18.29 2.00 4-84 0.63 *J\ojih 3efvuiH Ha Ka>Kfloro Myma flo pa3flejieHHH nPHHHbl PAC n A/], A nOJIHAHAPHHHHX BPAKOB 1 MccjiedoBOHUM mpaduu,uoHHOzo Tuôema zosopsun o moM, umo uacjiedcmBO pacnpedejuuiocb no pCLBHblM ÔOJIMM, U npuBepiiceHHOcmb Hbuuôa npuuiiuny HacjiedoBanusi no zeHecuiozuuecKUM jiuhusim npoduKmoBaua BJiummeM uenajibCKUx 3KHOCTb ToproBJíH. Bo-nepBbix, 3eMJieBJiafleHHe HBJíHeTCH OTHOCHTejibHO HernÔKHM bhaom 3aHHTHň, nocKOJibKy xoponiHX B03flejibiBaeMbix 3eMejib y sthx o6ili;hh Bcerfla He XBaTaeT. Bo-BTopbix, HbHHÔa CHHTaioT ceÔH b nepByio one-peflb 3eMJieflejibn;aMH, TaK KaK ToproBJíH oneHb HecTaÔHJibHa, a >khbot- HOBOflCTBO flaeT CJIHIIIKOM He3HaHHTejIbHblň flOnOJIHHTejIbHblň flOXOfl. B-TpeTbHX, BHeniHHe SKOHOMHHeCKHe B03M05KHOCTH OI^eHHTb 6bIJIO 6bi HejierKO. H, HaKOHen;, HernÔKOCTb 3eMJieflejiHH 3aHHMaeT BHflHoe MeCTO B TeOpeTHHeCKOň MOflejIH THÔeTCKOň nOJIHaHflpHH. Pa3Mep HMeHHň 6bui BbicHHTaH, corjiacHO coo6m;eHHeM HbHHÔa 06 hx BJiafleHHHX, KOTopbie Bbipa^KaioTCH b TaK Ha3biBaeMbix «njiyroflHHX». EljiyrofleHb—sto iuiom,aflb 3eMJiH, KOTopan MO>KeT 6biTb o6pa6oTaHa njiyroM, 3anpH>KeHHbiM noMecbio HKa h KopoBbi, b TeneHHe OflHoro flHH. Pa3Mepbi nojieň HbHHÔa b 1983 rofly noKa3HBajiH, hto OflHH njiy-rofleHb 3KBHBajieHTeH 0.12 reKTapa. KpoMe toto, HbHHÔa noflpa3flenH- 24 Hehch JIebhh, flKOA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TäRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 25 TIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax 1 OduocmopoHHUu ducnepcuoHHMŮ auajiu3 oiieuueaem odHopoduoemb lieuHocmeů e npedejiax o6o3HaueHHbtx o6pa3u,oe. 3HauumejibHbíů pesyjibmam deMOHcmpupyem, umo duana30H omtaioHeHuů Meiicdy zpynnaMU euiue, ueM duana30H omtaioHeHuů euympu zpynn k)t CBOH nojiH Ha BbicoKoropHbie h HH3HHHbie. IlocjieflHHe 6ojiee iijio-flopoflHbi, a noTOMy Bbiine ueHHTCH. Levine (1988: 248) paccHHTajia, HTO b cpeflHeM HH3HHHoe nojie flaeT Ha 40 % öojibine ypo>KaH, He>KejiH BbicoKoropHoe. Haina oueHKa 3eMejibHbix BJiafleHHH flenaeTCH nyTeM yMHO>KeHHH njiyroflHH Ha hh3hhhom nojie Ha K03(J)4)Hn;HeHT 1.4 h npn-6aBJieHHH nojiyneHHoro k HHCJiy iuryroflHeH Ha BbicoKoropHbix itojihx flJIH Ka^KflOH CeMbH. He CTOJib hcho, oflHaKO, KaK jiioflH oueHHBaioT 3eMejibHbie BJiafleHHH npH oöflyMbiBaHHH HopM pa3flejia h KaKOB HaHJiynniHO nyTb MOfle-jiHpoBaHHH TaKHX oueHOK. Hto HBJIHeTCH flOMHHHpyiOm;HM 4>aKTopoM b pacneTax OTflenbHoro nenoBeKa: BejiHHHHa Hepa3fleneHHoro HMe-hhh ceMbH huh pa3Mep flojieft, KOTopbie oh o>KHflaeT nojiyHHTb nocjie pa3flejia? B THÖeTOJiorHHecKOH jiHTepaType roBopHTCH b ochobhom o Ba^KHOCTH ceMeÖHOH HHTerpauHH h coxpaHeHHH ceMeÖHoro coctoh-hhh Hepa3flejieHHHM ot noKOJieHHH k noKOJieHHio. OflHaKO ceMeÖHoe öoraTCTBO TepneT 3HaneHHe KaK TOJibKO npHHHMaeTCH penieHHe o pa3-flejie, h 6paTbH pacnpeflejraioT flOJiH no cbohm ceMbHM. ÜOKa JIHHHbie 0>KHflaHHH Ka^KyTCH ÖOJiee Ba>KHbIMH, HeM COBMeCT- Han coöcTBeHHOCTb, 6paTbH, pa3flyMbiBaH o pa3flejie, nacTO He HMeioT TOHHoro npeflCTaBJieHHH, CKOJibKO 3eivuiH OHH nojiynaT nocjie pa3flejie-hhh ceMbH. CTaflHH Hx >KH3HeHHoro UHKJia h pe3yjibTaT neperoBopoB, BeflymHXCH nocjie Hanajia npouecca pa3flejieHHH, onpeflejiHT to, KaKHM o6pa30M 6yfleT paccHHTbiBaTbcn pacnpeflejieHHe no reHeajiorHHecKHM jihhhhm, h 3TH neperoBopbi MoryT OKa3aTb rjiaBHoe B03fleöcTBHe Ha pa3Mepbi flOJieft. Ha pe3yjibTaT MoryT TaioKe noBJiHHTb OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly 6paTbHMH c hx o6m;eH >KeHOH h hhcjio fleTeft, 3anaTbix Ka>KflbiM H3 6paTbeB b HMeiom;eMCH 6paKe. Em;e oflHHM B03MO>KHbiM acneKTOM HeOnpeflejieHHOCTH HBJIHeTCH TO, KaKHM 06pa30M 6paTbH BblCTpOHT OT- HonieHHH flpyr c flpyroM nocjie pa3flena. üo sthm npHHHHaM pa3Mep HOBblX HMeHHH MO>KeT 6bITb HeH3BeCTHbIM flO TOTO, KaK HaHHeTCH IipO- uecc pa3fleneHHH. CjieflOBaTejibHO, paccHHTbiBan, KaKHM o6pa30M pa3Mep hmchhh OTpa3HTCH Ha penieHHH 0 pa3flejie, mh peniHJiH HccjieflOBaTb h 3e-MejibHbie BJiafleHHH Hepa3flejiHBiiiHXCH ceMeft, h noTeHUHajibHbie no-flyineBbie flOJiH 6paTbeB, flJIH Toro hto6h noHHTb c flocTaTOHHOH jih Ha-fle>KHOCTbio 06a cjiynan cneflyioT nporH03y pa3flejieHHH. B HaineM npHMepe pa3Mep hmchhh BapbHpoBajicn ninpoKO. Pa3- Mep HMeHHH CaMOH ÖeflHOH CeMbH paBHHJICH JIHinb flByM IIJiyrOflHHM, a 3eMejibHoe BJiafleHHe caMOH öoraTOH ceMbH 6biJi paBeH 16,1 iuryrofl-HK). CymecTBOBaji cymecTBeHHbiH flnana30H OTKJioHeHHH b MaTepn- ajIbHOM COCTOHHHH Hepa3flejIHBIHHXCH, pa3flejIHK>m,HXCH h coBMema-IOIHHX CeMeH (oflHOCTOpOHHHH flHCnepCHOHHHH aHajIH3: F =4.91, p — 0.0096; maôjiuua i)1, ho xapaKTep sthx BapnauHH He corjiaco-BbiBajicH c nporH030M. 3eMejibHbie BJiafleHHH ceMeft, KOTopbie CTajiH coBMemaiomHMH, 6bIJIH 3HaHHTejibHO KpynHee BJiafleHHH ceMeft, ko- TOpbie OCTaBaJIHCb Hepa3fleJieHHbIMH (TeCT LUecJxJíe, p < O.O5)1. XoTH 1 Teem Ulee oupuueaem ceMbH, ocTaBinnecH Hepa3flejieHHbiMH, pacnojiarajiH HecKOJibKO MeHb- 3HaiieHue pasmiuuR Mewcoy juobbiMU oeyMsi IHHMH BJiafleHHHMH, He^KeJIH pa3fleJIHBinHeCH CeMbH, 3TH pa3JIHHHH zpynnaMU, epaenueaeMbiMU t CTaTHCTHHeCKH He3HaHHTeJIbHbI. duenepeuoHHOM aH0JiU3e fluazpaMMa I. Hucjio Myjfceů na ceMbw CpeflHHH no/iHaHflpHHHaa ceMbH H3HaHanbHO HMejia 3.5 Mysceii; HbHHÖa CHHTaiOT 3 OnTHMa/IbHbIM HHCJIOM. aj S v u o 4 5 6 Hhoio Mysceň fluazpaMMa 2. Hucjio MyjKeu no muny ceMbu 2 3 Pa3zienHBinaHC3 CoBMemaromíia nojiHaHAPHHHa3 Hhoio MyíKeH OflHaKO, MaCniTaÖ H 3HaHHTejIbHOCTb pa3JIHHHH B X03HHCTBeHHOM öoraTCTBe Me>Kfly Hepa3flejieHHbiMH, coBMemaioiuHMH h pa3flejiHio-m,HMHCH ceMbHMH coKpam,aeTCH, ecjiH paccMaTpHBaTb noflyineByio 3eMejibHyio coöcTBeHHOCTb. Pa3flejiHBinHecH ceMbH HMeioT b co6- 26 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 27 TIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax CTBeHHOCTH MeHbine 3eMJiH Ha Ka>Kfloro Mysca b OTflejibHocra, He>KejiH Hepa3flejieHHbie hjih coBMeinaioiiTHe ceMbH. TeM He MeHee, cyinecTBeH- HOÖ CBH3H MeTKfiy pa3MepOM nOflyineBOÖ COÖCTBeHHOCTH H CTaÖHJIbHO-CTbK) CeMbH He ÖbIJIO (oflHOCTOpOHHHÖ flHCnepCHOHHbffl aHajiH3: F2 83 = 1.38,p = 0.2567; maômiua i). OflHOÖ H3 npHHHH HeflOCTaTKa CBH3H Me>Kfly pa3MepOM HMeHHH H pa3flejieHHeM MO^KeT 6biTb B03MO>KHOCTb SKOHOMHHecKoro Bbiöopa 3a npeflejiaMH xo3HÖCTBeHHOH fleHTejibHocra. B to >Ke BpeMH 3eivura TaK Ba^KHa fljiH ceMeÖHOö skohomhkh h oöinecTBeHHoro nojio>KeHHH, hto M05KHO ÖbIJIO Ohl 0>KHflaTb KaKOľO-TO BJIHHHHH 3TOľO (jjaKTOpa, HO OHO OTcyTCTByeT. B jik>6om cnynae nocjieflCTBHH pa3flejieHHH TyMaHHbi. CeMbH, co3flaHHbie b pe3yjibTaTe pa3fleneHHH, HMejiH b cpeflHeM b nojio-BHHy MeHbine 3eMJiH, no cpaBHeHHio c TeM, hto ohh hmcjih 6bi, ecjiH 6 ceMbH ocTajiacb Hepa3flejieHHoň (Levine 1988: 253). 3th MyscHHHbi, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, MOľJIH Ohl nepeflaTb CBOHM CbIHOBbHM JIHIHb nOJIOBH- Hy OT Toro HacjieflCTBeHHoro hmchhh, KOTopoe ohh MorjiH 6bi nojiy-HHTb b cjiynae HacjieflOBaHHH hmh coöctbchhocth Hepa3flejieHHoň no- JIHaHflpHÖHOH CeMbH. Pa3Mep cuömmzoebix zpynn. B oönniHe HbHHÖa Bce 6paTbH coBMecTHO >KeHHTCH Ha OflHOÖ JKeHIUHHe, TaK HTO HHCJIO MySCeÖ H3HaHajIbHO 3a- BHCHT OT pa3Mepa 4>paTepHajibHOH CHÖJiHHroBoö rpynnbi. TnnHHHaH nojiHaHflpHÖHaH ceMbH b Hainen BbiöopKe HaHHHajiacb c 3.5 Mysceö (n = 233 ÖpaKOB), XOTH HeKOTOpbie 6paKH H3HaHajIbHO BKJIIOHajIH He MeHee 7 (duazpaMMa 1). Taöjiuua 2 Hhcjio Myaceň Ha ceMbw Tun CeMbH Hhcjio ceMeň Cpednee 3HcmeHue TlozpeuiHocmh Hepa3flejieHHaH 60 2,92 0,15 CoBMem;eHHaH 8 3,50 0,42 PacnpefleneHHaH 25 3,88 0,27 CaMbie öojibinne CHÖJiHHroBbie rpynnbi 6buiH HaHMeHee craömib-HbiMH (duazpaMMa 2). CpeflH ceMeň c flßyMH MyscbHMH 10% pacnafla-jiHCb nepe3 pa3flejieHHe. B OTJimne ot hhx, 58% ceMeň c neTbipbMH My>KbHMH 3aKaHHHBajiHCb pa3fleneHHeM. Bbuia cyniecTBeHHaH pa3-HHi^a b HHcne Mysceö cpeflH ceMeö, ocraBaBniHXCH Hepa3fleneHHbiMH, CTaHOBHBIUHXCH COBMeilTaiOinHMH H pa3flejIHBIUHMHCH (oflHOCTOpOH- hhö flHcnepcHOHHbiö aHajiH3: F2 90— 5.84, p — 0.0041). PacnaBinnecH ceMbH BKJiioHajiH b cpeflHeM no 3.9 6paTbeB, b to BpeMH KaK CTaBinne coBMeinaioinHMH BKJiioHajiH 3.5 6paTbeB, a Te, hto ocTaßajiHCb Hepa3-fleneHHHMH, BKJiioHajiH 2.9 6paTbeB (maômiua 2)1. Bo3pacniHoů ducnapumem MejKÔy MyjKbsiMU u jtcenaMU. 06e MOflenn nojinaHflpHH—con;HOKyjibTypHaH h SBOJiionHOHHO-ÖHOJiorHHecKaH— nporH03HpyioT, hto B03pacTHoň flHcnapHTeT Me>Kfly MyscbHMH h >Ke-HaMH 6yfleT OKa3biBaTb B03fleöcTBHe Ha craömibHOCTb 6paKa. Hto6h oi^eHHTb 3TH nporH03bi, npHBefleM cpaBHeHHH Me>Kfly TpeMH rpynnaMH MySCHHH. K «nOJIHaHflpHÖHblM» My>KHHHaM Mbl OTHOCHM TeX MySCHHH, KOTopbie 3aKJiK)HaioT nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH, h sth 6paKH co Bpe-MeHeM He pacTopraioTCH. «AKTHBHbie pasflejiHioinHecH», b cbokd one-peflb,—sto Te, kto aKTHBHO npoBou;HpyioT co3flaHHe coBMemaiomHX 6paKOB hjih pa3fleneHHe. My>KHHHbi, KOTopbie HHHUHHpyíoT coBMe-maiomHe 6paKH hjih pa3fleneHHe, ooijeflHHeHbi hsmh b oflHy rpynny c TeMH, kto HHHi^HHpyeT pa3flejieHHe, nocKOJibKy 06a cjiynaH npHBOflHT k pa3pymeHHK> nojinaHflpHOHoro 6paKa. My>KHHHbi, HbH 6paKH TpaHC-4>opMHpyioTCH b coBMeinaioiuHe 6paKH hjih pa3pymaioTCH nyTeM pa3-fleneHHH no HHHi^naTHBe 6paTbeB, Ha3BaHbi hsmh «naccHBHHMH pa3- flejIHIOmHMHCH». B THnHHHbix nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKax caMbiö CTapiunň 6paT 6biJi, KaK npaBHJio, Ha 3.8 JieT CTapme o6m;eH >KeHbi, a flpyrne 6paTbH 6biJiH MJiafline oöineö >KeHbi (duazpaMMa 3). TaKUM o6pa30M, mm euduM ceMbu, cmaeuiue coeMema-mnmMU, eeposmmee ecezo, 6ydym UMemb ôojibiue 3eMJiu u ôojibiue ôpambee-Myiiceu, ueM cpedusw nojiuaudpuUHasi ceMbx. ripuuuHoů smomy Moncem ôbímb mo, umo, npeiicde ecezo, e ôozambix ceMbax ôojibiue cbíHoeeů u mo, umo ceMbu c ôojibiuuM KOJiuuecmeoM cbtHoeeů eeposmmee ecezo cmauym co6Mew,aiow,UMU. HMex ua pyicax Heôojibuioe uucjio npuMepoe, Heeo3M03icHO om-dejiumb (pmcmopu, Komopue oôycjioBJíueamm peuieuue pa3dejiumbcx, om (paKmopoe, o6yaioejiueamw,ux peuieuue npodojiiicamb coeMew,amw,uů 6paK fluazpoMMa 3. Cpednue 3HaneHUR u cm.aHdapm.HbLe ouiuôku eo3pacmHou pa3Huubi MejKÔy MyjKbsiMU pa3JiuHHbLX eo3pacmoe u uxjKenoMU riQ/ICOKHTe/IbHbie 3HaHeHHH yKa3LIBaK)T Ha TO, HTO My>Kbfl CTapine CBOHX meH, a HeraTHBHLie 3HaHeHHH roBopaT, hto Mymba MJiafline. B öojibniHH-CTBe 6paKOB caMLiíí CTapniHÍí H3 6paTbeB ohm CTapine oomeíi ^kghli, b to BpeMH KaK MyacHHHH öojiee MJiaflniHX B03pacTOB b Ľ,ejioM 6lkih MJiafline CBOHX >KeH. Bo3pacTHofl flHcnapHTeT Me>Kfly MyscbflMH h ÄeHaMH HaHÖojiee Bcero BLipa>KeH b cny^ae c caMHMH M/iafliiiHMH My>KbHMH. 3 4 x r" U ra P- o -4 m ^ -12 ex c PQ 0 - -16 1 1 J_I_I_L 3 4 5 nopflflOK CTapiHHHCTBa 28 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 29 3to 03HanaeT, hto nopHflOK CTapniHHCTBa b 3HaHHTejibHoň cre-neHH CBH3aH c B03p acTHHM flHcnapHTeTOM MeTKfiy My>KHHHOH h ero >KeHOH (K03(J)4)Hii;HeHT KoppejiHiniH IlHpcoHa: r = -0.5919, p < 0.001, n = 199). J\jiíí mv>khhh, po>KfleHHbix no3flHee cbohx 6paTbeB, B03pacT-TIoHeMy hoh flncnapHTeT MO>KeT 6biTb 3HaHHTejibHbiM. flpoe inecTbix no CTap-nojiuaHdpusi niHHCTBy 6paTbeB 6buiH Ha 14 h 15 JieT MJiafline cbohx >KeH. mepnum xpax Bo3pacTHoň flncnapHTeT Me>Kfly MyscbHMH h >KeHaMH b 3HaHHTejib- hoh CTeneHH CBH3aH c pojibio, KOTopyio nrpaeT MystHHHa b 6paKe (ofl-HOCTopoHHHň flHcnepcHOHHHH aHajiH3: F2199= 7.31, p = 0.0009; dua-zpaMMa 4). AKTHBHbie pa3flejiHioirj;HecH 3HaHHTejibHO MOJio>Ke cbohx >KeH, He>KejiH flpyrnx Mysceň (TecT LUeíJxJíe, p < 0.05). flua.zpa.MMa 4. CpeflHHe 3HaHeHHH H CTaHflapTHbie OIHh6kH B03paCTH0ÍÍ pa3HHD,bI Me>Kfly MVJKbflMH H JKeHaMH flJIH MV5KHHH B CTaĎH/IbHblX nO/IHaHflpHHHblX 6paKaX, naCCHBHHX pa3flejIHK>mHXCH H aKTHBHbIX pa3flejIHK>mHXCH. AKTHBHbie pa3- flejiaiomHecH MOJio>Ke Bcero no othoiiichhio k hx >KeHaM. c m s c m o -1 -2 -3 --4 --5 - -6 -7 TIOJIHaHflpHHHbie TlaCCHBHbie AKTHBHbie B Haineň Bbi6opKe 27% MyscHHH, KOTopbie 6buiH MJiafline oĎineň >KeHbI, CTaHOBHJIHCb aKTHBHHMH pa3flejIHroLUHMHCH, TOTfla KaK TaKO- bhx cpeflH My>KHHH, KOTopbie 6biJiH CTapine oĎineň >KeHbi, 6buio Jiniiib 9%. AKTHBHbie pa3flejiHioirj;HecH b cpeflHeM 6buiH noHTH Ha inecTb JieT MOJio>Ke cbohx >KeH, Torzi;a KaK flpyrne MyscbH b hx ceMbe 6buiH MOJio>Ke cbohx >KeH jiHinb Ha rofl. MystHHHbi, KOTopbie ocTaBajincb b CTaĎmib-hom nojiHaHflpHHHOM 6paKe, 6buiH npH6jiH3HTejibHO oflHoro B03pacTa CO CBOHMH >KeHaMH. CiieflyeT OTMeraTb, hto >KeHbi MystHHH, 3aKJiK>HHBiiiHX coBMeinaio-ihhh 6paKH hjih OTflejiHBíHHXCH ot nojiHaHflpHHHoň ceMbH, He 6buiH no>KHJibiMH, xoth o6hhho ohh 6buiH CTapiiie cbohx Mysceň. Bbi6opKa BKJIIOHaeT 23 >KeHbI H3BeCTHOrO B03paCTa, HbH 6paKH 3aKOHHHJIHCb coBMenreHHHMH hjih pa3flejieHHHMH. Bo3pacTbi sthx >KeHiHHH BapbH-poBajiHCb ot 19 flo 69 JieT, ho cpeflHHň B03pacT cocTaBJíHJi 34.9 JieT. /JecHTb H3 23 >KeHirj;HH (43%) 6biJiH He CTapine 30 JieT Ha momcht pa3-flejieHHH ceMbH. IlocKOJibKy nopHflOK CTapniHHCTBa h B03pacTHoň flncnapHTeT y My- TKeií H >KeH B3aHMOCBH3aHbI, HeyflHBHTejIbHO, HTO nopHflOK CTapiHHH-CTBa HBJIHeTCH XOpOIHHM OCHOBaHHeM flJIH nporH03a pOJIH, KOTOpyK) nrpaeT MyscHHHa b cjiynae pa3fleneHHH ceMbH. CaMbie CTapinne H3 6paTbeB HHHUHHpOBajIH JIHIHb 7 % Bcex coBMeinaioiHHX 6paKOB h pa3-fleneHHň, Torfla KaK BTopbie no CTapniHHCTBy 6paTbH HHHiniHpoBajiH ysce 22%, a MystHHHbi, po>KfleHHbie eine no3flHee, 6biJiH HHHi^naTopa-mh b 37-39% cjiynaeB. HMejiHCb 3HaHHTejibHbie Bapnai^HH b nopHflKe CTapniHHCTBa nojiHaHflpHHHbix MyacHHH, naccHBHbix pa3flejiHioirj;HXCH H aKTHBHbIX pa3flejIHK)IHHXCH (oflHOCTOpOHHHH flHCnepCHOHHHH aHa- JIH3: F2_230 = 3.95, p = 0.0206; maójiuua 3). Korfla MyscHHHbi 3aKJiK)HaioT HOBbie 6paKH, ohh noHTH Bcerfla >Ke-hhtch Ha >KeHiHHHax, KOTopbie MJiafline B03pacT0M, HeM hx nepBaH >KeHa (35/39 = 90%; 3HaKOBbiň TecT: 2 = 4.80, pKeH, KOTopbie 6biJiH b cpeflHeM Ha 5.7 JieT CTapine hx, h >KeHHJiHCb Ha BTopbix >KeHax, KOTopbie 6buiH Ha 3.6 JieT MJiafline HX CaMHX. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u Hacmosiw,eM napodoe Eepa3uu Taójiuua 3. TIopsidoK cmapmuHcmea u ópaunuů cmamyc nopaflOK CTapiIIHHCTBa BpaMHbIH craiyc Hhcjio MyJKHHH CpedH.ee 3Hm.enue TlozpeuiHocmh Hepa3flejieHHaH 135 2,05 0,13 IlaccHBHbie pa3flejiHioirj;HecH 50 2,02 0,17 AKTHBHbie pa3flejiHioirj;HecH 48 2,69 0,18 PEnPO/iyKTHBHblH ycnEX Hto6h HccjieflOBaTb scJxJieKT penpoflyKTHBHoro ycnexa Ha peineHHe My>KHHH COXpaHHTb nOJIHaHflpHHHbie COK)3H, Mbl OĎpaTHJIH BHHMa- HHe Ha flaHHbie nepenncn no MeTOfly nonepeHHbix cpe30B, co6paHHbie Levine b 1982-83 rr. 3th flaHHbie flaioT HH(|)opManHio o B03pacTe My>K-hhh, 6paHHOM CTaTyce h penpoflyKTHBHbix hctophhx. MeTOflbí, Hcnojib-30BaHHbie fljiH nojiyneHHH h BepH(J)HKai^HH HH(J)opMai];HH 06 OTn;oBCTBe fleTeň, onnpaioTCH Ha MecTHbie CBefleHHH h onncaHbi b ripmiojKenuu A. flflH. yneTa toto 4>aKTa, hto HeKOTopbie MystHHHbi HaxoflHJiHCb b 6paKe flojibine, neM flpyrne, a TaK^Ke toto cjjaKTa, hto HeKOTopbie My>KHHHbi 30 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 31 TIoueMy nomiandpuR mepnum xpax flocTHľJiH nojioB03pejioro B03pacTa nocjie >KeHHTb6bi, HeKOTopbie aHa- JIHTHHeCKHe BblKJiaflKH no My>KHHHaM OT l8 JieT H BblLUe, KOTOpbIM Mbl cjieflyeM, 6a3HpyioTCH Ha KOJimecTBe fleTeň, pojKfleHHbix b Ka>Kflbiň rofl, npoBefleHHbiö b 6paKe. rioHTH HeH3Öe>KHO, HTO b caMOM Hanajie 6paKa caMbiň CTapiimň h3 6paTbeB 6yfleT HMeTb HecoMHeHHoe npeHMymecTBO. B HeKOTopbix cjiy-naHX HMeHHO oh BbiönpaeT >KeHy h npHBOflHT ee b aom; b ycTpoeHHbix 6paKax BepoHTHee Bcero oh HHHUHHpyeT c Heft ceKcyajibHbie cbh3h. no 4>aKTy, CKopee Bcero hmchho CTapniHÖ 6paT ocymecTBHT 3anaTHe nepBoro peöeHKa b 6paKe: 67% nepBopo>KfleHHbix fleTeň, >khbhihx b MOMeHT npOBefleHHH HCCJieflOBaHHH, CHHTajIHCb OTnpblCKaMH CTapniHX 6paTbeB (jnaôjiuua 4). Taôjiuua 4 Myac b nopHflKe crapuiHHCTBa PeöeHOK i 2 3 b nopHflKe CTapiUHHCTBa* KojiumcmBO demeů % KojiuM.ecm.BO demeů % KojiuMecmBO demeů % i 43 67 16 25 5 8 2 22 39 29 51 6 11 3 20 39 21 41 10 20 4 19 45 18 43 5 12 5 12 39 13 42 6 20 6 II 50 5 23 6 27 7 6 38 5 31 5 31 8 3 25 6 50 3 25 Bcero 135 46 113 38 46 16 * AeTH, JKHBHIHe Ha MOMeHT HCC/ieflOBaHHfl J\o HeKOTopoö CTeneHH sto npeHMyinecTBO TaeT c po>KfleHHeM no-cjieflyioiHHX fleTeň, h BTopoe po>KfleHHe BepoHTHee Bcero 6yfleT ot-HeceHO Ko BTopoMy no CTapniHHCTBy 6paTy, HaxoflHineMycH b 6paKe. OflHaKO flHcnapHTeT b HHflHBHflyajibHOM penpoflyKTHBHOM ycnexe cpeflH Mysceft b TeneHHe >kh3hh MyscHHH CHHMaeTCH He nojiHOCTbio. riopHflOK CTapiUHHCTBa HaXOflHTCH B OTpHLjaTejIbHOň KoppejiHUHH c KOJiHHecTBOM fleTeň, po>KfleHHbix b TeneHHe 6paKa, fljiH MyscHHH, ko- Topbie ocTaioTCH b CTaÖHJibHbix nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKax (r = -0.2740, p = 0.028, 0 = 67), h c KOJiHHecTBOM fleTeň, po>KflaBiiiHXCH b 6paKe Ka>KflbiH rofl (r = -0.2355, P — 0.028, n = 67). B ceMbHX, KOTopbie CTajiH coBMeinaioiHHMH hjih pa3flejiHJiHCb, 6ojibLUHHCTBO CTapniHX Mysceň 3anajiH öojibinee hhcjio fleTeň, neM MJiaflniHe MyacbH flo pacnafla 6paKa. B sthx ceMbHX nopHflOK CTapniHH-CTBa HaxoflHTCH b OTpHi^aTejibHOH KoppejiHUHH c HHCJioM fleTeň, 3ana-Tbix b nepHOfl cymecTBOBaHHH H3HaHajibHoro nojiHaHflpnňHoro 6paKa (r = -0.3810, p = 0.001, n = 70), h c HHCJioM fleTeň, 3aHHHaBiiiHXCH b Ka>KflbiH rofl 6paKa (r = -0.3668, p = 0.001, n = 70). Bojiee Toro, penpoflyKTHBHbiň ycnex CBH3aH c pojibio, KOTopyío My>KHHHbi HrpajiH b 6paKe. Ecjih MyscHHHbi, ocTaBaBiiiHecH b nojiHaH-flpHÖHOM 6paKe, CTaHOBHJiHCb OTi^aMH b cpeflHeM 1.8 peöeHKa b Tene-HHe Hx 5KH3HH b 6paKe, naccHBHbie pa3flejiHK)irj;HecH 3aHHHajiH 1,1 pe-6eHKa, a aKTHBHbie pa3flejLqioiHHecH CTaHOBHJiHCb OTiiaMH 0.5 peöeHKa b nepHOfl hx H3HaHajibHoro 6paKa (oflHOCTopoHHHň flHcnepcnoHHbiň aHajiH3: f2134= 10,8964, p < 0.0001; ma6jiuu,a 5). 3th UHc|jpbi He ynn- TblBaiOT TOrO 4>aKTa, HTO MySCHHHbl, OCTaBaBILIHeCH B nOJIHaHflpHHHHX 6paKax, HaxoflHJiHCb b 6paKe flojibine, a noTOMy HMejiH öojibine B03-MO^KHOCTeH 3anaTb fleTeň, He>KejiH My>KHHHbi, neň 6paK npeKpaTHJicH. Korfla 3TH 4>aKTopbi 6epyTCH b yneT, 3HaHHTenbHaH pa3HHLi;a b hhah-BHflyajibHOM penpoflyKTHBHOM ycnexe coxpaHHeTCH (oflHOCTopoHHHÖ flHcnepcHOHHHH aHajiH3: F2134 = 4.3328, p = 0.0150; dua.zpa.MMa 5). Ecjih nojinaHflpHHHbie MyscHHHbi h naccHBHbie pa3flejiHK>iHHecH sa-HHHajiH b cpeflHeM 0.10-0.11 peöeHKa Ka>KflbiH rofl 6paKa, aKTHBHbie pa3flejiHroiHHecH CTaHOBHJiHCb OTi^aMH TOJibKO 0.04 peöeHKa b Ka>KflbiH rofl 6paKa. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HaanosujueM Hapodoe Eepa3uu Ta6jiu.ua 5 PenpodyKmueHbLŮ ycnex MyjKeu e u3HanajibHbLX ôpaxax 06mee MHCJio 3aiaTbix fleTeň Hhcjio fleTeň, 3aiaTbix KaiKflbiň rofl BpaiHbiň CTaiyc Hhcjio MyacMHH Cpednee 3HCtMeHUe ľlozpew-HOCmh Cpednee 3HCtMeHUe ľlozpew-HOCmh Hepa3flejiHB-niHecH 67 1.78 0.20 o.ll O.OI naccHBHbie pa3flejiHK>-mnecH 39 1.08 0.17 O.IO 0.02 AKTHBHbie pa3flejiHio-mnecH 31 0.45 0.14 0.04 O.OI 32 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 33 ĽIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax /TuazpaMMCL 5. CpeflHHe 3HaHeHHH h CTaHflapTHLie norpeniHOCTH HHCJia fleTeii, e>KeroflHO 3aHaTLIX B ÖpaKe IIOJIHaHflpHHHblMH MySCHHHaMH, naCCHBHblMH pa3flejIHK)-mHMHCH H aKTHBHbie pa3flejIHK)mHMHCH. AKTHBHbie pa3flejIHK)mHeCH CTa-HOBHJIHCb OTIjaMH CymeCTBeHHO MeHbinerO HHCJia nOTOMKOB B KajKflblH rofl H3HaHajibHoro 6paKa, He>Ke/iH flpyrne MyscHHHbi. 0.12 fr s 1=; c 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 riOJIHaHflpHHHbie riaccHBHbie AKTHBHbie Hh3khh penpoflyKTHBHbio ycnex aKTHBHbix pa3flejiHK>iHHXCH, no-BHflHMOMy, He HBJiHeTCH pe3yjibTaTOM Hx 6eciuioflHOCTH. Ecjih 6bi npo-ÖJieMa öbuia b stom, mh MorjiH 6bi o>KHflaTb, hto nocjie 3aKJiioHeHHH HOBoro 6paKa CTeneHb hx penpoflyKTHBHOCTH Majio H3MeHHTCH. KH- flaTb TaKOH >Ke flHcnapHTeT b penpoflyKTHBHoň aKTHBHOCTH Me>Kfly aKTHBHbiMH h iiaccHBHbiMH pa3flejiHK>iHHMHCH flo h nocjie HX HOBoro 6paKa. OflHaKO MyscHHHbi, KOTopbie 6biJiH OTHeceHbi hsmh k KaTero- pHH aKTHBHbie pa3flejIHK>IHHXCH, fleMOHCTpHpOBajIH TpH>KflbI BblCOKyK) CTeneHb penpoflyKTHBHoň aKTHBHOCTH b hobhx 6paKax b cpaBHeHHH c TeMH My>KHHHaMH, KOTopbie onpeflejiHJiHCb hsmh KaK naccHBHbie pa3-flejiHioinHecH (oflHOCTopoHHHÖ flHcnepcHOHHHH aHajiH3: F167— 5.9420, p = 0.0174). PO/J,CTBEHHbIE OTHOIIIEHH.H MYJKEH Htoöh npoTecTHpoBaTb nporH03 o tom, hto CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH cpeflH Mysceň OKa^KeT B03fleňcTBHe Ha craÖHJibHOCTb nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKOB, Mbl CpaBHHJIH CpeflHKDK) CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH Me>Kfly My->KbHMH B CeMbHX, OCTaBaBIHHXCH Hepa3flejieHHbIMH, CTaBIHHX COBMe- inaioiHHMH h pa3flejiHBiiiHXCH. Haina BbiöopKa BKJiioHajia MyscHHH h3 57 ceMeň. Ilponeflypa noflcneTa CTeneHH poflCTBa Mysceň fleTajiH3Hpo- BaHa b ĽIpujioMenuu E. Htoöh nojiyHHTb cpeflHíoio CTeneHb poflCTBeH- HOCTH BHyTpH Ka>KflOH ľpynnbl MySCHHH, 3aKJIK)HHBHIHX nOJIHaHflpHH-HblH 6paK, Mbl CyMMHpOBajIH K03(J)4)HI];HeHTbI poflCTBa flJIH Ka>KflOH napbi My^KeH b 6paKe h pa3flejiHJiH cyMMy Ha hhcjio nap Mysceň b ÖpaKe. KaK HaMH obrno OTMeneHO paHee, flaHHbie o poflCTBe ocHOBbiBaioT-CH Ha MecTHbix npnnHCbiBaHHHX (cm. upimojKenue A). PacneTbi cpeflHeň CTeneHH poflCTBa cpeflH Mysceň b ceMbHX paH>KHpoBajiacb ot 0.09 flo 0.50. CpeflHee 3HaneHHe cocTaBHJio 0.36, hto hbjihctch nojioBHHoň ot 3HaneHHH fljiH poflHbix h CBOflHbix öpaTbeB. HenocpeflCTBeHHOH CBH3H Me>Kfly hhcjiom Mysceň b ceMbHX h cpeflHeň CTeneHbio poflCTBeH- HOCTH Me>Kfly HHMH He ÖbIJIO (K03(|)c|3HnHeHT KOppejIHUHH ÜHpCOHa: r = 0.0297,p = 0.413, n = 57). CpeflHHH CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH Me>Kfly MyscbHMH b nojiHaHflpnň- HblX CeMbHX, CeMbHX, CTaBIHHX COBMeiHaiOIUHMH 11:111 paSflejIHBIIIHMH-CH, 3HaHHTejIbHO He pa3JIHHajiaCb (oflHOCTOpOHHHň flHCnepCHOHHblH aHajiH3: F254= 0.0918, p = 0.9124; ma6jiuu,a 6). IloTOMy He Ka>KeTCH, HTO CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH Me>Kfly MyjKbHMH BJIHHeT Ha CTaÖHJIb-HOCTb HX ÖpaKOB1. Bo3mo>kho, HTO My>KHHHbi MorjiH H3BJieKaTb Bbiroflbí ot pa3flejie- HHH HJIH (JjOpMHpOBaHHfl COBMeiHaiOIHHX CeMeÖ, HTOÖbl yCHJIHTb pofl-CTBeHHbie HyBCTBa CO CBOHMH ÖpaTbHMH. HtOÖH yCTaHOBHTb, BbI3bIBa- jia jih nepecTpoHKa ceMbH nocTOHHHbie H3MeHeHHH cpeflHeň CTeneHH poflCTBeHHOCTH Me>Kfly My>KbHMH, Mbl CpaBHHJIH COCTaB 27 CHÖJIHHrO- Bbix rpynn flo h nocjie pa3flejieHHH. B 12 cjiynaHX b cpeflHeň CTeneHH poflCTBeHHOCTH cpeflH My>Keň He öbiJiH B03M05KHH KaKHe-TO nepeMe-Hbi, nocKOJibKy b ÖpaKe öbuio Bcero flBoe My>Keň (3 cjiynaH) hjih Bce My-TKhH. HMejiH oflHy CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH no OTHomeHHK) flpyr k flpy- Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 Hbunôa KOHcmamupymm, umo dutptpepeHuupoeaHHoe omupecmeo Hezamueuo eo3deůcmeyem ua omHouieHux Meiicdy ôpamhHMU, u ue noxouce, umo demu, eupocume e coBMemamufux ôpaKax, čomu npednoumym 3aKJimuumb maKoů 6poK (cm.: Levine 1988: 154) .HeKomopue U3 maicux C01030B, oduaKO, coxpaHsmmcx do KOHU.Ü 3ICU3HU napmuepoB, m.e. OHU He o6saamejihHO OKüHUUBammcsi pa3dejieuueM (cm. CHOCKy 13) B03MOJKHO, HTľlO MyjKHUHbL MOZJIU U36JieKCimb ebizodbi om pa3dejienuR ujiu cßopMupoeamiR coeMew,CLK)w,ux ceMeů, nmoöbi ycujiumb podcmeeHHbLe nyecmea co ceouMU ôpambRMU ry (9 cjiynaeB). B ocTaBiimxcH 15 ceMbHX MyscHHHbi MorjiH H3MeHHTb CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH no OTHOineHHio k flpyrHM MyscbHM b nponecce (JjOpMHpOBaHHH HOBOrO ÖpaKa. B nHTH H3 3THX CeMeň MySCHHHbl C(J)Op-MHpOBajIH flBa HOBHX nOJIHaHflpHňHHX ÖpaKa. B OCTaBIIIHXCH fleCHTH ceMbHX oflHH H3 My>Keň c(J)opMHpoBaji MOHoraMHbiň öpaK, a flpyrne— nojiHaHflpnňHbie. B HTore, ccJ)opMHpoBajiocb 20 hobhx nojiHaHflpnň- HblX ÖpaKOB. B 11 H3 3THX ÖpaKOB CpeflHHH CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH öbiJia Bbiine, neM cpeflHHH CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH cpeflH My>Keň b h3-HanajibHbix ôpaKax; b 8 cjiynaHX KapTHHa öbuia ooparaoň, a b oahom 34 Hehch JIebhh, /J ík o a h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 35 YIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax Ham anajiu3 ne ebiaejmem uenocpedcmeeHHOu cex3u Meiicdy 3eMejibHbiMU ejia-deuuMMU KaK maKOBMMU u duuaMUKOu pa3dejiemm, ho cyw,ecmeyem 6ojibiuoe uucjio 83aiiM0C8R3aHHbtx o6cmon-mejibcme, ube BJiumme mm He CMOzjiu npomecmupoeamb. OdnuM U3 maKux o6cmon-mejibcme mjuiemcR pedKuii cjiyuaii, Kozda doMoxo3MU-cmea, UMemmue 3eMeja>Hym co6cmeeHHOcmb, npuo6-pemamm emopbie UMemix y ceMeii 6e3 HaoiedmiKOB. Pa3dejieuue maiaix ceMeii He icajicemcx 6ojiee eepoamnbiM, ho npuuuHM pasdejiemisi Kaiicymcx 6ojiee oioiicHbLMU, He-yicejiu npocmo ejiadenue 6ojibiuuMU yuacmicaMU 3eMJiu (cm.: Levine 1988:247, 251). Jlpyzou cjiyuaii—koz-da ceMbu, nepee33icamm na HOBbie 3eMJlU U, C BMCOKOU eepoamHocmbm, Mozym umiuuupoBamb pa3dejie-uue. OduaKO 6ojibiuuHcmBO maiaix ceMeii npoucxodam om 6biBiuux pa6oB, Komo-pue, KaK mm Budejiu BMiue (npuM. 11), mpaduuuoHHO 6bLJlU MOHOZaMHbLMU (CM.: Levine 1988:276). cjiynae He 6bmo hhkskhx H3MeHeHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, HHKaKoft TeH-fleHUHH, hto My>KHHHbi, 3aKJiK)HaH HOBbie nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH, no- BblinajIH HJIH CHH^KajIH CBOe pOflCTBO C flpyrHMH MySCbHMH, 3aMeHeHO He 6buio. B bl B O p, bl Mbi cflenajiH o63op pafla MOflenen nojiHaHflpHHHbix CHCTeM, pacavia-TpHBaeMbix b paMKax connoKyjibTypHOH aHTponojiorHH h sbojuouhoh-hoh 6HOJiorHH, h npoTecTHpoBajiH rHnoTe3bi o (JiaKTopax, bjihhioihhx Ha CTa6mibHOCTb nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKOB. IlojiyHeHHbie CBefleHHH nOflTBepflHJIH OflHH nOJIO^KeHHH OTHOCHTejIbHO nOJIHaHflpHHHHX CHCTeM h nocTaBHJiH nofl Bonpoc flpyrne. H xoth flejiaTb o6iHHe bhbo- flbl, OTTajIKHBaHCb OT B3aHMOCBH3eH Me>Kfly npHHHHaMH nOBefleHHH, pHCKOBaHHO, HaiHH 3aKJIK)HeHHH n03BOJIHK)T CflejiaTb HeCKOJIbKO OCTO-pO>KHbIX Ha6jIK)fleHHH O (JiaKTOpaX, CnOCo6cTByK>IH,HX CTa6HJIbHOCTH nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKOB—KaK MHHHMyM, y HbHH6a-3eMJieBJiaflejibn;eB. Bo-nepBbix, CBefleHHH o HbHH6a He noflTBep>KflaioT flOBOfl o tom, hto coxpaHeHHe nojinaHflpHH o6ycjioBJieHO 3kohomhh6ckhmh h sko-JIOrHHeCKHMH (JiaKTOpaMH, KOTOpbie orpaHHHHBaioT cnoco6HOCTb MyscHHH o6ecneHHBaTb cboh ceMbH. 06niaH ruioniaflb 3eMenbHbix Ha-flejioB h hx flOJiH Ha Ka>Kfloro HJieHa ceMbH b Hepa3flejiHBiHHXCH ceMbHX npH6jiH3HTenbHa paBHa ruioniaflH 3eMJiH y pa3flejiHBiHHXCH ceMeii, a 3TO npOTHBOpeHHT yTBep>KfleHHIO O TOM, HTO MySCHHHbl OCTaBJIHIOT nojiHaHflpHHHbie ceMbH, KaK TOJibKO MoryT ce6e sto no3BOJiHTb. Mysc-hhhh c caMHMH 6ojibniHMH HaflejiaMH b Haineft Bbi6opKe 3aKJiK)HajiH coBMeinaioiHHe 6paKH, ho He OTflejisuiHCb coBceM. Bojiee Toro, 6eflHbie My>KHHHbi He o6H3aTenbHO coxpaHHJiH nojiaHflpHHHbie 6paKHJ. 3to 3aKJiK)HeHHe, oflHaKO, He onpoBepraeT rnnoTe3bi o tom, hto nojinaHflpHH b 6ecnHCbMeHHOM nponuioM B03HHKaeT b ycjioBHHX >KecTKoro orpaHHHeHHH pecypcoB. Cjiynaft c HbHH6a b paBHoft Mepe He npoHCHHeT Bonpoc o tom, KaK MOflepHH3anHH h H3MeHeHHH CTpa-TerHH cymecTBOBaHHH MoryT CHH>KaTb npHBep>KeHHOCTb nojinaHflpHH. HccjieflOBaTejiH TpaflHUHOHHoro Tn6eTa npeflnojiaraioT, hto nojinaH-flpHH npeo6jiaflaeT cpeflH 3eMJieflejibneB h MeHee pacnpocTpaHeHa b cpefle KoneBbix jkhbothoboaob h ToproBneB (Aziz 1978: 157-58). B HeflaBHHX HccjieflOBaHHHX a6opHreHHbix sthhhcckhx th6ctckhx 06-ili;hh b HHflHH h Henajie onncbiBajicH pe3KHii ynaflOK nojinaHflpHH KaK CJieflCTBHe SKOHOMHHeCKHX H3MeHeHHH H 6ojiee njIOTHOH HHTerpai^HH B COBpeMeHHyiO MHpOByK) SKOHOMHKy. B JlHMH, HanpHMep, My>KHH- hh CTajiH ocTaBJiHTb cboh nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH nocjie Toro, KaK hx o6m;HHa nepenuia ot 33bhchmocth ot 3eMJieflenHH k 6ojibineH BOBJie- HeHHOCTH B TOprOBJIK) Ha 6ojIbIHHe paCCTOHHHH H K paCIHHpeHHK) >KH- BOTHOBOflCTBa (Goldstein 1978: 331-32). Pa3BHrae yp6aHHCTHHecKOH HHcJjpacTpyKTypbi BOKpyr ctojihuh JIaflaKxa h HOBbie bo3mo>khocth 3apa6oTKa TaK^Ke Bbi3BajiH pe3Koe CHH>KeHHe HHCJia nojiHaHflpHHHbix 6paKOB (Crook h Crook 1988:105), xoth onpeflejieHHyio pojib b stom CHH^KeHHH Mor TaK>Ke cbirpaTb h npaBHTejibCTBeHHbra 3anpeT Ha no- JIHaHflpHK). 0TK33 OT nOJIHaHflpHH B T3KHX 06cT0HTejIbCTBaX MO^KeT OTpa- >KaTb npon;eccbi corjiacoBaHHH Me>Kfly CHCTeMaMH opraHH3anHH Tpy-fla h (JiopMaMH 6paKa, KaK npeflnojiaraioT HccjieflOBaTejiH nojiHrHHHH (Boserup 1970, Goody 1976). no yTBep>KfleHHio Goody, TpaflHUHOH-Hyio TH6eTCKyio nojiHaHflpnio n;ejiecoo6pa3Hee Bcero paccMaTpHBaTb KaK oco6yio (JiopMy opraHH3an;HH ceMeiiHoro xo3HHCTBa, KOTopan noBbiinaeT ero >KH3Hecnoco6HOCTb b ycjioBHHX BbicoKoro cnpoca Ha My>KCKOH Tpyfl, npn stom He flonycKaH yMeHbineHHH co6ctb6hhocth h CHH>KeHHH CTaTyca (1990: 139, 153). 3tot B3rjiHfl He o6TjHCHHeT, no-neMy npeHMymecTBeHHoe pa3BHrae nojiynnjia CHCTeMa, TaK CHJibHO 3aBHCHinaH ot My^KCKoro Tpyfla. Oh TaK^Ke ocTaBJineT 6e3 OTBeTa flaBHO nocTaBJieHHbie Bonpocbi o pojiH SKOHOMHHecKoro h npHpoflHoro 4>aK- TOpOB B pa3BHTHH HHCTHTyTOB nOJIHaHflpHH. Co CTa6HJibHOCTbio nojiHaHflpHHHbix flOMOxo3HHCTB HbHH6a Heno-cpeflCTBeHHO CBH3aHbi neTbipe (JiaKTopa: Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HacmoRuieM napodoe Eepa3uu pa3Mep CH6jiHHroBOH rpynnbi; 2. BejiHHHHa B03pacTHoro flHcnapHTeTa Me>Kfly MyacbHMH h >KeHaMH; 3. nopHflOK CTapniHHCTBa; hhcjio fleTeii, 3anaTbix My>KHHHaMH. Bee 3th (JiaKTopbi TecHO B3aHMOCBH3aHbi. B Hfleajie mh MorjiH 6bi pa3flenHTb Bbi6opKy h HccjieflOBaTb B03fleHCTBHe Ka>KflOH nepeMeHHOH B OTflejIbHOCTH. OflHaKO HHCJIO flOMOX03HHCTB H OTflejIbHblX HJieHOB B Haineii Bbi6opKe cjiheikom He3HaHHTejibHO, a (JiaKTopbi cjiheikom Tec- HO B3aHMOCBH3aHbI, flJIH TOrO HTo6bI y HaC 6bIJI TaKOH npaKTHHHHH Bbi6op. TeM He MeHee, mh Bee >Ke MO^KeM CflejiaTb HeKOTopne jiorHHe- CKHe BblBOflbl 06 OTHOCHTejIbHOH Ba^KHOCTH 3THX (JiaKTOpOB B peineHHH My>KHHHbi HHHUHHpoBaTb pa3flejieHHe. ToMy, HTO HHCJIO My>KeH MO^KeT BJIHHTb Ha CTa6HJIbHOCTb nOJIHaHflpHHHHX 6paKOB, ecTb HecKOJibKO npHHHH. Bo-nepBbix, bo3mo>kho, hto 6ojibniHe CH6jiHHroBbie rpynnbi HecTa6HJibHbi npocTO H3-3a cbohx pa3MepoB. HbHH6a CHHTaioT, hto oneHb >KejiaTejibHa TpncJjpaTepHajib-Han nojinaHflpHH, a 6ojiee KpynHbie 6paHHbie coio3bi npo6jieMaTHHHbi no npHHHHe HMeiomencH b hhx ckjiohhocth k pa3HorjiacHHM. Ecjih My>KbH flOJI>KHbI Hajla>KHB3Tb H KyjIbTHBHpOBaTb OTHOineHHH COTpyfl- HHHecTBa, cepfleHHoii npHBH3aHHOCTH hjih, no KpaHHeii Mepe, Tepnn-mocth flpyr k flpyry, ajih Toro hto6h coxpaHHTb 6paK, to jierKO noHHTb, noneMy hhcjio Myaceii MO^KeT BJiHHTb Ha CTa6mibHOCTb b 6paKe. Bo-BTopbix, cjieflyH 3BOjnon;HOHHO-6HOJiorHHecKHM nporH03aM, KpynHbie 36 Hehch JIebhh, flatoAH Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 37 CH6jiHHroBbie rpynnbi Moryr 6biTb He>KejiaTejibHbiMH no npHHHHe Toro, hto ohh HaKJiaflbiBaioT 6ojiee >KecTKHe orpaHHHeHHH Ha penpoflyKTHB-Hbie bo3mo>khocth My>KHHH (Beall h Goldstein 1981: 9; Crook h Crook 1988: 108). B-TpeTbHX, ecjiH cjieflOBaTb connoKyjibTypHbiM nporH03aM, TIoHeMy no Mepe yBejiHHeHHH HHcna Myscen, HMeiornHX flocryn k oahoh >KeHe, nojiuandpuR HHTeHCH(|)HnHpyeTCH h ceKcyajibHaa peBHOCTb. mepnum xpax OflHaKO ecjiH 6bi pa3Mep CH6jiHHroBOH rpynnbi 6bm eflHHCTBeHHHM 4>aKTopoM, BJiHHK)irj;HM Ha pemeHHH MyacHHH pacTopraTb hx 6paKH, to Bee ivryscbH b 6ojibniHX CH6jiHHroBbix rpynnax c 6ojibinoH BepoHT-HOCTbio HHHi^HHpoBajiH 6bi pa3fleneHHe. OflHaKO B peajIbHOCTH HHH-UHaTHBa 3aKJIK)HeHHH COBMeiliaiOrHHX 6paKOB HJIH pa3flejieHHH, KaK npaBHJio, npHHafljie>KHT TeM MyscHHHaM, KOTopbie ivuiafline Bcero no OTHorneHHK) k cbohm >KeHaM h flpyrHM My>KbHM h HaHMeHee ycneniHbi b 3anaTHH co6cTBeHHbix fleTen. HeyflOBJieTBopeHHOCTb 6paKOM co CTopoHbi 6ojibniHHCTBa ivuiafl-niHX 6paTbeB MO>KeT 6biTb CBH3aHa c hx noflHHHeHHbiM CTaTycoM b ceMbe. B Tn6eTCKHX ceMbHX CTapninn H3 6paTbeB HMeeT 6ojibniHH aB-TopHTeT h MO>KeT nojib30BaTbCH npeHMyrnecTBOM cBoero nojio>KeHHH, nepeKJiaflbiBaH HejierKyio pa6oTy Ha cbohx ivuiaflinHX 6paTbeB hjih npn-CBaHBan ceKcyajibHyio MOHonojiHio Ha o6myio >KeHy. IlpaBflonoflo6-hoh npeflCTaBJiHeTCH CHTyanHH, Korfla npn stom CHJibHbie xapaKTepoM MJiaflniHe 6paTbH MoryT Bbipa>KaTb CBoe B03Myin,eHHe. H xoth y Hac HeT Heo6xoflHMbix flaHHbix fljiH HccjieflOBaHHH cy6i>eKTHBHoro onbiTa nojiHaHflpHHHbix ivryscHHH, BbicoKaH CTa6HJibHOCTb 6H(J)paTepHajibHbix nOJIHaHflpHHHHX 6paKOB rOBOpHT, HTO TaKHe HyBCTBa He CTOJIb Bbipa- >KeHbi b Majibix CH6jiHHroBbix rpynnax. He HCKjnoneHO, OflHaKO, hto CTaTyC MySCHHHbl CHH^KaeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT eTO TOrO, KaK HH3KO OH HaXOflHTCH B nOpHflKe CTapniHHCTBa, a HeflOCTaTKH, CBH3aHHbie CO CTaTycoM MJiaflinero, cooTBeTCTBeHHO ycnjiHBaioTCH. nopHflOK CTapniHHCTBa TaK^Ke KoppejinpyeT c KOJie6aHHHMH B03-pacTHOH flHcJjcJjepeHUHanHH Me>Kfly ivryscbHMH h >KeHaMH. Korfla 6paTbH >KeHHTCH, hx o6in,aH >KeHa o6hhho HecKOJibKO ivuiafline CTaprnero, ho CTaprne ocTajibHbix 6paTbeB. CaMbiH 6ojibinoH B03pacTHOH flHcnapn-TeT Me>Kfly MyscbHMH h TKeuaMU Ha6jiK)flaeTCH b 6ojibniHX CH6jiHHro-bhx rpynnax, hto 3aTpyflHHeT oneHKy OTHOCHTenbHOH b3>khocth flByx 3THX (JiaKTOpOB B HeyflOBJieTBOpeHHOCTH MySCHHH HX 6paKOM. OflHaKO eCTb pHfl npHHHH HaniHM nOfl03peHHHM, HTO B03paCTHOH flHcnapHTeT Me>Kfly ivryscbHMH h >KeHaMH B03fleHCTByeT Ha perneHHe pa3flejiHTbCH. Bo-nepBbix, KaK npeflnojiaraioT connoKyjibTypHbie aHTponojiorn h 3BOJiiorj;HOHHbie ncHxojiorH, MOJioflbie MyscHHHbi, >KeHaTbie Ha >KeH-iHHHax CTaprne hx B03pacTOM, MoryT CHHTaTb hx MeHee yflOBJieTBopn-TejibHHMH cynpyraMH, He CTOJib npHBJieKaTejibHbiMH (J)H3HHecKH h MeHee yflOBJieTBopHiom,HMH hx b ceKcyajibHOM OTHomeHHH. Bojiee Toro, penpoflyKTHBHbie nepcneKTHBbi MyscHHH B03pacTaioT b 6paKe c >KeH-m,HHOH MJiafline hx B03pacTOM. EcTb ocHOBaHHH nojiaraTb, hto Mysc- hhhh HbHH6a npeflnoHHTaioT >KeHrHHH MJiafline hx B03pacTOM. Korfla MyscHHHbi 3aKJiioHaioT flpyroH 6paK, B03pacTHOH flHcnapHTeT Me>Kfly MySCbHMH H >KeHaMH o6bIHHO CHH>KaeTCH HJIH ycTpaHHeTCH. noHTH Bee My>KHHHbi >KeHHJiHCb Ha >KeHm;HHax, KOTopbie 6biJiH MJiafline hx nepBbix TKeH, a flBe TpeTH My>KHHH B3HJIH B >KeHbI >KeHm,HH MJiafline HX CaMHX. Xoth BnojiHe BepoHTHO, hto My>KHHHbi HHHi^HHpyioT coBMem,aiom,He 6paKH hjih pa3flejieHHH, nocKOJibKy HyBCTByioT HeyflOBJieTBopeHHOCTb cbohmh TKeuaMU, mh He pacnojiaraeM npHMHMH CBHfleTejibCTBaMH TOrO, HTO My>KHHHbI He yflOBJieTBOpeHbl CBOHMH >KeHaMH HJIH He CMOr- jih ycTaHOBHTb yflOBJieTBopHTenbHbie ceKcyajibHbie h jiHHHbie otho- UieHHH C HHMH. KpOMe TOTO, TOT (J)aKT, HTO pa3flejIHK)m,HeCH >KeHHTCH Ha >KeHm;HHax MJiafline ce6H B03pacTOM, MO^KeT npocTO OTpa>KaTb tot 4>aKT, hto MOJioflbie >KeHm,HHbi 6ojiee flocTynHbi fljiH 6paKa1. KaK npednojiazaiom cou,uoKyjibmypHbie anmponojiozu u 3eojimv,uoHHbie ticuxojiozu, MOJiodbie MyjKHUHbL, jKenambLe na jKenmunax cmapwe ux eo3pacmoM, Mozym cnumamb ux Menee ydoejiemeopumejibHbLMU cynpyzaMU, ne cmojib npuejieKamejibHbLMU 3-hukomu. 3aMyjicHue 3icemu,UHbL c dembMU noumu uuKozda He yxodam om ceoux Mynceu, a oedoeeeuiue 3icemu,UHbL c demb-mu ecezda ocmcmmcx e ceoeM poduoM dome. He3aMyjicHue deeyuiKU 20-30 Jiem u cmapwe u3eecmHbi nod HejiecmubLM onpedejieuueM «ocmaeuiuecx» u, KaK npaeiuio, cuumaemcn, umo ohu nonajiu e amy cumyauum u3-3a co6cmeeHHbix uedocmam- MySCHHHbl, KOTOpbie HHHUHHpyiOT COBMeCTHbie 6paKH hjih pa3fle- jieHHe, HBJiHHCb MJiafline flpyrnx Myscen h cbohx >KeH, o6hhho erne h HeycneniHbi b 3anaTHH fleTen. CpeflHeMy aKTHBHOMy pa3flejiHiom,eMycH 29 jieT, oh TKeuaT Ha 34-jieTHeH >KeHm,HHe. Oh CTaHOBHTCH otij;om b no-jioBHHy MeHbinero KOJinnecTBa fleTen b rofl, b cpaBHeHHH c flpyrHMH My>KbHMH. 3th My>KHHHbi cnoco6Hbi HMeTb fleTen, h nocjie noBTopHO-ro 6paKa ycneniHbi b penpoflyKTHBHOH aKTHBHOCTH. TaKHM o6pa30M, aKTHBHbie pa3flejiHiom,HecH flocTaTOHHO 3pejibi, hto6h y>Ke HMeTb He-CKOJibKO co6cTBeHHbix fleTen, (J)H3HHecKH ohh cnoco6Hbi k 3anaTHK>, a HX >KeHbI flOCTaTOHHO MOJIOflbl, HTo6bI pOflHTb HM nOTOMCTBO. B HeM >Ke npHHHHa HX HH3KOH penpoflyKTHBHOH npOH3BOflHTejIbHOCTH? OflHOH H3 B03M05KHHX npHHHH MO^KeT 6bITb TO, HTO 6paTbH OTKa3bI- BajiH sthm My>KHHHaM b flocTyne k o6m,eH >KeHe. TaKyio KOHKypeHi^Hio MO>KHO 6bIJIO 0>KHflaTb c o6eHX, H SBOJUOUHOHHOH, h con;HOKyjibTyp- hoh nepcneKTHB. Crook h Crook (1988: 110) yKa3HBaioT, hto «penpo-AyKTHBHoe npeHMyrnecTBO CTaprnero 6paTa MO^KeT 6biTb ycnjieHO He- 38 Hehch JIebhh, flatoAH Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 39 B uhouůckoů nojiuzuHaudpuu mcLKOzo poda npoôjieMM peiuammcM nymeM UHKopnopaiiuu e ceMbm donojmumejihHhix učen, umo CMXzuaem npomueopeuusi c MJiadiuuMU ôpambsiMU flonymeHHeM k 6paKy 6paTa, ÖJiHJKaömero k HeMy no B03pacTy». Ohh nojiaraioT, hto sto Morjio 6biTb npHHHHoň Toro, hto BTopbie no CTap- IHHHCTBy 6paTbH flOMHHHpyíOT B HHCJie MOHaXOB B flByX MOHaCTbipHX 3aHCKapa (C. 110, UHTaTa H3 Crook h Shakya 1988)1. y HbHHÖa CTporo ocy>KflaeTCH MOHonojiH3auHH ceKcyajibHoň ccjiepbi b ceMbe (cm.: Levine I988: 164-65). Ecjih TaK, to HapyineHHe HopM MO>KeT 6biTb ocoöeHHO HenpHHTHO HCKJiioHeHHOMy 6paTy, h sto mo^kčt onpaBflbiBaTb pa3fle-jieHHe. BTOpOÖ B03M05KHOH npHHHHOH MO>KeT 6bITb TO, HTO HH3KHH penpO-flyKTHBHHH ycnex aKTHBHblX pa3flejmiOIHHXCH HBJIHeTCH CJieflCTBHeM peineHHH o pa3flejieHHH, a He ero npHHHHoň. Hhhmh cjioBaMH, aK-THBHbie pa3flejraioiHHecH MoryT orpaHHHHBaTb cbokd coöcTBeHHyio penpoflyKTHBHyio aKTHBHOCTb b paMKax CTpaTerHH ycTpoňcTBa öyzry- mero OTflejieHHH OT CeMbH. HbHHÖa rOBOpHT, HTO Te MySCHHHbl, HbH 6paKH pa3pyuiHJiHCb, h y Koro b njiaHax npncyTCTByeT pa3fleneHHe, HaMepeHHO H3ÖeraioT ceKcyajibHbix CBH3eö c oöiHeö >KeHOH. JI1060H HHHUHHpyíoiHHH pa3flejieHHe, kto peinaeTCH Ha TaKoe, noflBepraeTCH HaKa3aHHK); CHHTaeTCH, hto oh OTBepr oöinyio >KeHy h oÖH3aH kom-neHCHpoBaTb eö nacTbio CBoeö flOJiH H3 ceMeÖHoro npHflaHoro b BHfle lOBejiHpHbix yKpaineHHÖ. Bojiee npoöJieMaTHHHbiM HBjraeTCH to, hto My>KHHHa, HBJíHioiHHHCH otuom oflHoro huh öojiee cbiHOBeö OT oöiHeö >KeHbi h He MoryiHHÖ 3a6paTb hx c co6oö, oÖH3aH ocTaBHTb hm nacTb H3 CBOeÖ flOJIH OT COÖCTBeHHOCTH. TpeTbeÖ BepOHTHOÖ npHHHHOH HB- jiHeTCH to, HTO oöinaH >KeHa nbiTaeTCH ycKopHTb pa3flejieHHe nyTeM H3ÖeraHHH ceKcyajibHbix CBH3eň c My^KeM, KOToporo OHa He jik>6ht. OflHaKO >KeHmHHbi HbHHÖa flenaioT Bce, hto6h yflep>KaTb Bcex cbohx My^KeH b ceMbe paflH coxpaHeHHH ceMeÖHoro öoraTCTBa h nepeflann ero b Hepa3flejieHHOM BHfle cbohm fleraM. nojiuandpuR RejinemcR HedaenuM HoeoeeedenueM e nejioeenecKux o6w,ecmeax u Hama aeojuoi^uoHupyiomaR ticuxojiozur ne npucnocoôujiacb k marcuM cumyai^uRM TaKoro pofla CTpaTerHH Moryr 3aMeTHO CHH>KaTb penpoflyKTHB- HblH ycnex aKTHBHblX pa3flejIHK)IHHXCH, HO OHeBHflHO, HTO ecTb h flpy- rne 4>aKTopbi. Rayne b CTaÖHJibHbix nojiHaHflpHÖHbix ceMbHX MJiaflinne ÖpaTbH He CnOCOÖHbl K TaKOH >Ke penpOflyKTHBHOH aKTHBHOCTH, KaK hx CTapinne 6paTbH. IIopHflOK CTapniHHCTBa HaxoflHTCH b OTpnijaTejib-hoh KoppejrauHH c oöihhm hhcjiom fleTeň, 3anaTbix b 6paKe h c hhcjiom fleTeň, po>KflaioiLi;HXCH b 6paKe e>KeroflHO. Pa3yMeeTCH, ecTb bo3mo>k- HOCTb TOrO, HTO 3Ta OTpHLjaTejIbHafl KOppejIHUHH C03flaeTCH My>KHHHa- MH, KOTopbie njiaHHpyioT npepBaTb 6paK, ho eine He cflejiajiH 3Toro. OflHaKO TpeTbH h HeTBepTbie no CTapniHHCTBy 6paTbH, KOTopbie nepe- 5KHJIH 3HaHHTejIbHOe CHH^KeHHe penpOflyKTHBHOH aKTHBHOCTH B nOJIH- aHflpHÖHbix ceMbHX, b cpeflHeM HaxoflHJiHCb b 6paKe 19 jieT. CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH He OKa3biBajia HenocpeflCTBeHHoro bjihh- HHH Ha CTaÖHJIbHOCTb ÖpaKOB nOJIHaHflpHHHblX My>KHHH, H Korfla MyjK- HHHbi 3aKJiK)HajiH HOBbie nojiHaHflpHHHbie 6paKH nocjie pa3flejieHHH, ohh He ycHJiHBajiH CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH c flpyrHMH My>KbHMH. 3th flaHHbie Ka^KyTCH HeO>KHflaHHbIMH B CBH3H C TeM 4>aKTOM, HTO HbHHÖa nojiaraioT, hto Hanöojiee CTaÖHJibHbie 6paKH BKJiioHaioT rpynnbi Mysc-HHH, HaxoflHmHXCH b TecHOM poflCTBe flpyr c flpyroM, H C TeM 4>aKTOM, HTO pOflCTBO CBH33HO C nOJIHaHflpHeH H y HeKOTOpbIX BHflOB 5KHBOTHHX. 3BOJiioi];HOHHbie ncHxojiorH MoryT CKa3aTb, hto stot pe3yjibTaT o6h-3aH TOMy 4>aKTy, hto nojinaHflpHH hbíihctch HeflaBHHM HOBOBBefleHH-eM b HenoBenecKHX o6m;ecTBax h Haina SBOJiionHOHHpyioiHaH ncHxojio- THH He npHCnOCOÖHJiaCb K T3KHM CHTyai^HHM. TaKHM o6pa30M, mh npeflnojiaraeM, hto peineHHH My>KHHH HbHH-6a pacTopraTb hx 6paKH, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M CBH3aHbi c H3flep>KKaMH hx nojio>KeHHH b CHÖJiHHroBOH rpynne h c hx cbh3hmh c >KeHaMH 3Ha-HHTejibHO CTapine hx B03pacTOM, KOTopbie CHH>KaioT hx inaHCbi Ha pe-npoflyKTHBHbiH ycnex b nojiHaHflpHÖHbix 6paKax. Ba>KHOCTb sthx 4>aK- TOpOB nOflHepKHBaeTCH TeM (JjaKTOM, HTO KOrfla My>KHHHbI 3aKJIK)HaiOT nOBTOpHbie 6paKH, OHH HeHTpajIH3yiOT STK H3flep>KKH, 6epH B >KeHbI >KeHiHHH MJiafline cbohx nepBbix >KeH h npoH3BOflH öojibinee hhc^jio fleTeň, HeM ohh HMejiH b nepBOM 6paKe. B3aHMOCBH3H, KOTopbie HaM yfla-jiocb ycTaHOBHTb, BxoflHT b npoTHBopeHHe c HeKOTopbiMH nporH03aMH, cflenaHHHMH b paMKax sbojuouhohhoh h coi^HOKyjibTypHOH Teopnö HenoBenecKoro noBefleHHH, h corjiacyioTCH c flpyrHMH. HaniH CBefle- HHH rOBOpHT O TOM, HTO Ba^KHeHIUHM (jjaKTOpOM, COfleÖCTByiOmHM paC- nafly 6paKOB, hbjihiotch HeBbiroflHbie ycjioBHH fljiH penpOflyKTHBHOH aKTHBHOCTH, c KOTopbiMH CTajiKHBaioTCH MJiaflinne MyscHHHbi, name b öojibniHX CHÖJiHHroBbix rpynnax. EcľJiH flOBOfl o tom, hto orpaHH-neHHbie penpoflyKTHBHbie bo3mo>khocth cofleňcTByioT pa3pyineHHio nojiHaHflpHÖHbix 6paKOB corjiacyeTCH c nporH03aMH 3bojiioi];hohhoh TeopHH, stot >Ke flOBOfl He CTOJib Ba^KeH b couHOKyjibTypHOH TeopHH1. OflHaKO KyjibTypa HbHHÖa h hx npeflCTaBJíeHHH o poflCTBe flejiaioT aK-i^eHT Ha TaKHX o>KHflaHHHX, h MHorne con;HOKyjibTypHbie aHTponojiorn corjiacHJiHCb 6bi, hto SMHHecKHe oneHOHHbie KpHTepHH TaKoro pofla MOryT BJIHHTb Ha yflOBJíeTBOpeHHOCTb My>KHHH CBOHMH 6paKaMH H HX >KejiaHHe npoflOJi>KaTb TaKHe coio3bi. TeM öojiee hto peineHHH TaKoro pofla He npHHHMaioTCH b BaKyyMe. Ka>KflbiH My>KHHHa MO^KeT peniaTb cyflböy CBoero 6paKa caMOCTOHTejibHO, ho h flpyrne MoryT BJiHHTb Ha sto peineHHe. ^CeHbi, 6paTbH h poflHTejiH, a TaK^Ke flpy3bH, MoryT npn-flaBaTb 3TOMy öojibinoe 3HaneHHe h CTapaTbCH cbirpaTb cboio pojib b cyflböe 6paKa. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu B ceoeů KJiaccuuecKoů cmamhe o nojiuaudpuu u onpedejieuuu ôpaKa Leách zoeopum o eepxo-eeucmee npaea ua ycmauoejie-Hue 3ÜK0HH0Z0 podumejibCKOzo cmamyca Had npaeoM ua ceicc c cynpyzoM, a ne o npaeax ua penpodyianueHbte upnu kuk maKoeue (1966 [1955]: 107) 40 Hehch JIebhh, /J ík o a h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 41 TIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax 1 MMewmcM e eudy taiaccuuecKue cjiyuau c mpoôupauiiOMU u aecmpajiuůcKUMU aôopuzeuaMU, Komopue, no cooômemiHM, ne npu3Haeajiu pojiu MyjKUUH e penpodyKuuu (cm. Weiner 1992: 73-75) Coii;HOKyjibTypHaH TeopHH CHHTaeT, hto B3TJiHflbi HbHHÖa Ha Ba>K- HOCTb HMeTb «COÖCTBeHHHX» fleTeft, MCOKeT 6bITb KyjIbTypHOH HflHOCHH- Kpa3Heft. KoHeHHO, Ha stot npeflMeT b onyöJiHKOBaHHoft jiHTepaType o nojiHaHflpHÖHbix oöniecTBax HairacaHO Majio. B Kpocc-KyjibTypHoö JiHTepaType TatöKe npocjie>KHBaioTCH 3HaHHTejibHbie BapnauHH b iiohh-MaHHH reHeajioTHHecKoro poflCTBa h cnocoöax oueHKH ero b3>khocth (cm.: Schneider 1984). Bo mhothx oöniecTBax pojib reHeajiorHHecKHX acneKTOB OTUOBCTBa npnyMeHbineHa, caMbie 3aMeHaTejibHbie npHMe-pbi 3Toro HaM fleMOHCTpnpyeT OKeaHHH1. 3to oahh npHMep öojibino-ro Kpocc-KyjibTypHoro pa3Hoo6pa3HH noBezieHHecKHX oÖH3aTejibCTB b Cpefle pOflCTBeHHHKOB. KaK noKa3ajio Haine HccjieflOBaHHe, couHOKyjibTypHan h sbojuouh-OHHaH TeopHH MoryT flonojiHHTb flpyr flpyra npn npoBepKe rnnoTe3 o HejioBenecKOM noBefleHHH. ßpe 3th TeopHH onnpaioTCH Ha pa3JiHHHbie ypoBHH o6i>HCHeHHH: coi^HOKyjibTypHaH TeopHH—Ha 6jiH>KaHinHe, a 3BOjnoij;HOHHaH—Ha KOHeHHbie 4>aKTopbi, 4>opMHpyioiiiHe HejioBene-CKoe noBefleHHe. /Jjih öojibiuHHCTBa couHOKyjibTypHbix aHTponojioroB HejioBenecKoe noBefleHHe KyjibTypHO oöycjioBJieHO, h aKueHT flejiaeTCH Ha njiacTHHHOCTH KyjibTypbi. /Jajiee mhchhh pacxoflHTCH. HeKOTopbie conHOKyjibTypHbie aHTponojiorn bhaht KyjibTypy KaK aBTOHOMHoe h HeoÖH3aTejibHO aflanTHpoBaHHoe k MaTepnajibHbiM ycjioBHHM cynie-CTBOBaHHe. /Jpyrne paccMaTpHBaioT KyjibTypy KaK CHCTeMy, noflHHHH- lOIIiyiOCH OCOÖeHHOCTHM nOJIHTHHeCKOH H SKOHOMHHeCKOH Cpeflbl HJIH flpyrHM xapaKTepHHM HepTaM couHOKyjibTypHoö chctcmh. OflHaKO HeflaBHO 6buiH cflejiaHbi inarn k cöjihjkchhk) couHOKyjib-TypHoft h sbojieouhohhoh TeopHÖ. PHfl ÖHOJiormecKHX aHTponojioroB CTajiH 6ojiee BocnpHHMHHBbi k TOMy, KaK counajibHbie h KyjibTypHbie CHCTeMH 4>opMHpyioT ceKcyajibHoe h poflHTejibCKoe noBefleHHe, a HeKOTopbie couHOKyjibTypHbie amponojiorn 3aHHJiHCb npoBepKoft sbojieouhohhhx nporH030B (cm., Hanp.: Betzig, Borgerhoff Mulder h Türke 1988, Hewlett 1992). IvtasceT bhhth TaK, hto MHoro3HaHHTejib- HHÖ CHHTe3, KOTOpblft BKJIEOHaeT B CeÖH flOnyilieHHH O BJiaCTH KyjibTy- pbi, CHJie cjiyqaÖHOCTH b KyjibTypHoö HCTopHH, h flonynieHHH o tom, KaK ecTecTBeHHbiH OTÖop ÖJiaronpHHTCTBOBaji noBefleHHio, noBbiina-lonieMy penpoflyKTHBHbiö ycnex, OKa>KyTCH HeycTOÖHHBHMH. TeM He MeHee, iuioflOTBopHbm flnajior Me>Kfly flByMH napaflHTMaMH Hanajicn. Oh, HecoMHeHHO, 6yfleT npoflOJi>KaTbCH, h cnocoöeH cflejiaTb Haine no-HHMaHHe HejioBenecKoro noBefleHHH HCHee. # nPHJIOJKEHHE A HCTOHHHKH /IAHHHX /JaHHbie, npHBefleHHbie b stoh CTaTbe, nojiyneHbi c noMoinbK) pa3Jim-Hbix CTpaTerHH c6opa flaHHbix, npHMeHHBiHHXCH b pa3JiHHHbie nepH-oflbi BpeMeHH. 3th CTpaTerHH mo>kho pacnpeflejiHTb no cjieflyioinHM KaTeropHHM: 5. EpaK, coôcmeeHHOcmb na 3eMJiw uypojKauHocmb. 3th flaHHbie nojiyneHbi npn noMoinn CTpyKTypnpoBaHHoro onpocHHKa h h3 MaTepnajioB nepenncH, npoBefleHHoň b 1982-1983 rr. bo Bcex ce-MbHX flByx flepeBeHb HbHHÖa h b ceMbHX, OTo6paHHbix c noMoiubio cjiynaOHOH BbiöopKH b flByx flpyrnx flepeBHHX (HaxoflHínnxcH b TpyflHOflocTynHbix mccthocthx). HjieHbi 126 H3 184 ceMeö HbHHÖa 3anojiHHJiH onpocHHKH; eine 4 HHTepBbK) 6buiH HenojiHHMH. 6. Pa3dejieHue. 3th flaHHbie 6biJiH coöpaHbi b xofle HecTpyKTypnpo-BaHHoro BKJiioHeHHoro Ha6jiK)fleHHH h nojiycTpyKTypnpoBaHHbix HHTepBbK) B nepHOfl I973-I975 H I982-I983 TT. ClOfla BKJIEOHeHH HHTepBbK), no MeHbineö Mepe, oflHoro ynacTHHKa Ka>Kfloro pa3fle- JieHHH, O KOTOpblX ÖbIJIO H3BeCTHO, HTO OHH COCTOHJIHCb B npeflbl- flymne 25 jieT. 3th HHTepBbK) KacajiHCb npHHHH pa3BOflOB, toto, KaK pa3flejiHJiacb ceMbH h KaKyio nacTb coöctbchhocth nojiyHHJi Ka>KflbIH My>KHHHa. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pa.HH.bLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRuieM napodoe Eepa3uu 7. Om.uoecm.eo. /JaHHbie no OTUOBCTBy coönpajiHCb b i982-1983 rr., KacaTejibHO Bcex fleTeň b Tpex H3 nerapex flepeBeHb HbHHÖa. üo- CKOJIbKy OTUOBCTBO MO^KeT 6bITb HyBCTBHTejIbHOH TeMOH, HeKO-TOpbie H3 BOnpOCOB HeOÖXOflHMO ÖbIJIO 3aflaBaTb TOJIbKO ÖJIH3KHM poflCTBeHHHKaM 3a npeflenaMH ceMbH. 3th flaHHbie nepenpoBepn- JIHCb Ha OCHOBe pOflOCJIOBHHX H HCTOpHH pa3flejieHHH, B KOTOpblX OTUOBCTBO BJIHHJIO Ha pa3flejl COÖCTBeHHOCTH. 3tH CBefleHHH 06 OTu;oBCTBe Moryr He 6biTb SMnnpHHecKH tohhhmh, ho ohh OTpa->KaK)T MecTHbie npeflCTaBJíeHHH. 8. PodocjioBHbLe MamepuajibL. 3th CBefleHHH mh nojiynajiH nocTe-neHHO b xofle flByx nojieBbix HccjieflOBaHHÖ ot OflHoro H3 HJieHOB Ka>KflOH CeMbH HbHHÖa. ÜOCKOJIbKy OÖbIHHO B pOflOCJIOBHHX jiEOflH onpeflejiHEOT poflHTejibCKHe npaBa Ha fleTeň, po>KfleHHbix b CJI05KHHX nOJIHaHflpHHHO-nOJIHTHHHHHHX COK)3aX, 3TH MaTepHajIbl HCnOJIb30BajIHCb flJIH OUeHKH flaHHHX 06 OTU;OBCTBe. 42 Hehch JIebhh, fla(OA h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 43 TIoneMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax nPH/IOJKEHHE B nPOLIEflyPA BblHHCJIEHHÍI POflCTBA CPEflH MY5KEH CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH (r) Me>Kfly abvmh jiioflbMH onpeflejraeTCH KaK BepOHTHOCTb TOrO, HTO flBa HejIOBeKa HBJIHKJTCH HOCHTejIHMH KOilHH oflHoro h Toro >Ke reHa b cbh3h c hx npoHcxo>KfleHHeM ot oöniero npefl-Ka. 3to, b cbokj onepeflb, HBjraeTCH (JjyHKUHeö HHCJia oodthx npeflKOB, KOTopbie HMeRDT flBa nejioBeKa, h HHCJia noKOJieHHÖ, KOTopbie OTflejra-K)T hx ot oöniero npeflKa (npeflKOB). PoflCTBO Me>Kfly poflHTejiHMH h noTOMKaMH paBHO 0.5. CHÖJiHHrH CBH3aHbi OTHOineHHeM 0.25 Hepe3 CBOHX MaTepeft h/hjih 0.25 nepe3 cbohx otuob. Korfla y CHÖJiHHroB oflHa MaTb huh oflHH OTeij, hx KOMnoHeHTbi b cyMMe paBHbi 0.5. BbiHHCJieHHH CTeneHeö poflCTBa cpeflH HbHHÖa 3aTpyflHeHbi cjio>k-HOCTbK) nojiHaHflpHHHbix öpaHHbix floroBopeHHOCTeö. KaK npaBHJio, My>KHHHbI-pOflCTBeHHHKH COBMeCTHO >KeHHTCH Ha OflHOH >KeHin,HHe. OflHaKO ecTb TaKsce cjiynaH, Korfla rpynnbi MyscHHH >KeHHTCH He- OflHOKpaTHO, KOrfla COBMeCTHO >KeHHTCH HepOflCTBeHHbie MySCHHHbl, He3aKOHHO yCblHOBJIHKDTCH fleTH H T.fl. 3tO 03HaHaeT, HTO CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH y fleTeö b OflHoö ceMbe TeoperanecKH MO^KeT BapbH- pOBaTbCH OT O flO O.5. XOTH 3TH BbIHHCJieHHH BeCbMa yTOMHTejIbHbl, ecjiH HMeroTCH 3anojiHeHHbie poflocjioBHbie cnncKH, ohh He npeflCTaB- JIHKDT C060H 3HaHHTejIbHbIX TeXHHHeCKHX npenHTCTBHH. OflHaKO rjiaB-Hafl npaKTHHeCKaH TpyflHOCTb B03HHKaeT B CBH3H C fleTbMH, KOTopbie 3anaTbi poflCTBeHHbiMH MyscHHHaMH, HbH reHeTHHecKaH CBH3b flpyr c flpyrOM B TOHHOCTH He H3BeCTHa. EcTb HecKOJibKO pa3Hbix nyTeö pa3peineHHH stoh npoöJieMbi. OflHH H3 HHX-HCKJIKDHeHHe BCeX nap CHÖJIHHrOB, no HbHM pOflOCJIOBHHM HeT nojiHbix flaHHbix. K co^KajieHHio, sto cy3HJio 6bi HaniH flaHHbie flo ceMeö, no KOTopbiM y Hac HMeeTCH nojrnaH HH(J)opMaLi;HH b TeneHHe MHorHX noKOJieHHÖ. BTopoö nyTb—cflejiaTb flBa napajuiejibHbix nofl-cneTa: OflHH, ocHOBbiBaioiiiHOCH Ha MHHHMajibHbix oneHKax poflCTBeH- HOCTH Me>Kfly My>KHHHaMH, H flpyľOH, OCHOBblBaronTHÖCH Ha MaKCH- MajibHbix oneHKax. IipaBHJibHbiö pe3yjibTaT b stom cjiynae jie>Kaji 6bi rfle-TO nocepeflHHe. IipoÖJieMa 3Toro MeTOfla 3aKJiioHaeTCH b tom, hto pa3Öpoc Me>Kfly sthmh pe3yjibTaTaMH innpoK, h oh He BKiironaeT b ceÖH to, HTO HaM H3BecTHO o öpaHHbix MOflejiHX b oönrecTBe. TpeTHÖ nOflXOfl (ero Mbi npHMeHHJiH b stom HccjieflOBaHHH)—pacneT cpeflHeö CTene- HH poflCTBeHHOCTH B Cpefle HaCejieHHH H HCnOJIb30BaHHe 3TOH oöteK- thbhoh oneHKH fljiH pacneTa poflCTBeHHOCTH b Tex CJiynaHX, Korfla ot-cyrcTByeT nojrnaH HH(J)opMaLi;HH. Mbi nonbiTajiHCb flaTb oneHKy CTeneHH poflCTBeHHOCTH b oönie-CTBe cneflyroniHM o6pa30M: CBejiH b TaÖJiHiry hhcjio nap fleTeö b OflHoö CeMbe, O KOTOpbIX ÖbIJIO H3BeCTHO, HTO y HHX OflHH OTeiJ, OflHa MaTb, pa3JiHHHbie otuh h pa3JiHHHbie MaTepn. Bbuia flocTynHa HHCjjopMauHH o 386 napax fleTeö b nojiHaHflpHHHbix ceMbHX. HMejiocb 192 napbi ch-ÖJiHHroB c OflHoö MaTepbK) h oflHHM otuom, 38 nap c oflHHM otuom H pa3HbIMH MaTepHMH, 129 nap C OflHOH MaTepbK) H pa3HbIMH OTI^aMH H 27 nap C pa3HbIMH MaTepHMH H pa3HbIMH OTI^aMH. 3tH BejIHHHHbl Hcnojib30BajiHCb fljiH noflcneTa nponopunö nap fleTeö H3 OflHoö rpynnbi, KOTopbie öbiJiH nojiHbiMH CHÖJiHHraMH, nojiycHÖJiHHraMH no OTiry, nojiycHÖJiHHraMH no MaTepn hjih HepoflCTBeHHbiMH. Ka>KflaH H3 sthx nponopunö yMHO>Kajiacb Ha cooTBeTCTByionryio CTeneHb poflCTBeH- HOCTH flJIH nOJiyHeHHH 0>KHflaeMOH CTeneHH poflCTBeHHOCTH B JI1060H nape fleTeö h3 OflHoö ceMbH. TaKHM o6pa30M, (192/3863x0.5 + (38/3863x0.25 + (129/3863x0.25 = 0.3569. 3to hhcjio HBjraeTCH pacneTOM o>KHflaeMoö CTeneHH poflCTBeHHOCTH b jik>6oh nape fleTeö, Bbipocineö b OflHoö h too >Ke ceMbe. 3tot pacneT flo onpefleneHHbix npeflenoB Hefloorj;eHHBaeT CTeneHb poflCTBeHHOCTH, nocKOJibKy He yHHTHBaeT tot 4>aKT, hto otuh fleTeö c pa3HbiMH OTi^aMH MorjiH 6biTb poflCTBeHHHKaMH. Mbi He MO^KeM HcnpaBHTb sto ynynieHHe, nocKOJib-Ky sto h ecTb BejiHHHHa, KOTopyio Mbi nbiTaeMCH paccHHTaTb. JI1060Ö MeTOfl, KOTopbiö onnpaeTCH Ha HenojiHbie poflocjioBHbie, flOJi>KeH BKJiioHaTb npeflnojio>KeHHH o poflCTBeHHOCTH b caMbix nepH(J)epHÖHbix noKOJieHHHX, no KOTopbiM HeflocTynHa HH(J)opMaLi;HH. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 44 Hehch JIebhh, /J ík o a h Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 45 EHE.7IHOrPAH.H YIoueMy nojiuandpuR mepnum xpax Alexander, Richard d. 1974. The evolution of social behavior. 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London: Asia Publishing House. VAN DEN BERGHE, PIERREL ., AND DAVID P. BARASH. I977. Inclusive fitneSS and human family structure. American Anthropologist 79: 809-23. weiner, annette.1992. Inalienable possessions. Berkeley: University of California Press. westermarck, edward. 1926. A short history of marriage. London: Macmillan. wilson, margo, and martin daly. 1992. "The man who mistook his wife for a chattel," in The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Edited by J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, pp. 289-322. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 48 Hehch JIebhh, flatoAH Chjik McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 49 Terms of Social Structure of Pre-Imperial and Early Imperial Mongol Ulus The article is dedicated to a debatable problem of social structure and political organization of the Mongols in the early 13 th century. The author draws special attention to the term "obok", particularly difficult to translate into European languages. It is unclear if it is used in the traditional political culture to render a homogenous unilinear blood kinship structure or a heterogeneous community. The analysis of sources showed that two different parameters of social order should be considered: a socioeconomic structure and an ethnocultural structure of a society, where the term "obok" stands for different structures. On the one hand and, possibly, in the first place, this term denoted patrilineal kinship groups, whose borders as ethnocultural entities are modeled and confirmed in a ritual. On the other hand, "obok" also began to denote socioeconomic subjects often consisting of groups kindred (and not only kindred), but not belonging to one clan, connected by economic activity, i.e. a territorial-administrative clan TEPMHHbl COqHAJIbHOH CTPYKTypbi MoHro^bCKoro y;iycA /joHMriEPCKoro h PAHHEHMflEPCKOrO BPEMEHH OnpeflejieHHe xapaKTepa coiniajibHOH CTpyKTypbi MOHrojib-CKoro oöniecTBa xiii b. HBjraeTCH o/thoh H3 HepeineHHbix npoöJieM MOHrojioBefleHHH, coxpaHHioiiieH aKTyajibHOCTb h no ceö fleHb1. HccjieflOBaTejiH no-pa3HOMy HHTepnpe-THpyioT TepMHHbi, o6o3HaHaBiHHe couHajibHbie rpynnbi KoneBHHKOB, hto 3aTpyflHHeT BbiHBJieHHe CBH3eö h OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly 3thmh rpyn-naMH h peKOHCTpyKUHio oÖHieii CTpyKTypbi. Ocoöyio cjio>KHOCTb Bbi3biBaeT HHTepnpeTai^HH MOHrojibCKoro Tep-MHHa o6ok (oboq). YnoMHHy TOJibKO mhchmh aBTopoB cneuHajibHbix paöoT, KOTopbie Hanoojiee noflpoÖHO HccjieflOBajiH flaHHHH (JieHOMeH. PaöoTa E. Eskoh nocBHineHa HccjieflOBaHHio (JieHOMeHa, o6o3HaHaeMO-ro TepMHHOM o6ok, pacnpocTpaHeHHoro b Eßpa3HH. Ilo OTHOineHHio k MOHrojiaM E. Eskoh pa3JiHHaeT co/j;ep>KaHHe noHHTHH, noflnepKH-Ban KpoBHopoflCTBeHHyio CBH3b HJieHOB 060K, Torfla KaK upzaH (irgen) BKJIIOHajI H Hy>KHX no KpOBH JHOfleH2. Ho B TO >Ke BpeMH E. E3KOH CHH- TaeT, hto upzaH nepepacTaeT H3 o6ok nyTeM nepecTpoHKH nocjie/THe-ro3. üo MHeHHK) aBTopa, upzsn o6pa3yeTCH BCJieflCTBHe pa3pyineHHH, yHHHTO>KeHHH 060K, TOrfla KaK, Ha MOO B3rjIHfl, ohh cymecTBOBajiH oflHOBpeMeHHO, hto SyfleT noKa3aHO Ha MOHrojibCKOM MaTepnajie «Co- KpOBeHHOrO CKa3aHHH MOHrOJIOB». TpyflHO corjiacHTbCH h co cjieflyioiHHM bhbo/tom E. Eskoh: «B03- MO>KHO, HTO HaHÖOJiee 3HaHHTejIbHaH pa3HHUa Me>Kfly 060K H pOflOBbl-MH CTpyKTypaMH 3aKJIK)HaeTCH B TOM, HTO nepBHH HBJIHeTCH THÖKHM, a BTOpbie OKa3bIBaK)TCH >KeCTKHMH. Pofl HBjmeTCH (J)HKCHpOBaHHOH rpynnoH, k KOTopoö OTflejibHbiH HJieH othochtch no (JiaKTy po>K/TeHHH. üo Bceö BHflHMOCTH, y ceMbH huh öojiee KpynHoro oöije/THHeHHH pofl- TamhRHa CKpbLHHUKOea Mncmumym eocmouHbLX pyKonuceü P0CCUÜCK0Ü axadeMuu nayx, CamarL-TIemepoypz Rykin P. The Social Group and its Desrignation in the Middle Mongolian: The Concept Irgen and Oboq //Forum for Anthropology and Culture. N. 1. Saint Petersburg, 2004. P. 183-220. SneathD. Tribe, Ethnos, Nation: Rethinking Evolutionist Social Theory and Representations of Nomadic Inner Asia //Ab Imperio, Ns 4, 2009. P. 80-109. Kradin N, Skrynnikova T. "Stateless Head". Notes on the Revisionism in the Studies of Nomadic Societies //Ab Imperio. 2009. No. 4. P. 117-128. Kradin N, Skrynnikova T. Why do we call Chinggis Khan's polity "an Empire"? //Ab Imperio. 2006. No. 1. P. 89-118. Eojiee nodpo6no cm.: Kpadun H.H., CKpunnuKoea T./J. HMnepun ^unzuc-xana. M.: H3Ö. (pupMa «Bocmounax jiumepamypa», 2006 2 Bakon E.E. Obok. A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia. N. Y., 1958. P. 53 '• Tom nee. P. 53. TATbHHA CKPblHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 53 1 Bakon E.E. Obok. A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia. N. Y., 1958. P. 184 2 «Clans are unilineal descent groups that unite a series of lineages descended from a theoretical common ancestor, the genealogical links to whom are often either not remembered or who may be purely mythological. Thus a clan's members may share a common name or ancestor, assume they are related, but not be able to trace the links among the component lineages. Clans are often exogamous, and localized clans can serve as territorial political units. A matriclan is a clan organized on matrilineal descent principles, a patrician is a clan organized on patrilineal principle» [Rhum Michael. Clan // The Dictionary of Anthropology. Edited by Thomas Barfield. Blachwell Publishing Company, 1997. P. 62 3 Krader L. Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads. — Indiana University. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 20. The Hague, 1963. P. 35 4 Krader. YKa3. con. P. 323-324. CTBeHHHKOB HeT B03M05KHOCTH ITOCTeneHHO CMeHHTb pOflOByK) npH- Hafljie>KHOCTb, KaK b cjiyqae c coo6uiecTBOM THna ofioio1. OcTaBHB Tep-mhh o6ok 6e3 nepeBOfla, E. Eskoh, TaKHM o6pa30M, He npefljicwKHJia afleKBaTHoro HayHHoro TepMHHa b ero HHTepnpeTauHH. H mh ocTa-eMCH b HeBefleHHH, KaKOMy TaKCOHy connajibHOH CTpyKTypbi MCOKeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb MOHTOJIbCKHH TepMHH 060K. XOTH CJieflyeT 3aMeTHTb, hto ynoTpe6jieHHe eio cjiob «bo3mo>kho» h «no Been bh/j;hmocth» no-3BOJiHeT npe/j;nojio>KHTb, hto y aBTopa 6hjih HeKOTopbie comhchhh b cnpaBefljiHBOCTH co6cTBeHHoro BHBOfla, nocKOJibKy E. Eskoh BHflejia 3aMeTHoe cxoflCTBO Me>Kfly o6ok h toh CTpyKTypoft, KOTopan nepeflaeT-ch b aHrjiHHCKOM H3biKe TepMHHOM «clan»2. HanpoTHB, JI. Kpsflep ysce b caMOM Hanajie CBoeft MOHorpacJiHH nepeflaBaji TepMHH omok (=o6ok) TepMHHOM «clan». H3ynaH couHajib-Hyio opraHH3auHio TiopKOB h MOHrojioB, npe>Kfle Bcero oh ocTaHOBiui- CH Ha BblHBJieHHH pOflCTBeHHHX CBH3eH H HX TepMHHOJIOrHHeCKOM o6o- 3HaneHHH. HecMOTpn Ha to, hto Kpsflep aHajiH3HpoBaji MOHrojibCKoe o6niecTBO flOBOJibHO no3flHero nepnofla (xvn-xx bb.), oh npHineji k cjieflyrorneMy 3aKJiK>HeHHio o xapaKTepe omok: «CTapbiH MOHrojibCKHH po/j; (omok no-opfloccKH) 6hji poflCTBeHHoft rpynnoft, CBH3aHHOH y3a-mh poflCTBa ot oflHoro MysccKoro npeflKa. y Hero 6hji BO>Kflb, BHyTpeH- Hflfl CTpyKTypa H HMH, a T3K}Ke MHO}KeCTBO OCo6bIX (JjyHKITHH"3. CHHTaH ynompe6jineM jiu mu mepMUH «pod» (clan) npu nepedane MomojibCKOzo «o6ok» c onpedejieHHOu cmenenbio ycjioenocmu, nocKOJibKy ne UMeeM ajibmepHamuenozo eapuanma, ujiu amom MonzojibCKUu mepMUH enojine coomeemcmeyem codepjKanuio noHRmuu pod ujiu kjiclh, o6o3Hcmaiow,ux ymiJiuHeuHyio zpynny Jiiodeu, odveduHenHbLX KpoenbiM podcmeoM? Bcezda jiu mepMUH c amnoHUMOM ompajKaem peajibHoe podcmeo no rcpoeu? o6ok KJiaHOM, JI. Kpsflep nnineT: «TpyflHOCTb b HHTepnpeTauHH He hb-jineTCH BHyTpeHHe npHcyrneH. KHHiorH,HM noHHMaHHe, HBJIHeTCH TO, HTO pOfl JIHIHb HaCTHHHO H He C Heo6xOflHMOCTbK> COBna- flaji c e/THHHueH 3K3oraMHH. 3Ta (JjyHKUHH H3HanajibHO nacTHHHO, a b xofle pa3BHTHH nojiHOCTbio, nepenuia b pyKH HecKOJibKHX otuobckhx jihhhh, H3 KOTopbix cocTOHJi pofl»4. Eojiee Toro, JI. Kpsflep cpaBHHBaeT nOHHTHH «KOCTb» H «KJiaH» H flejiaeT BblBOfl, HTO «KOCTb»-3TO COK)3 HHflHBHflyyMOB o6niero npoHcxo>KfleHHH ot OflHoro npeflKa h c hctko onpeflejieHHHMH rpaHHuaMH, Torfla KaK «KJiaH» — 6ojiee CBo6oflHoe 06'beflHHeHHe, (JjyHKUHeH KOToporo hbjihctch ocyniecTBJieHHe couh-ajibHbix, nojiHTHHecKHX h SKOHOMHHecKHX CBH3eft. KpoMe Toro, «KJiaH» 6ojiee BOCnpHHMHHB K H3MeHeHHHM H MO>KeT HCHe3HyTb. XOTH, 3aKJIK)- naeT JI. Kpsflep, npo6jieMa cooTHonieHHH «kocth» h «KJiaHa» ocTaeTCH HepaspenieHHOH1. TJojiroe BpeMH cneu;HajibHbix HccjieflOBaHHii 3Toro Bonpoca He 6bIJIO, HO B nOCJieflHee BpeMH flHCKyCCHH B0306H0BHJiaCb. IIOCJieflHHH CTaTbH /JsBHfla CHHTa fleMOHCTpnpyeT Heo6xoflHMOCTb flajibHeHinero HccjieflOBaHHH (JieHOMeHa, o6o3HaHaeMoro TepMHHOM o6ok/omok y MOHrOJIOH3bIHHbIX HapOflOB. /JSBHfl CHHT nHUieT: «KjIK)HeBOH BblBOfl, K KOTOpOMy Mbl flOJI>KHbI npHHTH, 3aKJIK)HaeTCH B TOM, HTO CymHOCTb o6ok OKa3biBaeTCH 6ojiee nojiHTHHecKOH, He^KejiH reHeajiorHHecKOH»2. Ilo MHeHHio J\. CHHTa, «KaK b cjiyHae C flpyrHMH BHyTpeHHea3HaTCKH-mh o6niecTBaMH, rfle hmootch HCTopHHecKHe 3anncH, mh flon:>KHbi 3aKJiK)HHTb, hto nojiHOCTbio pa3pa6oTaHHaH CTpyKTypa poflCTBa no-Tepnejia Kpax, h6o mh HHrfle TaKOBoft He o6Hapy>KHBaeM»3. Abtop 06'bHCHHeT (JieHOMeH, o6o3HaHaeMHH TepMHHOM o6ok, cneflyioinHM 06-pa30M: «il yTBep>Kflaji (2007), hto opraHH3auHH jnoflen b o6o3HaHeH-Hyio HMeHeM yHHJiHHeHHyio poflCTBeHHyro rpynny c nojiHTHHecKHMH 4>yHKu;HHMH Ha 6ojibineH nacTH BHyTpeHHeft A3HH 6hjio fleftcTBHeM, coBepniaeMHM rocyflapcTBeHHoft aflMHHHCTpai^Heii. Cjio>KHaH poflo-Ban opraHH3auHH, TaM, rfle OHa B03HHKajia, no Been bhahmocth, 6biJia npoflyKTOM rocyflapcTBa, a He ero npeflTenen... B cjiynae co cpeflHeBe-koboh MoHrojiHen eflHHHu;a, onncbiBaeMaH KaK pofl (o6ok) , BOBce He 6bma noxo>Ka Ha MOflejib florocyflapcTBeHHoro poflOBoro o6m,ecTBa, ho CKopee Bcero npeflCTaBJiHJia co6oh npoeKT npaBJieHHH apncTOKpaTHH. ...B UapHCTCKOH POCCHH «aflMHHHCTpaTHBHHH pOfl» TaiOKe HCnOJIb30- BajicH fljiH ynpaBJieHHH BHyrpeHHea3HaTCKHMH noflflaHHHMH»4. ynoTpe6jiHeM jih mh TepMHH pod (clan) npn nepeflane MOHrojib-CKoro o6ok c onpefleneHHOH CTeneHbio ycjioBHOcra, nocKOJibKy He HMeeM ajibTepHaTHBHoro BapnaHTa, hjih stot MOHrojibCKHH TepMHH BnojiHe cooTBeTCTByeT coflep>KaHHio noHHTHH pofl hjih KJiaH, o6o3Ha-HaiomHX yHHJiHHeHHyio rpynny jnofleii, 06'beflHHeHHbix kpobhhm pofl-ctbom? Bcerfla jih TepMHH c sthohhmom OTpa>KaeT peajibHoe poflCTBO no KpoBH? IlpeflCTaBJiHeTCH, hto penieHHe npo6jieMH bo3mo>kho TOJib-ko b tom cnynae, ecjiH mh SyfleM yqHTHBaTb flBa pa3Hbix napaMeTpa o6m,ecTBeHHoro ycTpoiicTBa: couHajibHO-SKOHOMmecKyio CTpyKTypy h 3THOKyjibTypHyio CTpyKTypy o6rnecTBa. Cnoco6cTBOBaTb penieHHio nocTaBJieHHOH 3aflaHH MO>KeT o6pam,eHHe k MaTepnajiaM h MeTOflaM cou;HajibHOH h KyjibTypHoii aHTponojiorHH, HanpHMep, k cpaBHHTejib- HO-HCTOpHHeCKHM HCCJieflOBaHHHM 6ypHTCKOrO o6m,eCTBa, CCbUIKH Ha KOTopoe mh BCTpenaeM h y J\. CHHTa. 1 Krader. Yko3. cou. P. 324. CjioiicHocmb UHmepnpemauuu cjioea «Kocmb» npoucmeicaem U3 ezo nojiuceMaumuuHocmu. C odnou cmopoHM, smuM cjiobom moz o6o3HauambCR lineage, a c dpyzoti, mepMUH xhau (icocmb)y cejieuzuucKux bypsim ucnojib30-eajicR dim o6o3HaueHUM nampu-jiuueuHocmu poda [Bypamacue jiemonucu. Cocm. III.B. ^luMum-dopiicuee, II.n. BamuKoea. Yjiau-Yds, 1995. C. 103, 108 u dcuiee; Bypsiadau myyxs 63ui3zyyd. Cocm. III.B. ^UMumdopiicuee. Ynau-yds, 1992. C. 126, 131 u donee]. Hho-zda bypsimcKuu pod o6o3Hauajicx napubLM cjiobom. TaM, JIom6o-ubipenoe nuuiem: «coeduHUJiucb cpodaMU» (0601c xhamaumau Huujishsu) [TaMiice] 2 Sneath. Yica3. cou. P. 93 3 B nodmeepiicdeuue ceoeu koh-u,enu.uu /J. Cuum ccbuiaemcn ua cmambio n. PbiKuna, Komopuu «3aKjmuaem, umo Hem nuicaicux ocHoeamiu cuumamb, umo oh (o6ok—npuM. /J. Cnuma) 6bm zpynnoti podcmeeHHUKoe u umo nepeuuHoe ceudemejibcmeo zoeopum, umo oh ucnojib3oeajicR djwyica3aHux KaK na npaeumejm zpynnu modeu, maK u na caMy zpynny» (Sneath. YKa3. cou. P. 94). Bbieodu n. Pbaama maKO-ebi: «06ok 1. «HauMeHOBanue dim mex, Kmo ynpaejmem o6mfmou modeu», 2. «umm o6w,uhm modeu» (Rykin. Yko3. cou. P. 197). B 3a-KmoueHue ceoeu cmambu aemop nuuiem: «TeM He Menee, nped-jiazaeMoe 3decb mojiKoeanue cjiob 060K u upzsH He npemendyem na doKa3amejibHocmb: oho cmaeum ceoeu uejibm nodnamb eonpocbi, a He damb na hux omeemu. 3mu mepMUHbi o6o3Hauamm ceoeo-6pa3Hue noHRmuu, djw Komopux e eeponeucKux sabiKax SKeuea-jienmoe nem» (Ibid, 207). Ho cjie-dyem 30Memumb, umo He mojibKO ucaiedoeamejib e Kauecmee 06'beKma uccjiedoeamiR usyuaem o6m,ecmea onpedejienHozo muna, Komopue oh doxyicen MapKupo-eamb mepMUHOJiozuuecKU, ho u caMU o6w,ecmea—cy6%eKmbL deucmeuR—ce&s o6o3Hauamm u uepapxuuecKU cmpyKmypupy-mm. Ynompe6jieHue mepMunoe UMeem UHcmpyMenmajibHoe 3Hauenue KaK e x3MKe U3yuae-mou Kyjibmypbi, maK u e R3biKe onucamia.. 4 Sneath. YKa3. cou. P. 105 54 Tatlhha Ckpbihhhkoba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 55 TepMUHbL couuajibHoů cmpyKmypbL MomojibCKozo yjiyca douMnepcKozo u panneuMnepcKozo epeMenu 1 B § 38 UMeueM Adauxau ypxHxadiicuHa Ha3MBaemcx njiemiuu,a, cmaeuiax oicenou Bodomapa 2 Rachewiltz Igor de. 2004. The Secret History of the Mongols. A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the thirteenth Century. Translate with a historical and philological Commentary by Igor de Rachewiltz. Leiden-Boston. Brill. P. 8 3 Rachewiltz Igor de. 1972 Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. — Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Bloomington, 1972. Vol. 121. P. 20 4 Cjioeo yekes Moxcem UMemb dea 3Haueuusi: eejiuKue, m.e. npedKU, u nocjied (cm. npuM. 62). B o6oux aiyuasixpeub udem o Mecme 3axopoHeHUM ujiu npedKa, ujiu npeOKoaozo nocjieda 5 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 17 PaccMOTpHM Bee cjiynaH ynoTpeöJieHHH TepMHHa o6ok b «CoKpo- BeHHOM CKa3aHHH MOHrOJIOB», KOTOpblÖ yiTOTpeÖJIHeTCH TOJIbKO c acj)- 4>HKcaMH oöJiaflaHHH: MHO>KecTBeHHoro HHCJia (oooKman) hjih eflHH-CTBeHHoro—oöoKmy, h ero cbh3h c flpyrHMH TepMHHaMH connajibHon CTpyKTypbi. tykyM / ByjiyK / ypyK / acyH EflHHCTBeHHoe HHCJio (-Ty) a4>(J)HKca npHHafljie>KHOCTH BCTpenaeTCH B «CoKpOBeHHOM CKa3aHHH MOHrOJIOB» flBa>Kflbi: OÖOK XOpHHUeB, B03- rjiaBJiHeMbiH XopmiapTaň MspraHOM, h o6ok fl>KeypeHT/fl>KeypeT. Korfla penb HfleT o po>KfleHHH y HajicoKHHUbi EoflOHHapa cbma—flpte-ypefleH, hmh rjiaBbi pofla coBnaflaeT c sthohhmom: §§43-44. .. .noHanany fljKeypepßü mot npHHHMaTb ynacTHe b >KepTBonpH-HoineHHH Jiigeli, ibe mhco noflBeniHBaeTca Ha inecTe h npenoflHOCHTca He6y. noc/ie CMepTH EoflOHiapa oh 6i>iji HCK/noieH H3 3Toro, h6o—TaK 6bi/io CKa3aHO hmh—nejioBeK AflaHxa YpaHxaii1 nocTOHHHO Haxoflmica B flOMe, H /ÍJKeypefleíi, bo3mo>kho, 6liji ero cuhom. Ohh 3acTaBHJiH ero npHHHTb poflOBoe hmh /()KeypeHT H oh CTa/i npeflKOM /pKeypeíÍTOB2 (MOHr. jewüredei urida jügelitü oron büle'e. 44. bodoncar ügei boluqsan-u qoina tere jewüredei-yi ger daru'a adangqa-uriangqadai gü'ün alu'a te'ün-ü'ei bui-je ke'egü jügeli-dece qarqaju jewüreyit oboqtu bolqaju jeüred-ün ebüge tere bolba3). B 3TOM OTpbiBKe SKcruiHnHTHO Bbipa>KeHa aKTyajibHOCTb pofla KaK KOJIJieKTHBa naTpHJIHHeÖHblX KpOBHbIX pOflCTBeHHHKOB, HTO MaHH(J)e- CTHpyeTca yqacTHeM b oöniecTBeHHOM connajibHO 3HaHHMOM pHTyane, KaK npaBHJio, noflTBep>KflaiorH,eM h 3aKperuiHiomeM rpaHHUbi oöhihocth. ripH 3TOM pOfl KaK KOJIJieKTHB KpOBHbIX pOflCTBeHHHKOB MOflejIHpy- eTCH ynacraeM MyscHHH—npeflCTaBHTejieň flaHHoro pofla: §70. Toíí BecHoii, Korfla Op63Íi h CoxaTaii, >KeHLi ÄMÖaxaii-xaHa, coBep-inajiH )KepTBonpHHOineHHe Qajaru Inerii cbohm npeflKaM4, rocno>Ka Oa/ryH mcLKOice OTnpaBHJiacb Tyfla, ho nocKOJibKy OHa ono3fla/ia, ee ocTaBHjm 6e3 oicepmeeHHOzo yzomenuR. Tocno)Ka Oa/iyH CKa3a/ia Op63Íi h CoxaTaii: «Bli roBopHTe ce6e, hto Ecyreíi BaraTyp MepTB, h nocKOJibKy moh cbmoBba eine He BLipocjiH, BLi jiHinaeTe Mera Moeíi flOJiH H3 )KepTBonpHHonieHHH npefl-KaM H ocTaBineiicH >KepTBeHHoii nninn h nHTba»5 3flecb 3acJ)HKCHpoBaH 4>aKT, xapaKTepHbiři fljiH TpaflHUHOHHoň KyjibTypbi: b e>KeroflHbix counajibHO 3HaHHMbix oöpHflax, b KOTopbix ynacTByioT TOJibKO KpoBHbie poflCTBeHHHKH, nocjie 5KepTBonpHHonie-HHH ocTaTKH pa3flaK>TCH rjiaBaM ceMeöcTB. OsJiyH H ee flera He nojiy-HHJiH flOJiH, nocKOJibKy Ecyraň yMep, a flera—CHHOBbH—He flocrarjiH cooTBeTCTByioiHero B03pacTa. E[oKa3aTejieH npHMep XopHJiapTaň MsprsHa, onncaHHbiH b §9: «E[ocKOJibKy b cbohx 3eivuiHX xopH-TyMaTbi BBejiH 3anpeT Ha yroflbH fljiH oxoth Ha co6ojieň, 6enoK h flHHb (rjiaBHHM o6pa30M ojieHeň, aHTH-jion h flHKHX K03) flpyr flpyra, h b pe3yjibTaTe B3aHMOOTHorneHHH 6buiH iuioxHMH, XopHJiapTaň MsprsH OTflejiHJicH ot xopH-TyMaTOB h npHHHJi KJiaHOBoe hmh Xopmiap"1. XoTenocb 6bi yroHHHTb nepeBOfl BTopoň nacTH nocjieflHero npefljio>KeHHH, KOTopan no-MOHrojibCKH nHineT-ch TaK: 'qorilartai-mergen... qorilar oboqtu bolju2'. B flaHHOM cjiynae CJIOBO «XOpHJiap» COCTOHT H3 3THOHHM3 «XOpH», HTO nOflTBep>KflaeT 0603HaHeHHe TeppHTOpHH HX npO>KHBaHHH KaK 3CMJIH XOpH-TyMaTOB, T.e. xopn h TyMaTOB, h acJxJíHKca «-jiap»—noKa3aTejiH MHO^KecTBeHHO-ro HHCJia b TiopKCKHX H3biKax, h MO^KeT 6biTb HHTepnpeTHpoBaHO KaK «MHO>KecTBO xopn» hjih «xopHHu;bi». CjieflOBaTejibHO, 3Ty 4>pa3y mojk-ho noHHMaTb KaK to, hto «XopHJiapTaň MsprsH CTaji BJiafleTb poflOM (flocjioBHo: CTaji c poflOM) xopHHu;eB», hto flyĎJinpyeTCH h ero HMeHeM- 3IIOHHMOM. CoOTBeTCTBHe SnOHHMa STHOHHMy n03BOJIHeT TOBOpHTb O tom, hto XopHJiapTaň MsprsH 6biJi rjiaBoň pofla (o6ok), cocTOHBinero H3 HecKOJibKHX rpynn, HfleHTH(J)Hu;HpyeMbix KaK xopn. Mo>kho npefl- nOJIO>KHTb, HTO 3TO ypyKU, H B flaHHOM CJiyHae nOflHepKHBaeTCH 3THH- necKaH oflHopoflHOCTb o6oíca-pofla. CjieflyeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cyĎTjeKTHO-oĎTjeKTHbie OTHorne-hhh: XopHJiapTaň MsprsH Ha3BaH HoňoHOM xopn-TyMaTOB3, hto He-CKOJibKO OTJiHHaeTCH ot ero o6o3HaHeHHH b AjiTaH To6hh JIy6caH ^aH-3aHa4. B 3Toň xpoHHKe TeppHTopnio, Ha KOTopoň XopHJiapTaň MsprsH 3anpeTHJi oxoTHTbCH, oh Ha3Baji «CBoeň 3eMJieň TyM3TOB»5. HHTepecHO, hto Bbirne JIy6caH /]|aH3aH Ha3biBaeT XopHJiapTaň MsprsHa «BJiaflbiKoň Toro Hapofla 6apryfl>KHH-TyM3TOB» (tere irgen bargujin túmet-ún ejen6). IlpeflCTaBJíHeTCH, hto b flaHHOM cjiynae OTMenaeTCH BJiafleHHe juoflbMH, npHHeM noflHepKHBaeTCH hx STHHHecKaH npHHafljie>KHOCTb — 6apry- 3HHCKHMH TyMaTaMH. B «CoKpOBeHHOM CKa3aHHH MOHrOJIOB» TepMHH «333H» (BJiafleTejIb, BJiaflbiKa) BbicTynaeT b KanecTBe THTyjia npaBHTenH onpeflejieHHoň rpynnbi h BnepBbie b TeKCTe ynoTpe6jraeTCH no OTHomeHHio k TecTio XopmiapTaň MsprsHa, Korfla flaeTCH STHonoTecTapHaH xapaKTepncTH-Ka rpynnbi, npHineflnieň c XopmiapTaň MsprsHOM: Hto KacaeTca toíí rpynnbi Jiiofleíi, to dejio oócmosuio marc. flp^ib Bapryflaíi MsprsHa, BJiaflHKH aojihhli Kojí BapryfljKHH, 6mia fleByniKa no-HMeHH BapryfljKHH Toa, h OHa 6bi/ia OTflaHa b >KeHLi XopHJiapTaíi VfcpreHy, bok-flio xopH-TyMaTOB7 (tede bólók irgen ber kól-barqujin-tógum-un ejen bar-qudai-mergen-nii okin barqujin-go'a neretei ókin-ni qori-tumd-un noyan qorilartai-mergen-ne ókdeksen aju'u)8. Xony o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha Tpn 4>aKTa b stom He6ojibinoM OTpbiB-Ke. Bo-nepBbix, npHBJíeKaeT BHHMaHHe pa3JiHHHe THTyjiaTypbi b 060-3HaneHHH npaBHTejieň pa3Hbix STHHHecKHX rpynn: «333h» y 6apry h Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 2 '■ Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 15 3 Tom Jice. P. 14 4 Jlyöcan /JaH3au. Ajimau mo6uu («3ojiomoe CKa3auue»). Hepe-eod c MomojibCKozo, BBedeuue, KOMMeumapuü u npujioncenuR H.n. IHacmuHoü. naMxmuu-Ku nucbMeuHocmu Bocmoica. X. H3damejibcmB0 «Hayica». TjiaBHOR pedaKU.ua BocmouHoü jiumepamypbi. M., 1973. C. 54. TouHoe MouzojibCKoe bm-payicenue: «qorilar-un omoytan bolba» (Altan Tobel A Brief History of the Mongols by bLo-bzan bsTan-'jin with a Critical Introduction by The Reverend Antoine Mostaert, C.I.C.M. Arlington, Virginia and An Editor's Foreword by Francis Woodman Cleaves Associate Professor of Far Eastern Languages Harvard University. Harvard-Yenching Institute. Scripta Mongolica 1. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1952. P. 9) M03ICH0 nepeaecmu KaK «cmaji BJiademb podaMU xopujiapoB». npuueM MHOiicecmBeuHoe uucjio 3Öecb (puKcupyemca ÖBancdbi: atptpuKCOM «-tan» u atptpuKCOM «-lar» (mmpK.) b smuoHUMe, KaK u umr zjiaau xopu—Xopujidaü—mjuiemcR snoHUMOM: «BJiademw,uü xopu» 5 «tümed-ün yajar-dur-iyan» (Altan Tobel P. 8) 6 Altan Tobel P. 8 7 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 2 "Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 14 56 Tat ba H a Ckpbihhhkoba McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 57 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 14 1 CpaeHumejihHO-ucmopuuecKasi zpaMMamuKa mmpKCKUX M3MK0B. JleKCUKa. M.Hayíca, 1997. C. 116 '' ÍIodpoÓHee cm.: QcpbiHHUKoea T.fl. 3mHomonoHUM Bapzydoicuu-moKyM // Hcmopusi u Kyjihmypa uapodoe IleHmpajibHoů A3uu. HcmouHUKoeedeHue. C6. cm. yjian-yds, 1993. C. 41-50 ' Bypsiadaů myyxs Ó3ui3zyyd. (BypamcKue ucmopuuecKue xpouuKu). Cocm. UJ.B. ^íuMumdopjKuee. yjioH-Yda, 1992. C. 75 ' Bcuidaee C.n. BypsimcKue ceadeóubie oópsidu. yjiau-yda: Bypam. kh. u3Č-eo, 1959. C.20 «HOHOH» y XOpH-TyMaTOB, HTO, B03M05KHO, MO>KeT OnpeflejIHTbCH KaK nOflHepKHBaHHeM HX pa3JIHHHHX (JjyHKUHH, TaK H HX 3THOKyjIbTypHbI-MH pa3JIHHHHMH, a HMeHHO H3HKOBHMH (flHajieKTHHMH). To, HTO n03- >Ke (b xpoHHKe xvii b.) XopHJiapTaň MspraH o6o3HaHaeTCH KaK 333H, n03BOJIHeT npefllIOJICOKHTb HfleHTHHHOCTb HX 3HaHeHHH. Bo-BTopbix, Moe noHHMaHHe 4>pa3bi «kól-barqujin-tógúm-ún ejen barqudai-mergen» OTJiHHaeTCH ot nepeBOfla, npefljio>KeHHoro Hro-peM fle PaxeBHJibneM, KOTopnň o6o3HaHaeT ero KaK «lord of the Kol Bargujin Lowland"1. Ha Moň B3rjiHfl, Bapryflaň MspraH Ha3biBaeTCH «BJiaflbiKOH Koji-6apryfl>KHHCKoro jiHHHfl>Ka», hto OTCbmaeT Hac k 6apzy. Cjiobo «myKyM» (tógúm), nonaBinee b TiopKCKHe H3HKH H3 npaHCKHX, 03HaHaeT «CeMH, ...3epHO, ...pOfl, IIJieMH, nOTOMCTBO»2, HTO CHHOHH- mhhho cjioBy «ypyic», a ac^HKCOM -a>khh o6pa3yeTCH npHJiaraTejibHoe ot HMeHH «6apzy». TaKHM o6pa30M, Bapryflaň MspraH OTMenaeTCH KaK BJiaflenen, jiHHHfl>Ka Kojí EapryzpKHH, HBJíHBinerocH Toň nacTbio 6apzy, KOTopaH npo>KHBajia okojio 03epa (TiopKCKoe o6o3HaneHHe—kol)3. B-TpeTbHX, o6paniaeT Ha ce6si BHHMaHHe cjiobo, ynoMHHyToe b «Co-KpoBeHHOM CKa3aHHH MOHrojioB»—«6yjiyK» (bólók), KOTopoe a. TaioKe nepeBejia KaK «jihhha>k» XopmiapTaň MspraHa. Ha moh B3rjiHfl, chho- HHMHHHOCTb ÓyjiyK H ypyK, COXpaHHBinaHCH B 6ypHTCKOH TpaflHUHOH- hoh KyjibType, no3BOJiHeT npefljio>KHTb nofloĎHyio HHTepnpeTanHio. OnncbiBaH Hanajio o6pa30BaHHH o6ihhocth xopn, KOTopyio Hccneflo-BaT&jiH o6o3HaHaioT KaK ruieMH, BaHflaH KDMcyHOB, aBTop xopHHCKoň jieTonncH 1868 rofla, nnineT, hto ohh: «Me>Kfly co6oň oĎteflHHHJiHCb b poflbí, hjih b kocth, h b zpynnbi aiuioe»4 (XoopoHflo o6or o6oroop ry, ajiH Hhaap 6ojioh 6yji3r aňjmyyflaap xaMTapaH HHHJi33fl»—nep. mou. — T.C.). 3flecb mh BHflHM Ty>Ke CTpyKTypy: xopn (ruieMH) —poflbí (o6or)—jiHHHfl>KH (sihaH = 6yji3r ařuiHyyfl = ypyK), npmeM noflnep-KHBaeTCH HMeHHO KpoBHopoflCTBeHHan CBH3b. npeflCTaBJíHioT HHTepec o6ihhocth, o6o3HaHeHHbie KaK rpynnbi aňjioB— 6yji3r aňjmyyfl, koto-pbie npnpaBHHBaioTCH k kocth. Hto ohh co6oň npeflCTaBJíHJiH, bhaho H3 cjieflyioiiiero oiracaHHH: «PoflHTejiH Mysca, ero 6paTbH, KaK poflHbie, TaK h KOJUiaTepajibHbie, >khjih pHflOM b ocoShx ropTax hjih flOMax, pac-nojio>KeHHbix BOKpyr ropTbi npeflKa, ocHOBaTenH ypyKa. 3tot Kpyr HMeji oSnryio ropoflb6y, KOTopan oxBaTHBajia Bce ropTbi HJieHOBypyjca. Kpyr stot Ha3biBaeTCH "6yji3r" hjih "ypar"»5. TaKHM o6pa30M, mh mo^kcm BHfleTb, hto rpynna aňjioB, coctohb-inaH H3 npeflCTaBHTeneň HecKOJibKHX noKOJieHHň, HMeeT h cneu;Hajib-Hoe TepMHHOJiorHHecKoe o6o3HaHeHHe: «6yji3r» hjih «ypar». TaK, Tep-pHTopHH npo>KHBaHHH ceMbH CTapinero 6paTa oropa>KHBajiacb, «flajiee, pHflOM, b6jih3h, b flpyroň nofloĎHoň 3aropoflH >KHByT 6jiH>KaHinHe poflCTBeHHHKH rjiaBH nepBoň rpynnbi iopT, HanpHMep, ero 6paTbH co CBOHMH CeMbHMH, CO CBOHM eflHHOKpOBHHM pOflOM,-H TyT OnHTb B oflHoň o6meň 3aropoflH, nocepeflHHe ctoht iopTa CTapinero b pofle, no 6oKaM >Ke ctoht iopTH ero CHHOBeň. ^ajibine, b 6ojiee OTflajieHHbix 3aropoflHX, >KHByT 6ojiee OTflajieHHbie poflCTBeHHHKH»1. KaK bhaho H3 TeKCTOB, acHBymHe b nocejieHHH MyacHHHH CBH3aHH Me>Kfly co6oň KpoBHHM poflCTBOM. Bojiee Tóro, «b HeKOTopbixypyjcaxfleTH Ha3HBajiH Bcex My>KHHH B03pacTa CBoero OTn;a "6aa6aň" (oTen;), npmeM fljiH ot-jihhhh hx flpyr ot flpyra h ot CBoero OTn;a npHĎaBJísuiH k 3TOMy cjioBy "6aa6aň" OTJiHHHTenbHbie (J)H3HHecKHe nepTH Ka^Kfloro. Bcex aceHmHH B03pacTa cbohx MaTepeň ohh Ha3HBajiH "hh6hh" (MaTb), ho ororrb-Ta- KH npHĎaBJIHH K CJIOBy "hHĎHH" OTJIHHHTejIbHbie HepTH»2. npeflCTaBJíHeTCH, hto b MoHrojibCKOM yjiyce flo h b nepnofl HHHrnc-xaHa mh Ha6jiioflaeM TaKyio >Ke CHTyan;Hio: OTflejibHbie nocejieHHH, b KOTopbix npo>KHBajia rpynna poflCTBeHHHKOB, Ha3HBajiHCb ypyK (ay-pyK3). Mo>kho c 6ojibinoň flojieň yBepeHHOCTH roBopHTb o tom, hto h y cpeflHeBeKOBbix MOHrojioB ypyK/aypyK npeflCTaBJíHJi co6oň nocejie- HHe, B KOTOpOM npO>KHBajIH KpOBHbie poflCTBeHHHKH-6paTbH, HMeB- inne o6m;yio co6cTBeHHOCTb, hto fleMOHCTpnpyeT hctophh BoflOHHapa. nocjie CMepTH MaTepn 6paTbH CTajiH flejiHTb HacjieflCTBO (Ta6yHH h cpeflCTBa nponHTaHHH): nerape CTapninx 6paTa ocTaBHJiH ce6e Bce, a «BoflOHHapy He 6hjio flaHO flOJiH, ...ohh He OTHOCHJiHCb k HeMy KaK k HJieHy hx ceMbH» (uruq-a ulu to'an qubi ese okba4). BoflOHHap, nofly-MaB, 3aneM eMy ocTaBaTbCH 3flecb, ecjiH ero He CHHTaioT HJieHOMypyjca, OTKoneBaji ot hhx (§ 24). CTapiHHe 6paTbH npoflOJi>KajiH tkwií, BMecTe. IIpedcmaejiRemcR, umo e MomojibCKOM yjiyce do u e nepuod ^umuc-xana mu HCLČJiiodaeM maKyio 3Ke cumyai^uio: omdejibHbie nocejienuR, e Komopbix npojKueajia zpynna podcmeeHHUKoe, Ha3bieajiucb «ypyK» («aypyK») 1 LLlanoe A.ÍI. BypsuncKOR yjiycHcm podoeax o6w,UHa // M3eecmuM BCOPrO. 1875. T.5.Ns3-4. C. 129 ' Bcuidaee C.n. yxa3. coh. C. 6 ! AypyK (mohz. ďuruq luiu ayuruy (Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 499]), Ha mou B3ZJisid, cjiobo, cocmosimfie U3 deyx uacmeů— ayur-uy. IlpuueM nepeaa uacmb (ayur) npedcmaejmem co6oů mpaHapopMauiao cjioea egúr (coep. yyp)- zue3Čo, jiozoeo, poů, smeŮKa. H. de Paxeeiuiu, omMeuaji, umo e cpedue- u npetaiaccuuecKOM MOHZOJlbCKOM M3blKe ecmpeuammcsi nepexodu 3aduesi3bmHbLX e nepeduesabiuHbie u uaoóopom: úměre — umara, angqan — enggen u m.n. (TaM uce. P. 777), m.e. egúr — ayur. Hoaiednee e ycmuoů peuu npou3Hocumcsi KaK yyp/yp, m.e. a'uruq ujiu ayuruy Mooicem 3eyuamb KaK «ypyK». B meKcme cmambu coxpaHaemcR nucbMeHHasi (popMa 4 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 17 npeflCTaBJíHeTCH, hto hmchho sto 3HaneHHe—npo>KHBaHHe b no-CejieHHH KpOBHHX poflCTBeHHHKOB — noflHepKHBaeTCH o6o3HaHeHHeM flaHHoro noceneHHH TepMHHOM aypyK (ayuruy). 3tot TepMHH BCTpe-naeTCH BnepBbie b § 136 «CoKpoBeHHoro CKa3aHHH MOHrojioB»: <ďjiaB-Han CTaBKa (ayuruy) HHHrnc-xaHa HaxoflHJiacb y 03epa Hariltu. H3 Tex, kto ocTajicH b rjiaBHoň CTaBKe (Torfla HHHrnc-xaH BoeBaji c TaTapa- MH.-T.C.), flJKypKHHUH CHHJIH C nHTHfleCHTH HejIOBeK HX Ofle>KflH H yĎHJIH flecHTepbix»5. H3 3TOrO OTpbIBKa MO>KHO nOHHTb, HTO penb HfleT 06 onpeflejieHHoň TeppHTopHH, Ha KOTopoň >KHBeT flocTaTOHHO 6ojib-inaH rpynna, My>KHHHH KOTopoň npHHafljie>KaT k oflHOMy jiHHHfl>Ky (ypyK) —b flaHHOM cjiynae HHHrnc-xaHa, npmeM aypyjc He cjieflyeT 3a BOeHHHM npeflBOflHTejieM, HTO HBJIHeTCH HMnjIHI^HTHHM noflTBep>Kfle- ' Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 58 58 Tat bH H A Ckpbihhhkoba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 59 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 161 1 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 189. nodpoÖHee cm.: Kpaduu H.H., QcpuHHUKoea T.fl. HMnepux ^unzuc-xana. M., 2006. C. 361-363 ! KpaduH, CKpuHHUKoea. YK03. cou. C. 95-100 4 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 3 5 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 14 HiieM ero jioKajibHOCTH. Be3ycjioBHO, b aypyrc HHHrnc-xaHa HaxoflH-jiHCb He TOJibKO HJieHbi jiHHHfl>Ka, nocKOJibKy nepnofl bohhh TpeöoBaji OXpaHbl HaXOflHIUHXCH B HeM CTapHKOB, JKeHIUHH H fleTeH. Ba>KHbIM B flaHHOM cnynae HBjraeTCH to, hto b «CoKpoBeHHOM CKa3aHHH mohto- JIOB» nOflHepKHBaeTCH npO^KHBaHHe KOHeBHHKOB KpOBHOpOflCTBeHHbl- mh rpynnaMH. 3to coxpaHHeTCH h npn nepeKoneBKax, o HeM CBHfleTejibCTByeT ynoMHHaHHe BejiHKoro aypyica, Korfla penb HfleT 06 OflHOH H3 oÖH3aH-HOCTeH KeÖTeyjioB—ero oxpaHe: («JlerKO jih cjieflHTb 3a nepeflBH>K- HblMH K)pTaMH, KOrfla TJiaBHaH CTaBKa HaXOflHTCH B flBH>KeHHH HJIH CTOHT Ha MeCTe?»1), HTO ÖbIJIO CBH3aHO C HeOÖXOflHMOCTbK) KaK o6e- cneHHBaTb KopMOM ckot, TaK h 6e>KaTb OT HacTynaiornero HenpHHTejra. AypyK CTaji Ha3biBaTbCH BejiHKHM nocjie Toro, KaK BJiacTb b MoHrojib-ckom yjiyce 3aKpenHJiacb 3a HHHrnc-xaHOM h ero noTOMKaMH. KaK h b öypHTCKOM ypyKe, y cpeflHeBeKOBbix mohtojiob b oahom aypyxe >khjih 6paTbH h hx ceMbH. E[oflTBep>KfleHHeM 3Toro HBJiHioTCH h BbirneynoMH-HyTHH cjiynaH c EoflOHHapoM h ero CTapniHMH 6paTbHMH, h paccKa3 o Tom, hto Korfla HHHrHC-xaH OTnpaBHJicH b noxofl Ha capTyjioB, oh, «no-pyHHB OTHHTHH-HoeHy H3 Bcex ero MJiaflniHX 6paTbeB rjiaBHyio CTaBKy (yeke ayuruy), flBHHyncH Bnepefl».2 AypyK HBJIHJICH HaHMeHbineH X03HHCTBeHHOH SKOHOMHHeCKOH eflH-HHUeH, MyjKHHHbl KOTOpOH npeflCTaBJIHJIH COK)3 KpOBHblX pOflCTBeH-HHKOB-ypyK, HMeiOIHHX BJiafleHHe 3eMJieH H, B03M05KHO, CKOTOM. HecKOJibKO aypyxoe, coctohiuhx H3 anjioB KpoBHbix poflCTBeHHHKOB, CKJiaflbiBajiHCb b poflbi, Ha hto yKa3HBaeT ynoTpeöJieHHe STHOHHMa jih-flnpyiornero pofla. Poflbi, KaK 3aBoeBaHHbie, TaK h floöpoBOJibHO npnco-eflHHHBinHecH k 6ojiee ycneniHOMy jiHflepy, cocTaBjrajiH coBOKynHOCTb, HMeHyeMyio Kypenb-upzan, KOTopyio mo>kho o6o3HaHHTb TepMHHOM ruieMH, HMen b BHfly ero BTopoe 3HaneHHe—cnerjjHcJjHHecKyio (JiopMy couuajibHoü opzami3auuu (HafloörnHHHaH noTecTapHO-nojiHTHHecKaH CTpyKTypa) .3 OTOK / OBOK / OMOK IlpHMepaMH TaKOH CTpyKTypbi hbjihiotch CKxaceTbi o flopösHax, TaHfl->KHyTax h fl>KypKHH. IlpeflCTaBJiHeTCH, hto nepapxHH couHajibHbix TaK-cohob peKOHCTpynpyeTca H3 cjieflyiornero TeKCTa, onncbiBaiornero B3a- HMOOTHOineHHH flflflH H ÜJieMflHHHKOB'. §ii. riocne CMepTH flyBa Coxopa, neTBepo ero clihobgh 6ojiee He chhtsjih CBoero flHflio flpöyH VfcpreHa hjighom ceMbH, h, CMOTpa Ha Hero CBLicoKa, ohh ocTaBHJiH ero h OTKOHeBajiH4 (moot, dörben kö'üt inu dobun mergen abaqa-yu'an uruq-a ülü bolqan ...qaqacaju gejü newüba5). 60 T A T b fl H A CKPblHHHKOBA 3Ta KpaTKan 4>pa3a flOBOJibHO coflep>KaTejibHa no CMbicjiy: c OflHOH cto- pOHbl, MO>KHO nOHHMaTb ee KaK HH(|)OpManHIO O TOM, HTOypyfC-3TO coK)3 KpoBHbix naTpHJiHHeHHbix poflCTBeHHHKOB (flBa 6paTa H HX Cbl-HOBbH). C flpyroH CTopoHbi, ynoMHHaHHe Toro, hto Herape cbma ßyaa Coxopa OTflejiHJiHCb ot CBoero flflflH h flBoiopoflHbix 6paTbeB nocjie CMepTH OTna h OTKoneBajiH, yKa3HBaeT Ha hx coBMecTHoe npo^KHBa- HHe Ha OflHOH TeppHTOpHH, HTO Mbl OTMeHajIH Ha npHMepe ÖypHTCKHX noceneHHH, KOTopbie Ha3biBajiHCb «ypyxu» b xix-xx bb. B flaHHOM cjiy-nae nepe3 onncaHHe CHTyai^HH fleMOHCTpnpyeTCH xapaKTepHaH nepTa JIHHHfl>Ka: CBH3b «pOflHbie ÖpaTbH (OTLi;bl)-HXCblHOBbH (njieMHHHHKH = flBoiopoflHbie 6paTbH)». IloKa 6bui >khb ^yßa Coxop, 6buia aKTyajibHa hx npHHafljie>KHOCTb k oflHOMy (o6m;eMy) ypyxy KaK cbiHOBen h BHy-kob oflHoro npeflKa. CMepTb ^yßa Coxopa pa3pbiBajia nenoHKy, 6paTbH CTaHOBHJIHCb pOflOHaHajIbHHKaMH HOBblX JIHHHflJKeH. rjiaBHHH CMblCJI coflep>KaHHH 3Toro OTpbiBKa b tom, hto noTOMKH Ro6yn MsprsHa bh-BOflHTCH K3 ypyica. upHHeMypyfc (— aypyx) coxpaHHeTCH 3a CTapniHM: B HeM OCTaeTCH flHflH, OHH He H3rOHHK)T ero, a OTKOHeBblBaiOT caMH. OTflejiHBniHecH neTbipe 6paTa «npHHHJiH poflOBoe hmh ßypÖ3H h CTajiH njieMeHeM flypösH»1 (Dörben oboqtan bolju Dörben irgen tede bolba2). To ecTb Ka>KflbiH H3 6paTbeB, HBJiHHCb rjiaBOH jiHHHfl^Ka (ypy-kcl), oflHOBpeMeHHO CTaji h rjiaBOH pofla (o6oKa), a Bee nerape pofla cocTaBHJiH ruieMH (upzan). B flaHHOM cjiynae noflnepKHBaeTCH nepBoe 3HaneHHe TepMHHa ruieMH KaK OflHoro H3 THnoB STHmecKHX o6m;HO- CTeH (cOBOKynHOCTH pOflCTBeHHHX pOflOB), HTO He HCKJIIOHaeT TOTO, hto b 3Ty o6m;HOCTb motjih 6biTb BKJiioHeHbi h flpyrne STHHHecKHe rpynnbi. B «CoKpoeeHHOM CKa3anuu mohzojiob» nodnepKueaemcsi npojKueanue Koneemiicoe KpoeHopodcmeeHHbLMU zpynnaMU Ilocjie noöeflbi Hafl TaHfl>KHyTaMH HHHrnc-xaH yHHHTO>KaeT HMeH-Ho npaBHmyio sjiHTy—tayici'utai yasutu, ohh >Ke tayici'ud-i uruq-un uruq-a3, T.e. jnofleH kocth maudjKuym hjih noTOMKOB nomoMKoe maüdjKuym, rfle yasu[n] ('KOCTb') h uruq^ hbjihiotch CHHOHHMaMH. 3thmh TepMHHaMH noflnepKHBaeTCH naTpmiHHeHHoe KpoBHoe pofl-ctbo, hto HBJiHeTCH aKTyajibHHM b o6m;ecTBe, CTpyKTypa KOToporo öbicTpo MeHHeTCH, h TpeöyeTCH nocTOHHHoe noflTBep>KfleHHe rpaHHn; o6u];hocth. A npHHafljie^Kamnx k o6u];hocth «ynyc-HprsH», b KOTopyio BxoflHJiH npeflCTaBHTejiH pa3Hbix poflOB, HHHTHC-xaH npnroHHeT k ce6e. Korfla >Ke «HHHrnc-xaH noKopHJi TaKOH ropflbiH Hapofl h pa3rpo-MHJi Bcex Tex, kto npHHafljie>Kaji pofly fl>KypKHHn;eB, oh cflejiaji stot Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbi u 6pauHbie cmpamezuu e npomjioM u Hacmomu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 n.O. Pukuh nepeeeji man: 'Having become those who have the oboq Dörben, they became Dörben people' (Rykin. Yko3. cou. C. 190). Com aemop ua 3moü nee cmpamme nuiuem, umo atptpuKC «-tan» o6o3Hauaem MHOiicecmeeuHoe uucjio, cjiedoeamejibHO, aioeo «oboqtan», conpoeoiicdaeMoe uuaiumejibHbLM «uemupe», 03uauaem «o6oku» (podu), m.e. uemupe o6oica. npedjioiicue nepeeod aioea KaK «people», PbiKUH ocmaeiui 6e3 eHUMamix mom (paKm, umo 3mu mepMUHM onpedejuuom maKCOHOMUuecKuü ypoeeub couuajibHbix o6%eduHeHuü: podcmeeHHbie o6oku o6pa30BbiBamm öojiee KpynHuü com3—njieMM 2 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 14, §11 3 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 66-67 4 uruq, yasu[n]—mepMUHM, MapKupoeaeuiue HauMeHbiuym zpynny couuajibHoü opzami3auuu; ohu o6o3uauamm zpynny, npedcmaejuuowyK) co6oü zoMozeHHym cmpyKmypy, u MapKupymm nampiuiuHeUHym zpynny Kpoenux podcmeeHHUKoe— Jiumidiic McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 6i Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 61 1 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 60, §139 ! IJudeHÖaMÖaee IJ.B. Bypamaaie ucmopuuecKue xpoHUKU u podocjioBHhie. yjiau-yda: Bypsun. ich. u3d-eo, 1972. C. 85 4 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 20, § 42 5 Tom lice pofl h ero jiKjfleö cbohmh jihhhhmh noflflaHHHMH»1 (jürkin oboqtu-yi ülitkeba irgen-i ulus-i inu cinggis-qahan ö'er-ün emci irgen bolqaba2). Bbipa>KeHHe irgen-i ulus-i 3flecb mo>kho noHHMaTb fla>Ke KaK «JiKjfleö njieMeHH». CjieflyeT oöpaTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha HfleHTHHHOCTb KOHTeKCTa b flByx cjiynaHX, Korfla yHHHTO>KaioTCH npoTHBHHKH: xoth A)KypKHHnbi ynoMHHaRDTCH KaK pofl (jürkin oboq), b flaHHoň CHTyauHH noflnepKH- BaeTCH npHHaflJie>KHOCTb K KOJIJieKTHBy KpOBHblX pOflCTBeHHHKOB, KaK h b cjiynae c Taöfl>KHyTaMH. TpyflHO CKa3aTb, mo>kho jih oÖHapyscHTb Korfla-jiHÖo h rfle-jiHÖo pOfl (C0K)3 KpOBHblX pOflCTBeHHHKOB) KaK aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-X03HH- CTBeHHyio jioKajibHyio eAHHHuy, ocoöeHHO yHHTbiBaa xapaKTepHyio flJIH KOHeBHHKOB MOÖHJIbHOCTb. HanpHMep, flJIH HaÖJIIOflaTejieH XVII-XX BB. ÖypflTCKHH pofl, 3a(J)HKCHpOBaHHbIH pOCCHHCKOH aflMHHHCTpa- nnen KaK aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbiö, npeflCTaBJíHJi C060Ö KOHrjioMepaT npefl-CTaBHTejieň pa3Hbix poflOB, HaHMeHOBaHHe ero onpeflensuio Ha3BaHHe pofla, CTaBinero HflpoM aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoro. Ho npn stom cjieflyeT HMeTb B BHfly, HTO BCe COXpaHHJIH naMHTb O CBOeÖ OCHOBHOH pOflOBOH npHHafljie>KHOCTH: «HanpHMep, b cocTaBe raji3yrcKoro pofla xopHHCKHX 6ypHT ecTb npeflCTaBHTejiH inoHoeBa pofla sxhphtckhx 6ypHT, h ohh HMeHyioT ceÖH inoHO-raji3yT, T.e. raji3yrbi inoHoeBCKoro KyKypa»3. 3a HCKJiioHeHHeM flByx cjiynaeB, Korfla TepMHH «o6ok» BCTpenaeTCH c acJxJíHKCOM b eflHHCTBeHHOM HHCJie (oboqtu), Bce flpyrne ynoMHHaHHH TepMHHa «o6ok»—c acJxJíHKCOM «-TaH» (oboqtan bol[u]ba), T.e. penb HfleT o cooömecTBax, b KOTopbie bxoahjih rpynnbi HecKOJibKHX poflOB. TaK, cbiHOBbH Roôya MspraHa EejibryHOTeň h ByryHOTeň B03rjiaBH-jiH, cooTBeTCTBeHHO, poflbí öejibiyHOT h öyryHOT (belgünütei belgünüt oboqtan bol [u] ba bügünütei bügünüt oboqtan bol [u] ba4, a poflHBiHH-ecH y AjiaH ľoa nocjie CMepTH Roôya MspraHa Tpn cbma (Byxy XaTarn, Byxy CajiH>KH h BoflOHHap) —xaTarHH, cajrq>KHyT h 6opH>KHrHH (buqu-qatagi qatagin oboqtan bol [u] ba buqutu salji salji'ut obo[q]tan bol [u] ba bodoncar borjigin oboqtan bol [u] ba5). B TeKCTe OTMenaeTCH, hto Ka>KflbiH H3 cbiHOBeň AjiaH ľoa CTaji rjiaBoň He oflHoro pofla, a rpynnbi poflOB, Ha HTO yKa3biBaeT MHO^KecTBeHHoe hhcjio acJxJíHKca o6jiaflaHHH b cjioBocoHeTaHHH oboqtan bol [u] ba—«CTajiH [BJiafleTb hjih 6biTb c] poflaMH». 3to TaioKe no3BOJiHeT npeflnojio>KHTb, hto b cocTaBe pyKO- BOflHMOrO HMH COOÖlHeCTBa HaXOflHTCH HeCKOJIbKO pOflOB, HMeHyeMbix 3THOHHMOM, CBH3aHHbiM c HMeHeM poflOHaHajibHHKa. KoHc|jHrypanHH cooömecTB nocTOHHHO MeHHJiacb: He 6buio HHCTHTyTa, ocymecTBJíHB-inero (jjyHKUHH KOHTpojiH h ynpaBJíeHHH, hhhto He nperoiTCTBOBajio Bbixofly OTflejibHbix rpynn H3 OflHoro cooömecTBa h BKJiioHeHHio b flpy-roe (HanpHMep, ynoMHHaeMbie HH>Ke öaayTbi), hto mh HaöJiioflaeM Ha npoTJDKeHHH Bceň HCTopHH MoHrojibCKoro yjiyca. HTaK, KaK noKa3biBaeT MaTepnaji cpeflHeBeKOBbix hctohhhkob, KOMnjieKCHOCTb 4>opMHpoBajiacb hjih ÖJiaroflapH floöpoBOJibHOMy ne-pexofly OTflejibHbix rpynn b flpyrne o6i>eflHHeHHH, hjih b pe3yjibTaTe 3aBoeBaHHH, T.e. peajibHbie STHOcouHajibHbie rpynnbi, o6o3HaHaeMbie cjioBOM 060K, npeflCTaBJíHJiH C060Ö reTeporeHHbie cooömecTBa. H b 3TOM M05KHO COrjiaCHTbCH C E.M. 3ajIKHHflOM (KaK H C u.O. PblKHHbIM h J\. Chhtom): «TepMHHbi, o6o3HaHaroiHHe pofl, flOBOJibHO mhoto- HHCJieHHbl... ynOTpeÖJieHHe pa3JIHHHbIX TepMHHOB B OflHOM H TOM >Ke CMbicjie, a TaioKe BapnauHH, BCTpeHaioiHHecH b pa3JiHHHbix roBopax, co3flaioT 3flecb 3HaHHTejibHyio nyTaHHuy, KOTopan 6biJia ycyryöJieHa BnocjieflCTBHH MeponpHHTHHMH pyccKHX BJiacTeň, b pe3yjibTaTe kohx ÖypflTCKHH "pofl" 6bui npeBpameH b aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-(J)HCKajibHyio eflHHHLi;y, Majio CBfl3aHHyio c poflOBbiM HJieHeHHeM öypflT. Hanöojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHbiMH TepMHHaMH 6biJiH OTOK h 060K (omok) . Hapflfly C HHMH ynOTpeÖJIflJIHCb TepMHHbi flhaH (KOCTb) h aÖMaK»1. Ho B OT-JIHHHe OT 6ypflT, Tfle nOflBHJIOCb nOHHTHe «aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbiö pofl», nOCKOJIbKy ero COCTOHHHe ÖbIJIO 3acJ)HKCHpOBaHO pOCCHHCKOH aflMHHH- CTpan;HeH, y mohtojiob paccMaTpHBaeMoro nepnofla nofloÖHOH (jjHKca-ij;hh He 6buio, nosTOMy nofloÖHoe reTeporeHHoe coo6m;ecTBO CKopee M05KHO Ha3BaTb TeppHTOpHajIbHbIM pOflOM. Hh y MOHTOJIOB, HH y 6y- pHT 3Ta CTpyKTypa He B03HHKajia KaK pe3yjibTaT CTopoHHero B03fleň-CTBHH — aflMHHHCTpauHH, KaK nojiaraeT J\. Chht. Bbi3biBaeT coMHeHHe h to, HacKOJibKO cooöiHecTBa flaHHoro THna (o6ok) BbicTynajiH KaK «nojiHTHHecKH caMOCTOHTejibHbie KoneBbie rpynnbi», no o6o3HaHeHHK> u.O. PblKHHa2, HJIH HTO «060K ÔhUl CTpyKTypOH CKOpee nOJIHTHHeCKOH, HeM reHeajiorHHecKoö»3. Ho cjieflyeT noflnepKHyTb SKOHOMHHecKoe 3HaHeHHe TeppHTopnajibHoro pofla, b KOTopbiň bxoahjih He TOJibKO MySCHHHbl, CBH3aHHbie naTpHJIHHeÖHblM pOACTBOM, HO H HX >KeHbI, a TaioKe Apyrne STHHHecKHe rpynnbi, npHcoeAHHHBLUHecH k ocHOBHOMy poAy, A^BineMy HaHMeHOBaHHe BceMy cooömecTBy. Xoth, KaK noKa-3biBaioT MaTepnajibi o öypHTax, ochobhhm co6ctb6hhhkom 3eMJiH hb-jihjich Bce-TaKH jiHAHpyíomHH poA, y Hero HcnpaniHBajiH pa3penieHHe nocejíHTbCH npHineAuiHe rpynnbi. Rayne ecjiu b KanecTBe cy6i>eKTa BbicTynaeT aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbiň (TeppHTopHajibHbiň) poA, o6o3HaHeHHe ero sthohhmom jiHAHpyíoiHe-ro poAa, a TaioKe coxpaHeHHe nepBOHanajibHbix sthohhmob 3a bxoah-ihhmh b ero cocTaB rpynnaMH, HecoMHeHHO, noATBep>KAaioT aKTyajib-HOCTb CHCTeMbi KpoBHOTO poACTBa. 06 stom nHcaji PaiiiHA aA-^HH: Mup ceoux u uyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbL u ôpaHHbie cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HaarLomu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu E.M. 3ajiKUHÔ. npucoeduHeHue Bypsimuu kPoccuu. yjiau-yda, 1958. C. 222 '■ Rykin. yica3. cou. P. 189 ' Sneath. y;ca3. cou. P. 93 KajKflaa hx (HyKV3 h Khhh. — T.C.) BeTBb CTa/ia H3BecTHofl nofl onpeflejieH- HLIM HMeHeM H Ha3BaHHeM H CTana OTfle/IbHHM OÖaKOM, a nOfl [TepMHHOM] o6aK [HMeioTCH b BHfly] Te, roh npHHafljie>KaT k onpefleneHHHM kocth h pofly. 3th o6aKH eme pa3 pa3BeTBHJiHCb. B HacToamee BpeMH y MOHro/ib-CKHX iraeMeH TaK ycTaHOBJíeHO, hto Te, KOTopbie noHBHJiHCb ot 3thx BeTBeíí, name Bcero coctoht Me>Kfly coooíi b poflCTBe.4 4 Pamud ad-Aim. C. 153-154 3THOHHM, HaCTO B03BOAHMHH MH(J)OJIOrHHeCKOH TpaAHI];HeH K HMe- HH nepBonpeAKa, 6biJi Hanöojiee Ba>KHbiM MapKepoM. noATBep>KAeHH-eM MO^KeT cjiy^KHTb HH(J)opMai];HH o öapyjiac, B03rjiaBJiHeMbix noTOMKa- 62 T A T b H H A CKPblHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 63 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 20 '■ Tom Jice ! Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 49 4 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 8 5 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 25 6 Tom nee 7 Rachewiltz, 1972. P. 50 1 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 387 MH M3H3H TyflyHa. Ero CTapniHM BHyKOM ot TpeTbero cbraa Xanny 6bui EapyjiaTaö, ynpaBjraBHiHH poflaMH öapyjiac: o6a cjioBa—barulas h oboqtan1—bo MHO>KecTBeHHOM HHcne. A flBa BHyKa (Eojibinoft Eapyjia h MajieHbKHÖ Eapyjia) ot neTBepToro cbma Xanyjibi, cooTBeTCTBeHHO, «CTajiH rjiaBaMH poflOB 3pfl3MTy-6apyjia h TOfloeH öapyjia»2. B 1189 r. öapynac ynoMHHaioTCH b HHCJie Tex, kto npHcoeflHHHJicH k HHHrnc-xa-Hy. O HHX roBopHTCH, HTO «ot öapynac npnrnjiH XyÖHJiaö Xyzryc, CTap-niHe h MJiafliiiHe 6paTbH»3. Mo>kho BcnoMHHTb h CTapinero cbma Bo- flOHHapa, KOTOpbffl CHHTajICH H CBHIHeHHblM npeflKOM HHHrHC-xaHa OT imeHeHHOH >KeHrn,HHbi: «Ee cbraa 3BajiH BaapHH. Oh ohm npeflKOM 6aa-pHHOB»4 (MOHr. ba'aridai nereyitba ba'arin ebüge tere bol [u] ba5), y ero BHyKa 6buio MHoro cbiHOBeö, «ohh CTajiH [BJiafleTb] poflaMH M3H3H-6a-apHH» (MOHr. menen-ba'arin oboqtan6). Yípu nepeHHCJieHHH npninefl-niHX b 1189 r. Ha nepByio HHayrypauHio TeMyfl>KHHa ynoMHHaioTCH h M3H3H-6aapHHbi: «Eine npHiiuiH 6aapHH Xopnn ycyH 36yraH h Koko HOC, [cOCTaBHBIHHe] CBOHMH M3H3H-6aapHHaMH OflHH KypeHb»7. 3a CTapniHM noTOMKOM, b flaHHOM (ľjrynae XopHH ycyHOM, COXpaHHeTCH poflOBoe HMH — 6aapHH. OflHOBpeMeHHO (JjHKCHpyeTcn BKJiioHeHHe b pofl 6aapHH rpynnbi, coxpaHHBineo CBoe npe>KHee Ha3BaHHe h o6o3Ha- HeHHOÖ KaK M3H3H, eíľJIH HCXOflHTb H3 npaKTHKH, OTMeHeHHOH y 6ypHT. Mo>kho OTMeTHTb, HTO nocKOJibKy b flaHHOM Kypené OTMenaioTCH 6a-pHH h M3H3H-6aapHH, oh npeflCTaBjraji C060Ö reTeporeHHbiH pofl, t.e. THn TeppHTopnajibHoro jioKajibHoro cooöinecTBa. KyPEHb CjieflyeT cflenaTb HecKOJibKO 3aMenaHHH o CTpyKType, o6o3HaHaeMoö TepMHHOM KypeHb (güre'en). Hropb fle PaxeBHJín, npoaHajiH3HpoBaji npefljio>KeHHbie HccjieflOBaTejiHMH HHTepnpeTauHH flaHHoro TepMHHa: KypeHb... hbjijuich «jiarepeM, BOKpyr KOToporo b BHfle 3amHTHoro Kpyra ycTaHaBJíHBajiHCb TejierH...» PaniHfl afl-^HH flaeT oötacHeHHe, hto Kypem, (küren (=küriyen)) cocTaBJiJuica h3 «MHO)KecTBa na/iaTOK, paanojKeHHbix b CTenH b (|>opMe Kpyra»... b otjihhhg ot aůjia, KOTopbiíí ... coctohji h3 oflHO-ro hjih öojiee na/iaTOK, npHHafljie>KamHX oflHori ceMbe, «KpyroBori Jiarepb» 6bm öojiee KpynHbiM KOHrjioMepaTOM lopT, npHHaflnejKamHX pa3JiHHHbiM CeMbHM, COCTOH, TaKHM o6pa30M, H3 pa3JIHHHbIX CLŮJIOB, KOTOpbie B nepH- oflbi boííh CTaHOBHJiHCb yKperuieHHbiM BoeHHbiM JiarepeM. CTapHKH, )KeH-HjHHbi h fleTH yKpbiBajiHCb bo BHyTpeHHeM Kpyre, KaK h MaTepnajibHbie iieHHOCTH, npoBH3HH h opysaie. 3th KpynHbie Jiarepa b kohchhom HTore CTajiH o6o3HaHaTb IIJieMeHHbie eflHHHIJbl, KOTOpbie B MOHrOJIbCKOÍÍ BOeH- hoíí CHCTeMe cjiyjKHJiH apMeŕicKHMH noflpa3flejieHHHMH h (|>jiaHraMH. Tep- MHH KypeHb, CJieflOBaTejIbHO, HMeeT pa3JIHHHbie KOHHOTaiJHH, OTHOCjmjH-eCH K COIJ,HajIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOH H BOeHHOÍÍ OpraHH3aiTHH ITOJiyKOHeBblX iuieMeH MoHrojiHH b nepnofl ee CTaHOBJieHHH bo BpeMeHa HHHrHC-xaHa b XII-XIII BB.8 B to >Ke BpeMH KypeHb 6biJi He TOJibKO (jjopMoft nocejieHHH hjih 4>opMOH opraHH3an;HH apMHH Ha Bořme, ho h eflHHHneö connajibHOH CTpyKTypbi (JjopMHpyiomeHCH nojiHTHH, HTO TaK^Ke OTMeTHJi Hropb fle PaxeBHJín,. CjieflyeT OTMeTHTb flBe Ba^KHeöniHe nepra Kypená. C oflHoö CTopoHbi, KypeHb ohm CBH33H c poflOBOH opraHH3an,HeH, nOCKOJIbKy npaKTHHecKH bo Bcex (ľJiynaHX cocTaB Kypeneu MapKHpoBajicH nepe3 3THOHHMH h HMeHa TJiaB poflOB. OnHCbiBaH pacnpeflejieHHe HHHrnc-xaHOM Harpafl h flOJi^KHOCTeň cbohm CTopoHHHKaM nocľJie BTopoň HHTpOHH3aij;HH 1206 T., aBTOp «CoKpOBeHHOrO CKa3aHHH MOHrOJIOB» coo6m;aeT (ľJieflyiomee: «§213. /Jajiee HHHrnc-xaH CKa3aji CBoeMy no-MomHHKy OHrypy: "Tbi, OHryp, chh MyHrsTy Khhh3, co cbohmh naH-niHyraMH h öasiyTaMH, c(J)opMHpoBaji fljiH MeHH OflHH Jiarepb"»1 (MOHr. ta nadur niken güre'en bolju)2. CorjiacHO «CöopHHKy jieTonHceö», KypeHb 6asiyT Ha3biBajicH TaioKe OTOKOM3: «B HanajibHyio nopy mojioaocth HHHrH3-xaHa, Korfla y Hero Hanajiacb BOÖHa c njieMeHeM Taöfl>KHyT h oh coönpaji bohcko, 6ojib-niHHCTBO njieMeH 6asiyT 6buio c hhm coio3HHKaMH. H3 TpHHafli^aTH KypeHeň ero BoňcKa OflHH KypeHb cocTaBjrajiH ohh, oh noBejieji TOMy njieMeHH HMeHOBaTbcn yTeKy (=otok—T.CJ»4, Ha hto yKa3biBaeT flHajior HHHrnc-xaHa h OHrypa, CBH3aHHbiö c Harpa>KfleHHeM: «"Ka-Kyio Harpafly npHMenib th ot MeHH?" Ha sto OHryp otbcthji: "EcľJiH no3BOJiHinb MHe BbiöpaTb Harpafly, to, nocKOJibKy moh 6paTbH 6asiy-Tbi pa36pocaHbi no pa3HbiM njieMeHaM, no3BOJib MHe CBoeň MHJiocTbio coöpaTb MOHX öanyTCKHX öpaTbeß". Torfla HHHrnc-xaH noBeneji: "J\a 6yfleT TaK! Coöepn BMecTe cbohx öasiyTCKHX 6paTeB h npHMH caM ko-MaHflOBaHHe OflHoö racHHeö!"»5. KypeHb 6bLJi ne mojibKO cßopMoü nocejienun ujíu cßopMoü opzaHU3av,uu apMuu na eoŮHe, ho u eduHuu,eů cou,uajibHoů cmpyKmypbL eflHHeHHH. Mo>KHO rOBOpHTb O TOM, HTO TepMHH 060K HCnOJIb30- BajicH He TOJibKO KaK MapKep KpoBHopoflCTBeHHOH rpynnbi, ho h fljra o6o3HaHeHHH STHHHecKH CMeiiiaHHOH CTpyKTypbi—jioKajibHoö rpyn-nbi, o6o3HaHaeMOH sthohhmom jiHflHpyíomero pofla c HacľJieflCTBeH- 64 T A T b H H A CKPblHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 65 TepMUHbL COUUdJlbHOU cmpyKmypbL MoHzojibCKozo yjiyca douMnepcKozo u panneuMnepcKozo epeiaenu Rachewiltz, 1972:122 1 Pamud ad-Aim. C. 84-86 HHM npaBHTejieM bo rjiaBe. Hmchho nosTOMy Ha3HBaHHe npHOHBinnx k TeMyzpKHHy b 1189 r. KypeHeft npoH3BOflHTCH nepe3 nepenncjieHHe HMeH rjiaB jiHflnpyioiHHX rpynn. /JaHHan TeppHTopnajibHaH eflHHHua, o6o3HaHaeMaH HMeHeM (sthohhmom) jiHflHpyroinero pofla, BepoHT-Ho, npeflCTaBJiHJia coöoö nojiHSTHHHHHH coLTHajibHO-noTecTapHbiH opraHH3M, T.e. TeppHTopHajibHbiö pofl. OflHaKO BbinieynoMHHyrbiH cjiyHaft hbjihctch npHMepoM hmchho toto, hto TepMHH 060K b coot-HoineHHH c Kypem, npe>Kfle Bcero MapKHpoBaji flflpo—rpynny, CBH3aH-Hyio KpoBHHM poflCTBOM: Bee 6aHyTbi—CTapniHe h MJiaflinne 6paTbH. 06o3HaHeHHe Kypenb öanyTOB KaK otok—eflHHCTBeHHbiö H3BecTHbiö HaM cjiynao, KOTopbiö, BepoHTHO, OTCHJiaeT Hac peTpocneKTHBHO k ero nepBOHanajibHOMy 3HaHeHHK>. Mh BCTpenaeM ynoTpeöJieHHe Kypenb c flpyr-HM TaKCOHOM conriajibHO-noTecTapHOH nepapxHH—upzan. Korfla HHHrnc-xaH OTnpaBHJicH Ha iiohckh yKpafleHHbix y ero ceMbH BocbMH MepHHOB, eMy Bbi3Bajica noMOHb EoopHH, h ohh hijih no cjieflaM, «flo-CTHrjiH oflHoro KypenR-upzan (MOHr. güri'en irgen), BoceMb cojiobhx nacjiHCb Ha rpaHHue Toro öojibinoro Kypensi»1. KaK mh BHflejiH Ha npn-Mepe neTbipex cbiHOBeö ßyBa Coxopa, upzan npeflCTaBJiHJi coöoö C0103 HeCKOJIbKHX 060KO8. PaniHfl afl-,ZjHH nepenncjiHeT TpHHafluaTb KypeHeft—Te BJiafleHHH, KOTopbie nojiyHHJiH b yflenbi ero poflCTBeHHHKH. B KanecTBe npHMepa M05KHO ynOMHHyTb HeKOTOpbie H3 hhx: riflTblH H ineCTOÍÍ: CblHOBbfl CopKVKTV lOpKH, C3H3-6eKH H CblH eľO flflflH no OTny, Taifay, h ii/ieMeHa /pKananp. CopKyKTy ... [n/ieMfl] khht-k>pkhh npHHafljiejKHT k ero noTOMCTBy; H3 eroypyrca 6bi/i 3MHp HypHH... BocbMoii: T^eTH MyHr[3fl]y-KHHHa HaHiHHyr h [ero] öpaTba, KOTopbie cyTb flBoiopofl-Hbie öpaTba HHHrH3-xaHa, h n/ieMa öaayT H3 flapjieKHH, npeflBOflHTe/ib hx—OHryp.2 Kypenb moz npedcmaejinmb coôou KaK upzan e Kcmecmee cnei^ucßimecKou cßopMbL cov,uajibHoů opzaHU3av,uu (Hado6w,UHHaR nomecmapHO-nojiumuHecKan cmpyKmypa), mcLK u 060K e Kcmecmee poda KaK jioKajibHoů zemepozeHHOů zpynnu 3to, 6e3ycjioBHO, öojibine, neM npocTO BoeHHan CTpyKTypa. KaK bh-flHM, Kypěnu, ohh >Ke upzan, BKJiioHaioT b ceÖH öojibinoe KOJinnecTBO jnofleň, h BpHfl jih ohh pacnojiarajiHCb KaK oflHO noceneHHe. Tnnojio-rmecKH b flaHHOM KOHTeKCTe mo>kho onpeflejiHTb Kypenb-upzan KaK njieMH THna BO>KflecTBO, oöo3HanaeMoe sthohhmom npaBHinero pofla C HHCTHTyUHOHajIH3HpOBaHHOH BJiaCTbK) HaCJieflCTBeHHHX JIHflepOB, B KOTopbix BJiacTb HMena npeHMyniecTBeHHO BoeHHbiň xapaKTep. TaKHM o6pa30M, Kypenb Mor npeflCTaBJíHTb coöoö KaK upzan b KanecTBe cnen,-H(J)HHecKOH 4>opMbi couHajibHOH opraHH3auHH (Hazi;o6irj;HHHaH noTe-CTapHO-nojiHTHHecKaH CTpyKTypa), TaK h o6ok b KanecTBe pofla KaK jioKajibHoň reTeporeHHOH rpynnbi. MEXAHH3M COXPAHEHHÍI TOMOTEHHOCTH POflA Ä npe>Kfle OTMenajia, hto oflHoň h3 (JjyHKUHH pozi;a KaK KOJiJieKTHBa naTpHJIHHeÖHHX pOflCTBeHHHKOB y MOHrOJIOB HBJIHJIOCb COÖJIIOfleHHe SKSoraMHH1. KaKoň 6h hh 6buia 4>opMa öpaHHbix OTHonieHHÖ—o6h-3aTejibHoro 6paKa hjih CBOöoflHoro, BajKHHM 4>aKTopoM ocTaBajiocb coxpaHeHHe naMHTH o CBoeň poflOBoň npHHazi;jie>KHOCTH, MapKHpy-eMoö naTpHJiHHeÖHO. HajiHHHe b cooöiqecTBe >KeH—>KeHirj;HH, ko-Topbie, corjiacHO 3K3oraMHH, ecTecTBeHHO npHHazyie>KajiH flpyroMy pofly, KaK 6yflTO CBHfleTejibCTByeT o ero (cooöinecTBa—pofla) reTe-poreHHOCTH. HMeHHO sto nacTO OTMenaioT HccjieflOBaTenn: 060K He 6bui roMoreHHOH CTpyKTypoö, nocKOJibKy b cooöiqecTBO BKJiioHajiHCb H >KeHbI, B3HTbie H3 flpyrHX pOflOB. C OflHOÖ CTOpOHbl, M05KHO CHHTaTb cnpaBefljiHBHM yTBep^KfleHHe, hto >KeHirj;HHbi, Bbiineflinne 3aMy>K, hb- JIHIOTCH Hy>KHMH no OTHOIUeHHK) K pOfly My>Ka. Ho, C flpyrOÖ CTOpOHbl, ecTb CBHfleTejibCTBa toto, hto >KeHirj;HHa BKjnonaeTCH b pozi; My>Ka nepe3 cepHio pHTyajibHbix fleöcTBHH, KOTopbie OTMenaioTCH yace b CBaflböe. 3tot acneKT TpaflHu;HOHHOH KyjibTypbi flocTaTOHHO rjiyöoKO pa3pa-6oTaH b connajibHOH h KyjibTypHoö aHTponojiorHH, b tom HHCJie Ha öypHTCKOM MaTepnajie, Hcnojib30BaTb KOTopbiö npeflCTaBJíHeTCH Kop- peKTHHM BBHfly STHOreHeTHHeCKOH H KyjIbTypHOÖ ÖJIH30CTH MOHrOJIOB H 6ypHT. CHMBOJiHHecKHe fleöcTBHH no nepeMeHe CTaTyca ynacTHHKOB flByx CTOpOH-H3 «Hy>KHX» B «CBOH»-HaHHHaiOTCH y>Ke npH CBaTOBCTBe, Korfla CBaTbi oÖMeHHBaioTCH KyniaKaMH. 3TOMy npeBpaiqeHHio uyiKux b ceoůcmeennuKoe cnocoöcTByeT h TaKoe fleöcTBHe, KaK nadeeanue noeou odejKÔbu «PoflHTejiH >KeHHxa oflapHBaioT rocTeö. Ha poflHTejieö HeBecTbi HafleBaioT HOBbie pyöaniKH, cnen;HajibHO zyra 3Toro cniHTbie, Ha >KeHirj;HH TO>Ke HafleBaioT HOBbie pyöaniKH h flapHT njiaTKH (nyjiazi; 3ajiajixa). üponnM MyscHHHaM TO>Ke HafleBaioT HOBbie pyöaniKH hjih >Ke flapHT njiaTKH»2. KaK ruiaTKH, TaK h pyöaniKH cjiy>KHJiH b TpaflH-li;hohhoh KyjibType con;HajibHbiM 3H3kom, b flaHHOM cjiynae poflOBHM MapKepoM: HafleBaHHe pyöaineK npnooiqaeT npeflCTaBHTejieö pofla HeBecTbi, ee ÖJiH^KaöniHX poflCTBeHHHKOB, k pofly >KeHHxa. üo OTHOineHHK) k HeBecTe OTMenaeTCH pHfl pHTyajibHbix fleöcTBHH Ha npOTH>KeHHH BCeÖ CBafleÖHOÖ OÖpHflHOCTH OT MOTHBa BpeMeHHOH CMepTH CTaBHieö «ny>KOH» fljiH pofla ee oraa flo ee hoboto «po>KfleHHH» Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJLOM u nacmoRiLLeM napodoe Eepa3uu CKpuHHUKoea T./J. Xapu3Ma u BJiacmh e snoxy Humuc-xana. M.: «BocmouHasuiumepamypa», 1997. C. 18-20 Xamcuioe M.H. Coôpanue couuHeHuů. T. 2. yjiau-Yda, 1959. C. 89 66 T A T b H H A CKPblHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I I 67 TepMUHbL COUUajlbHOŮ cmpyKmypbL MomojibCKozo yjiyca douMnepcKozo u panneuMnepcKozo epejaenu 1 Eajidaee Cíl. EypamcKue ceadeônue oôpadbi. yjian-yda, 1959. C. 104 b pozi;y >KeHHxa. B jioKyce HeBecTH sto nponcxoflHT b oôpHfle, koto-pbiň HccjieflOBaTejiH o6o3HaHHJiH KaK o6pHfl yMHKaHHH, xoth, Ha Haní B3TJiHfl, 3flecb Ba>KHee noflnepKHyTb hmchho u3%Rmue neeecmbi, CTaB-nieň nyjKoů zuih otuobckoh CTopoHbi, hto noflTBep>KflaeTCH BceM xoflOM 3Toro oôpHfla: OHa CKpbieaemcR b noflnojibe, Ha nepflaKe, b ckothom flBope h flpyrnx MaprHHajibHbix jioKycax y koto-jih6o H3 poflCTBeHHH-kob; Korfla ee HaxoflmiH, ee o6H3aTejibHO nepeeo3umi, npn stom OHa He HacTynajia Ha 3eMJiio; c Tejiern hjih kohh 3anocujiu b ropTy Ha pyKax; HeBecTe Mbuiu jiuuo h ofleBajiH HOBbie ofle>Kflbi (HHorfla MysccKyio). «HeBecTy OKpyscaioT njioTHHM KOJibnoM noflpyscKH, ohh noKpbLeawm ceÔR noeepx 6ojibiuoů majibw h iuianyT. Mojiofle>Kb o6pa3yeT Kpyr, bo-BJieKaeT b Hero HeBecTy c noflpyscKaMH"1. riepexozi; HeBecTH H3 oflHoň KaTeropHH (fleByniKH b pofle OTna) b flpyryio (>KeHiHHHbi b pofle Mysca) TpeôyeT nepnofla neôbimuR (unoôbi-muÁ)—yMHpaHHH b oahom KanecTBe, hto6h oôpecra B03MO>KHOCTb po>KfleHHH b flpyroM. Hmchho nosTOMy b CBafleÔHoň oôpHflHocra ot-MenaioTCH KaK noxopoHHbie, TaK h poflmibHbie mothbh. HeBecTa, TaK- >Ke KaK HOBOpO>KfleHHbIH H nOKOHHHK, HeHHCTa H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 6biJia cymecTBOM nyscHM h onacHHM, HaxoflHiHHMCH BpeMeHHO b hhom MHpe, hto h TpeôoBajio BbinojiHeHHH no OTHonieHHio k Heň onpefle-jieHHbix fleňcTBHH, KOTopbie npeflnpHHHMajiHCb ko BceM MaprHHajib- HHM HBJíeHHHM. TaKHM o6pa30M, CBH3aHHbie CO CTOpOHOH HeBecTH flH3T>K)HKTHBHbie fleňcTBHH HMejIH He HeraTHBHbIH, a nOJIO^KHTejIbHblH cmhcji: HanpaBJíeHHOCTb Ha H3MeHeHHe CTaTyca—Bbixofl 3aMy>K, hto b TpaflHUHOHHOM oôinecTBe neHHJiocb Bbinie. Ecjih coMKHyTbiň Kpyr exopa CHMBOJiH3HpoBaji HHTerpanHio Toň o6ihhocth, KOTopaH npoBOflHJia o6pHfl, to ero pa3pbiB b KOHTeKCTe 06-pflfla, HecoMHeHHO, yKa3HBaji Ha HapynieHHe fleKJiapnpyeMoň nejiocT- HOCTH, KOTOpaH, KaK npaBHJIO, COnpOBO>KflajiaCb flH3T>K>HKTHBHbIMH (BbiBefleHHe HJieHa H3 connyMa) hjih HHTerpaTHBHHMH (BBefleHHe ho-Boro HJieHa b connyM) fleňcTBHHMH. 3to npocMaTpHBaeTCH bo Bcex 06- pHflaX, KOTOpbie npOBOflHTCH He TOJIbKO flJIH nOflTBep>KfleHHH HeH3MeH- hocth connyMa, KaK mh Ha6jiioflaeM b TaňjiraHe, KOTopbiň noBTopneT KOCMO- H COUHOrOHHHeCKHe fleHCTBHH snoxH nepBOTBopeHHH. HMeHHO 3TO XapaKTepHO flJIH 3aKJIK)HHTejIbHOH HaCTH fleBHHHH- Ka—yrjiooHsň, KOTopan npoxoflHT nepefl aomom poflHTejieň HeBecTH, Kyzi;a ynacTHHKH oôpHfla nepeMeinaioTCH Ha paccBeTe (BpeMH po>Kfle-hhh). Heeecma CTaBHTCH b uenmp Kpyra exopa, KOTopbiň chmbojih3h-pyeT MaTepHHCKyio yrpo6y. 3to noflTBep>KflaeTCH CTaTycoM HeBecTH b stoh nacTH oôpHfla: OHa HaxoflHTCH e uenmpe exopa, hmchho BOKpyr Hee oh h TaHi^yeTCH, npn stom Heeecma noKpbLma majibw. B flaHHOM cjiynae Heeecma nod noKpbieajioM CHMBOJiH3HpyeT 3apodbiui c nocjiedoM, hto MapKHpyeT HHaKOBOCTb / Hy^KepoflHOCTb HeBecTH no OTHOineHHK) k con;HyMy poflHTeneň. CoôcTBeHHO, h HcnojiHeHHe exopa b flaHHbiň MOMeHT HanpaBJíeHO Ha ebieedemie uyjicozo (= Bpa>Kzie6Horo), npnneM BpeflOHOCHOCTb nyscoro flHKTyeT h onpefleneHHbie ycjioBHH npoBefle- HHH flH3T>K)HKI];HH: HeBeCTa He flOJI>KHa KaCaTbCH 3CMJIH, hto6h He 3a- naHKaTb ee CBoeň HeHHCTOToň. /Jjih 3Toro y>Ke bo BpeMH HcnojmeHHH exopa CHapH>KaeTCH KOHb. nocjie HcnojiHeHHH sthx TeKCTOB Kpyz exopa pa3pbLeajicsi, neeecmy ebLHOciuiu napyxax, ca>KajiH na kohr h CBafleÔHbiň noe3fl OTnpaBjnuicH1. BbiBefleHHaH H3 oflHoro h noKa He BBefleHHan b flpyroň connyM HeBe-CTa coxpaHHeT npHHazyie>KHOCTb HHOMy MHpy. B JioKyce >KeHHxa CBa-fleÔHbiň noe3fl BCTpenajiH TO>Ke KpyroM exopa, KOTopbiň pa3pbiBajicH nepeflOBHMH (TypYY111^)) T-e- 3TO 6biJio nepBoe CHMBOJimecKoe fleň-CTBHe, BBOflHBinee HeBecTy b pofl >KeHHxa. Pa3pbiB Kpyra exopa chmbo-jiH3HpyeT npon;ecc 3ap03fcdeHU.fi HOBoro HJieHa cooôiqecTBa, CTaHOBH-iqerocH «ceouM» zi;jih flaHHoro con;HyMa. Ho HeKOTopoe BpeMH HeBecTy KaK vyjKoe nocTOHHHO omzopajKueajiu. Yío npne3zi;e k >KeHHxy «HeBecTy c nozi;py>KKaMH npHHHMajiH b cneuuajibHO omeedeHHyw wpmy hjih zi;om, OTBOflHJiH ee 3a cneuuajibHyK) 3anaeecKy—xvnisra, ee OKpyjKajiu nod-pyjKKU h MOJiofle>Kb o6oero nojia»2, xoth sto y>Ke nponcxoflHJio nocjie fleňcTBHH TYPYYmHHOB- Bo BpeMH ToxopeoHa b JioKyce >KeHHxa, Korfla Bce rocTH npa3flHOBajiH, chzi;h KpyroM, «MOJioflaH HeBecTa ocTaBajiacb nod capaeM (KypcHB moh. — T.C.) h nnjia naň, TapacyH h bhho c HeKO-TopbiMH H3 cbohx noflpyr. CorjiacHO oôbinaio, HeBecTa He flOJi>KHa bh-xoflHTb Ha ToxopeoH»3. y>Ke nocjie nepeofleBaHHH HeBecTH b >KeHCKoe njiaTbe ee «jihli;o 3aKpbiBajiocb ôenoň MaTepneň c OTBepcTHHMH zuih rjia3, KOTopaH Ha3biBajiacb hapaôma—noKpbiBajio»4. A BbiBefleHHe He-BecTbi b OKpysceHHH noflpyr H3 ropTbi o6H3aTejibHO conpoBO>Kflajiocb Ilepexod Heeecmbi U3 odnoů Kamezopuu (deeywK.il e pode ornica) e dpyzyio (}KeHW,UHbL e pode Myyicá) mpeôyem nepuoda HeôbLmuR (uHoôbLmun)—yMupcLHUR e odnoM Kcmecmee, HmoôbL oôpecmu eo3MOJKHOcmb pojKdenuR e dpyzoM. MMenno noamoMy e ceadeÔHOú oôpRdnocmu omMenaiomcR KaK noxopoHHbie, maK u podujibHbie Momuebi 1 Eajidaee, 1959. C. 99-113. CoomHouieHue ceadeouoů u nozpeóajibHoů ceMaumuKU nposiBJUiemcsi u e euHoce Heeecmbi ua pyKax U3 Kpyza exopa. no mpaduuuoHHbíM npedcmae-jienusíM, bypsimbi cmapajiucb U30ezamb «conpuKOCHoeeHusi ymepmezo c 3eMJieů couyyM.a» [ľajidaHoea ľ.P. 3aK0M.eHCK.ue ôypxmbt. HoeocuôupcK, 1992a. C. 76]. Omoncdecmejiemie deeyuiKU, omdaHHOů e dpyzoů pod, c noHxmueM «yMepuiuů» omMeuaemcx e oôbtuae azun-ckux bypsim, Kozda Heeecmy, no ycmnoMy cooôm^eHum T\. Eamo-eeou, ocmaejuuom e cmenu, u ceadeÔHbiu noe3Ô npue33icaem e yjiyc k uceHuxy 6e3 nee. «Kozda do Mecma ceadbôu ocmaemcR OKOJio KUMOMempa, Heeecmy ocmaejuuom jiemoM e cmenu, a 3UM0Ů e KaKou-Huôydb mpme... u ebym dajibuie [JIuhxobouh JI. 3aMemKU o dopeeojimuu-OHHOM obime azuHCKUx bypsim. yjiaH-yda, 1972. C. 66]. 3decb neoôxoduMO nanoMHumb, umo noKpueajio, KomopbíM HaKpueamm Heeecmy, ona nočné ceadbôu npsnem e cyndyK emecme co ceadeÔHbtM njiambeM. Oôa srnu ampubyma ynompeôjisuomcsi monbKO no-cjie ee CMepmu: na noKoimuuy Hadeeamm niiam.be u ceepxy pauueamm meno njiamicoM 2 Ecuidaee, 1959. C. 119 3XaHzajioe, 1959. C. 98 4 Ecuidaee, 1959. C. 123 pacrarHBaHHeM Hafl Heň ôojibuiou uiami, «KOHUbi KOTopoň depjKOJiu flBa MOJioflbix napHH h flBe MOJioflyxn, podcrneennmcu neeecmbi»5. Yío-cjie KpyroBpaineHHH BOKpyr ohtohob h ocTaHOBKH nepefl hhmh HeBe-CTbi c >KeHHXOM KaK noKpbiBajio c jiHna, TaK h uiajib cnuMOJia c Hee cmopona Jtcenuxa6. ' Eajidaee, 1959. C. 124 ' Eajidaee, 1959. C. 125 68 T A T b H H A CKPblHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I I 69 TepMUHbL couuajibHoů cmpyKmypbL MomojibCKozo yjiyca douMnepcKozo u paHHeuMnepcKozo epejuenu 1 Eacaeea K.fl. CeMbx u y öypam. Yjian-Yds, 1991 C. 161 TaKHM o6pa30M, nojiHbiö uhkji nepexofla fleByniKH ot pofla oraa b pOfl My>Ka COCTOHT H3 CJieflyiOIHHX fleÖCTBHH: 1. HeBecTa h ee noflpyrn nenn nenajibHbie necmi, KOTopbie conpoBCOKflajiHCb ruiaueM HeBecTbi, hto, HecoMHeHHO, HBjraeTCH aHajioroM noxopoHHbix ruiaHeö; 2. HeBecra b conpoBO>KfleHHH He>KeHaTOH h He3aMy>KHeH MOJiofle>KH o6i>e3:>Kajia Bcex poflCTBeHHHKOB eepxoM na Jiouiadu, hto 03HanaeT to, HTO OHH KaK npeflCTaBHTejiH HHoro MHpa He MoryT HacTynaTb Ha 3eMJiK>; 3. ucne3HoeeHue HeBecTbi c rpynnoö noflpysceK b HbeM-HHÖyflb flOMe; 4. ebinecenue HeBecTbi h ee noflpyrn H3 flOMa Ha KOBpe, hto TaioKe conpoBO>Kflajiocb npuHumanuRMu; 5. OTÖHTaH y noflpysceK HeBecTa nepeflaBajiacb napHHMH uenoeexy, cudsiiLLeMy na Kone, KOTopbiö, nepeKHHyB ee nepe3 cefljio, doeo3iui Heeecmy do ee kohr, zde ee u nepecajKueajiu; 6. KaK H B nOXOpOHHOÖ OÖpHflHOCTH, npOBOflHJIOCb oÖMbieamie: HeBecTe oÖMbiBajiH jiuuo u pyicu 3apaHee npHroTOBJieHHbiM apuianoM) 7. nojiHoe (fla>Ke He npHBeTCTByeT) Mojmanue TYpyyniHHa — nepeflOBoro, pojib KOToporo 3aKJiioHajiacb b tom, htoöh Ha CKaKy pa3opßaTb Kpyr exopa b jioKyce >KeHHxa h BOTKHyTb npHBe3eHHyio CTpejiy B ceBepo-3anaflHbiö ctojiö lopTbi >KeHHxa; 8. jiuuo HeBecTbi b nyTH 3aicpbieajiocb noKpbiBajioM hjih ruiaTKOM c npope3HMH fljiH rjia3; 9. nepefl oöpHflOM noKJioHeHHH onary b JioKyce >KeHHxa HeBecTe 3aKpbLeajiocb jiuuo h Hafl Heft Hanwzueajiacb warn,, KOTopyio 3a yrjibi flep>KajiH nerape napmi; 10. jiHinb nocjie 3Toro oöpHfla npHoöineHHH k pofly Mysca OHa Morjia OTKpbiTbCH H nepeMemaTbca no TeppHTopHH. 3aBepinaji nponecc CHMBOJimecKOH conHajiH3anHH >KeHiH,HHbi b pofly Mysca oöpHfl 3aruieTeHHH koc. Ecjih b fleBmecTBe OHa HOCHJia oflHy Kocy, to ee BKJiioHeHHOCTb b pofl Mysca MapKHpyeTca 3aruieTeHH-eM flßyx koc, CHMBOJiH3HpyioiHHX ee npHHafljie>KHOCTb poflaM oraa h Mysca, B KOHue CBaflböbi b JioKyce >KeHHxa. CorjiacHO npeflCTaBJieHH-HM HeKOTopbix STHHHecKHX rpyiiii OHa CTaHOBHTCH HJieHOM pofla Mysca JiHinb c po>KfleHHeM nepßoro peöeHKa, T.e. MemieTCH He TOJibKO co-i^HajibHbiH CTaTyc, ho h poflOBoft. TaK, y ojibxoHCKHX 6ypHT MOJioflaH }KeHIUHHa XOflHJia CO MHO}KeCTBOM KOCHHeK CO flHH CBaflbÖbl flO po>K- fleHHH nepBeHna, h oöpHfl yöpaHCTBa bojioc b »eHCKyio npnnecKy, T.e. 3aruieTeHHe bojioc b flBe koch, hciiojihhjich TOJibKO nocjie po>KfleHHH peöeHKa nepefl oöpHflOM 3axopoHeHHH nocjiefla (BbrqecaHHbie bojioch }KeHinHHH KJiajiH B HMKy c nocjieflOM H saKanbiBajin)1. 3tot uhkji pHTyajibHbix fleÖCTBHH (cMepTb b oahom KanecTBe h po>KfleHHe B flpyroM nepe3 CHMBOJiHKy Kpyra exopa KaK poflOBoro 3Ha-Ka, noKJioHeHHe poflOBHM OHroHaM h onary) onHcaHHbiö Bbiine, no- 3BOJIHeT HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb CBafleÖHyiO OÖpHflHOCTb KaK MexaHH3M CHMBOJiHHecKoro npeo6pa30BaHHH öpaHHoro coio3a b KpoBHoe pofl-CTBO. >KeHiHHHa TaKHM o6pa30M npHoöinajiacb k pofly Mysca, hto nofl- HepKHBaeT 3HaHeHHe H CyiHHOCTb pOfla-OÖOKCL KaK KpOBHOpOflCTBeH- Horo cooöinecTBa. PHTYAJI H PO/IOBAil HflEHTHHHOCTb HajiHHHe pofla KaK reTeporeHHoro TeppHTopnajibHoro cooöinecTBa, OÖTjeflHHeHHOrO OÖlHeÖ X03HHCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOÖ fleHTejIbHO- CTbio, o neM H ysce ynoMHHajia, He sjiHMHHHpoBajio aKTyajibHOCTH pofla KaK coK)3a KpoBHHX poflCTBeHHHKOB. 3to noflTBep>KflaeTCH, K npHMe-py, ocoöbiMH CTaTycaMH cmapmezo h MJiadmezo KOHmecKoro KJiaHa. TaK, HanpHMep, nocjie HHayrypanHH 1206 r. HHHrnc-xaH roBO-pHT, oöpamaHCb K CTapn;y YcyHy (YcyH 36yr3H), KOTopbiö 6hji noTOM-KOM EoflOHHapa no CTapineö jihhhh: «MoHrojibCKHÖ BbicniHÖ 3aKOH (törö)1—sto oöbinaö, [corjiacHO KOTopoMy] nyTb HoöoHa CTaHO-BHTbCH Ö3xu. rioTOMOK (ypyK) CTapinero 6paTa 6aapHH—YcyH 36y-T3H—HaHBbicniHÖ cpeflH Hac—nycTb 6yfleT b CTaiyce Ö3xu. CTaBinero Ö3xu ofleßaioT b öejibie ofle>Kflbi, ca>KaioT Ha öenoro CKaKyHa, ca>KaioT Ha TpoH (sa'uri2), [oh] coBepinaeT >KepTBonpHHOineHHH. Eine [oh] co-BepinaeT >KepTBonpHHOineHHH (sataju3) [, ocBHmasi] roflbi h MecHUbi. J\a 6yfleT TaK!»4 (nepeBOfl moö. — T.C.). 3tot tckct fleMOHCTpnpyeT BbicoKHÖ caKpajibHbiö CTaTyc CTapinero KOHHHecKoro KJiaHa, nocKOJib-Ky, BO-nepBbix, ero no3Hu;HH onpeflejiHeTCH yHHBepcajibHbiM 33kohom BceneHHoft; BO-BTopbix, öejibie ofle>Kflbi h öejibiö KOHb coBepineHHO onpeflejieHHO yKa3HBaioT Ha ero pHTyajibHyio 4>yHKLi;Hio; B-TpeTbHX, ero ca>KaioT Ha TpoH, KOTopbiö CBH3aH c mcctom 3axopoHeHHH nocjiefla npeflKa pofla. H nocjieflHee, hto noflTBep>KflaeT aKTyajibHOCTb KOHHHe-CKoro KJiaHa, sto o6o3HaHeHHe ero KaK döyzana—CTapna, T.e. npeflKa. KaK 3a CTapiiiHM b KJiaHe CBHineHHoro npeflKa EoflOHHapa, MecTO KOToporo 6biJio 3acJ)HKCHpoBaHO B reHeajiorHH, 3a hhm 3aKperuiHJiacb caKpajibHaH 4>yHKLi;HH—npoBefleHHe o6m;ecTBeHHO 3HaHHMbix coij;h-ajibHbix oöpHflOB o6ili;hocth. Ecjih YcyH-söyrsH 6hji CTapniHM b KOHHHecKOM KJiaHe EoflOHHapa, to Cana-foxu 6hji CTapniHM b kohhhcckom KJiaHe nepßoro MOHrojib-CKoro xaHa—Xa6yji-xaHa (oh 6hji ero npaBHyKOM), Kyfla bxoahji h HHHrnc-xaH. y^HTbiBan (J)opMajibHoe jiHflepcTBO Cana-öaxu KaK CTap-inero KOHHHecKoro KJiaHa (djtcypKUH) nepßoro MOHrojibCKoro xaHa, HHHrnc-xaH yHHHTO>KHJi ero, nocKOJibKy oh OKa3biBaji peajibHoe conpo-THBJieHHe xapH3MaTHHecKOMy jiHflepy5. 1 CmpyKmypHO-ceMaHmuue-CKUŮ aH0Jiu3 mepMuua törö e KOHmeKcme c npiuiezamnaiMU k ueMy cjioeaMU no360Jiuji, ua moü B3ZJisid, oöocHoeamh uumepnpe-mauiim mepMuua törö KüKyuu-eepcajibuozo 3ükohü eceneuHoü, o6ecneuueamw,ezo (ftymaaumu-poeauue couuyMa (Skrynnikova T. Die Bedeutung des Begriefes TÖRÖ in der Politischen Kultur der Mongolen im 17. Jahrhundert //Asiatische Studien. LXII. Ne2. 2009. P. 436^148)2 Bajidaee, 1959. C. 119 2 Sa'uri Moiicem 6umh cex3aH0 c dpyzuM (peHOMenoM pumyajioM B Mecme 3axopoHeHusi noaieda, a ue mojibKO c mpouoM/npe-cmojioM. B03M03KH0, nocjieduee 3Haueuue afiopMupoecuioch na 6a3e nepeozo. Y 6apzy3uucKux u cejieuzuHCKUx öypam na mecme, zde 6hm 3axopoueH nocjied (6yp. hyypu = sa'uri), 6hmo npunamo cnpaejumih oöpsid hyypuda Mypzsxs (nouumauue noaieda) (Eacaeea K./J. Ilpeo6pa3oeaHusi e ceMeŮHO-ópauHbix omHouieuusix öypam (no MamepuajiaM Anap- CKOZO U OjlbXOHCKOZO paÜOHOB HpKymcKoü oöjiacmu). Yjian-YÖ3. 1974. C. 70), na Komopuu coöupajiucb ece MyiicuuHbi poda— icpoeubie podcmeeHHUKU. Yöyjia-zamoe smom oöpsid Ha3bieajicsi mooumo maůxa: «BecHoü u oceubio ece pa36peduiuecR modu podoe njieMeuu öyjiazam c%e3-iicajiucb K zopaM Yxsp Mauxaů u Ydszs EsjiesH u ycmpaueajiu no oóbíuaio dedoe u omu,oe Kpoeaeoe iicepmeonpuHouiemie cboum npedKOM. 3mo oicepmeonpuno-uieuue Ha3bieajiocb mooumo maůxa npuuocumb ycepmey ua Mecme xpaueuusi MamepuucKozo noaieda ceoux npedicoe» (Bajidaee Cíl. Podocjioeubie npedauusi u jiezeudbi 6ypam. 1. Yjiau-Yds. 1970. C. 59). M3 «ConpoeeuHO-zo CKa3auuR mohzojiob» uaM u3Becmuo u dpyzoe uanucauue Mecma 3axopoueuusi nocjieda yekes-yin qajar, zde nepBbiM cjio-BOM, Komopoe coxpauujiocb no ceü deub y 3anadubix mohzojiob, o6o3Hauaemcsi nocjied uxsc 70 Tat ba H a Ckpbihhhkoba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I I 71 1 Rachewiltz, 2004. P. 10, §50; Pamud ad-fluH. C. 47-49, 87, 121, 123, 132, 251 2 Tom lice. P. 13, § 60; P. 170, § 245; P. 31, § 99; Pamud ad-fluH. C. 55-56, 59 3 Tom lice. C. 215, §280; C. 170-172, § 245; C. 217, §281 4 Tom nee. C. 166, §242; C. 169, §244; C. 170-172, § 245; C. 217, §281 5 /Jamueea H.E. Eypamacue maůjizanu. yjiaH-yäa, 2001. C. 26 5 /Jauiueea H.E. YKQ3. cou. C. 27 ßpyruM (jjeHOMeHOM, TaKsce noflTBep>Kflaioin,HM coxpaHeHHe aK- TyajIbHOCTH pOfla KaK COK>3a KpOBHHX poflCTBeHHHKOB, 6bIJI HHCTHTVT ommizim. Thtvjiom ommizim noflnepKHBaeTCH caKpajibHaa (Jjvhkuhh MJiaflinero cbma KaK xpaHHTejiH poflOBoro onara. Hanöojiee H3BecT-HbiM 6biJi HeoflHOKpaTHO ynoMHHaeMbiö ß,apup,aü-onmuzuH — MJiafl-ihhh 6paT Ecyraö BaraTypa, OTna HHHrnc-xaHa.1 nočné ero CMepra THTyjI HOCHJI MJiaflHIHH 6paT HHHrHC-XaHa-l3MyV3-0mMUZUH.2 B HC- TOHHHKax oh nacTO Ha3biBaeTCH TaKsce Othh-hohohom3 hjih npocTO OTHHľHHOM4, nocKOJibKy HMeHHO oh ohm b TeneHHe flojiroro BpeMeHH, OT HHHľHC-xaHa flo XyÖHJiaH, rjiaBoö npeflKOBoro hjih HacjieflCTBeH-Horo flOMeHa, HBJiHHCb xpaHHTejieM He flOMaiHHero, a poflOBoro ona-ra—caKpajibHoro neHTpa oöihhocth. 3HaHHMOCTb KpoBHopoflCTBeHHbix CBH3eö b nponecce KOHCTpynpo- BaHHH H BOCnpOH3BOflCTBa rpyiHIbl MaHH(J)eCTHpyeTCH B COITHajIbHOH npaKTHKe h noHbme. OcoöeHHO noKa3aTejibHbiMH hbjihiotch oöine-CTBeHHbie connajibHO 3HaHHMbie KajieHflapHbie oöpHflbi—TaÖJiraHbl. OTKOJioBLUHecH HacTH pofla npHHafljie>KaT oflHOBpeMeHHO flByM 06111- HOCTHM: OCHOBHOMy pOfly (no KpOBHOpOflCTBeHHOH npHHaflJie>KHOCTH) H aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOÖ 061HHOCTH (no TeppHTOpHH npO>KHBaHHH)-afl- MHHHCTpaTHBHOMy pOfly. CoOTBeTCTBeHHO, H TaÖJiraHbl ÖblBaiOT flByx THnoB. OflHH THn TaftjiraHa MOflejinpoBaji TeppHTopnajibHyio 06111-HOCTb: «Bce poflbí, npo^KHBaBiiiHe b cejie XaHflajia, OflHH pa3 b rofly ycTpaHBajiH oöineyjiycHbiH ßojibinoH TaruiraH»5. Ho, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto ysce b xvn b. OTMenaioTCH nocejieHHH sthhhcckh reTeporeHHbie, TaftjiraHbi, npoBOflHMbie b paMKax oflHoft STHmecKoň rpynnbi, He yTpaTHJiH CBoeň aKTyajibHOCTH. E>KeroflHO peBHTajiH3yeTCH h aKTya-jiH3HpyeTCH npHHafljie>KHOCTb k onpeflejieHHOMy pofly, rpaHHUbi koto- 06ok (pod) 6biJi eajKHeůweů u, MOJKem 6bimb, dajKe ochobhoů MopcßojiozimecKoü eduHimeů Koneeux o6w,ecme IOjkhoů Cuôupu u L,eHmpajibHoů A3uu, zde na npomnjKeHuu HecKOJibKux eercoe nojiumuu, cov,uajibHO-nojiumimecKCLR cmpyrcmypa Komopux 6biJia HeycmoŮHueoů, CMennjiu dpyz dpyza poro onepHHBaioTCH ynacTHHKaMH oöpHfla, t.e. MOflejinpoBajiacb po-flOBaH npHHafljie>KHOCTb: «Ilo npHHnnny opraHH3anHH Bce TaÖJiraHbl flejiHJiHCb Ha ôojibiuue—"exs" h Mcuibie—"6ara". B ycTpoöcTBe "exs" TaÖJiraHa npHHHMajiH ynacrae Bce HJieHbi oflHoro pofla, npo^KHBaBiiiHe b pa3Hbix yjiycax, hjih coio3a poflCTBeHHbix poflOB, a "6ara" TaÖJiraHbl ycTpaHBajiH HJieHbi pofla, npo^KHBaBiiiHe b oflHOM yjiyce»6. KoHeHHO, 6ypHTCKHÖ MaTepHaji He HBJiHeTCH npHMbiM flOKa3aTejib- CTBOM HJIH nOflTBep>KfleHHeM MOHľOJIbCKOH MOflejIH, HO OH noKa3HBa- eT, HTO y KoneBHHKOB KpoBHoe poflCTBO Bcerfla cocyniecTBOBajio c Tep-pHTopnajibHOH opraHH3arj;HeH, h nacTO TpyflHO OTflejiHTb, rfle h Me jih MecTO HCKJiioHHTejibHO TeppHTopHajibHbie CBH3H, a rfle öojiee Ba^KHyio pojib nrpajio peajibHoe h / hjih (JjHKTHBHoe poflCTBO. 3AK71K}MEHHE: nOJIHCEMAHTHHHOCTb 3HAKOB TPAflHUIOHHOI KyjIbTYPbl Mo>KHO CKa3aTb, HTO OÖOK (pOfl) 6bIJI Ba^KHeHILieH H, MO^KeT 6bITb, fla>Ke OCHOBHOÖ Mop(J)OJiorHHecKOH eflHHHi^eH KoneBbix oönrecTB K)>k-hoö Chöhph h LíeHTpajibHOH A3HH, rfle Ha npora>KeHHH HecKOJibKHX BeKOB nOJIHTHH, COI^HajIbHO-nOJIHTHHeCKaH CTpyKTypa KOTOpblX ÖbIJia HeycTOÖHHBOH, CMeHHJiH flpyr flpyra. OnpeflejieHHaH ycTOÖHHBOCTb coLi;HajibHO-3KOHOMHHecKHX cooönrecTB oöecneHHBajiacb chctcmoh STHOconHajibHbix CBH3eö. IlpHHeM HfleHTH(J)HKar^HOHHbiM MapKepoM 6bIJI He TOJIbKO 3THOHHM, COXpaHHIOnTHH naMHTb O KpOBHOpOflCTBeH-HblX CBH3HX, HO H TaMra B KaHeCTBe pOflOBOrO 3HaKa COÖCTBeHHOCTH, oönraH fljiH Bcex jiHHHfl>KeH KOHHHecKoro KJiaHa. Xoth pofl KaK coio3 KpoBHbix poflCTBeHHHKOB h He BbicTynaji b KanecTBe OTflejibHoö caMO- CTOHTejIbHOÖ X03HHCTBeHHOH COLi;HajIbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOH eflHHHUbl, oh, TeM He MeHee, hbjlhjich 4>eHOMeHOJiorHHecKOH peajibHOCTbio. IlpeflCTaBJieHHbiH MaTepnaji noKa3biBaeT, hto cjieflyeT paccMaTpn-BaTb TepMHH oöoK KaK MapKep, Hcnojib3yeMbiH fljiH o6o3HaHeHHH flByx pa3JiHHHbix cy6i>eKTOB. C oflHoö CTopoHbi, h, B03M05KHO, b nepByio OHepeflb, 3THM TepMHHOM o6o3HaHajIHCb naTpHJIHHeÖHbie pOflCTBeH- Hbie rpynnbi. 3tot TepMHH MapKHpyeT KpoBHopoflCTBeHHbie cbh3h (h HMeHHO sto, npe>Kfle Bcero) h, cooTBeTCTBeHHO, MO^KeT o6o3HaHaTb pofl KaK paciiiHpeHHyio rpynny KpoBHbix poflCTBeHHHKOB1, cocTOHinyio H3 HeCKOJIbKHX ypyKOß HeCKOJIbKHX nOKOJieHHÖ. IlpHHeM TeppHTopn-ajIbHO pOfl MO^KeT paCCejIHTbCH KaK JIOKajIbHO2, TaK H flHCJIOKajIbHO. riocjieflHee npoHcxoflHJio bo Bce BpeMeHa h noBceMecTHO, hto 6biJio oöycjioBJieHO KaK TeM, hto pa3Mepbi TeppHTOpHH MorjiH y>Ke He coot-BeTCTBOBaTb (He BMeniaTb) pacniHpHBineHCH oöihhocth3, TaK h koh-(JjjiHKTaMH Me>Kfly ee HJieHaMH. Tpynnbi, OTKOJioBinHecH ot ochobhoto pofla h coxpaHHBLUHe nepBOHanajibHoe hmh, MorjiH BxoflHTb b flpyrne OÖTjeflHHeHHH. Mo>kho corjiacHTbCH c T. BapcJjHJiflOM b tom, hto «KOHmecKHÖ KJiaH 6bui oöninpHOH poflCTBeHHOH opraHH3auHeH no otli;obckoh jihhhh, b KOTopoö HJieHbi oönreö HacjieflCTBeHHOH rpynnbi 6biJiH paH>KHpoBaHbi h cerMeHTHpoBaHbi BflOJib reHeajiorHHecKHX jihhhh. CTapnine noKOJie-HHH npeßocxoflHJiH no paHiy öojiee MOJioflbie noKOJieHHH tohho TaK >Ke, KaK CTapirme 6paTbH 6biJiH Bbirne no paHry, neM MJiaflniHe 6paTbH. üpn 1 Mozy noemopumb mo, umo ôhuio MHOK) HanucaHO 20jiem Hü3ad: «Mamepuaji "CoKpoeeu-Hozo CKa3anua" noKa3hieaem, umo BonpeKU ymeepiicdeuusiM ueKomopbix uccjiedoeamejieü 06 CLMOptpHOCmU MOHZOJlbCKOZO poda (oboq), o uecoomeem-emeuu ezo taiaccuuecKOMy pody, MOHZojibCKUů pod XI- XIII 88. RBJUUICR ZOMOZeHHOÜ cmpyícmypoů, cocmosaufiů U3 KpoBHbix podcmeeuHUKoe» [QcpbíHHUKoea T./J. 'Oboq' u 'irgen' e KoumeKcme «CoKpoeeu-Hozo CKa3aHUM» // MongoUca 1990. M. Vol. 1 (22). P. 101] 1 Xorrm jioKcuibHoe nocejienue oduozo poda acopee udeaiibHasi Modejib y KoueeuuKoe, oduaico omMeuajiucb jioKajibHue noce-jieHUM ua odnoü meppumopuu uaemu oduozo poda 3 3uaUUMbiM CUMB0J10M KpOBHO- zo eduHcmea couuoKyjibmyp-Hoü oömfiocmu 6bui Körnen. Pa3dejieuue poda ua uecKOJibKO podoe, umo npoucxodujio ue paHbUie BOCbMOZO nOKOJieHUR, conpoeoiicdajiocb pacKcuibiea-HueM Konina. Bedenue cuema noKOJieHuü ceudemejibcmeyem 06 aicmyajibHocmu UMeuHO Kpoeuozo podemea poda. «Co-zjiacHO cmapuHHbíM oôuuasiM, pa3dejieuue poda ujiu aŮMaica «otpopMJisuiocb» na cneuu-ajibHOM maůjizaue, m.e. ua podoeoM iicepmeonpuHouieHuu dyxaM npedKoe..., ua KomopoM pacKOJibieajicR na uaemu podoeoü Körnen, noaie uezo Hoeue pôdu ujiu aÜMaKU 06-3aeodujiucb no omdejibuocmu HoebiMU KonuiaMU» [Camiceee T.J1. HeKomopue eonpocu amuoHUMUKU u dpeßueu uemo- pUU MOHZOJlbCKUX HapodoB // SmmiuecKue u ucmopuKO- KyjlbmypHbie Censu MOHZOJlb- CKUxuapodoe. YjiaH-Yds, 1983. C. 59]. 72 T A T b H H A CKPBIHHHKOBA McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I I 73 1 Barfield T.J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. 2nd ed. Cambridge etc. 1992. P. 26 1 Tlempu B.3. SjieMenmu podoeou CBR3U y ceeepHhix bypam // Cu6upcK.au cmapuua. HpKymcK. Bun. 2. C. 112 pacniHpeHHH poflbi h KJiaHbi HepapxHHecKH KJiaccH(J)Hrj;HpoBajiHCb Ha ocHOBe CTapniHHCTBa. IlojiHTHHecKoe jiHflepcTBO bo MHornx rpynnax orpaHHHHBajiocb HJieHaMH CTapninx KJiaHOB, ho ot caMoro HH3inero flo caMoro BbicoKoro Bee HJieHbi ruieMeHH hm&tih o6niee npoHcxo>K-fleHHe. 3Ta reHeajiorHHecKaH npHBHJierHH HMejia 6ojibinoe 3HaneHHe, nocKOJibKy OHa noflTBep>Kflajia npaBa Ha nacT6Hnia, co3flaBajia couh-ajibHbie h BoeHHbie o6H3aTejibCTBa Me>Kfly poflCTBeHHHMH rpynnaMH h ycTaHaBJiHBajia 3aKOHHOCTb MecTHoft nojiHTHHecKOH BJiacTH»1. TeHe-ajiorHHecKHH npHHnnn 6bm aKTyajieH, cocyinecTByH c reTeporeHHOH CTpyKTypoH o6niecTBa, oh BbinojiHHJi (JjyHKUHH conHajibHO-peryjTHTHB- HOrO MeXaHH3Ma, JierHTHMH3HpyH o6pHflOBO-6bITOByK> >KH3He/TeHTejIb- HOCTb connyMa. H xoth OTflejiHBHiHecH STHHHecKHe o6ihhocth npo>KH-BajiH c nyscepoflnaMH, STHorpacJjHHecKHe 3anncH o 6ypHTax coo6m;aioT, hto fla>Ke b Hanajie xxb. «ohh iiomhht CBoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe h CBH3b c OCHOBHbIM pOflOM»2. Mo>kho CKa3aTb, hto, c flpyroft CTopoHbi, 3thm TepMHHOM o6ok claim 0603HaHaTbCH H COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKHe Cy6TjeKTbI, HaCTO co-CTOHBniHe H3 XOTH H pOflCTBeHHblX (h He TOJIbKO pOflCTBeHHblX), HO He npHHafljie:>KaBHiHX k oflHOMy pofly rpynn, CBH3aHHbix xo3HHCTBeHHOH fleHTejibHOCTbio, T.e. TeppHTopHajibHO-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHbm pofl. Bee HJieHbi «po/j;a» (o6oko) flaHHoro THna, coxpaHHH h co6cTBeHHoe poflo-Boe HaHMeHOBaHHe, oflHOBpeMeHHO hochjih hmh pofla-Hflpa. flaHHOLR cmam.bR He npemendyem na OKOHHamejibHoe pemenue npo6jieMbL onpedejienuR xapaianepa coi^uajibHou cmpyrcmypbL MOHZojibcrcozo o6w,ecmea douMnepcKozo u paHHeuMnepcKozo nepuodoe. Ho, naMou G3ZJiRd, Memodbi Kyjibmypnou u coi^uajibHou anmponojiozuu no3GOJiRiom zjiy6}Ke noHRmb amu npo6jieMbL cpedneeeKoeozo MonzojibCKOzo o6w,ecmea ihhh iuieMH flByx bh/tob: KaK oflHH H3 thiiob ammmecicux o6w,Hocmeu (coBOKynHOCTH poflCTBeHHbix po/tob) h KaK cnerjjHcJjHHecKaH (JjopMa cou,uajibHoii opzanu3au,uu (Haflo6iHHHHaH noTecTapHO-nojiHTHHecKaH CTpyKTypa). npnneM b nocjieflHeM 3HaneHHH TepMHH upzan Mor 060- 3HaHaTb KaK BO>KfleCTBO, TaK H nOJIHTHK). /jBOHCTBeHHOCTb TepMHHOB H3bma oiracbiBaeMOH KyjibTypbi, b flaHHOM cjiynae nojiHTHHecKOH, no-poflHJia h 3a6jiy>KfleHHH HccjieflOBaTeneH b HHTepnpeTanHH conHajib-hhx (JieHOMeHOB, nocKOJibKy 3aHacTyio npn hx peKOHCTpyKUHH aHajiH3 COUHajIbHOH CTpyKTypbl CTpOHJICH Ha BblHBJieHHH B3aHMOCBH3eH Me>Ky TaKCOHaMH pa3Horo pafla. Mo>KHO rOBOpHTb O IIOJIHCeMaHTHHHOCTH 3H3KOB Tp aflHUHOHHOH KyjibTypbi: c oflHoft CTopoHbi, OflHH h tot >Ke (JieHOMeH o6o3HaHaeT-ch pHflOM TepMHHOB (lineage—togum, bolog, uruy, yasun), c flpyroft, OflHH TepMHH MO^KeT 03HanaTb pa3Hbie (JieHOMeHbi (yasun—lineage, clan; oboy—clan, territorial clan=local communality). 3to mo>kho o6i>flCHHTb KaK nojiHSTHHHHOCTbio o6pa3yK>iHHXCH coo6niecTB, TaK h HeCTa6HJIbHOCTbK) hx rpaHHi^. /JaHHaa CTaTbH He npeTeHflyeT Ha OKOHHaTenbHoe perneHHe npo-6jieMbi onpeflejieHHH xapaKTepa con;HajibHOH CTpyKTypbl MOHrojibCKO-ro o6rn,ecTBa flOHMnepcKoro h paHHeHMnepcKoro nepnoflOB. Ho, Ha moh B3rjiHfl, MeTOflbi KyjibTypHoft h con;HajibHOH aHTponojiorHH no3BO-jihiot rjiy6>Ke noHHTb sth npo6jieMbi cpeflHeBeKOBoro MOHrojibCKoro o6m;ecTBa. # Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbi u 6panHbie cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu Cjio>KHOCTb HHTepnpeTanHH TepMHHOB connajibHOH CTpyKTypbl COCTOHT B TOM, HTO OflHHMH H TeMH >Ke TepMHH3MH o6o3HaHajIHCb KaK TaKCOHH, MapKHpyiomne KpoBHoe poflCTBO, TaK h TaKCOHbi no-TecTapHOH CTpyKTypbl: ypyK—sto h jihhha>k, h MHHHMajibHan xo3hh-CTBeHHO-SKOHOMHHecKaH eflHHHn;a (ypyK/aypyx); o6ok—pofl h KaK KOJIJieKTHB KpOBHblX pOflCTBeHHHKOB, H KaK TeppHTOpHajIbHOe (Tep- pHTopHajibHO-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoe) coo6m;ecTBO, ocymecTBJiHBinee 06-myio SKOHOMHHecKyio fleHTenbHOCTb; upzan—sto TaKCOH, MapKHpyio- 74 Tatlhha Ckpbihhhkoba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA I ' 2 O I I 75 n P H M E H A H H R BHBJIHOrPAKaHHe TeKCTOB (KaK npaBHJio, o jiHHHbix KanecTBax yMepinero h HenepeHOCHMbix nepe>KHBaHHHX 6jih3khx) He ocTaBJiHJio paHOflyniHbiM HHKoro. TeM He MeHee, to, hto h yBHflejia y xeMLUHJioB1", noTpHCJio MeHH öojiee innpoKOH BOBJieneHO- CTbK) MySCHHH, HeHCTOBCTBOM npOHBJIHeMOH CKOpÖH, BblCOHaHLUHM ypoBHeM 3MOLi;HOHajibHoro rpa/jyca. TojiocHTb h nyöJiHHHO iuiaKaTb npn oruiaKHBaHHH yMepinero He CHHTaeTCH HeyfloÖHbiM h fljra Mysc-HHH. B JI1060H flpyroö CHTyanHH My^KCKHe cjie3bi pacneHHBaioTCH KaK npoHBJieHHe cnaöocra, ho onjiaKHBaHHe 6e3BpeMeHHO ymeflinero pofl-CTBeHHHKa (hjih CMepTb CBOHX poflHTejieft)—flpyroe flejio. 1 CMupHoe M. n. Motherfucker, UJIU 06 3KCmpeM0JlbHbLX mexHUKax cójiujiceuusi / ducmaHuupoeaHusi e KOMMyHUKamuBHOM aKme // CMupuoe KU. Tene3uc. OiuiocotficKue ouepKU no couuoKyjibmypHoů HauuHamejibHocmu.—CTI6.: AjiemeŮM, 2006. C. 91 Bern HOHh HaKanyne KypóaH-EaůpctMa Ha3jiu npoeejia y ópama. Ohu zo-moeiuiu yzomeniiR djw ecex, remo npudem noMsmymh Myxmapa (MOJiofloíí AeHaTLiíí MyacHHHa 27 jieT, KOToporo c6mia KpynHoraöapHTHaa ManiHHa npHMO B03Jie flOMa2). BMecme c Hypue r npuuuia k yjihißam hclcom k decsimu ympa. Bouuia e Kajiumxy u 3acmbuia, ne 3hor udmu eneped umí ocmaeamhCR Ha Mečme. Bce 6jiu3Kue podcmeennuKU cmoRjiu eo deope na paccmoRHUu 2-3 MempoB dpyz om dpyza u, ne CMompR dpyz Ha dpyza, a CMompR xyda-mo e He6o, zpoMKO ruiaKOJiu e zojioc. Pobuiüh ruiaKcui zpoMne ecex... ' TIOCKOJlbKy XeMUlUJlbi paccejieubi edojib aemompaecu, uacmbi cjiyuau aeapuů PoBLUaH-OflHH H3 BblCOKOCTaTyCHbIX, COCTOHTejIbHbIX XeMLUHJIOB, KOTopoMy yMepniHÖ npHxoflHJicH njieMHHHHKOM (cbiH 6paTa). EIoh-th pHTyajibHbiH njian /tjihjich npHMepHO nojinaca, nocjie nero MHHyr McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 83 Podcmeo u pumyaji e npu3Me 3M0UUU 1 3mom nyuian Ka3ajicx Mue npomueopeuuBbLM— juodu, Komopue maK ocmepezammcR 6umh OCMeRHHbLMU, 6e3 KOHlfd nhimammcR pa3hizphieamh, noduiyuueamb u nodcMeueambCM dpyz Had dpyzoM, nocmoxHHO npodyuupyn amMoapepy naHu6pamcKou 6jiu30cmu, cfiaMUJibxpHou uumuMHOcmu flBafluaTb noTpaTHJiH Ha to, hto6h ycnoKOHTb MaTb oruiaKHBaeMoro. IloTOM HecKOHHaeMaH BepeHHija conyBCTByiorHHX npnxoflHJia Bbipa- 3HTb CBOK) CKOp6b B TeHeHHe BCeTO flHH flO n03flHeH HOHH. [B PaMa3aH] C eenepaxodsim no doMOM u no3dpaejuimm, oco6eHHO mex, rcmo 6ojieH uymzo e doMe Kmo-mo yMep—o6rbHCHHJia oflHa H3 jKemirMH. Y C. h . b CBH3H co CMepTbio CHHa 6bi/i caMHH MaccoBHH wfimap (13 Hoa6pa), poflCTBeHHHii,Li noMora/iH flo paccBeTa... H E PA P X H H - B O 3 P AC T - r E H/], E P B paMKax cnopoB o reHflepe h «>KeHCKOM MHpe», «>KeHCKOH cy6Kynb-Type» MHe Bcerfla 6buia CHMnaTHHHa Hflea BocnpHHTHH >KeHiii,HH KaK aKTOpOB, Cy6l>eKTOB, BOJieH3'bHBHTejieH CO CBOHMH Tj;ejIHMH H CTpa- TerHHMH. OflHaKO b flOMeHHe xeMinHJicKOH KyjibTypbi stot Te3HC Bee name mo>kho 6bmo noflBeprayTb coMHeHHio, KpHTHKe (npn stom Ba-pnanHH Ha nepeceneHHH KJiacc-reHflep-KyjibTypa o6Hapy>KHJiH ce6fl h 3flecb). XeMinHJibi b KpacHOflapcKOM Kpae MaprHHajibHbi no CBoeMy CTaTycy, KaK h b flByx npeflbiflyrnnx MecTax CBoero npo>KHBaHHH (Cpefl-hhh A3HH, AzpKapHH), hx KpenKO CBH3biBaeT BMecTe o6inaH npHTecHeH-HOCTb, HeBKJiioHeHHOCTb b MecTHbie conHajibHbie ceTH. 3Ta CBH3b b no-BceflHeBHOCTH peajiH3yeTCH nepe3 CTpyKTypbi poflCTBa. PoflCTBeHHHKH peniHTejibHO h aKTHBHO ynacTByioT b >kh3hh flpyr flpyra, nrpaa pojib nojinneHCKHX, KOHTpojiepoB, aKTHBHO MOflejiHpyH >kh3hh flpyr flpyra. npn stom ohh yBepeHbi, hto BeflyT ce6H TaK u3-3a Jiw6eu flpyr k flpyry, Aemopumembi e Jiuu,e dyxoenux Jiudepoe, no-6ojibiuoMy enemy, ynpaejiRiom dyxoenou }KU3Hbio, 3adaiom mon npoRejienuio nyecme, 3mouuu. Ho no MajioMy enemy, e zpanui^ax (6ojibiuozo) ceMeunozo rcpyza mupoKUMU tiojihomohurmu o6jiadaiom cmapmue no eo3pacmy b HHTepecax flpyr flpyra, hto6h ne ono3opumbCR—3mo ece Me eaxenee e Mujuieme (b Hapofle); podumejieu mno6 ne ono3opumb; nocMeuiuvueM htro6 ne cmamb1. Ecjih HJieHbi o6m,HHbi He noflHHHHioTCH ycTOHBniHMCH b rpynne HeocnopHMbiM npaBHJiaM, ohh jinmaioTCH noflflep>KKH, bh-6biBaioT H3 cnncKOB, HCKJiioHaioTCH H3 Kpyra o6ineHHH, npeBpamaHCb b aconHajibHbix sjieivieHTOB. 3toh ynacTH CTpaniHTCH Ka>KflbiH xeMniHJi. Moe BHHMaHHe npHBJieKJio SMOUHOHajibHoe flaBJieHHe, KOTopoe CTapmne xeMniHJibi OKa3biBajiH Ha ivuiaflniHX. BHHajiH OeH3 Orabi 1934 r.p. b fleHb Hcjxrapa (pHTya/iH3HpoBaHHoro Benep-Hero npneMa nninH b PaMa3aH) nocTecHH/ica neTb npn CTapinnx. P., koto-pyio He npnrjiacHJiH Ha wfimap k CBaTaM C, Ha npaBax CTapinen HeBecTKH CTana OTKpbiro BHCKa3HBaTb CBoe HeflOBO/ibCTBo: dejio m e wfimape, a e yeaoiceHuu! ABTopHTeTbi b jiHne flyxoBHbix jiHflepoB, no-6ojibmoMy cneTy, ynpaBJIHIOT flyXOBHOH >KH3HbIO, 3aflaK)T TOH npOHBJieHHK) HyBCTB, 3MO- u;hh. Ho no MajioMy cneTy, b rpaHHn;ax (6ojibinoro) ceMeHHoro Kpyra mnpoKHMH nojiHOMOHHHMH o6jiaflaK>T CTapmne no B03pacTy. CTapmne nocTOHHHO annejiJiHpoBajiH Bee k TeM >Ke MopajibHbiM HMnepa-THBaM—cmbLd, no3op—HeKHe oneHb CHJibHbie, 3Mon;HOHajibHO Harpy- >KeHHbie CHMBOJIbI-3H3KH flOTOBOpa. 3MOLi;HOHajIbHbie OTHOUieHHH B to >Ke BpeMH rjiy6oKO HHCTpyMeHTajiH3HpoBaHbi—KaK Ha pHTopme- CKOM, TaK H nOBefleHHeCKOM ypOBHHX. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HaarLORVueM napodoe Eepa3uu 3anncb b no/ieBOM flHeBHHKe b fleHb CBaflb6bi flonepn npHHHMaiomeH ce-Mbn: P. (deompodHuu 6pam) nodoweji k Madune bo epeMR ooKuejienHozo maHU,a nia/iaxo u 6yKBajihH0 npowuneji: «llocmecHsiucsi!» (b noBejiHTenb- HOM HaKJIOHeHHH). Rayae caMbie rjiy6oKHe o6nflbi nporjiaTHBaioTCH, BBHfly KyjibTHBH-pyeivioro nneTeTa k poflCTBeHHOH rpynne, nocKOJibKy OTrmouiemui cpod-cmeeHHUKOMU npepeamb nejib3R, neeo3M03KHO. Bbipa>KaTb cboh CHMna-thh h aHTHnaTHH, H30JiHpoBaTbCH ot oflHHX h Bbi6npaTb o6m,eHHe c flpyrHMH He Bcerfla bo BJiacTH npoTaroHHCTOB (KaK MOJioflbix, TaK h nO>KHJIbIX-HH3KOCTaTyCHbIX no BHyTpeHHHM KpHTepHHM o6m,HHbi). Bo BpeMH niHpoKOMacniTa6Hbix (c 6ojibniHM KOJiHHecTBOM rocTen, npefl-CTaBJiHioni,HX noHTH Bcex HJieHOB rpynnbi) yrom,eHHH b necTb 3aBepme-hhh MycyjibMaHCKoro nocTa oflHa H3 xeiviniHJioK paccKa3ajia MHe: —K. (cTapmaH CHOxa) U36uecuia JI. (MJiaflinyio CHOxy) mhozo pa.3. — Hmo? HJI.c neiipa3zoeapueaem nocjie 3mozo? —P,a, KoneuHO. —KaK? noueMy? —A ktro eii dacm ne zoeopumb —Kmo?... —HuKmo ne dacm, ece KpyzoM 6ydym 3acmaejiRmb ee zoeopumb... 3MOUHH CHJIbHO HfleOJIOrH3HpOBaHbI, H BJiaCTHbie OTHOUieHHH Bbl- CTynaioT b hhx oco6eHHO HenpHKpbiTO. HHflHBHflyajibHOCTb >KecTKO noflaBJiHeTCH, bo3mo>kho, b cbh3h c KpaHHen HexBaTKOH 6a30Bbix pe-cypcoB. 3Ta Hy>Kfla o6ocTpHeT B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH Me>Kfly ynacTHH-KaMH B3aHMOfleHCTBHH, o6MeHOB. Bojiee npoHHX MeHH 3acTaBHJia pecj)-jieKcnpoBaTb 3Ta CHTyai^HH. 84 HOHA LLIAXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 85 Said E. W. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. Penguin Books, [1978] 1995. P. 190 2 llpednojiazaeMoe 6Mecmujiuw,e MazuuecKoü cujiu 3 Cuumaemcsi oueub uumuM-Hoü uacmbio mejia: «Cmud KaKoü, JlyceMOJi (ceeKop) 3auieji b KOMHamy, a 0amx (MOJiodax ueeecmica) zojian [6e3 hocok, 6ocoHozan]» MO>KHO h/HJIH HEJIb3H: OPHEHTA7IH3M [C tohkh 3peHHH 3anafla,] BocmoK Heu.3M.eHHO accoujiupyemcR c cex.coM. ...BocmoK, KcmcemcR, no-npeoKHeMy npedjiazaem He mojihKO ruiodoeumocmh, ho ceKcycuihHoe o6ew,aHue (u yzposy), HeymoMUMym MyecmeeHHOcmh, 6ec-npedejihHoe oicejiaHue, zjiyöoKym zeHepupymwym snepzum, Mmo-mo Had MeM M03KHO nopa3MbLCJiumh.1 BecKOHeHHbie TaöyauHH npoHH3HBaioT noBceflHeBHOCTb xeMHiH-JIOB. 3anpeTbi KacaioTCH, npe>Kfle Bcero, ccjiepbi reHflepHbix OTHorne-hhh, nepe3 KOTopbie MHCTH(J)Hrj;HpyeTCH / pHTyajiH3HpyeTCH Becb >KH3- HeHHblH UHKJI. PejiuzuR eejium hum He omdaeamh ceoux wceHWUH (KapHM CajiHX OrjiLi). Bo BpeMH PaMa3aHa Hy^KHO H3ÖeraTb 6jih30cth. >KeHiHHHaM uejih- 3H HMeTb flJIHHHbie HOrTH. Hm HejIb3H HOCHTb KOpOTKHe BOJIOCbl. }KeH- iHHHaM HeoöxoflHMO HOCHTb iiiTaHbi H iuiaTOK B jiK>6yio noro/jy, He3a- BHCHMO OT Ce30Ha, nOTOMy HTO MySCHHHbl He flOJI>KHbI BHfleTb >KeHCKHe BOJiocbi2, CTynHH Hor3 h 3anHCTbH. Meejiym 3acmaejuui ceoux cecmep u oxeny Hocumh hocku daoice e jiemHuü 3H0Ü. HeBecTKa He flojDKHa pa3roBapHBaTb co CBeKopoM h flpyrHMH Mysc- HHHaMH H3 pOflHH My>Ka. OHa flOJDKHa, nOTynHB B30p, OTBeillHBaTb HM TpoÖHbie noKJioHbi—meMene. Ha (J)OHe nofloÖHbix pa3roBopoB MeHH HeMajio yflHBHJiH noflnepKHy- T3H HHTHMHOCTb OTHOIIieHHH Me>Kfly HeKOTOpblMH HJieHaMH pOflCTBeH- Horo Kpyra (HanpHMep, ruieMHHHHnbi h /th/th co CTopoHbi MaTepn), KOTopbie noKa3ajiHCb MHe Hpe3MepHbiMH, pacKpenoineHHO-HyBCTBeH-HbiMH, HflyrnHMH Bpa3pe3 cyinecTByioiHHM npaKTHKaM 3anpeTOB. ...Coöpajiuch e OM.epeÖHoiipa3 bo epeMxmaey MaMyma u yjih(ßam. Bee eeceno oömcuiuch, Mmoöu yjih(ßusi He ruiaKcuia no cuHy. Cocmae ece epeMR oöhob-jlrjlcr 3a CMem mexyMKU—Jimdu npuxodiuiu, yxodiuiu. Dmo öbuia öojihiuaR KOMHama-noduyM, zde zocmu, cuör Ha douiazax Ha nojiy ejiu uiopöy, niuiu Hau c xajiBoü, (ßyHdyKoebuvL mepöemoM u dpyzuMU cjiadocnuuvLU, CMesuiua,. Tym see Kyncuiu MajibauKy MeduHy. Aüuie pacMecuecuia bojlocu [cBoen TeTe no OTiry] 3yjih(ßue. 3eÜHa6 cocpedom.OM.eHHO Maccupoecuia cnuny ceoeMy aside, dojizo-dojizo pacmupaR ezo ÖJiazoeoHHbiMU MacjiaMU (3anncb b nojie- BOM flHeBHHKe). rnnepsMonHOHajibHOCTb h HHTHMHaH HyBCTBeHHOCTb nocjie/THero fleöcTBa, no-BHflHMOMy, HHBejinpoBajiacb CHTyanneH nyöJiHHHOCTH npoHcxoflHmero. 3to 6biJia ocoöoro pofla jierHTHMHan HHTHMHOCTb BonpeKH öapbepaM h nepapxHHM hjih KaKHM-TO o6pa30M BbicKaKH- BaroniaH H3 cjio>KHOcnjieTeHHbix rpaHHn, UHKJia 3anpeTOB. ATMOccJiepa Toro Benepa Bbi3biBajia peMHHHcneHUHH H3 CaHfla, KOTopbm, annejiH-pyH k TBopnecTBy aHTa3HHx: Ha6op opuenma-jiucmcKux KJiume eKJiwnaem e ce6n: zapeMbi, npuHU,ecc, npuHU,ee, pa-doe, noKpbiBajia, maimyww,ux deeouex u McuibmiKOB, uiep6em, namu-pamui (ointments).1 /JeMOHCTpnpyeMaH nepe3 npHKOCHOBeHHH k Tejiy, ho npn 3tom a-ceKcyajibHaH jno6oBb ruieMHHHHnbi k flHfle (Ha KaBKa3e ecTb orpoMHHH iuiacT (JiojibKJiopHbix TeKCTOB, yqpejKflaiomHX oco6hh CTaTyc flHflH no MaTepn, MHCTH(J)Hi];HpyH caM TepMHH poflCTBa) npefl-CTaBHJia o6pa3en; hckoh pHTyajiH30BaHHOH hhthmhocth. ...Tfiza k unmuMHOcmu oxeamueaem co6ou Jiuuib odun U3 nojioe — jKencKuii. C tohkh 3peHHH 3. rHflfleHca UMMaHeHmnaR 3fceHW,UHCiM unmuMHOcmb e o6xo3Kdenuu c JlpyzuM (c MupoM) Kopbicmno ucnojib-syemcsi MyjKHunaMU c ux ejiacmojiw6ueM.2 Ho Ka^KeTcn BJiacTb/BJia-CTOJiio6He h OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb [3a Tex, Ha/j; KeM BJiacTByenib] HflyT pH-/tom (no KpaHHeft Mepe, Ha ceMeftHOM ypoBHe naTpnapxaTa). B TaKHX «pan;HOHajibHOCTHX» o6t>hchhjih sto caMH HHcJiopMaHTbi. Tenjio h yxofl, HHTHMHOCTb, KOTopyio flapHT C60UM My>KHHHaM aceHmHHH, o6pam;a-kdtch b BHfle OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, noMouiH, b BHfle 3a6oTbi HyTb flpyroro pofla, ho TO>Ke fle(J)Hi];HTHOH [fljiH 5KeHm;HH]. Mo>KeT Torfla penb HfleT O B3aHMHOCTH, TOHHee B3aHMOflOnOJIHHeMOCTH3-O TOM HeyjIOBHMOM, hto npnflaeT He TOJibKO o6aHHHe h 3K30TH3M, ho h HeKyio «rapMOHHH-HOCTb» MHpy, rfle sth npaBHJia nrpbi b xofly. B o/thom H3 tckctob aMe-pHKaHCKOH HccneflOBaTejibHHLi;bi CeTeHeft LUaMH 3Ta HfleH HaxoflHT CBoe aKafleMHHecKoe BonjiomeHHe c noMombio onncaHHH cpeflHeBe-kobhx Kenc-CTaflH, Korfla flaBJieHHe eBponeftcKHX flep>KaB Ha Typn;Hio npHBejIO K «OCBo6o>KfleHHIO» 5KeHILi;HH, H B TOM COUHajIbHOM KOHTeK- CTe hx yqacTbio CTaHOBHJiacb CTe3H npocTHTyTKH. /Jh/th He TOJibKO 3a-6othtch o iuieMHHHHnax (KaK h o flpyrnx 5KeHm;HHax poflCTBeHHoft rpynnbi), oflapHBaH hx (noflnac b TaKOM >Ke pHTyajibHOM nopHflKe), ho h ctoht Ha CTpa>Ke hx HHTepecoB b CHMBOJiHHecKOM nojie BHyTpno6- mHHHHX OTHOIIieHHH. Said. P. 188 '■ Giddens, Anthony. Transformation of intimacy. Cambridge, 1992 '• Hoeuü Menee lcoHcßjiuicmHbLÜ zeudepHbLÜ emaudapm ompaiiceu e npunuune donojiHumejibuocmu Hujibca Bopa—Contraria sunt complementa (nam.) 5KEHOIHHA KAK [CAKPAJIbHOEJ HE4HCTOE PenHrH03HOCTb h OTnpaBJieHHe MycyjibMaHCKHX KyjibTOB 3anojiHHioT BCK) noBceflHeBHyio >KH3Hb CTaprnero noKOJieHHH bo MHornx ceMbHX (nHTHKpaTHHH HaMa3, MHoroKpaTHbie oÖMHBaHHH-aßdecmbf, e>Kero/T-Hoe coöjnofleHHe MecHHHoro nocTa PaMa3aHa). PHTyajibi sth KacaioTCH Bcex ccjiep >KH3HeHHoro Kpyra, b ocoöchhocth öpaHHoro n;HKJia: co6-CTBeHHO 6paKa (oÖH3aTejibHbiH oöpHfl hhko (nikah, hjih nikoh), my- CyjIbMaHCKHH 3KBHBajieHT XpHCTHaHCKOrO BeHHaHHH), CeKCyajIbHOCTH (oÖH3aTejibHbiH rycyji (ghusul)—OMOBeHHe om Kopneii eojioc do nsim 86 HOHA III AXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 87 Podcmeo u pumyaji e npu3Me 3M0UUŮ cpa3y nocjie Ka>Kfloro coBOKyruieHHH). KaK HBCTByeT H3 mhotohhc- JieHHHX HHTepBbK), MOpajIb (MyCyjIbMaHCKaH TpaflHUHJl) CTpOHTCH Ha npeflCTaBJieHHH o rpexoBHOCTH TenecHoö >kh3hh, fleMOHH3auHH otho-ineHHÖ Me>Kfly nojiaMH, b nacTHOCTH, nojioBoro aKTa. 06 stom CBHfle-TejibCTByRDT npeflCTaBJieHHH o tom, kakhmh aojijkhh 6biTb pHTyajibHbie OMOBeHHH cynpyscecKHX nap nocjie Ka>Kfloro cohthh (zycyji). Flo HctmcMy oôunam, no Kypany, nocjie mamzo dejia o6n3amejihHO Hado xy-namhcsiy nac. 06si3amejihHo! Flo Kypany nanucano, ecjiu nocjie mamzo dejia, Hado, mojihKO nojiooiceHO cdejiamh ceMb uiazoa. Tlocjie ceMU uiazoe Kaoicduů nocmaajieHHbiů maz—yoice zopum 3eMJiR, ne6o. Hejih3si, eoo6ui,e hoims, 3a-npew,eHO. KynambCR, a nomoM mojihKO mookho xodumh. TlocMompemh KOMy-mo e zjia3a—nejib3R, pa3zoeapueamh c KeM-mo Hejib3R..., eom, nanpuMep, c MyoiceM mooice Hejih3R, norca He ucxynaeMCR. Bom mu ecmami nocjie smozo dejia u o6a xynaeMCR. Cnanajia oiceHuaiHa, nomoM Myoiouma. /fo smozo c MyoiceM Hejih3R zoeopumh, npumcambCR k nemy hoimä, CMompemh ejviy e zjia3a Hejih3R! Hejih3R, eoo6ui,e hoimä.'. .. CMompemh peôeHxy e zjia3a Hejih3R, eooöme hu Ha nmo CMompemh Hejih3R. Bcmajia u, Huxyda He CMompR, udeuu, yMbieamhCR... KoHCTpynpoBaHHe Henucmozo TeM caMbiM npoHcxoflHT nepe3 pa3-rpaHHHeHHe, >KecTKoe pa3fleneHHe ccj)ep (My^KCKOH, >KeHCKOH, fleTCKoft, CTapniHX), npaKTHKH HCKJIIOHeHHH H flHCTaHUHpOBaHHH. ElHe OflHH Ka- 3yc b CBH3H c 3THM 6biji b nocjieflHHH fleHb PaMa3aHa, Korfla orpoMHoe KOJiHHecTBO xeMiHHJioB oöoero nojia h Bcex B03pacTOB coöpajiHCb b «HaineM» flOMe Ha mepaeu-HeMci3, h h no HaHBHOCTH nocHHTajia CHTya-uhio BnojiHe yMecTHoft, hto6h CHHMaTb BenepHee nyöJiHHHoe MOJieHHe Ha BHfleoKaMepy. MycjjTHH TepBaT h hm3m HypHflflHH neperjiHHyjiHCb, HO 6bIJIH flOCTaTOHHO Be^KJIHBblMH, HTOÖbl BOBCe He BbICTaBHTb MeHH H3 KOMHaTbl MOJieHHH, HO HaiHJIH ajIbTepHaTHBy B TOM, HTO CHMBOJIHHe-CKH OTrOpOflHJIH MeHH (MOe (J)H3HHeCKOe Tejio) OT MOJIHIHHXCH MySCHHH flepeBHHHOH TaöypeTKOH. Ha moh Bonpoc, 3cmeM amo? MOJiofloft hmsm Mopajib (MycyjibMCLHCKCLR mpaduv,UR) cmpoumcR na npedcmaejienuu o zpexoenocmu mejiecHoů JKU3HU, deM0HU3aiiuu omHomenuů MejKdy nojicLMU, e naciriHocmu, nojioeozo arcma OTBeTHJi caMO C060Ö pa3yMeioirj;HMCH tohom—jKeHiuimbL ne Mozym mo-jiumbCR eMecme c MyjKHimoMU, [ohh—HenncTbie?—flOflyMajia h] . 4a-coM no3>Ke BbiHCHHJiocb, HTO >KejiaioiHHe noMOJiHTbcn >KeHiHHHbi TO>Ke MorjiH yqacTBOBaTb b mojihtbchhom pHTyajie b nocjieflHeö KOMHaTe napajuiejibHO c MyscHHHaMH, ho hhk3k hh BMecTe c hhmh (:>KejiaioiHHX, oflHaKO, h He OKa3ajiocb). apocalyptica: he em t b aoma y ceba aoma... EcTb y XeMLUHJIOB H CBOH KOHeU, CBeTa, HO 3TO He HMeeT HHHero 06- niero c Hx scxaTOJiorHHecKHMH npeflCTaBJieHHHMH. Ybh, sto—peajib- HOCTb. Ka>KflbIH XeMLUHJI 3HaeT 3TOT rOfl, fleHb H HaC-1944, 25 HOHÖpH, 5 yrpa. /Jjih Tex, kto 6hji b B03pacTe, hto6h noMHHTb, oflHO ynoMHHa-HHe o flenopTauHH H3 Afl>KapHH Bbi3biBajio öypHbiö BcnjiecK HeraTHB-Hbix smouhh. PyKHH AKÖyioK 1906 r.p. pa3Bejia pyKaMH h, 6e33ByHHO miana, CTajia ÖHTb ceÖH jiaflOHHMH no KOJieHaM, TaK h He npoMOJiBHB hh cjioBa. EaöyniKa Cyra 1900 r.p. pa3pbiflajiacb h 3anpHHHTajia b ro-jioc. npoH3HOCH Ka>Kfloe npefljio>KeHHe 06 H3rHaHHH, Ka3ajiocb, OHa flenajia ycHJine Hafl coöoö, He b CHJiax yflep>KaTbCH ot 6e30CTaHOBOHHO TeKymHX cjie3. Mup ceoux u uyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HaarLomu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu /fed nepeexaji 113 Typuuu e cejio nod EamyMU, nomomy nmo Kyxypy3a xopouio poena, u nacm6uw,a ceoôodHue öbuiu, da u com,, KepocuH... Xopouio oiciuiu e Adoicapuu do 1944 z., e HORÔpe bucjiojiu b Cpedumm A3um. 18 dnen e mo-eapHbix eazonax ee3Jiu, ece mam. oice dejiajiu (oTnpaBJíeHHe ecTecTBeHHLix noTpeÖHOCTeii—H.III.). TlomoM xomejiu Ha poduny, nepeexajiu e Tpy3UK>, m b EamyMU, ho b ľyjiRH, moM hom pa3peuiumi oicumh. Ho nomoM CKa3a-jiu, M.mo mu BopyeM y hux u cnoaa buzhojiu nac. Tloexanu rcmo Kydá yoice, Kmo Ha3ad e CpedHmm A3um. TlomoM npuexajiu cmda» (Hc/iaM OraLi Cvth 1900 r.p., öeceflOBana Ha CMeinaHHOM TypeiiKOM h xeMiiiH/icKOM H3HKax). My^KHHHbi TO>Ke He MorjiH h He nbiTajiHCb yflep>KHBaTbCH ot cne3. Jlmdu na cmanuuRX ôoRjiuch nodxodumh k sazonoM, um CKa3ajiu, nmo e hux eesym «epazoe napoda», «modoedoe»... Kozda ejie-oicueue mu npuexajiu Ha Mecmo, nepeoe epeMR MecmHue k hom maKoice omnocujiuch... Ca/mx XacaH, noc. Bnepefl. Hauiux MepmebĽX mu ne xopoHumí, a euöpacueami U3 moeapnozo noe3da. Dmo ôbuio cruiouiHoe yHuwceHue u ocKopôJieHue... upaöcmeo (AöflaMHT Ca-jihx); nac bucjiojiu, KaK CKom, e zpy3oebrx eazonax. B 1944 z. mu u mypKU-MecxemuHuu nocmpadajiu odunameo (PoBinaH Ca/iHx). TpaHcneHfleHTajibHaH 6e3flOMHOCTb h MyKa HeBocnojiHHMoň yTpa-Tbi1 3BynajiH b cjioBax CTapn;a KoniaHHfl3e AöflyjiJibi: B 90-e r noexaji myda... Honeeaji odny nom, e ceoeM doMe e c. Tohuo. Tom dKueym ceunac adoicapuu... y nac ôbuio 1000 ôapaHoe... 400-500 nejioeeK-adoicapuee bo epeMR bouhu b Typuum yöeoicami. Cmammy donecjiu... dan npuKa3 Bcex Bucjiamb... Bcex! Hukozo Henowcajieji... (rraaneT). 1 Caud Sdeapd. Mucjiu 06 U3ZHÜHUU. HHOcmpaHHax jiumepamypa 2003, Ne 1. http:/'/magazines, russ. ru/ inostran/2003/l/saide. html B HCTOpHH XeMLUHJIOB STHHHeCKaH HfleHTHHHOCTb OHeHb HaCTO (mo>kho CKa3aTb, c HeKOTopoö UHKJiHHHOH noBTopHeMOCTbio) Hrpajia poKOByio pojib. Cjio>KHbie nepnneTHH HCTopHH xeMinnjioB HanpHMyio 88 H O H A LLIAXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 89 Nekrich, A.M. The Punished Peoples. The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War. N.Y., W.W. Norton & Company, 1978. P. 104 1 Cpedu nepecejieuu,ee U3 XejieauaypcKozo pauoua xeMuiuHU cocmaejuuiu 152 ceMbu (1087uejioeeic). B uoa.6pe 1944 z. U3 Aducapuu nepecejiujiu 304 xeMuiuu-CKue ceMbu, e moM uuaie U3 EamyMCKOzo pauoua—232, co6cmeeHHO U3 EamyMU—6, U3 Ko6yjiemcKozo pauoua—34, KedcKozo pauoua—5 u XyjioucKozo pauoua—28 ceMeu. Cm.: Mzenad3e H.B., Tyuad3e T.X. H3 ucmopuu xeMuiuuoB Bocmouuou Typ-uuu u K>zo-3anaduou Fpy3uu // Apxeojiozun, smuojiozuR u (pojibKJiopucmuKa Kaeica3a. Mamepuajibi Meiicdyuapod-uou Koutpepeuuuu. Epeeau, 2003. C. 272. '' Caud Sdeapd. Mucjiu 06 U3zuauuu. Huocmpauuax jiumepamypa 2003, Ne 1. http://magazines, russ. ru/ inostran/2003/l/saide. html 4 Cm. 06 smoM nodpo6uee e meKcmax Smujir /JmpKzeuMa, Mapcejw Mocca, Muxaujia Eaxmuua, Peue Mupapa, )Kaua He Fotptpa, Flbepa Eypdbe, Feujia FJiuzMaua 5 Kligman, G. The Wedding of the Dead. Ritual, Poetics, and Popular Culture in Transylvania. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1988. P. 10 CBH3aHH, no BCeH BHflHMOCTH, C HX npo>KHBaHHeM B npHrpaHHHHOH 30He. HMeHHO flaHHHH (J)aKT H HajIHHHe pOflCTBeHHHKOB B TypUHH CTajiH fleKJiapHpyeMHMH npHHHHaMH BbicbuiKH xeMiHHJioB b 1944 r.— sto 6biJia TaK Ha3biBaeMaH «npeBeHTHBHaH Mepa BoeHHoro BpeMeHH, o6ecneHHBaK>maH "6jiaroHafle>KHOCTb" h "jioHJibHOCTb" norpaHHHHoro HacejieHHH"1. TaK hjih HHane, 25 uoa.6pn. 1944 r., no nocTaHOBJieHHK) TOKO N9 6279CC OT 31 HKJJTH I944 T., XeMLUHJIbl nOflBeprjIHCb TOTajIb- hoh flenopTanHH, HOCHBiueH, b flyxe Toro BpeMeHH, BHecyfle6HbiH xa-paKTep2. Ilepe>KHB pe>KHM «cneunocejieHHH» h onpaBHBLUHCb nocjie pea6n-jiHTauHH b 1956 r., ypaBHHBineH hx b npaBax c ocTajibHHMH coBeT-ckhmh rpa>KflaHaMH h CHHBineH c hhx CTHrMy npeflaTejien poflHHbi, He6jiarOHafle>KHbIX, XeMLUHJIbl CTOJIKHyjIHCb C HOBblMH CJIO^KHeHUIHMH npo6jieMaMH, CBH3aHHbiMH c pacnaflOM cccp h STHHHecKHMH koh-(JjjiHKTaMH b hobhx He3aBHCHMbix rocyflapcTBax. TaK, nofl flaBJieHHeM Har^HOHajiHCTHHecKH HacTpoeHHbix 6aHflHTCKHX rpynnnpoBOK b Knp- TH3HH XeMLUHJIbl CHOBa 6bIJIH BblHyjKfleHbl nOKHHyTb HaCH^KeHHbie Me- CTa, nepeexaB b KpacHOflapcKHH Kpaft. ...H3ZHamie—smo Henmo do 6e306pa.3u.s1 3eMHoe, o6ycjioBJieHHoe He Mucmu-necKUMU, a zpy6o np03a1m.ecK.UMU ucmopunecKUMU npednocbuiKOMU. ...Ha u3ZHaHue Jimdeu o6peKamm mojihKO Jimdu—u hukttio uhou. ...u3ZHanue— ma see CMepmh, mojihKO Menee MUJiocepdnaR ... smo 3amx>KHaR azonuR edanu om npuebmHozo KJiuMama u mpaduuuii, edajiu om 6jiu3kux.—nncaji 3flBapfl Canfl. H fla/ibine: cnumamh, 6ydmo U3znanue cnoco6cmeyem npo-6y3icdeHUK> zyMannocmu—3Hanum ymeuiamhCR 6aHajihHocmRMU. 3aTO u3ZHaHHUK 3Haem rcarc MUHUMyM dee Kyjihmypu, ... eMy ornKpumu napaji-jiejibHue Mupu, mo ecmh ezo co3Hanue na R3UKe My3UKU mookho Ha3eamh KOHmpanyHKmunecKUM.3 /JenopTauHH CTajia TeM caMHM eceMU [xeMniHJiaMH] nomimaeMbiM 6edcmeueM, KOTopoe erne CHJibHee yKperuraeT counajibHbie y3bi, Kpn-CTajuiH3yeT o6uiyio HfleHTHHHOCTb, cnjiaHHBaeT. CXEMA «H/],EAJIbHOH» PEAJIbHOCTH BjIH3KOe paCCMaTpHBaHHe XeMIUHJICKHX pHTyajIOB (KaK pejIHKTOBHX— H36eraHHe, TaK h fleftcTByioiuHX—yMbmaHHe HeBecT, onjiaKHBaHHe yMepniHx) b stom TeKCTe Bbi3BaHO HeKOTopoft 3K30TH3auHeH npo-nuioro, ho He TOJibKo: oho b to >Ke BpeMH BnojiHe oco3HaHHoe h Ha-MepeHHoe. Hx oco6oe MecTO b H3yqeHHH smouhh CBH3aHO c hx TecHOH conpH>KeHHOCTbio co ccJiepoH Tex >Ke smouhh4. PHTyajibi >KH3HeHHoro UHKJia o6ecnemieawm cpedcmeaMU uccjiedoeanusi eepoeanuu u npax-muK, Komopbie KOHcmumyupywm coepeMennbie coo6w,ecmea u pacno-jiazawm juodeil e paMKax amux coo6w,ecme.5 06pHflbi h pHTyajibi—sto CHMBOJIHHeCKHe aKUHH, peryjIHpyiOIUHe Me>KJIHHHOCTHbie H HHCTHTy- u;HOHajibHbie OTHonieHHH, KOHCTpynpyn nopHflOK/nocjieflOBaTejib-HOCTb CMbicjioB, HopM, u;eHHOCTeH h npaBHJi rpynnbi—sto MOflejiH, c KOTOpblX flOJI>KHa JienHTbCH nOBCeflHeBHaH >KH3Hb. Pumycui cnoco6en mpaHcQopMupoeamh co6bimuR e doxodnueo-noHRmHym peajihHocmh e cuny xapu3MamuM.ecKou cwiu mex, rcmo ezo npedcmaejiRem/ ucnojiHRem. TarcuM o6pa30M, pumyajiu KOHmpojiupymm oicejianue u onac-Hocmh do mex nop, norca npuenocRm ux e [noBceflHeBHHH] onum e KOHuen-myajihHOM (yM03pumejihH0M) u smoiuiohojuiHom nopRdrce... Ohu He durcmy-mm (u HeMozym duKmoeamh) UHdueudyajihHoe noeedenue u smouuu, ho ohu noMew,amm undueudoe e couuajihHbiu KOHmerccm e Kanecmee couucuihHozo R. Dmu o6pRdbiyM.acmeymm e KyjihmypHOM ocfiopMJieHuu co3HanuR, smouuu u deucmeuu.1 HHblMH CJIOBaMH, pHTyajibi >KH3HeHHOrO UHKJia-3TO JIOKyC CMblH- kh HHflHBHflyajibHoro (3mou;hh, npHBaTHoe) h cou;HajibHO-CTpyKTy-pnpoBaHHoro (cTporaH nocjieflOBaTenbHOCTb h OTperjiaMeHTHpoBaH-HOCTb pHTyajibHoro fleftcTBa). Ecjih cyMMHpoBaTb Bee CKa3aHHoe, HMeHHO nepe3 pHTyajibi b HejioBenecKOH rpynne KOHCTpynpyeTCH «HfleajibHaH» peajibHOCTb, to, KaK dojiJKHO 6bimb. Ohh orjianiaioT yc-jiobhh KOHBeHi^HOHajibHoro noBefleHHH, (JjOKycnpyH BHHMaHHe CKopee Ha cou;Hou;eHTpHHecKOM, He^KejiH 3rou;eHTpHHecKOM, neflajinpyH cko- pee KOJIJieKTHBHyK), He>KejIH JIHHHyiO HfleHTHHHOCTb. B nacTHOCTH, b xeMuiHJicKOM coo6m;ecTBe onHcaHHbie Bbinie Ta6y-ai^HH, o6pHflbi, pHTyajibi BbicTynaioT KaK KOMiuieKC MexaHH3MOB h pbi-naroB, KOTopbie, 6e3ycjioBHO, noflaBJiHioT HHflHBHflyajibHOCTb, 3aTO flo KpaftHOCTH o6ocTpHK)T rpynnoByio / o6in,HHHyro, ceMeHHyio, (JiaMHJib-HO-poflOByio cojiHflapHOCTb. Ohh npeflCTaBJiHioT Kpyr cou;HajibHbix flencTBHH, npHMO HanpaBJieHHbix Ha yKpenjieHHe couHajibHbix y32. OBblHAH nPE/JKOB, HJIH MOPAJIbHAfl 3KOHOMHKA /J.EPEBHH? Er-r-r-r-r! (cbiMumupoeaji KDpuu HuxyjiuH) MujiuuuoHep: Eydeuih Kyuiamh wauuiuK U3 smou Heeecmu—He 3a6ydh nu-puzjiacumh!—BcnoMHHJia a (|>parMeHT H3 (|)HJibMa JI. TaHflaa «KaBKa3CKaa ruieHHHiia». Oieflyiomee K/iHine, TyT me npnineflinee Ha vm—Pa3zoeopy nac c OKeHuumoMU KopomKuu. MeuioK Ha zonoey u zomoeo! Ho Bee He TaK npocTO. BpaHHaH CTpaTerHH no Been (jjopMe, KaK nojioMeno, no 6yKBe TpaflH-u;hh—to ecTb 6paK no croBopy, jierHTHMHbra 6paK c co6jnofleHHeM Bcex flOToniHbix h floporocTOHiuHX 3TanoB—Bcerfla oueHHBajicH cpeflH xeMniHJioB KaK 6ojiee npecTH>KHbiH (Kpyne!). Ho ecTb y TpaflHUHH 3a-nacHaH 6yKBa, ajibTepHaTHBa, o6xoahoh TpioK—yMHKaHHe HeBecTbi. He TaKan Kpyman, ho npocTaH h BepHan3. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbi u 6panHbie cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu Kligman, G. The Wedding of the Dead. Ritual, Poetics, and Popular Culture in Transylvania. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1988. P. 10-11 '■ B smoM CMbiaie xeMuiujicK.au ceadb6a euje oduu Momuuu jioKyc nodmeepucdeuuR Mbi-udeumuuuocmu uepe3 npocmue, docmynuue KancdoMy deunceuuR Kpyzoebix mauu.ee, uepe3, no cymu, momajibuo-xeMuiujicKuu o6Meu nodapKaMU ' Huozda cmopoua nceuuxa, eudepiicae nepeym uacmb u.epeMouuu ceade6uozo Kpyza no 6yKee mpaduuuu, ua oduoM U3 smanoe (o6bmuo nocjie o6pyueuux) pa3peuiaem cumyauuio yMUKauueM uesecmbi. 3mo mjinemcR euje oduoii Mouemou e KonujiKy 3KouoMuuecKozo pe30ua 90 HOHA LLIAXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 91 Podcmeo u pumyaji e npu3Me 3M0UUŮ «B 15 nem Mena omdajiu 3aMyjK. Cuauajia moú myoic ohm noMOJiejieu c Moeů cmapuieů cecmpoů. Ho ee yicpaji mou deompodubíů ôpam, CMH memu no omuy (hokhrochys deghan). Moú omeu, no3BOHUJi U3 ^íuMKeu-ma e Kpacuodap u CKa3aji, umo cmapuiym doub yicpanu, ho r omdaM meôe Mfiaduiym. ripuexaji dxdxX. e HuMKenm 3a6upamb Menu. Podume-JLU cmajiu coeemoeambCM, deeouKa Majieubicasi. A Mamb ue xomejia daeamb Menu e 15nem. ľoeopum, nodo-ncdeM, noKa ucnojmumcR 16 u 3a6epeme. Ho e my Houb Moúomeu, yexaji na yôopvy e LfenuHozpad e 5 ympa. Moú ded CyjieŮMaH ckü30ji, r 3dea> X03RUH, a HeJlypcyH (cuh), r omdam deeouKy 3aMync, nycKaú 3a6upamm. Mamb oÔHSuia Menu, ho denamb neuezo, omnpaeujia e Kpac-Hodap. Tuk r ebiuuia 3aMync» '■ Said. Ykü3. cou. P. 6 YMbiKaHHe He Bceiyia 03HanaeT Hanajio nojioBoň >kh3hh. 3to TOJib- KO CHMBOJIHHeCKHH 6paK, fleMOHCTpaTHBHOe KOMIipOMeTHpOBaHHe, KOTopbiö CTopoHa HeBecTbi oöbiHHO He ocMejiHBaeTCH pacToprHyTb, öecnoKOHCb o cruieTHHX h flBycMbicjieHHOcrax npn bo3mo>khom 6paKe c flpyrHM. 3aHBJieHHe b mhjihuhio noziaioT flOBOJibHO peziKO, ece eonpocbL peinaioTCH Me>Kfly coöoö. B nocjieflHee BpeMH cjiynan, Korzi;a poflHTejiH fleByniKH 3a6upawm ee dojnou, Hee3upaR na ozjiacxy, ynacTHJiHCb. MoTHBbi noxHiqeHHH HeBecTbi, KaK BbmcHHJiocb, MoryT 6biTb caMbie pa3Hbie. CHanajia h zryMajia, penb HfleT HCKJiioHHTejibHO o c6epe>KeHHH MaTepnajibHbix pecypcoB, KOTopbie b TpeöyeMOM (Tpaz^HUHen) KOJinne-CTBe He TaK jierKO CKonHTb b ycjioBHHX flenopTanno, cnennoceneHHÖ h MHOrOKpaTHblX MHrpaUHH. Be3yCJIOBHO, SKOHOMHHeCKaH npHHHHa KaK 4>aKTop BocnpoH3BOflCTBa oöbiHaH HrpaeT HeMajiyio pojib. OHa o6hh- HO CBH3aHa C HeyflOBJíeTBOpHTejIbHHM (JjHHaHCOBbIM nojio^KeHHeM >Ke- HHxa, HecnocoÖHoro noHecTH orpoMHbie pacxoflbí, npeflnncbiBaeMbie Bceö nenbio CBafleÖHoft oöpHflHOCTH. CjiezryíoiHHH mothb—Hecorjia-CHe poflHTejieň fleByniKH, npn tom hto fleByniKa npHHHMaeT yxa>KH-BaHHH. TpeTHÖ BapnaHT—Korfla fleByniKa OTKa3biBaeTCH BbixoflHTb 3a npeTeHfleHTa, OHa He zi;aeT CBoero corjiacHH—coöctbchho, HacHJib-CTBeHHoe noxHiqeHHe. Ilpn stom, yHHTHBaH npaKTHKOBaHHe paHHHX 6paKOB, MO^KeT jih fleBOHKa-noflpocTOK oco3HaHHO, cepbe3HO peníHTb, KaK OTBeTHTb—ona ne noHUMaem, ona cjiymaem dpyzux? Moihhhm Ka-TajiH3aTopoM MO^KeT BHCTynaTb mothb MysccKoö KOHKypeHUHH1. YMbiKanue ne ecezda 03HaHaem nanajio nojioeoů JKU3HU. 3mo mojibKO cuMeojiimecrcuu 6paK, deMOHcmpamuenoe KOMnpoMemupoeanue, KomopbLŮ cmopoHCL HeeecmbL oöuhho ne ocMejiueaemcR pacmopzHymb, ôecnoKORCb o cnjiemHRX u deycMbLCJieHHOcrriRX Tipu B03MOJKHOM ôparce c dpyzuM Ylo cymecTBy Bce [onpoineHHbie], kto BopoBajiH cbok> HeBecTy (3a HCKJiioHeHHeM flByx cjiynaeB), cbhto BepmiH b to, hto HeBecTa e dyme corjiacHa, ho OHa Beflb ne M03fcem 8biaca3ambCR, ona HUKOzda ne aca-3fcem oniKpoeeHHO da. Cp.: ...Ona HUKOzda ne ceudemejibcmeyem o ceôe, mmeM ne eudaem ceoux Myecme, ceoezo npucymcmeiiR, ceoeu ucmopuu. Oh zoeopum om ee Jiuua...2 3h3komctbo TiocTaBa jio6epa c ernneTCKoň KypTH3aHKoň h ero onncaHHH CTajiH KJiaccHHecKoň MOflejibio npeflCTaBJíeHHH «>KeH-mHHbi BocTOKa». Oöbinaö BocnpoH3BOflHTCH npH aKTHBHOM yqacTHH flpy3eň-CBep- CTHHKOB. PHTOpHKa My^KCKOH, HaCTOHiqeH flpyjKÖbl, npeflaHHOCTH, noflzi;ep>KKH h onopbi npoHH3biBaeT noHTH Bce My^KCKHe HHTepBbio. naHUHmuMHOcmb, k Komopou cmpeMumcR pumyajibHbLŮ couuyM, pemu-mejibHO Memaem emy ôbrnib caMoomM.eHReM.bLM, ucmopimnbiM. Aemo-ducmami,upoeaHue, npou3eoduMoe amuM oôiuecmeoM, daem e umoze ne Memano3uu,uu (nyHKTbi, KOTopbie pacnojiarajiHCb 6h BHe TeMnopajib-Horo KOJibua), omxyda oho mozjlo 6bi ôbímb npo6jieMamu3upoeaHO, ho Kpyzoeyw nopyxy, 3anaHii6pamcKyw comidapnocmb ezo ynacmnuKoe1. CMupnoe. Yica3. cou. C. 98 xopcytkoh: c obhhaem ha kopotkoh hote Bcerfla CHHTajia npH3HaKOM 3pejiocTH h bhcokoh flyxoBHOCTH, Korfla jiioflH HaxoflHT b ce6e chjih CMeHTbCH Hazi; coöoö. «CTpaHHbie» oöbinan npeflKOB, KOTopbie c TpyflOM BnncbiBaioTCH b coBpeMeHHbiň kohtckct 5KH3HH caMHX xeMiiiHJioB, HacTeHbKO BH3biBajiH CMyiqeHHe y paccKa3-HHKOB (ona nodyMaem, mu—duKue!—neperoBapHBajiHCb ohh Me>Kfly coöoö, B3pbiBaHCb b npe>KfleBpeMeHHOM xoxoTe), b to >Ke BpeMH, Ha-xoflH b ce6e My^KecTBO nocMeHBaTbCH Hazi; c3mhmh coöoö. CTapHH-Hbiň, apxaHHecKHÖ oôbmau môezamiR (HeKOTopbix poflCTBeHHHKOB), npH3BaHHbiň perjiaMeHTHpoBaTb OTHOineHHH b naTpnapxajibHOH ceMbe, HHTepecoBaji mhothx cobctckhx 3THorpa(J)OB-KaBKa30Bezi;oB (ß..C. CMHpHOBa, A.E. Tep-CapKHCHHLi; h flp.). Eiqe flo HeflaBHero Bpe-MeHH cpeflH xeMiiiHJioB niHpoKO öbiTOBajia oflHa H3 BepcHÖ u;HKJia oöbinaeB H3ÖeraHHH2—H3ÖeraHHe HeBecTKoň poflCTBeHHHKOB Myaca My^KCKoro nojia, oöhhho OTLi;a, to ecTb CBeKopa. OflHaKO, sto He KJiac-CHHecKHÖ oöbinaö H3ÖeraHHH, onHcaHHbiö aHTponojioraMH (3. 3ßaHC-ripHTHapzi;), 3anpeT KacajicH TOJibKO ccjjepbi peneBoro noBezieHHH. He-BecTKe 3anpeirj;ajiocb pa3TOBapHBaTb co CBeKopoM pp KOHLi;a >kh3hh, hjih Taöy CHHMajiocb nocjie flojirnx yroBopoB CBeKpa h pHTyajibHoro oflapHBaHHH HeBecTbi. Ilo-xeMniHJibCKH 3Ta CHCTeMa noBefleHHH Ha-3biBaeTCH xopcymwH (horsuthun), hto öyKBajibHO nepeBOflHTCH: KaK öbimb Heeecmou. «EyHKUHOHajibHOCTb sthx oöbinaeB, no MeHbineö Mepe, CaMHM XeMniHJiaM, Ka>KeTCH OHeBHflHOÖ. OflHH H3 HH(J)OpMaHTOB nbiTajicH HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb ero cmhcji cjiezi;yioirj;HM o6pa30M: ...smo Mooicem noKa.3amhcsi ôukum oôunaeM, ho npedrcu öbuiu He zjiynee, a Mydpee hclc. Ona MOJimim u, 3Hmum, öepeoicem ceom MOJiodym dyuiy om pa-HeHuů u o6ud. '■ Ypa3Hbtx Hapodoe smHozpatpaMU öbuiu ommeueHbi uemupe zpynnu u3ÔezaHUR, e 3aBucuMocmu om Kamezopuu jluu,, Me-yicby KOmOpbtMU OHU 603HUK0JLU: 3anpembt e omnoweHURX Meoicdy cümumu cynpyzaMU, Mencdy podumejiRMU u dembMU, Meoicdy uceHuamoů u podcmeeHHUKüMU ee Myiica, Meoicdy MyiicuuHoů u podcmeeHHUKüMU ezo učenu (Ahührh )K.A., XauamypRH B.A. ApMR.HCK.Ue oöuaiHbi Poccuu, Epeean. 1993. c. 59-61) HeBecTKa nonaflaeT b coBepnieHHO HOByio ceMbio H3 CBoeö, h o6h-naö yqHTHBaeT Bce TpyflHOCTH ee npHcnocoöJieHHH b hobbix ycjioBHHX. Ee MOJIHaHHe B TeneHHe HeCKOJIbKHX JieT MHHHMH3HpyeT B03MO>KHOCTb cnopoB h flpH3r. OHa cjieflHT 3a jiioflbMH h Bce noHHMaeT 6e3 cjiob, no 92 HOHA LLIAXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 93 ilpaeda, ocmajiucb neKomo-pue omzojiocKu: FIomojib-jieHHax TaxMuua, anon c noduocoM e pyice, MOJiua yzomcuia dxdio ncemixa nu-poiiacaMU. Oh Hacmoůuueo Bhi3hieaji ee Ha pa3zoeop—c uem nupoiKKU c KapmouiKoů UJIU cmmcom? TaxMuua MOJiuajia. Oh He npucmynaji ecmb. nocjie MHOzoicpamHbix noemopoe ona noKa3cuia yica3amejibHbiM naju,u,eM, umo smo nepeuu eapuanm— nupoiKKU c KapmouiKoů 1 EaxmuH M. M. Teopuecmeo 0pancya Paójie u Hapodnax Kyjibmypa cpedneeeKoebsi u Peneccanca. —2-e U3Č. —M.: XydoiicecmeeHHasi Jiumepa-mypa, 1990 MHMHKe. TaK, npeflnojiaraeTCH, flOJDKHa npoxoflHTb 6ecKOH(J)jiHKT-Han aflanTanHH b hobhx ycjioBHHX b ceMeňcTBe Mysca. MojrqaHHe He- BeCTKH BnpaBe 6bIJIH CHHMaTb TOJIbKO CaMH MySCHHHbl, ny6iIHHHO H Top>KecTBeHHO oflapHB ee 6oraTbiM noflapKOM h pa3peniHB roBopHTb. TeM He MeHee, ceňnac o6biHaň H36eraHHH He TOJibKO h3>khji cena.1, HO CTajI, KaK BHflHO, MHLUeHbK) flJTH LUyTOK. }KeHIHHHbI-HHc|jOpMaHTbI, nepeMe>KaH xeMLUHJicKyK) / apMHHCKyio, TypeuKyro penb c y36eKCKoň h pyccKoň, paccKa3HBajiH npKHe «KyjibTypHbie» aHeKflOTbi, npeflcraB-jiHKjnrHe yflHBHTejibHbie o6pa3nbi npocTOHapoflHoň KapnaeajibHocmu, KpecmbRHCKOu [nacTyrnecKOH] CMexoeou KjjibmypbL2. Bot jiHiiib oflHH npHMep TaKoro (J)OJibKJiopHoro TeKCTa. OdHa MOJiodaR CHOxa npoeooicaem jvryoica e acKepu. H eom yoice u,ejibiů zod ona oicueem e ceMhe jvryoica 6e3 nezo. Odnaoicdbi ona co ceeKopoM Ha ap6e om-npaeiuiach k nada (y36eK.: k CTafly), 3Hamim... Edym, edym. CmapiiK no-zoHsiem u dyMaem: «HeeecmKa eom yoice u,ejibiů zod 6e3 Myoica, eů, / naeep-ho, xoM.em.CR (no-pyccKH) /». A neeecmKa e smo epeMR ozjiRHyjiaa, Ha3ad u yeudejia, nmo oa> KOJieca ap6u ocjiaójia, u KOJieco eom-eom eucKomim. Ona mpoHyjia ceeKpa 3a ruieno, ny, nmoóu CKa3amh emy 06 smoM. Oh ooepnyjicR. A eů zoeopumh Hejib3R, u ona eiwy noKa3UBaem oicecmaMU (jieBaa pyxa OKaTa b KyjiaK He no/mocTbio, TaK hto6li 6l-i/io OTBepcTHe, jiaflOHbio npaBoii pyKH xjionaeT no OTBepcTHio, HMHTHpya ocna6inyio ocb, h noKa3HBaeT npn 3tom Ha 3aflHK)K) nacTb ap6bi). CmapuK omeepnyncR u dyMaem, «6ydmo mucjiu npomimajia, moHHO xoM.em» u nyuje nozoHRem Jiouiadeů. HeeecmKa cnoea— 3-3.'—u noemopRem oicecm. Ceemp daeaů ew,e ciuibnee nozoHRmh, norca oa> om KOJieca He omdejiiuiach (3anHcaHO co c/iob Ha3aKjrr). HepaxHH Ha ypoBHe ceMeňHbix BsaHMOfleňcTBHH1. 3to, no-BHflHMOMy, h ecTb to, hto Ha3biBaK)T nojiumunecKoů «pa6omoů» e cifiepe pymun-Hbtx e3auModeůcmeuů, npou3eodcmeoM [cbohx co6cTBeHHbix] CMbLC-jioe HJienaMU zpynnbL2. OflHaKO, BMecTO co3flaHHH h Ka>KflOflHeBHoro noflTBep>KfleHHH corj;HajibHOH flHCTaHi^HH Me>Kfly onpeflejieHHbiMH, KOHKpeTHHMH areHTaMH poflCTBeHHoň rpynnbi, Hao6opoT, corjiacHO aHeKflOTaM, nponcxoflHT (npn 4>opMajibHOM co6jiK)fleHHH TpaflHi^HOH-Horo npaBHJia) 4>aKTHHecKoe coKpaineHHe flHCTaHi^HH, nojiHoe c6jih->KeHHe. OneBHflHO, b corj;HajibHoe fleňcTBHe BOBJieneHbi nojiHpHbie toh-kh HepapxHHecKHX peajiHH—caMbiň CTapniHH b ceMbe My>KHHHa, OTeii, naTpnapx, cyĎteKT BJiacTH h caMaH MJiaflinaH, npHiiuiaH/HyscaH mo-jioflaH >KeHirj;HHa, oĎteKT ceKcyajibHbix npHTH3aHHH. HapoflHaH CMexo-Ban KyjibTypa, TeM caMHM, noflcnyflHO noflpbiBaH aBTopHTeT TpaflHi^HH, npo(J)aHHpyeT CBHTyK) cbhthx—dyx npedicoe, doxcy. # 1 0yHKU.uoHajibHocmb U36eza-HiiR [cmojiKuymbcsi B OČHOM npocmpaucmee ],ma6y ua o6mfiHue o6%sicHsimmcsi e KJiaccuuecKoů aumponojiozuu, no MeHbiueů Mepe, e napame-mpax uecKOJibKux «jiozuk»: immepnpemauiia, cex3aHHasi c 3anpemoM ua unv^ecm, mo ecmb ceKcyajibHozo ceoucmea (3aeucmb omv,a k MOJiodoMy iicenamoMy cuny); KOMMyuu-KamuBHasi—(popMupymmaR BJiacmnbie omHowemisi ceoezo Mecma c KoueuHoů uejibm nped-ynpencdeHua 6umoebix koh-(pmiKmoe Mencdy cmapiuuMU u MJiadiuuMU ujieuaMU ceMbu; udeojiozuuecicasi—nodicpe-njuuomaR nampuapxamuyio KOHU.enu.uio, BJiacmnue uepap-xuu euympu nampuapxamuou cucmeMu: uaomuumb cumya-uiao, Kozda neeecmKa Moncem cmamb ceudemejieM mozo, KaK cmapuiue e ceMbe omuumu-eamm ee myiica, nomomy umo smo npsiMO npomueopeuujio 6u moMy, umo eů euywaiom— 6oz na ne6e, mync Ha 3eMJie '■ Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R., Shaw L. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago & London, 1995. P. 133 Oneeudno, e cou,uajibHoe deůcmeue eoejieneHbi nojinpHbie thohku uepapxunecKux peajiuii— caMbLŮ cmapwuů e ceMbe MyjKHuna, omei^, nampuapx, cy6?>eKm ejiacmu u cclmclr MJiadwan, npuwjicLR/nyjKCLR mojioóclr jKenmuna, o6?>eKm cerccyajibHbLX npumR3aHuů KaK yace OTMenajiocb, HeflocTaTOK KOHTpojra (b tom HHCJie h npe->Kfle Bcero Hafl HyBCTBaMH, smoithhmh)—He 6buia/He ecTb xapaK-TepHan nepTa nofloĎHoro pofla pHTyajioB, a npHMO Hao6opoT. Ho sth aHeKflOTbi KaK pa3 OTpa>KaioT HHBepcHio nepBOHanajibHOH (jjyHKUHH: o6biHaH noflpa3yMeBaeT o6y3flaHHe HMnyjibcoB nepe3 Ta6ynpoBaHHe— 3anpeT o6irj;eHHH, roBopeHHH (caM no ce6e pacrj;eHHBaeMbiH mhcJjojio- THHeCKOH TpaflHI^HeH KaK OHeHb HHTHMHblH aKT). DpHMaH HHTeHI^HH 3thx CJI05KHHX, HeyfloĎHbix peryjiHi^HH—noflTBep>KfleHHe corj;HajibHbix 94 HOHA ILTAXHA3APHH McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 95 EHE.7IHOrPAH.H Podcmeo emerson, r. m., fretz, r., shaw l . Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago & London, 1995. upumyaji giddens, anthony. Transformation of intimacy. Cambridge, 1992. e npu3Me ' 3 6 ' yy •,„™„,,-i kligman, g. The Wedding of the Dead. Ritual, Poetics, and Popular Culture in 3M0UUU ' 0 ' ' r Transylvania. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1988. nekrich, a.m. The Punished Peoples. The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War. N.Y., W.W. Norton & Company, 1978. said, e . w. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. Penguin Books, [1978] 1995. AHAHHH 7K.A., XAHATYPflH B . A . ApMHHCKHe 06114HHH POCCHH, EpeBaH. I993. c. 59-61. baxthh m.m. TBop^ecTBO OpaHcya Pa6jie h HapoflHaa KyjibTypa cpeflHeBeKOBba h PeHeccaHca. —2-e H3/j. —M.: XyflOJKecTBeHHaa jimepaTypa, 1990. MTEJIA/I.3E H.B., TYHAfl3E T.X. H3 HCTOpHH XeMIIIHHOB BOCTOHHOH TypUHH H K>ro-3anaflHoft Tpy3HH // Apxeojioraa, 3THOJioraH h cjjojibKJiopHCTHKa KaBKa3a. MaTepnajibi MejKflyHapoflHOH KOHcJjepeHUHH. EpeBaH, 2003. cmhphob h. n. Motherfucker, hjih 06 3KCTperviajibHbix TexHHKax c6jiHJKeHH5i / flHCTaHUHpOBaHHH B KOMMyHHKaTHBHOM aKTe // CMHpHOB H.TI. TeHeSHC. OHJiococjjCKHe o^epKH no connoKyjibTypHOH Ha^HHaTenbHOCTH. —CTI6.: AjieTefta, 2006 C. 91. cmhphob h. n. Motherfucker, hjih 06 3KCTpeMajibHbix TexHHKax c6jiHJKeHH5i / /JHCTaHUHpOBaHHJI B KOMMyHHKaTHBHOM aKTe // CMHpHOB H.TI. TeHeSHC. OHJIOCO(j)CKHe OHepKH no COUHOKyjIbTypHOH HaHHHaTejIbHOCTH. —CTI6.: AjieTeHH, 2006. C. 87-108. cams 3flBAPfl. Mhcjih 06 H3rHaHHH. HHOCTpaHHati jimepaTypa 2003, N» I. http://magazines.russ.rU/inostran/2003/I/saide.html 'Russian nagasa' and 'Mongol zee': Metaphorical use of avuncular terminology to express social relatedness and inequality of buriad diaspora in china and Mongolia Kinship relations between the mother's brother and the sister's son (avunculate) was one of the most discussed topics in the history of the social anthology. Two theories of pre-Schneider ian age—descent and alliance approaches—both consider avuncular relations as tense and contradictive, associated with certain privileges of the maternal uncle and his senior hierarchical position in relations to the ego. This paper tries to show the relevance of the classical anthropological theme for contemporary social and political realities in Buriad society, specifically to extend the discussion of the metaphorical use of avuncular kinship terminology to a new context—that of diaspora relationships with both homeland and host society. Two cases, which I present in the paper, show how Buriad diaspora communities in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia involve the avuncular relationship to define both their concerns and tensions in relations to colonizers in the homeland in Russia and the social inequality of migrants in the host society. This local phenomenon shows that kinship terminology continues to have a wider social significance, being used, for example, to express current inequalities of power and the impact of political changes on local experience IOO Cahha Hamcapaeba KTO TAKHE «PyCCKHH HATACA» H «MOHrO/IbCKHH 333»? ABYHKY.7IAT KAK METAOOPA J\JIR BbIPA>KEHHH COUHAJIbHOrO PO/JCTBA H HEPABEHCTBA Y BYPHT KjiaccHHecKHe TeopHH conHajibHOH aHTponojiorHH—descent theory (TeopHH npHHafljie>KHOCTH poflOBOH rpynne no ivrysccKOH hjih jkchckoh jihhhh) h alliance theory (TeopHH 6paHHbix ajibHHCOB) npH3HaBajiH aeyHKyjiam (oTHomeHHH CBH3aHHbie c B3aHMHbiMH o6H3aTenbCTBaMH h npaBaMH Me^Kfly flHfleH c MaTepHHCKOH CTopoHbi h ruieMHHHHKOM (3ro)), KaK HanojiHeHHbie npoTHBopeHHHMH h KOH(J)jiHKTaMH. /JaHHan CTaTbH paccMaTpHBaeT aByHKyjiaT y MOHrojibCKHX HapoflOB h aHajiH3HpyeT, b nacTHOCTH, npn-Mepbi MeTacJjopHHHoro Hcnojib30BaHHH TepMHHOB poflCTBa «nazaca» (flHflH C MaTepHHCKOH CTOpOHbl) H «333» (ceCTpHHbl fleTH) y 6ypHT flJIH Bbipa>KeHHH conHajibHoro poflCTBa h HepaBeHCTBa b OTHomeHHHX c flOMHHHpyiOrHHMH COCeflHHMH STHHHeCKHMH TpynnaMH (pyCCKHMH H xajixa-MOHrojiaMH) b 33bhchmocth ot MecTa npo>KHBaHHH. AHajiH3 co-BpeMeHHoro STHorpacJjHHecKoro MaTepnajia, co6paHHoro b flnacnop-hhx rpynnax 6ypHT MoHrojiHH h KnTan, npoflOJi>KaeT y6e>KflaTb, hto npo6jieMbi aByHKyjiaTa, BnponeM, KaK h Bee TepMHHbi chctcmh pofl-CTBa, npeTepneBaioT HOBbie HHTepnpeTai^HH, BbixoflH flajieKO 3a paMKH H3HaHajibHoro 6HOJiorHHecKoro cneTa poflCTBa1. ABY HKYJIAT B HHTEPnPETAllHH AHTPOnO/IOrHHECKHX TEOPHH Raimaa. CTaTbH He CTOJibKO o CHCTeMe h TepMHHax poflCTBa y 6ypHT, CKOJibKO o tom, KaK nocpeflCTBOM «H3biKa poflCTBa», noMHMO ceMen-HO-6paHHbix OTHomeHHH, mo>kho Bbipa>KaTb 6ojiee mnpoKHH Kpyr co- McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 Camia HaMcapaeea Mncmumym MomojioeedenuR, 6yddojiozuu u mu6emojiozuu CO PAH, YjiaH-yd3 1 Eojiee pauHsw eepcux damiou cmambu 6huia ony6jiuKoeaHa e Jicypuajie Inner Asia eunyac 13 (2010), cmp. 201-230. 3jieKmpoHHasi eepcim cmambu Ha aHZJlUUCKOM M3bLKe docmynua no cjied. adpecy: http://www. eth. mpg. de/cms/ en/publications/working_ papers/index. html_774326904. html IOI Kmo maKue «pyccKuü nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUÜ 333»? 1 A66peeuamypa, npuusunaa e aHZJi0M3biUH0u aumponojio-zuu dim o6o3HaueHUM dudu c MamepuHocou cmopouu KaK MB, u ZS—djw china (u demeii) cecmpu 2 "... even today recent ethnographers are repeatedly struck by the prominence accorded to this relationship by the people they have studied in many different places..." (2006:116). AemopcKuii nepeeod c aHZJIUUCKOZO, MOHZOJlbCKOZO u 6ypamcKozo M3MK0B, 3a ucKJiioueHueM cjiyuaee, Kozda nepeeod cdejiau dpyzuM jiuiijOM cyica3auueM UMeuu nepeeoduuKa ! H 6jiazodapua Hucmumymy couuajihuou aumponojio-zuu um. MaKca LTjiauKa (Max Planck Institute for social anthropology, Halle, Germany) 3a noddepycvy Moezo uccjiedoeamejihCKOzo npoenma c 2007 no 2010 zz. u eo3M03KHOcmb eecmu djiu-mejihHhie nojieeue ucaiedoea-hur e smom nepuod UHajibHbix CBH3en Ha npHMepe aByHKyjiyra—OTHOineHHH CBH3aHHbix c B3aHMHHMH o6fl3aTejibCTBaMH h npaBaMH Me>Kfly flflfleö c MaTepHH- CKOH CTOpOHbl H IIJieMHHHHKOM (3ro). AByHKyjiaT BbI3bIBajI Hpe3BbI- HaÖHO öojibinoH HHTepec y aHTponojioroB h flojiroe BpeMH hbjihjich oflHHM H3 ocHOBHbix npeflMeTOB HHTepeca B H3yHeHHH pa3HHX (J)OpM connajibHOH opraHH3ai^HH y mhot-hx HapoflOB. /Jojiroe BpeMH aHTponojiorHH TpaKTOBajia sra oraonieHHH c tohkh 3peHHH SBOJiionHOHHCT-ckoh TeopHH KaK nepe>KHTOK MaTepHHCKoro pofla npn nepexofle k na-TpnapxaTy. B H3yneHHe stoh TeMbi b too hjih hhoh Mepe BHecjiH BKJiafl npaKTHHeCKH BCe «OCHOBOnOJIO>KHHKH» COBpeMeHHOH 3apy6e>KHOH connajibHOH aHTponojiorHH, HaHHHaH c P. Jloyn (1919), A. PaflKJiHcJxJ)-BpayHa (1958), ßps.. TyflH (1959), K. JleBH-CTpocca (1949) h flpyrnx. CoBeTCKHe h poccHHCKHe 3THorpa(J)bi TaKsce yflejiHJiH öojibinoe BHHMa-HHe aByHKyjiaTy y H3ynaeMbix HapoflOB, noflpoÖHO onncaB sth otho-ineHHH y ceBepo-KaBKa3CKHX HapoflOB, ajiTaöcKHX TiopKOB, HaHaiineB, 6ypHT h flp. (KocBeH, 3ojioTapeB, Bhtkhh3, /JbipeHKOBa, TopjiaHÖaeBa h flpyrne). HHTepec k aByHKyjiaTy b aHTponojiorHH noineji Ha cnafl no-cjie 1960-x rr., aKTHBHee HanajiH H3ynaTbCH flpyrne acneKTbi poflCTBa, T3KHe KaK HMHTaUHH ÖHOJIOrHHeCKOrO poflCTBa, (J)HKTHBHOe pOflCTBO, KBa3HpoflCTBO H nponee. BypHoe pa3BHTHe penpoflyKTHBHbix TexHOJio-thh h oflHonojibix 6paKOB BHOBb 3acTaBHJio aHTponojioroB nepecMO-TpeTb KaTeropHH ÖHOJiorHHecKoro h connajibHoro poflCTBa h Bbi3Bajio onepeflHOH BciuiecK b H3yneHHH CHCTeM poflCTBa (kinship studies) b 3a-naflHOH connajibHOH aHTponojiorHH (Carsten 1995, Heady 2003, Parkin & Stones h flp.). üosTOMy, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto coBpeMeHHan aHTponojiorHH oxBaTHBaeT H3yneHHe ropa3flo 6ojiee innpoKHX acneKTOB co-UHajibHbix OTHOineHHH, (JjeHOMeH aByHKyjiaTa npoflOJi>KaeT ocTaBaTbCH OflHOH H3 «KJiaCCHHeCKHX» H HeHCCHKaeMblX TeM flJIH HCCJieflOBaTejieÜ B CHJiy ero yHHBepcajibHoro xapaKTepa h öoraTCTBa npoHBJieHHÖ npaK-THHeCKH y Bcex HapoflOB. B CBH3H c 3thm npHMenaTejibHO, hto H3BecTHbie aHTponojiorH Mo-pnc Bjiox (Maurice Bloch) h /JaH CneHÖep (Dan Spenber) BHOBb 06-paTHJiH BHHMaHHe Ha ocoöeHHOCTH OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly flHfleö no Ma- TepHHCKOH JIHHHH (MB) H IIJieMHHHHKOM (ZS)1 B CBOeÖ COBMeCTHOH CTaTbe, OTMeTHB, hto «... dajKe ceunac 3iriHozpaKHBaHHH flHacnopHbix rpynn 6ypHT b ^opHOflCKOM h Xshtshckom aÖMaKax Moh-rojiHH h MyHHi^HnajiHTeTe XyjiyHÖynp BHyrpeHHeH MoHrojiHH (khp), rfle ecTb HeöojibinaH rpynna iu3H3X3hckhx 6ypHT3. uomkmo öhtoboto h pHTyajibHoro npoHBJieHHH aByHKyjiaTa, ninpoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHoro cpeflH pa3JiHHHbix rpynn 6ypHT, TaM h BnepBbie CTOJiKHyjiacb c ynoMH-HaHHeM aByHKyjiaTHbix OTHOineHHH b hhoh TpaKTOBKe, Korfla TepMH- hh poflCTBa nazaca-333 Hcnojib3yioTCH b 6ojiee ninpoKOM noHHMaHHH, He^KejiH 6HOJiorHHecKoe KpoBHoe poflCTBO. ToBopH KOHKpeTHee, ohh MoryT Hcnojib30BaTbCH KaK MeTacJiopa fljiH Toro, hto6h Bbipa3HTb CBoe HeoflH03HaHHoe h npoTHBopeHHBoe OTHonieHHe k coceflCTByiomHM flo-MHHHpyiomHM rpynnaM, KaKOBbiMH HBJiHJiHCb, HanpHMep, pyccKHe b MecTax Hcxofla 6ypHT H3 3a6aHKajibH h xajixa-MOHrojibi b MecTax hobo-to paccejieHHH 6ypHT b MOHrojibCKHX 3eivuiHX. npe>Kfle HeM noHHTb, KaKoft HHOCKa3aTejibHbiH cmhcji Mor 6biTb 3ajio>KeH b flaHHHH ran oraonieHHH, npeflCTaBJiHeTCH Heo6xoflHMbiM npeflCTaBHTb KpaTKoe onncaHHe Toro, hto npeflCTaBJiHeT co6oh aByH-KyjiaT y MOHrojibCKHX HapoflOB. B sraorpacJjHH npHHHTO CHHTaTb, hto MOHrojibCKHe Hapoflbi hbjihiotch oahhmh H3 hpkhx npHMepoB npHBep->KeHHOCTH HfleojiorHH naTpHJiHHeiiHOCTH, to ecTb cneTa reHeranecKO-ro poflCTBa no otij;obckoh jihhhh. OflHaKO H3yneHHe CHCTeM poflCTBa y pa3Hbix rpynn MOHrojioB noKa3HBaeT, hto napajuienbHO cymecTBOBaji H MaTpHJIHHeHHblH OTCHeT poflCTBa (BHTKHH3 1946, IIIapSKIUHHOBS 1958, IIlHHKeBHH 1994 H flp.). Ho Ha6jIK)fleHHHM 3THX SBTOpOB CHeT poflCTBa Mor Becracb ot OTn;a h 6paTbeB MaTepn, Korfla hhcjio >KeH-ili;hh npeBajinpoBajio Hafl hhcjiom MyscHHH, Korfla 6paHHoe napraep-ctbo He hochjio nocTOHHHoro xapaKTepa hjih OTen, He 6bm H3BecTeH. 3th (JiaKTbi noflTBep>KflaioT Te3HC, ccJiopMyjiHpoBaHHbiH paHHee kho nepexoflHTb TOJibKO OT OTUa K CblHy, MaTepHHCKHH pOfl OKa3bIBaeTCH KaK 6bl Hy>KHM. 3to OTHy>KfleHHe flOJI>KHO KOMneHCHpOBaTbCH 3MOU;HOHajIbHOH CBH3bK> Me>Kfly njieMHHHHKaMH H MaTepHHCKHM pOflOM, KOTOpOe npOHBJIHeTCH y pa3Hbix HapoflOB b ocoöhx pHTyajiax, b chmbojihhcckhx flapax—ot-Kynax, bo b33hmhom noflinyHHBaHHH T.fl. no^Kajiyii, Hanöojiee nojiHbrä I02 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I03 Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? 1 Oco6eHHOcmu MaHbuxcypo- MOHZOJlbCKOZO BOeHHOZO ajibXHca, 3aKperuieHHOzo 6pauHMMU com3aMU Mencdy MOHZOJWMU U MdHbUJICypaMU, npedcmaejieHM e pa6omax Ceueu )Kazuud (Jagchid 1986), YpadbiH Eyjiaz (U. Bulag 1998), a maKiice e ozpoMHOM Maccuee doicyMeu-moe u 3aKOHodamejibcmee uiiHCKOzo nepuoda (1644-1911), e KomopoM ompa-3icajicR 3aeucuMbiu cmamyc MOHZOJIOB B 3mOM C0H)3e aHajiH3 HCTopHH H3yneHHH aByHKyjiaTa b STHorpacJjHH h onncaHHH pa3- JIHHHblX npOHBJieHHH 3THX OTHOineHHH y pa3HHX HapOflOB, HaHHHaH C 3annceH aHTHHHbix aBTopoB, coflep>KHTCH b pa6oTe MapKa OcnnoBHHa KoCBeHa. UeHHOCTb 3TOH CTaTbH 3aKJIK)HaeTCH B TOM, HTO, HeCMOTpH Ha flOBJieKJlHHH B TO BpeMH MapKCHCTKHH 3BOJIK>nHOHHbIH B3rjIHfl Ha pa3BHTHe conHajibHbix OTHOineHHH, aBTop npeflCTaBiui caMbift dth- pOKHH CneKTp pa3JIHHHHX HayHHblX TOHeK 3peHHH Ha TOJIKOBaHHe aByHKyjiaTa (KocBeH 1948). TaKsce ctoht OTMeraTb, hto pa3JiHHHbie flHCKyccHH 06 aByHKyjiaTe, npeflCTaBJieHHbie b aHTponojiorHH nccjie-flOBaHHHMH TaKHX yneHbix KaK P. Jloyn, A. PaflKJiHcJxJj-BpayH, /J)k. TyflH h flpyrne, pa3BHBajiHCb b paMKax TaK Ha3biBaeMOH descent theory, ko- TOpOH npHflep>KHBajIHCb COBeTCKHe H pOCCHHCKHe 3THOrpa(J)bI flO He- flaBHero BpeMeHH. Ho b 1950-e roflbi 4>paHLi;y3CKHH aHTponojior JleBH-CTpocc CTaji pa3-BHBaTb TeopHK) 6paHHbix ajibHHCOB (alliance theory), b cooTBeTCTBHH c KOTopoft npeflCTaBHTejiH o/j;hoh poflOBoft rpynnbi peryjrapHO o6MeHH-BaRDTCH >KeHaMH c flpyrHMH rpynnaMH. 3to MoryT 6biTb poflCTBeHHbie, coceflCTByroinHe TeppHTopnajibHO rpynnbi hjih nojiHTmecKHe cok>3- HHKH. 06MeH JKeHTHHHaMH MO^KeT HOCHTb nOCTOHHHHH (KaK y TyHiy- cob no MaTepnajiaM LUnpoKoropoBa (Shirokogoroff, 1935 [1999]) hjih BpeMeHHbiH xapaKTep. TaKHM o6pa30M, c tohkh 3peHHH stoh TeopHH, «MaTepHHCKHM flH/j;eH» MO^KeT BbicTynaTb jik)6oh MyacHHHa hjih rpynna My>KHHH H3 pofla hjih STHHHecKOH rpynnbi MaTepn. TaKHM «o6MeHHHM coio3aM» conyTCTByeT nepapxHH b conHajibHbix CTaiycax, Korfla rpynna, «/j;aioin,aH >KeH», CHHTaeT ce6H 6ojiee 3HaHHMOH, He^KejiH Ta rpynna, KOTopaH npHHHMaeT >KeH, jih6o Hao6opoT. HanpHMep, b BoeHHO-no- JIHTHHeCKOM ajibHHce Me>Kfly MaHbH>KypaMH H MOHrOJiaMH b uhhckhh nepno/j; 3HaTHbie MOHrojibi 6pajiH b >KeHbi fleBynieK H3 MaHbH>KypcKHX pOflOB, BKJIIOHaH HMnepaTOpCKHH pOfl AHCHHrHOpO. B flaHHOM ajIbHH- ce MOHrojibi HMejiH 3aBHCHMoe nojio>KeHHe ot MaHbH>KypoB h npefl-CTaBjnuiH, TaKHM o6pa30M, oco6yio rpynny npn6jiH>KeHHbix, KOTopan Ha3biBajiacb «MOHrojibCKHe 3HTbH» (MOHr.—MaHbH>K. madynanz)1. B HHTepnpeTanHH stoh TeopHH, b OTHOineHHH aByHKyjiaTa BOBJieKaioTCH He CTOJIbKO HHflHBHflbl, CBH3aHHbie CeMeHHblMH OTHODTeHHHMH no OT- uobckoh h MaTepHHCKoft jihhhhm, CKOJibKO rpynnbi jnofleft, BOBJieneH-Hbie b ajibHHCHbie OTHOineHHH c flpyrHMH rpynnaMH. npHMenaTejibHO, hto 4>paHLi;y3CKHH aHTponojior /Jiomoh, npeflnpHHHB nonbiTKy cpaB-HHTb noflxoflbi, npefljio>KeHHbie o6eHMH TeopHHMH (descent theory h alliance theory) b H3yneHHH chctcm poflCTBa, 3aMeTiui, hto o6e TeopHH TpaKTyioT aByHKyjiaT KaK «HanpH>KeHHbie», HanojiHeHHbie npoTHBope- HHHMH H CKpblTblMH KOH(J)JIHKTaMH, CBH3aHHbIMH C o6H3aTejIbCTBaMH h npHBiuierHHMH flHflH c MaTepHHCKoft CTopoHbi h ero BblCOKHM CTaTy-com no OTHomeHHio k cecTpHHHM fleraM (Dumont 1971). 104 Cahha Hamcapaeba ABYHKYJIAT Y MOHTOJIbCKHX HAPOflOB 06niHpHaH 3THorpa(J)HHecKaH jiHTepaTypa no MOHrojibCKHM HapoflaM ocTaBiuia 6oraToe onncaHHe oco6bix OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly MaTepHH- CKHM flflfleft H CeCTpHHblMH fleTbMH. AHajIH3 (J)OJIbKJIOpa, MH(J)OJIOrHH h HopM o6biHHoro npaBa no3BOJiiui cflejiaTb BbiBOfl o tom, hto y moh-rojibCKHX HapoflOB aByHKyjiaT HpKO Bbipa>KeH h oneHb Ba^KeH b pofl- CTBeHHblX CBH3HX. TJaHHbie STHMOJIOrHHeCKOrO CJIOBapH ajITaftCKHX h3hkob nofl peflaKLi;HeH CTapocraHa (CTapocTHH 2003) noKa3HBaioT, hto bo Bcex flnajieKTax MOHrojibCKoro H3biKa flHflH co CTopoHbi MaTepn Ha3biBaeTCH nazaca, a flera cecTpbi—3331. Bch rpynna poflCTBeHHHKOB co CTopoHbi MaTepn Ha3biBaeTCH Hazacanap, xoth KOHKpeTHan cnen;-H(|)HKanHH CTeneHH poflCTBa c hhmh o6o3HanaeTCH TepMHHaMH, 3aHM-CTBOBaHHbiMH ot naTpiuiHHeHHoro poflCTBa: TaK nazaca a6a (oTen, MaTepn, oh >Ke h OTen; flflflH no MaTepHHCKoii jihhhh) npoH3oniJio ot a6a (oTen;), nazaca 33ku (MaTb MaTepn, OHa >Ke h MaMa flHflH no MaTepHHCKoft JIHHHH) KaK npOH3BOflHOe OT 33KU (MaMa) H T.fl. H3BeCTHbI flO- CTaTOHHO noflpo6Hbie onncaHHH npoHBJieHHH aByHKyjiaTa y opfloccKHX MOHTOJIOB, KajIMblKOB, OHpaTOB, TyHryco-MaHbH>KypcKHX HapOflOB, co- CTaBJieHHbie MocTapflOM, KpaflepoM (Krader 1963), LUpaMOM (Schram 1954), LUnpoKoropoBbiM (Shirokogoroff 1935) h flp. Jlync LUpaM, HanpHMep, OTMeTHJi, hto aBTopHTeT nazaca y i^HHxaiiCKHX Monzopoe 6bm CTOJIb BejIHK, HTO Hazaca o6pa3HO Ha3bIBajIH «X03HHHOM333», H TOJIbKO nazaca HMeji npaBO HaKa3biBaTb cbohx njieMHHHHKOB—333. IlosTOMy y MOHropoB nazaca HHorfla Ha3biBajicH «nazaca dudu», rfle TepMHH dudu 03HaHaji noKOJieHHe, CTOHBinee Bbinie noKOJieHHH poflHTejieii—sto no-KOJieHHe 6a6ynieK h fleflynieK h flpyrnx npeflKOB. 3thm KaK 6bi noflnep-KHBajiocb CTaTycHoe npeBocxoflCTBO nazaca. HopMbi o6biHHoro npaBa mohtojiob «HxL(aa3» (b nepeBOfle C. /JbiJibiKOBa 1981), cocTaBJieHHbie b 1640 rofly, TaioKe peryjinpoBajiH KOH(J)jiHKTHbie OTHOineHHH Me>Kfly nazaca h 333 h CTeneHb HMymecTBeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH nazaca nepefl njieMHHHHKOM. HanpHMep, nazaca He flOJDKeH njiaraTb no flOJiraM ruie-MHHHHKa TpeTbHM jiHu;aM (cTaTbH 194); hjih, ecjiH 333 yKpafleT y nazaca hto-jih6o, nazaca He flOJi>KeH HaKa3biBaTb njieMHHHHKa, ho ruieMHHHHK 333, b cbok) OHepeflb, 6bui o6H3aH B03MecTHTb ypoH nazaca h T.fl. C flpy-roH CTopoHbi, nazaca flOJi>KeH 6biJi noMoraTb h coflep>KaTb cbohx njie-mhhhhkob, ecjiH nocjieflHHe nonaflajiH b 6eflCTBeHHoe nojio>KeHHe, KaK sto 6biJio npHHHTO b o6hhhom npaBe oiipaTOB (PH3aHOBCKHH 1921)2. Bee 3th pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie onncaHHH npoHBJieHHH aByHKyjiaTa y pa3Hbix rpynn mohtojiob CBHfleTenbCTByioT o tom, hto MOHrojibCKHe TpaflHi^HH fleiicTBHTejibHO Tpe6oBajiH noHTHTejibHoro OTHOineHHH k nazaca, hto ruieMHHHHK 333 flOJi>KeH 6biji OKa3biBaTb noneT nazaca h yBa>KaTb ero co6cTBeHHOCTb, hto, oflHaKO, He ocBo6o>Kflajio nazaca ot OTBeTCTBeH-hocth (b tom HHCJie h MaTepHajibHoii) 3a cyflb6y cbohx 333. Cocmaeumejiu 3muMOJiozuue-ckozo cjioeapx (Cmapocmuu 2003) maioice cuumamm, umo, uanpuMep, mepMUH nazaca 6bm 3auMcmeoeaH e pud mmpKCKUx u MaHbuiicypo-myuzyccKux M3MK0B U3 MOHZOJlbCKOZO M3bLKa 2 B nepeeode K. 0. Tojicmyncviozo, smu nopMbi apopMymipo-eanu aiedymw,UM o6pa30M: «[Heu-jiu6o] cmh ue domiceH UMemb dojizoeux cuemoe c podcmeeHHUKaMU no Mamepu, eaiu njieMRHHUK umo-jiu6o yicpadem y podubix no Mamepu, mo uimpatpy ue nodeepzaemca, a mojibKO o6a.3aH njiameoicoM... Ecjiu njieMMHHUK no iicencKou jiuhuu, omnpaejuwcb k pod-HbiM no Mamepu, nonpocum y hux umo-jiu6o, a poduue no Mamepu, UMee 803M03icHocmb, ue ucnojmam ezo npocb6u, ... mo, ... ecmi njieMRHHUK 3axea-mum y podnbix no Mamepu ne-o6xoduMbiu eMy acorn, e euuy u uimpatp smo ue cmaeumcR» (uum. no Koceen 1948:28). McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I05 1 MujiaH—pumyaji, npoeoduMMÜ e MOMeum ucnojmeuuR peöemcy oduozo zoda. 3mom pumyaji cuMeojiu3upyem cuMßOJiuueacuü nepexod HoeopoiicdeHHOzo e Mup jimdeü U3 MJiademeacozo «6ozonodo6Hozo» cocmoRHUR 1 Cmoum o6%MCHumb, umo öojihiuym uacmb 3mux nocjioauu, r npouumajia e pyKonucHoü öpouuope, Komopyio Mamb Heeecmu Hanucajia cama om pyicu u co6upajiacb nodapumb HoeoöpauHbiM b deub ux ceadböbi e 6ypR.mcK.0M cejie /Jaui6an6ap e /Jopuod aÜMüKe Mohzojiuu. yBudes, umoy MeHR ecmb nepeuocHoü KOMimmmep, X03MÜKÜ CeMbU, 8 KOmOpOÜ r ocmaHoeujiacb, nonpociuia MeHR nepeneuamamb ee 6pouiK>py, umo6bi nomoM oua Mozjia nodapumb ee u dpyzuM MJiaduiuM demxM no BcmyruieHuu ux e 6paic. Bueü Hapxdy c pa3HUMU iicumeücKUMU coeemaMU 6bui pa3Öeji öjiazonoiicejMmuü, nocjioeuu, u nozoeopoK o xopouieM o6paw,euuu co cmapuiuMU, c dembMU, a mannte u,ejibiü pa3Öen o npoRBJienuu yeaoicenuR k podcmeeHHUKüM co cmoponu Mamepu 106 AsyHKyjiaT y öypnT TaKace xopoino ormcaH Ha ocHOBe öoraToro (JjojibKJiopHoro MaTepnajia, coöpaHHoro y pa3JiHHHbix TeppHTopn-ajibHbix rpynn h poflOB STHorpacJjaMH coBeTCKoro h poccHÖCKoro ne-pHOflOB. HaöJiKDfleHHH XaHrajioBa (1903), IleTpH (1924), Bhtkhhoh (1946), BajiflaeBa (1959), BacaeBoö (1984), rajiflaHOBOH (1986) h flpyrnx CBHfleTejibCTByKDT, hto TpaflHUHH TpeöoBajiH, htoöh Hapa/jy c npeflKaMH no MysccKoö jihhhh TaKsce nojiarajiocb 3HaTb fleBHTb no-KOJieHHH npeflKOB no MaTepHHCKOH jihhhh (wh.3H nazaca). A bo Bcex pHTyajiax >KH3HeHHoro UHKJia (cßaTOBCTBO, CBaflböa, MUJian1 h noxo- pOHbl) pOflCTBeHHHKaM CO CTOpOHbl MaTepH (HaZdCdHCip) OTBOflHJiaCb ocoöaH noneTHaH pojib. HecMOTpn Ha to, hto nopHflOK HacjieflOBaHHH CKOTa h HMyinecTBa 6biJi npeHMyinecTBeHHO ot OTna k cbmy/cbmo- BbHM, MaTpHJIOKajIbHbie ÖpaKH C npHXOflOM 3HTH B flOM poflHTejieH He- BecTbi cjiynajiHCb, Korfla y HeBecTbi He öbiJio 6paTbeB h k Heö nepexo-/j;hjih npaßa HacjieflOBaHHH HMyinecTBa h CKOTa poflHTejieH. nocjioBHUbi xopHHCKHX 6ypHT, 3anHcaHHbie mhoh cpeflH flnacnop-Hbix rpynn h Ha poflHHe hx npeflKOB b cenax ArHHCKoro OKpyra 3a-öaÜKajibCKoro Kpan b nocjie/THHe roflbi, coflep>KaT CBoero pofla HpaBO-yneHHH h MopajibHbie HopMbi, KaK 333 cjie/jyeT noHHTaTb nazaca h KaK flOJDKeH nazaca OTHOCHTbCH k CBoeMy 333.2 Ä crpynnnpoBajia hx no He- CKOJIbKHM KaTerOpHHM, CHaÖflHB HeKOTOpbIMH KOMMeHTapHHMH. Ha- npHMep, ecjiH nazaca npne3>Kaji b tocth k 333, ruieMHHHHK flOJDKeH 6biJi nocaflHTb ero Ha caMoe noneTHoe MecTO {Hazacun hyypu Ö33zyyp—Me-cto nazaca noneTHo); flejiHTb jiyHinyio efly c flflfleö {Hazacunzaa Ö3pz3Ö3 dajia Myji3K33K3 6ojioxozyü—pHflOM c nazaca He /tojdkho ecTb öapaHbio IIjieMRHHUKU 3cmacmyK> paccMampueajiu nazaca rcarc podcmeeHHurca, Komopbiü 6biJi npocmo oÖR3aH um noMozamb, unane amo eocnpuHUMajiocb KaK oöuda, Hecnpaeedjiueocmb u HenpucmoÜHoe noeedenue öjir nazaca, Komopozo e amoM cjiynae o6w,ecmeo öojukho nopuu.amb jionaTKy); npHcnyniHBaTbCH k mhchhio nazaca {Hazacun yz3 xynds-ni3Ü—cjioßa nazaca BecoMbi). OTflejibHaH rpynna MopajibHbix npe/Tnn-caHHH oroßapHBajia ynacrae njieMHHHHKa zs b noxopoHax mb: KaK npeflCTaBHTejib flpyroro pofla (hjih «kocth») njieMHHHHK He flOJi>KeH 6biJi npHKacaTbCH k Tejiy (yMepmero) nazaca (Hazacbmza Rhanda zap xyp3X3 yzbi) h He ynacTBOBaTb b ero nepeofleßaHHH; sto 6biJia npHMan oÖH3aHHOCTb fleTeö nazaca npoßecTH bcio n;epeMOHHio 3axopoHeHHH (HazacbLnzaa xydeejiyyjiz3d3 xyyp ouioxo yzbi—He e3flHTb Ha KJia/TÖHine Cahha Hamcapaeba xopoHHTb nazaca). Pa3Hbie nosTHHecKHe (jjopMbi npHBeTCTBHH Mazma-jibL B3HBaK)T nazaca k meflpocTH h mhjiocth no OTHOineHHio k fleraM cecTpbi (ajiman xaüpamaü nazaca, 333H3pni3Ü 63Ji3Z3Ü dajiaü—30J10-toh MHJiocTHBbiH Haraca cjioBHO OKeaH noflapKOB /tjih 333), >KejiaioT eMy 3flpaBCTBOBaTb (omu nahanda jKapzajimaü RÖbim, aÜR xaüpama nazaca—6ydbme cnacrruiuebL u ÖJiazonojiyHHbi e 3moü jku3hu, dpazo-uennbLÜ u MUJiocmuebLÜ nazaca) h t./t. Ilo MoeMy mhchhio, o6pam;eHHe k mhjiocth h floöpoTe nazaca, npocjiaBJieHHe ero pofla h HaflejieHHe ero MarmecKOH chjioh {Hazacun odon ex3—3Be3fla nazaca CHJibHa) ot- HOCHTCH He CTOJIbKO K HeMy JIHHHO, CKOJIbKO K 3aiIi;HTHHKaM OHZOHOM pofla MaTepn, po/j; KOTopoö npeflCTaBJiHJi nazaca {Hazacun msnzdpu yndsp, nazacun napan dyjian—noKpoBHTejibCTBO h BJiacTb nazaca 6e3-MepHbi, a cojiHne nazaca corpeßaeT). TaKHM o6pa30M, njieMHHHHK KaK 6bl nblTajICH yflBOHTb naHTeOH CBOHX 3aiIi;HTHHKOB, flOÖaBHB k ohzohom h caxwcanaM OTu;oBCKoro pofla em;e h 3am;HTHHKOB MaTepHHCKoro pofla {Hazacun msnzdpu, myhajium!—HeöecHbie chjih nazaca, noMorHTe!). riosTOMy nporHeBHTb nazaca 3HaHHJio nporHeBHTb 3am;HTHHKOB Bcero MaTepHHCKoro pofla h noflBeprHyTb ceÖH abohhhm HanacraM, HeMH-HyeMOH Kape {Hazacada zap xypee haa, hajiza öojioxo—KOJib Ha nazaca pyKy noflHHJi, to nycTb OTeoxHeT pyKa) h fla>Ke npoKJiHTHio {nazacun xapan xynÖ3—npoKJiHTHe nazaca ocoöo th>kko) . To, hto jikd/th CHHTa-10TCH c 3THMH npeflCTaBJieHHHMH h BepHT b ocoöoe BJiHHHHe nazaca Ha cyflböy njieMHHHHKOB, h yöeflHJiacb Ha coöctbchhom onbiTe Ha cbohx OTHOineHHHX co CTapniHM öpaTOM Moeö MaTepn1. HopMbi oöbiHHoro npaßa xophhckhx 6ypHT (OöbiHHoe npaBO xo-PHHckhx 6ypHT 1992), KaK H BbiLueynoMHHyTbie HOpMbI OÖbIHHOrO npaßa MOHrojioB (Hx LJ,aa3), TaKace fleKJiapHpoßajiH OTBeTCTßeHHOCTb nazaca 3a fleTeö He3aMy>KHeH cecTpbi: nazaca flOJi>KeH 6bui ycbiHOBHTb peöeHKa hjih HaÖTH emy/eü npneMHbix poflHTejieH, b cnynae ecjiH ho-Bbrä Myac cecTpbi OTKa3HßajicH 6paTb peöeHKa b cbokd ceMbio. TaK hto njieMHHHHKH 3aHacTyio paccMaTpHßajiH nazaca KaK poflCTBeHHHKa, ko-Topbrä 6bui npocTO oÖH3aH hm noMoraTb, HHane sto BocnpHHHMajiocb KaK oÖHfla, HecnpaBe/TjiHßocTb h HenpHCTOÖHoe noBe/ieHHe /tjih nazaca, KOToporo b 3tom cjiynae oöinecTBO aoji>kho nopHu;aTb {Hazaca 333H3p33 zoModxooxo eho yzu—nazaca He flOJDKeH o6n>KaTb fleTeö cecTpbi). HecMOTpH Ha to, hto b paöoTax pHfla STHorpacJioB coBeTCKoro ne-pnofla aßyHKyjiaT b n;ejioM oneHHBajicH KaK «nepe^KHTOK nponuioro» (HanpHMep, Bhtkhh3 1946: 142), coßpeMeHHbie ceMeHHO-öpaHHbie OTHOineHHH y 6ypHT, b nacTHOCTH, CBHfleTenbCTByioT, hto npoHBJieHHH aßyHKyjiaTa oneHb CHJibHbi, h poflCTBeHHHKH co CTopoHbi MaTepn 3a- HaCTyiO CTaHOBHTCH eflHHCTBeHHHMH pOflCTBeHHHKaMH flJIH CBOHX 333. PeajiHH coßpeMeHHOH >kh3hh CKJiaflbiBaioTCH TaKHM o6pa30M, hto ce-MeHHO-öpaHHbie OTHOineHHH npeTepneßaioT H3MeHeHHH. B Pocchh, ocoöeHHO ß Chöhph h Ha ß^ajihueM BocTOKe, BbicoKan CMepTHOCTb My>KHHH b penpoflyKTHBHOM B03pacTe h pacTyrnee hhcjio pa3BOflOB Mup ceoux u uyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypu u 6pannue cmpamezuu e npomjioM u nacmoRWfiM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 B uiKOJibHue zodbi, öyöyuu Ha jiemuux KüHUKyjiaxy podu-mejieü ceoeü mumm b Azunace, R CUJlbHO BblBUXHyjia uozy u npoBejia ocmamoK Jiemuux ica-HUKyji, cmpadax om 6ojiu. Ka-kobo 3ice 6bmo Moe yduBJieuue, Kozda mor Mama o6%RCHUJia Mue «npuuuHHO-cjiedcmBeHHbie C8R3U» smozo npoucuiecmeuR c moum HedaeuuM KOHtpjiuKmoM c ee cmapuiuM 6pamoM. Bydy-uu cmponmußbLM nodpocmicoM, r ue cdepiicajiacb u ecmynujia b KOHtpjiuKm co ceouM Hazaca, KOmOpbLÜ UpUÖR K CBOUM pOÖU- mejiRM b cujibHOM nodnumuu, nocmaBUJi b dorne Bce BBepx öhom u 3acmaBUJi cmpadamb cmapuKOB. «npoKJiRmue nazaca nacmuzjio meÖR (Hazacun xapaaji xypee!)»—3aKJimuujia Mama McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I07 Kmo maKue «pyccKuů nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? 1 Cm. ny6juiK.auuu J\. Humo-eea (2007), JI. EopoHoeeoů (2007), O. PuHUUHoeoů (2007), C. Eajidanoea (2005), C. HaMcapaeeoů (2010; 2012) u mhozux dpyzux 2 HanpuMep, A. Húrelbaatar (2000), I. Shimamura (2004), REmpson (2011). Ho uauóojiee aKmuenu e U3yueuuu bypsun Mohzojiuu caMU MOHZojibCKue yueubie, KaK npaeujio, bypsuncKozo npoucxojicdeuusi. Cm. nybnu-Kauuu OmumynzajiaK (2004), [IspSH (2004), P3Z33HČ0p3K (2003) u dp. 108 OCTaBJIHRDT MHOTHX MaTepeH OflHHOKHMH, yCHJIHBafl pOJIb pOflCTBeH- hhkob MaTepH b BocnHTaHHH ee fleTeň. B rpa>KflaHCKHX 6paKax flera 3aHacTyK) hocht (foaMHJiHio OTna MaTepH, a SKOHOMHHecKaH He3aBHCH-MOCTb >KeHirj;HH h CBH3aHHbie c 3thm nponeccbi 3MaHCHnarj;HH noflpn- BaiOT naTpHJIHHeHHbie yCTOH. B 3THX H3MeHHK>rHHXCH yCJIOBHHX 6bIJIO 6bi HHTepecHO nepecMOTpeTb pojib aByHKynaTa b coBpeMeHHOM 6ypHT-ckom o6irrecTBe. ABYHKYJIAT KAK METAÍOPA COIIHAJIbHOrO POflCTBA H HEPABHOnPABHÍI B npeflbiflymeň nacTH h nonbiTajiacb noKa3aTb, hto aByHKyjiaT y moh-rojioB h 6ypHT, b nacTHOCTH, 6bui h ocTaeTCH pacnpocTpaHeHHHM hb-jieHHeM h hto nazaca Mor BbicTynaTb h KaK poflCTBeHHHK, flapyioinHH 6iiara h 3ain,HTy, h KaK nejioBeK, o6jieHeHHbiň npaBOM HaKa3aTb h npo-KJiHCTb HenocjiyniHoro ruieMHHHHKa. Ilpn stom npHBefleHHbiň stho-rpacJ)HHecKHH MaTepnaji 6ojibine cooTBeTCTByeT npeflCTaBJíeHHHM 06 aByHKyjiaTe, xapaKTepHHM fljra noflxoflOB, npefljiaraeMbrx b paMKax descent theory. B stoh nacra CBoeň CTaTbH, Hcnojib3yH MaTepnajibi mohx nojieBbix HccjieflOBaHHH, h npeflCTaBJíK) HHyio TpaKTOBKy aByHKy-jiaTa h nocTaparocb o6ocHOBaTb, noneMy hmchho y SMHrpHpoBaBiiiHX rpynn 6ypHT aByHKyjiaT Mor Hcnojib30BaTbCH TaioKe h KaK MeTacfoopa conHajibHoro poflCTBa h HepaBeHCTBa. Ctoht oroBopHTb, hto npHBe-fleHHbie Bbi/j;ep>KKH H3 flHajioroB h penjiHK, Ha KOTopbie h ccbuiaiocb, 6biJiH 6yKBajibHO «noflCJiyniaHbi» mhoh B>KHByio b pa3roBopax flpyrnx jnofleň h He npeflCTaBjraioT MaTepnajia, ocHOBaHHoro Ha (foopMajibHOM HHTepBbK) C HH(J)OpMaHTaMH. Ho CHanajia h KpaTKO ocTaHOBJírocb Ha npHHHHax MaccoBoň MHrpa-uhh 6ypHT H3 3a6aňKajibH b Hanajie xx BeKa, TpareflHH hx ncxofla H3 poflHbix MecT, HCTopHH pa3opBaHHbix ceMeň h TJDKejioň ynacTH roHH-Mbix MHrpaHTOB Ha nyscĎHHe. TJaHHaH TeMa CTajia OTHOCHTenbHO ho- BOH B HCCJieflOBaHHHX 6ypHTOBeflOB HaHHHaH C 2000-X TOflOB. PaĎOTbl poccHHCKHX1 h HHOCTpaHHbix2 HccjieflOBaTejieň, ny6jiHKan;HH oco6o UeHHblX apXHBHHX flOKyMeHTOB Ha CTapO-MOHrOJIbCKOM H3bIKe cpeflH npHHHH «HCXOfla» Ha3bIBaK)T LUHpOKHH pOCT HeflOBOJIbCTBa cpeflH 6y- pHT KOJioHHajibHoň nojiHTHKOH poccHHCKHX BJiacTeň b Cuúupu, OTT>eM nacT6Hirj;Hbix 3eMenb b nojib3y 6e33eMejibHbix KpecTbHH, nepecejieH-Hbix b pe3yjibTaTe CTOJibinHHCKHX pechopM H3 i^eHTpajibHOH nojiocbi Pocchh. B nepBoň BOJiHe SMHrpaHTOB OKa3ajiHCb Te rpynnbi, KOTopbie nocTpaflajiH ot >KecTOKHX norpoMOB hobhx cocefleň b STHHHecKoň «ne-pecnojiocHne» (HanarflopjK 2010). no3>Ke hobhh peBOJiionHOHHHH nopHflOK, rpa>KflaHCKaH Bořma h conHajibHbie npeo6pa30BaHHH 06-paTHJiH b MaccoBoe 6ercTBO H3 3a6aňKajibH 6ojibniHe rpynnbi jnofleň, KOTopbix coBeTCKan BJiacTb npHHHCJiHJia k Kpyry «KJiaccoBbix BparoB h Cahha Hamcapaeba KOHTppeBOJiK>nHOHepoB»: BJiaflejibLi;eB CKOJib-HHĎyflb 3HaHHMoro noro-jioBbH CKOTa, CBHirj;eHHOcjiy>KHTejieH, jiaM, Ka3aKOB H3 HHCJia 6ypHTCKO-ro HeperyjiHpHoro BoňcKa, ynacTHHKOB «OTpHflOB caMoo6opoHbi» nofl pyKOBOflCTBOM Ka3aKa TJyrapa TanxaeBa, 3airj;Hirj;aBniHX cboh yjiycbi ot rpa6e>Ka h MapoflepcTBa h 6ejibix, h KpacHbix OTpHflOB. MaccoBbiň Hcxofl 6ypHT conpoBO>KflajicH HejioBenecKHMH TpareflHHMH h noTepH-mh, 6ojib ot KOTopbix flo chx nop HecyT b ce6e pa3opBaHHbie ceMbH no o6e CTopoHbi rpaHHn;. «yxofl» b npeflejibi 3HaKOMbix MOHrojibCKHX 3eMejib 6biJi BpeMeHHHM, KaK hm Ka3ajiocb, h Bce HafleHJiHCb BepHyTb-ch Ha poflHHy h nosTOMy paccejiHJiHCb b6jih3h rpaHHn; Ha OTHOCHTejib-ho CBo6oflHbix 3eMJiHX, o6pa3yH noceneHHH H3 CMeniaHHbix poflOBbix h TeppHTopnajibHbix rpynn 6ypHT, k KOTopbiM no3>Ke npnĎHBajiHCb Te, kto OKa3ajicH Ha nyscĎHHe «6e3 pofly h njieMeHH». Ho hobhh peBonio- Li;HOHHHH nOpHflOK BCKOpe BOCTOp>KeCTBOBajI h b MoHrojiHH, nosTOMy 6ypHTCKHe MHrpaHTH BHOBb OKa3ajiHCb npecjieflyeMHMH cobctckoh BJiaCTbK). Hx OĎTjHBHJIH «naHMOHrOJIHCTaMH», «HnOHCKHMH ninHO- HaMH», «noco6HHKaMH KOHTppeBOJiK)Li;HOHepoB h T.fl. hkb/j, Hepe3 MOHrojibCKHe opraHH 6e3onacHOCTH npoBOflHJio MaccoBbie penpeccHH 6ypHT. OTCJie>KHBajIHCb pOflCTBeHHbie CBH3H Me>Kfly TeMH, KTO OCTajICH Ha poflHHe h TeMH, kto ynien 3arpaHHny. TJpaMa 6ypHTCKHX SMHrpaH-tob Ha nyscĎHHe 3aKJiK)Hajiacb b tom, hto noKHHyB poflHHy, ohh Bce erne npoflOjmajiH 6biTb oĎteKTOM npecjieflOBaHHH cobctckoh BJiacra, 6yflb to b MoHrojiHH hjih bo BHyTpeHHeň MoHrojiHH, nocne pa3rpoMa KBaHTyHCKOH apMHH B MaHbH>KypHH H npHXOfla K BJiaCTH KHTaHCKHX KOMMyHHCTOB. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HaarLomu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu npíMEP 1: «PyccKuů Hazaca», xozda 6ypsimbL cmaesim ce6si e no3uumo tuicmrhhu-Koe—333. ^Capraji1—xoponiHH npHHTejib Haniero flajibHero poflCTBeH- HHKa, C KOTOpbIM MH TOCTHJIH B 6ypHTCKHX CejiaX B MoHrOJIHH, KaK-TO Ha flocyre paccKa3HBaji 3aHHTHbie HCTopHH H3 CBoero fleTCTBa b IIIshs-xsHe2, rfle >KHJia ero ceMbH: ...3to 6luio b 30-e roflH. OflHajKflH yrpoM mli, Hanin poflHTejiH h fleTH, 3a-BTpaKa/iH. Bflpyr mli yc/ibiiiia/iH ryji THJKejiLrx caMOJieTOB, 3to 6lkih co-BeTCKHe 6oM6apflHpoBinHKH, ohh npojieTajiH Hafl hsmh, hto6li 6om6hti> no3HD,HH anoHCKofl KBaHTyHeKoíí apMHH 6jih3 Xaíraapa. Haní OTeii Bflpyr npoH3Hec: «Bom u Haiuu podcmeeHHUMKU (no jiuhuu Mamepu) npuóbum (soKbíMHaů mypsji epeaa!). B momcht, Korfla 6om6li CTann naflaTb no6jiH-30CTH ot Haniero cena, OTeu, rpycTHO noinyTH/i: «A eom u nodaponKU om Hauiux HazacaHap (Hazacumaa ósjisz 6yeaa!)». Hcxodx U3 smuuecKux cooópa-ucemiů, UMeua uwfiopMaumoe 3aMeueHbí nceedouuMaMU '■ LH3H3X3H—Ha3eauue Mecm-Hocmu e Xyjiyuóyupe (KHP), zde KOMnaKmuo npoiícueaem Heóojibuiax (okojio 6 muc. uejioeeK) zpynna bypsun. Ona cocmoum U3 npedcmaeumejieů podoe npaKmuuecKU U3 ecex paůoHoe snmuuecKoů Bypx-muu, xomsi óojibuiyio uacmb cocmaejuuom npedcmaeumejiu xopu-bypsuncKux podoe U3 Azuhckux u Eop3uucKux npu-zpauuiHbLX cmeneů >Kapraji paccKa3HBaji stot 3nH30fl H3 CBoero fleTCTBa b BHfle niyTOH-Horo paccKa3a. Ero co6eceflHHK TO>Ke paccMesuicH, ho ohh He CTajiH 06-cy>KflaTb fleTajiH paccKa3aHHoro. OneBHflHO, hto OTen, ^Caprajia He Mor b flaHHoň penjiHKe ynoMHHaTb jihhho cbohx nazacanap, TeM 6ojiee hto McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I09 Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? ceMbH npHHafljie:>Kajia pofly 6odonzyyd h 6buia poflOM H3 MecTHOCTH Aji-xaHaft b ArHHCKHX Kpanx. >Kapraji TaKace OTpnijaji, hto kto-to H3 ero npeflKOB no mv>kckoh jihhhh Mor 6biTb >KeHaT Ha pyccKOH >KeHiHHHe, ho h 3to yTBep>KfleHHe TpyflHO npoBepHTb, TaK KaK 3anncb hx poflo-boh reHeajiorHH (yzaii 63ui3z) npocjie>KHBaeT TOJibKO naTpHJiHHeHHbie CBH3H. EflHHCTBeHHO B03MO>KHOe 06'bHCHeHHe MO>KHO flaTb, HCXOflH H3 TeopHH 6paHHoro ajibHHca, Korfla coceflCTByioiHaH TeppHTopnajibHaH STHHHecKaH rpynna, b flaHHOM cjryqae pyccKHe, MorjiH BbicTynaTb KaK nopoflHeHHbie coceflH. IlosTOMy h CTaBJiro flBa Bonpoca. EbiJiH jih ocho-BaHHH, hto6h Hcnojib30BaTb TepMHH aByHKyjiaTa nazaca no OTHonie-hhk) k pyccKHM? H KaKHe em;e TepMHHbi poflCTBa, KpoMe aByHKyjiaTa, 6ypHTbi Hcnojib30BajiH no OTHomeHHK) k coceflHHM STHOcaM? Hjih >Ke 3to npocTO HacTHaH, HHHero He 3HanarnaH peruiHKa oflHoro MHrpaHTa, O KOTOpOH He CTOHT OC060 3aflyMbIBaTbCH? CoBpeMeHHan aHTponojiorHH yTBep>KflaeT, hto poflCTBO sto He TOJibKO (JiaKT 6HOJiorHHecKoro npoHcxo>KfleHHH, a CKopee nponecc bo3- HHKHOBeHHH HeKOH 061HHOCTH. Tenepb 3TO He TOJibKO 6HOJIOrHHeCKH o6ycjioBJieHO (sanarae, po>KfleHHe), ho h connajibHO npeflonpeflejie-ho nepe3 coBMecTHoe npo^KHBaHHe nofl oflHoft KpbinieH h coBMecTHyio Tpane3y, KaK sto Bbipa>KaeTCH HflHOMaTHHecKHM Bbipa>KeHHeM «flejiHTb KpoB h efly», no yTBep>KfleHHio Rtk. KapcTeH (Carsten 1995). IlosTOMy COBMeCTHOe npO^KHBaHHe 6ypHT H pyCCKHX Ha OflHOH TeppHTopHH B coceflHHX flepeBHHX b TeneHHe noHTH flByx bckob ccJiopMHpoBajio pa3- JIHHHbie THnbl «COUHajIbHOrO» poflCTBa. 3aMeTHM, HTO HCTOpHHeCKHH MaTepnaji CBHfleTejibCTByeT o tom, hto b OTHOineHHHX c pocchhckhm rocyflapcTBOM h pyccKHM napeM 6ypHTbi TaK^Ke Hcnojib30BajiH h flpy-rne TepMHHbi poflCTBa b KanecTBe MeTacjjop. Hx mo>kho noflpa3flejiHTb Ha flBa rana: 1. PoflCTBO Me>Kfly poflHTejiHMH h fleTbMH nepe3 o6pam;eHHH «MaTb» h «OTen». 3to caMbie pacnpocrpaHeHHbie MeTacjjopbi CHMBOJiHHecKoro poflCTBa (HanpHMep, «oh KaK OTen, poflHOH» HJIH «OHa flo6pa KaK MaTb» H T.fl.), KOTOpbie CHMBOJIH3HpyK)T BHyTpnceMeHHyio Hepapxnio, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb h 3a6oTy poflHTejieft o flerax. PoflCTBO Me>Kfly cu6mmzaMU, 6paTbHMH h cecTpaMH, HfleH KOToporo nacTO Hcnojib3yeTCH b KanecTBe MeTacjjopbi (HanpHMep, «OH MHe CTajI KaK 6paT pOflHOH" H T.fl.). 3tH OTHOLUeHHH oflHOBpeMeHHO MoryT CHMBOJiH3HpoBaTb h paBeHCTBO (HanpHMep, «mh Bee paBHbi, KaK 6paTbH h cecTpbi»), h cy6opflHHanHio Me>Kfly CTapLUHMH H MJiaflLUHMH Cu6jlUHZ0MU. no>KajiyH, Jiynnie Bcero HanaTb c H3BecTHbix HCTopHHecKHX npn-MepoB, Korfla 6ypHTbi, npHHHB poccHHCKoe noflflaHCTBO, npH3HajiH pyccKoro napa b KanecTBe CBoero «6ozdo 333H» no toh >Ke MOflejiH BJiacTHbix OTHomeHHH, KaK flpyrne MOHrojibCKHe poflbi npH3HajiH MaHbH>KypcKoro HMnepaTopa cbohm «333h xclhom», rfle 333H—o6pa-ineHHe k rjiaBe flOMa, xo3HHHy h OTny ceMeftcTBa. noflflaHHbie nacTO o6pam;ajiHCb k cbohm npaBHTejiHM cjiobho k «OTny hjih poflHTejno». Pocchhckhh HCTopHK TpenaBJioB b CBoeft pa6oTe «EejibLU uapb: o6pa3 Monapxa u npedcmaejiemiR o noddancmeey napodoe Poccuu e x v-x v 111 ee.» (2007) niHpoKO Hcnojib3yeT (JiojibKJiopHbiH MaTepnaji ch6hpckhx HapoflOB h HapoflOB CpeflHeft A3HH nepnofla paHHeft KOJioHH3anHH, rfle nepe3 o6pam;eHHe «riapb-6aTioinKa» noflflaHHbie HafleHJiHCb o6pe-CTH MHJIOCTHBOrO npaBHTejiH h 3am;HTHHKa. B CHCTeMe HOBoro poflCTBa noflflaHHbie anejuinpoBajiH k CBoeMy npaBHTenio KaK k OTn;y / MaTepn, a ce6fl CTaBHJiH b 3aBHCHMoe nojio>KeHHe b KanecTBe «fleTen». Tpe-naBJioB Hcnojib3yeT o6niHpHbiH HCTopHHecKHH MaTepnaji H3 hctophh BCTyruieHHH 6ypHTCKHX poflOB b poccHHCKoe noflflaHCTBO, Korfla rjia-bh poflOB maiiuiu, coxpaHHB ynpaBJieHHe Hafl cbohmh poflaMH, cboh nepexofl b poccHHCKoe noflflaHCTBO 3aKpenjiHJiH floroBopHHMH otho-nieHHHMH, KaK sto 6biJio b npaKTHKe nepexofla MOHrojibCKHX poflOB b noflflaHCTBO k MaHbH>KypcKOMy HMnepaTopy b tot nepnofl. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HaarLomjueM napodoe Eepa3uu CoepeMeHHCLR anmponojiozuR ymeepjKdaem, Hmo podcmeo amo He mojibKO (parcm 6uojiozuHecKozo npoucxojKdenuR, a CKopee npov,ecc eo3HUKHoeenuR neKou o6w,Hocmu. Tenepb amo ne mojibKO 6uojiozunecKU o6ycjioejieHO (3cmamue, pojKdenue), ho u coi^uajibno npedonpedejieno nepe3 coGMecmnoe npojKueanue nod odnou KpbLiueu u coGMecmnyio mpane3y, KaK amo BbLpajKaemcR uduoMamunecKUM BbLpajKenueM «dejiumb Kpoe u edy» K rjiaBaM xophhckhx poflOB, KaK rjiaBaM KpynHbix KOHCojiHflHpo-BaHHblX poflOB, KonyiornHM Ha o6niHpHbix TeppHTopHHX, npHMeHHJiacb HHaH nojiHTHKa HenpHMoro KOJioHHajibHoro ynpaBJieHHH. Tannin 06-Jiaflajin flocTaTOHHO CHJibHbiMH «neperoBopHHMH no3nn;HHMn» npn npnHHTHH peineHHH o BCTyruieHHH b pyccKoe noflflaHCTBO b o6MeH Ha o6em;aHHH nojiyHHTb bo BJiafleHHe o6niHpHbie nacT6Hm;a h caMOCTOH-TejibHOCTb b ynpaBJieHHH cbohmh poflaMH H TeppHTOpHHMH. B o6H3aH- HOCTH HOBblX nOflflaHHHX, BCTynHBLUHX B flOrOBOpHbie OTHOLUeHHH c pyccKHM n;apeM, BxoflHJia cny>K6a b HpperyjiHpHOM ch6hpckom bohckc, onjiaTa noflara, oxpaHa rpaHHn; h T.fl. 3a sto 6ypHTCKHe maumu no-jiynajiH THTynbi, Harpaflbi, fleHe>KHoe flOBOJibCTBHe, flocTyn 6ypHTCKHX IIO Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 III Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? fleTeft k HMnepcKOMy CBeTCKOMy o6pa30BaHHK>. IlepBbie 3eMejibHbie CTblHKH H KOH(J)JIHKTbI C pyCCKOH aflMHHHCTpaUHeH OHH CTapajiHCb pa3- peniHTb corjiacHO npaBiuiaM «KoneBOH apHCTOKpaTHH» (no Bbipa>Ke-hhk) Sneath, 2007), Korfla flenerauHH poflOBHTbixxopn-6ypHT bo rjiaBe c TypaKHHbiM HanpaBHJiacb b 1702 r. b CaHKT-ileTep6ypr ajlh nepero- BOpOB C CaMbIM pOflOBHTHM TJiaBOH HOBblX cocefleft, TO eCTb pyCCKHM napeM. B to BpeMH sto 6bui HMneparap IleTp I. Bepa b to, hto nofl-nHCaHHHH IiapeM 3aiHHTHbIH HMnepaTopcKHH 3flHKT coxpaHHT 6ypHT-CKHe KoneBbH ot HOBbix nooiraTejibCTB, BooflynieBJiHJia, h xopHHUbi no 3TOMy cjiyqaio cohhhhjih MHoro neceH, BocxBajunornHX pyccKoro napH KaK Morynero h cmibHoro coio3HHKa. Mnxami TyjioxoHOB, aBTop c6op-HHKa 6ypHTCKHX HCTopHHecKHX neceH (1973), npHBOflHT cjieflyioiHHe npHMepbi o6panieHHH: «Cbhtoh h mhjiocthbhh, KpenKO flep:>KarHHH cjiobo», hjih «ripo3BaHHbiH 6ejibiM napeM, peHHKapHaiiHH 6orHHH Ma-Tepn BejioH Tapbi, Hani cbhtoh rocnoflHH (Cazan xan H3p3iri3u Cazan flapii 3X3UH xy6iuizaH. Manail 333H 6ozdo jio). HaBepHoe, sto 6bm iihk HaHBbicrnero flOBepHH k HHCTHTyTaM KOJioHHajibHOH BJiacTH h npn-3HaHHe jierHTHMHOCTH napcKoro npaBJieHHH, Bbipa>KeHHoe nepe3 npn-BbiHHbie o6pa3bi MHJiocTHBbix 6yflflHHCKHX 6o>KecTB, h Bepa B TO, HTO h Bnpeflb co6jiiofleHHe B3aHMHbix floroBopHbix o6H3aTejibCTB Me>Kfly pyCCKHM IiapeM H 6ypHTCKHMH nOflflaHHblMH H36aBHT nOCJie/THHX OT npHTeCHeHHH MeCTHOH KOJIOHHajIbHOH a/TMHHHCTpailHH. TaKHM 06- pa30M, ynoTpe6jieHHe TepMHHOB poflCTBa «oTen» h «MaTb» b KanecTBe MeTacJiopbi flencTBHTejibHO HMeno MecTO, h 6ypHTbi ero ncnojib30Ba-jih no OTHomeHHio k pyccKOMy napio. 3to othochtch k TOMy nepnofly, Korfla 6ypHTaMH npH3HaBajiacb jierHTHMHOCTb nojiHTHHecKoro coio3a c hobhm MoryniecTBeHHbiM npaBHTejieM, npeflnojiaraioniaH oflHOBpe- MeHHO H o6H3aTejIbCTBa HOBOrO npaBHTejIH 3a6oTHTbCH O CBOHX nofl- flaHHbix, KaK o cbohx flerax. CiieflyioniaH rpynna TepMHHOB—TepMHHbi poflCTBa Me>Kfly cu6jiuh-zqmu—TaioKe rnnpoKO Hcnojib30Bajiacb b KanecTBe MeTacJiopbi poflCTBa. Hx Hcnojib30BaHHe othochtch, no-Moeivry, k HecKOJibKO no3flHe-My nepnofly—nepnofly CTaHOBJieHHH skohomkhcckhx h KyjibTypHbix KOHTaKTOB 6ypHT c pyccKHMH. B xpoHHKax BaHflaHa KDMcyHOBa (KDm-cyHOB 1875) oneHb noflpo6HO onncbiBaeTCH, KaK npoHcxoflHJi o6MeH TeXHOJIOrHHMH H CnOCo6aMH X03HHCTBOBaHHH Me>Kfly pyCCKHMH H 6ypHTaMH: KaK 3aroTaBJiHBaTb ceHO, CTpoHTb flepeBHHHbie flOMa h T.fl. B pa6oTax BojioHeBa (1992), XaMcJjpn (Humphrey 1998), BypaeBOH (2000) xoporno onncaHbi flpyrne (JiaKTbi SKOHOMHHecKoro h KynbTyp-Horo o6MeHa, rnnpoKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH Me>Kfly MecTHbiM h npHimibiM HaceneHHeM. HanpHMep, pyccKHe nepeHHMajiH TexHOJiorHH o6pa6oT- KH KO>K H pa3JIHHHHX MOJIOHHblX H3flejIHH. Bojiee TOrO, CKJiaflblBajIHCb TaK^Ke nyxepcKue OTHorneHHH (hjih anbda)—npaKTHKa CHMBOJiHHHoro 6paTaHHH, Korfla 6ypHTCKaH ceMbH Morjia Ha3BaTb CBoero cbraa b necTb pyccKoro nyxepa. HanpHMep, b ycTHbix paccKa3ax oflHoro H3 CTapeft- niHX npeflCTaBHTejieft nepBoro noKOJieHHH 6ypHTCKHX MHrpaHTOB b /Jani6aji6ape (MoHrojinn) ynoMHHaeTCH, hto b fleTCTBe ero poflHTejiH ompaBHJiH CBoero cbma TKWih b aom cbohx pyccKHX nyxepoe Ha He-CKOJibKO jieT b coceflHee cejio, hto6h chh HayHHJicn y hhx iijiothhii-KOMy flejiy h o6>KHraTb KHpnHHH (PHHHHHOBa 2007). BbuiH HepeflKH cjiynan, Korfla cbiHOBen Ha3biBajiH b necTb cbohx pyccKHX HyKepoB. HanpHMep, b KpaeBeflnecKOH jiHTepaType no hctophh kojixosob b 6ypHT-ckhx coMOHax ,ZJ|arn6aji6ap, 3pHHn;aB h J\ap,sm BCTpenaioTCH pyccKHe HMeHa, HCKa^KeHHbie B COOTBeTCTBHH C 6ypHTCKOH (J)OHeTHKOH, «Mh- xyjia» ot «MHxaHJi», «BojioflH» ot «Bojioah», «Hhxji3» ot «HHKOJian», oco6eHHO y npeflCTaBHTejieft nepBoro noKOJieHHH MHrpaHTOB (P3r33H-flop>K 2003, Maxa6apafla 2005, TaHTorTox 2005 h flp.). YHHTbiBaH, hto xopn-6ypHTbi—6yflflHCTbi no BeponcnoBeflaHHio, BpHfl jih sto 6buiH HMeHa, flaHHbie npn KpenieHHH. CKopee Bcero, sto 6buiH HMeHa Tex, Koro poflHTejiH Ha3BajiH b necTb cbohx 3HaKOMbix H3 pyccKHX ceji enie flO HCXOfla C pOflHHbl. noflo6Horo pofla CHMBOJinnecKoe «6paTCTBO» cyniecTBOBajio cpeflH 6ypHTCKHX h pyccKHX Ka3aKOB KaK 6paTbeB no opy>KHio. ApMHH TaioKe BbicTynaeT KaK CTporo nepapxHHHoe coo6niecTBO noflo6HO poflOBoft h ceMeHHoft CTpyKType. H3BecTHO, hto okojio i 5 % Bcero HaceneHHH 3a6aHKajibH 6bmo npHHHCJieHO k Ka3anecTBy (Rupen 1964: 10), b co- CT3B KOTOpOrO BXOflHJIH 6ypHTCKHe H XaMHHraHCKHe K33aKH. BoeHHblH >KypHajiHCT h KpaeBefl THMyp JIaM6aeB b CBoeft CTaTbe npHBOflHT npn-Mepbi CTpoeBbix 6ypHTCKHX neceH, b KOTopbix ecTb TaKHe ctpokh: «Ha BeKa no6paTajiHCb c pyccKHMH» (JIaM6aeB 2005). B cjiynae c otij;om ^Caprajia, KOTopbift npoH3Hec Te HpoHHHHbie cjioBa o pyccKHX nazaca- HCLp, TO OH 6bIJI pOflOM H3 OHOHCKHX K33aKOB H B COCTaBe HepHKHCKOTO nojiKa nofl pyKOBOflCTBOM aTaMaHa CeMeHOBa ynacTBOBaji b BoeHHbix flencTBHHX b nepHOfl nepBOH mhpoboh bohhh, floftflH, no cjioBaM ero cbma, flo AucTpo-BeHrpHH, BepHyBrnncb 6e3 paH (uiapxa yzbi), yKpa-rneHHbiH reoprneBCKHMH KpecTaMH. BjiH30CTb k aTaMaHy CeMeHOBy TaioKe Morjia CTaTb npHHHHOH yxofla OTn;a >Kaprajia b Xaftjiap, rfle b nepnofl rpa>KflaHCKOH bohhh b Ch6hph 6a3HpoBajiHCb BOHCKa aTaMaHa CeMeHOBa1. KaK cjieflyeT H3 npHBefleHHbix Bbirne npHMepoB, pHfl TepMHHOB poflCTBa flencTBHTejibHO ynoTpe6jiHJicH 6ypHTaMH b KanecTBe MeTacJiop fljiH Bbipa^KeHHH pa3Hbix (JiopM connajibHoro poflCTBa c pyccKHMH. 0co3Ha-HHe 3Toro poflCTBa 6biJio ocHOBaHO h Ha (JiaKTax 6HOJiorHHecKoro poflCTBa h B03HHKHOBeHHH «rypaHCKoro» HacejieHHH ot CMernaHHbix 6pa- KOB, Ha OnblTe X03HHCTBeHHbIX H COCeflCKHX OTHOmeHHH, COBMeCTHOH cjiy>K6e b HMnepcKOH apMHH, o>KHflaHHH npoHBJieHHH naTepHajiH3Ma co CTopoHbi poccHHCKoro u;apH h rocyflapcTBa, npH3HaHHH 6o>KecTBeH-Horo poflCTBa nepe3 06'bHBJieHHe pyccKHX n;apeH 6yflflHHCKHM flyxo-BeHCTBOM SMaHaiiHHMH 6yflflHHCKOH 6orHHH Tapbi h T.fl. no-MoeMy, Hcnojib30BaHHe flaHHbix TepMHHOB poflCTBa, TaKHX KaK OTen;, MaTb, Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu Kcmamu, e ceoux aemo6uo-zpatfiunecKux eocnoMUHauuRX amaMau rpuzopuii CeMeuoe, KOmOpbLU 6hUl podoM U3 ohohckou Ka3cmeu cmamiuhi Kypymica, cozjiacuo MecmubiM noeepbXM, om CMeuiaHuozo 6paica, mhozo pa3 ynoMUHaem 0 ceoux noduuueHHbLX—bypsun-ckux Ka3aKax (CeMeuoe 2002) 112 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 113 1 Tym nyncno ozoeopumb, umo xejienue «enympeHHezo K0Ji0Huajiu3Ma» xapawmep- HO KÜK ÖJISI MOpCKUX, müK u dim KOHmuHeHmajibHbtx depycae, k uucjiy Komopux omnocLimcR u Poccux. Ecjiu 6pamb onpedejienuR Eappepa (Mario Barrera 1979) u Po6epma Anena (Allen 1970), mo «6HympeHHUu KOJionua-JIU3M» npedcmaejuiem co6oů cjiedymwuů aman kojiohu-3auuu nocjie 30Kpenjienusi meppumopuajibHozo npuco-eduHenusi, Kozda co3ÖaemcR Kpaime HepaeHonpaenasi cumyaiiusi (uHcmumyu.u-OHajibHozo, npaeoeozo u 3KonoMuuecKozo xapawmepa), Kozda ycmanaejiueaemcsi momajibuoe zocnodcmeo OÖHOU zpynnbt nad dpyzoů no KJiaccoeoMy, amnuueacoMy, ujiu pacoeoMy npu3uaKy 6paT, B KanecTBe MeTacJiop OTpa>Kajio HeKyro HfleajiH3HpoBaHHyio 6ec- KOH(J)JIHKTHyTO MOflejIb B3aHMOOTHOineHHH C HOBHMH COCeflHMH. Ho no3>Ke, c ycHJieHHeM HMnepcKOH KOJioHH3anHH, HacryiuieHHeM cjieflyrofflero nepnofla, KOTopbiři HccneflOBaTejiH Ha3biBaioT KaK 3Tan «BHyTpeHHeö KOJioHH3anHH» (internal colonialism), CHTyauHH H3Me- HHJiaCb KpHTHHeCKHM OÖpaSOM1. B paMKaX KOJIOHHajIbHOH nOJIHTHKH c 6ypHTaMH CTajiH oöparnaTbca He KaK c yqacTHHKaMH «apncTOKpaTHHe-CKoro» floroBopa, KaK sto npeflCTaBjrajiH ce6e xopHHCKHe Tannin, a KaK c KOJioHH3HpyeMbiMH «HHopoflnaMH». B nepnofl KOHiia xix-Hanajia xx BB. B pe3yjibTaTe «BHyTpeHHero KOJioHHajiH3Ma» b 3a6anKajibe cjio->KHJiacb KpHTHHecKaH CHTyauHH: nojiHTHKa MaccoBoro nepecejieHHH 6e33eMejibHbix KpecTbHH H3 neHTpajibHon Pocchh npHBejia k nepeflejiy H 3axBaTy nacTÖHiuHbix 3eMejib, k BbiTecHeHHio 6ypHT c ruioflopoflHbix 3eMejib H Hx BbiHyacfleHHbiM MHrpanHHM. BypHTCKHe xpoHHKH To6o-eBa H KDMcyHOBa noflpoÖHO onncbiBaioT cjio>KHBmyiocH CHTyannio h KpHTHHecKH oneHHBaioT HecnocoÖHOCTb maůmeů 3ainHTHTb HHTepecbi CBOHX pOflOB OT fleHCTBHH KOJIOHHajIbHblX BJiaCTeH. BHOBb npHÖblBUIHe KpeCTbHHe, B OTJIHHHe OT pyCCKHX CTapOJKHJIOB-CHÖHpHKOB B HeCKOJIb-KHX nOKOJieHHHX, 6bIJIH JIIOflbMH HHOH MeHTajIbHOCTH, JIIOflbMH HHOTO THna X03HHCTBOBaHHH, KOTOpbIM BJiaCTH nonycTHTejibCTBOBajiH 3axBaT H norpoMbi 6ypHTCKHX yjiycoB (HanarflopjK 2010). Hepecnojiocnna no- pOJKflajia STHHHeCKHe KOH(|)JIHKTbI H Bpa>Kfly MejKfly KOHeBblMH H ocefl- jibiMH coceflHMH. naMHTb o HacHJiHH Tex BpeMeH nopoflHJia caMbie He-jiHi^enpHHTHbie STHmecKHe CTepeoTHnbi no OTHonieHHio flpyr k flpyry, OTTOJIOCKH KOTOpbIX >KHBbI flO CHX nop. To eCTb KBa3H-pOflCTBeHHHK H Haica3aHue u npoKJinmue paccepjtcennozo nazaca npodojUKCLJio npecjiedoeamb 3Muzpanmoe u na HyjKÓune: KaK 6bi dajieKO onu hu 6ejKajiu, pyccKuů nazaca npodojuieaji nocbiJiamb npoKJinmun u naKa3bieamb ceoezo nenoKopnozo 333 floöpbiH cocefl Bflpyr CTaji HeflpyroM. TocyflapcTBO h napb nepecTajiH co6jiK)flaTb flaBHHH nopHflOK floroBopHbix OTHonieHHH, OTen; nepecTaji 6biTb otuom, 6paT nonien Ha 6paTa, HacTynHJiH xaoc, öecnpaBHe h aviy-Ta. BnflH npHiviyio yrpo3y (J)H3HHecKoro HCTpe6jieHHH, HaniiOHajibHbie h pejiHrH03Hbie jiHflepbi flyMajiH o cnaceHHH Hapofla. B KOHTeKCTe MOfle- JIH OTHOnieHHH «KOJIOHH3aTOp-KOJIOHH3HpyeMbIH» KOH(J)JIHKT MOT Bbl-JIHTbCH B BOCCTaHHe H COnpOTHBJieHHe, HO B KOHTeKCTe KOHeBOH MOH- rojibCKOH KyjibTypbi pa3penieHHe KOHdwiHKTa motjio npoH30HTH nepe3 OTKoneBKy, KaK Korfla-TO nacTb MOHrojibCKHX poflOB OTKoneBajia ot BOHH H CMyT nepHOfla nOflHHHeHHH MOHTOJIbCKHX 3eMejib MaHbH>Kypa- MH. Tpa^KflaHCKaH Bořma B 3a6aHKajibe ycyryöruia CHTyannio, h Macco-BbiH Hcxofl 6ypHT B MoHrojiHK) 03HaHaji, HTO OHH npepbiBaioT ajIbHHC-Hbie OTHonieHHH c pyccKHMH. Ho Beflb öojibniHHCTBO 6ypHT ocTaBajiocb Ha CBoen poflHHe h npoflOJi>Kajio BecTH OTHonieHHH c coceflHMH. KaK ynieflniee MeHbniHHCTBO flOJi>KHO 6buio ocMbicjiHTb 3Ty CHTyannio? KaK nepeflaTb OTHy>KfleHHe ot KBa3H-poflCTBeHHHKa? Hanöojiee yfloÖHbiö cnocoö fljiH 3Toro obiji nepeBecTH ero b KaTeropnio «ny>Koro» pofla, to ecTb nepeBecTH b rpynny poflCTBeHHHKOB co CTopoHbi MaTepH (33Kbin myp3Ji)—nazacanap. PyccKHH nazaca CTaji >KecTOKHM h onacHbíM, jih- niHB CBOHX 333 nOflflep>KKH H 3amHTH, OTÖHpaH 3eMJIK>, yHHHTO>KaH poflCTBeHHHKOB H fla>Ke JIHUIHB 333 CaMOH pOflHHbl. KaK TOBOpflT CTapH-KH B ÖypHTCKHX COMOHaX MoHTOilHH, «ilHUIHBUIHCb pOflHHbl, [mh] BCe noTepjuiH» (nwmaza ajidaad, 6yxuuzee ajidaödu). CpeflH 6ypHT Mohto-jiHH, 6ojiee flpyrnx STHHHecKHX rpynn noflBeprniHXCH CTajiHHCKHM pe-npeccHHM, B03HHKJIO ajiJieropHHHoe cpaBHeHHe, hto rjiaBa pyccKoro/ coBeTCKoro rocyflapcTBa KaK «rojioflHHH» BJiaflbiKa afla (3pjiuK xaan) HacbiJiaji CTpaflaHHH h rnöejib. 3th npeflCTaBJíeHHH b cthxotbophoh 4>opivie nepeflaji coBpeMeHHbiH MOHrojibCKHH nosT öypHTCKoro npoHC-xo>KfleHHH Hspryö: Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbi u 6pauHbie cmpamezuu e npomjioM u nacmosujdeM napodoe Eepa3uu ...VI TOJibKO BjiaflHKa Afla 3pfljiHK xaH b MapinanbCKOM KOCTioMe, flep>Ka TpyÖKy B pyxe, CMOTpeji CBepxy Ha CTpaflaHHH 6ypaT (moht. .. .Maxup zaan-cmaů caxajim 6aKiuMapiuajiuH OMCzejimsů DpjiuHxaan). 1 HaKa3aHHe h npoKJiHTHe paccep>KeHHoro nazaca npoflOJi>Kajio npe-cjieflOBaTb 3MHrpaHTOB h Ha nyscÖHHe: KaK 6bi flajieKO ohh hh 6e>KajiH, pyccKHH nazaca npoflOJi>Kaji nocbuiaTb npoKJiHTHH h HaKa3biBaTb CBoe-ro HenoKopHoro 333, h, Ka3ajiocb, hto 6oth OTBepHyjiHCb ot 6erjien;oB, HacjiaB penpeccHH h CMepra. B paöoTe 3THorpa4)a/aHTponojiora HepeflKO npnxoflHTCH CTajiKH- BaTbCH C HejIOBeHeCKHMH 3M0L1;HHMH H CKpbITOH ÖOJIbK), He TOJIbKO Kor- fla penb HfleT o jihhhhx HHflHBHflyajibHbix TpareflHHX, ho h Ha ypoBHe rpynnoBOH pecJ)jieKCHH h naMHTH o TpareflHHX nponuioro. JIioflH HepeflKO (J)opMyjiHpyioT cboh o6pa3bi h omymeHHH Heo>KHflaHHbiM o6pa30M. AHTpOnOJIOTH y>Ke OTMeTHJIH, HTO B MHpOBOCnpHHTHH 6ypHT OHeHb CHJIbHa MOflejIb pOflCTBeHHHX CBH3eH, H flJIH HHX XapaKTepHO OCMblCJie- HHe con;HajibHbix OTHonieHHH nepe3 aHajiornn c poflCTBeHHHMH/3eM-jiHHecKHMH OTHonieHHHMH (Humphrey 1998, TajiflaHOBa 2000). üo-3TOMy, BHflHMO, OTen; ^Caprajia H3 Bcex MOfleneň poflCTBeHHbix CBH3eň Hamen OTHonieHHH aeynicyjiama yfloÖHbiMH fljiH nepeflann cjiojkhhx h npOTHBOpeHHBHX OTHOnieHHH C flOMHHHpyiOineH COCeflCKOH 3THHHe- ckoh rpynnoH, KOTopan flojiroe BpeMH 6biJia TeppHTopnajibHO 6jih3koh h nrpajia pojib Morym,ecTBeHHoro nojiHTHHecKoro coio3HHKa. 1 3mo cmuxomeopeHue npo-uumcuia na cu,ene Mecmnozo JlOMCL Kyjibmypbí WKOJlbHima e coMone Jladcui e imjie 2007 zoda eo epeMR npa3dHoeamw jiemnezo npa3ČHUKa HaadaM. IlojiHoe Ha3Banue cmuxomeo-pemix «HaadaM e zod, Kozda apecmoeajiu ecex My3icuun» (mohz. Eapuanbí íicujiuh naadaM). CmuxomeopeHue onucbieaem zod Maccoebixpe-npeccuů, Kozda ece MyncuuHbi 6bmu apecmoeanbi, u umo e co-Mone na dojizue zodu ne cmajio MyjKuun, umoóbí coóupamb u npa3duoeamb HaadaM: co-cmsaambcsi e cmpejibóe, cujie u KOHHbix CKauKax. TaK«..xopu-azuncKue 3iceHW,UHbt nomepsuiu ceoux cbíHoeeů, a onoHCKue ne-eecmbí ne U3eedajiu Myjicacoů jiacKU u ocmajiucb odunoKU u 6e3demHM» II4 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 US Kmo maKue «pyccKuů nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? 1 Mumepnem eepcua MeMyapoe Auacmacuu 0ujiamoeoů, 3anucaHH0Ů UIuHKapeebíM co cjiedymw,ezo pecypca: http:/'/www. izvestia/articles/ article92904. llama o6paw,e-hux: 19 aezycma 2010 z. Hto6h cflejiaTb STy flHCKyccnio niHpe, neM npocTO 6ypHTCKHH 4>e-HOMeH, h o6pamycb k coBpeMeHHOMy MOHrojibCKOMy MaTepnajiy, TOMy, KaK xajixa-MOHrojibi Bbipa>KaioT CBoe noHHMaHHe nojiHTHHecKoro h conHajibHoro HepaBeHCTBa nepe3 TepMHHbi poflCTBa. B conHajiHCTHHe-ckhh nepnofl b coio3e corj;HajiHCTHHecKHX CTpaH MoHrojiHH BbicTyna-jia KaK penHnneHT «6paTCKoň» noMoíHH. PyccKHX H3 CoBeTCKoro Co-103a 3aHacTyio b oc|3HnHajibHOM flHCKypce Ha3biBajiH He TOJibKO KaK ar (cTapniHň 6paT), ho h KaK nazacanap. KaK-TO o/thh MOHrojibCKHH >Kyp-HajiHCT b 6ece/j;e ynoMHHyn c caMOHpoHHeň: «Korfla Haflo 6bmo "yMac-jiHTb" (MOHr. caMcapx) pyccKHX, mh MorjiH Ha3BaTb hx nazacanap». Bjiaro 6paK MOHrojibCKoro npeMbepa LLsflSMĎajia c AHacTacneň <Ěh-jiaTOBoň, penpo/jyuHpoBaHHbiH bo MHornx cjiynaHX b 6paHHbix cbh3hx npeflCTaBHTejieH MOHrojibCKoň napTHHHoň sjihth h fleHTejieň Kynb- Typbl C pyCCKHMH >KeHIHHHaMH, OnHTb BOCCTaHOBHJI MOflejIb 6paHHbix ajIbHHCOB, KOrfla «3aBHCHMaH» CTOpOHa CTaHOBHJiaCb 3HTeM «flOMHHH- pyK>niero» napTHepa, h pyccKHe KaK 6bi CTajiH b pojiH nazacanap. Poc- CHHCKHH >KypHajIHCT LUHHKapeB nOflpOĎHO OnHCajI >KH3Hb AHaCTaCHH (řHJiaTOBOH h ee pojib b coBeTCKO-MOHrojibCKHX OTHorneHHHX Toro ne-pnofla, npHBeflH mhoto He6e3biHTepecHbix fleTajieň H3 ee 6Horpa(J)HH (LUHHKapeB 2004). «UIap» (6jioHflHHKa), KaK MOHrojibi npo3BajiH ee, oneHb CTapajiacb fljrs CBoeň hoboh ceMbH, h coBeTCKoe pyKOBOflCTBO no ee npocb6e flonojiHHTenbHO accnrHOBajio CTpoHTenbCTBO MHornx oĎteKTOB KyjibTypHoro CTpoHTejibCTBa. rioflapKH ot nieflporo nazaca b BHfle /LBopna ĎpaKoconeTaHHH, jiarepH HaňpaMflaji, /LBopna nnoHe- pOB H K)HbIX TeXHHKOB npeflCTaBJíeHbl KaK pe3yjIbTaT JIHHHOrO OĎaHHHH AHaCTaCHH <ĚHJiaTOBOH H ee CnOCOĎHOCTH OHapOBbIBaTb COBeTCKHX JIH-flepOB BO BpeMfl HX BH3HTOB B MoHrOJIHK). /Ieno flOHIJIO flO TOTO, HTO o/thh H3 COBeTCKHX BbicoKonocTaBJíeHHbix (JjyHKUHOHepoB CKa3aji eň: «Tbi, Hacra, cjihhikom floporo o6xoflHnibCH CoBeTCKOMy Hapo/j;y» (uht. no LUHHKapeB 2004)1. CyMMHpyn sth npHMepbi, mo>kho cflenaTb bhbo/t, hto OTHorneHHH aeynKyjiama b sthx flByx cjiynaHX 6buiH Hcnojib30BaHbi, hto6h Bbipa- 3HTb HeKHH KOH(J)JIHKT H COUHajIbHOe HepaBeHCTBO B Me>KSTHHHeCKHX OTHomeHHHX. Hepe3 MeTacJjopy OTHorneHHH nazaca-333 6ypHTbi, no- CT3BHB Ce6H B pOJIH 333, nOKa3ajIH CBOK) BHKTHMH3aUHK) B pOJIH npe- cjieflyeMbix h H3maHHbix c nyscĎHHbi; b flpyroM cnynae, nepe3 pojiH nazaca-333 MOHrojibi TaioKe Bbipa3HJiH CBoe 3aBHCHMoe nojio>KeHHe h HeKoe noflo6ocTpacTHoe OTHorneHHe, KOTopoe ohh flOJi>KHbi 6buiH fle- MOHCTpHpOBaTb pyCCKHM nOfl flaBJíeHHeM CBOeň nOJIHTHHeCKOH H SKO-HOMHHeCKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CoBeTCKOTO CoK)3a. npíMEP 2: «MonzojibCKUu 333», xozda óypsunbi cmaemn ce6si e no3uu,uw nazacanap. B flaHHOM pa3flejie h npeflcraBJíio flpyroň npHMep BapnaTHBHoro hc-nojib30BaHHH aByHKyjiaTHbix OTHorneHHHX nazaca-333, Korfla 6ypHT- Il6 Cahha Hamcapaeba CKaH flHacnopa no3Hn;HOHHpyeT ce6H b KanecTBe nazaca no OTHorneHHio k flOMHHHpyiomeH STHHHecKoň rpynne b «CTpaHe npneMa», to ecTb k caMoň 6ojibinoH STHHHecKoň rpynne MoHrojiHH—xajixa-MOHrojiaM. LIoKa mh rocTHJiH b coMOHe ^aflaji X3HT3HCKoro aňMaKa, xo3hhh flOMa, B KOTOpOM Mbl OCTaHOBHJIHCb, npHrjiaCHJI HaC Cbe3flHTb nOCMO- TpeTb jiereHflapHbie MecTa, CBH3aHHbie c fleTCTBOM TeMyq>KHHa (6y-flymero HHHrncxaHa): CTOHHKy ero OTn;a EcyreH, Tpn 03epn;a ,2LejiioH Bojiflor, poflHHK, H3 KOToporo, hko6h, nnji 6yflym;HH ocHOBaTejib moh-rojibCKOH rocyflapcTBeHHOCTH. LIoKa Jiornaflb MefljieHHO njiejiacb, a no-B03Ka noflnpbirHBajia Ha yxa6ax, h jiio6oBajiacb >KHBonHCHOH MecTHO- CTbK), a X03HHH flOMa TOMÚO H MOH CnyTHHK, nO>KHJIOH pOflCTBeHHHK xo3HHHa H3 YnaH-BaTopa, BejiH HeToponjiHByio ňecepy o pa3Hbix Be-m;ax, ho 6ojibine o ceMeňHbix npo6jieMax. ,2Lejio b tom, hto Tpn flOHe-pn Tomďo yHHJiHCb b YnaH-BaTope, h Tomďo 6biJi o6ecnoKoeH TeM, hto TaM ohh eflBa jih CMoryr Haň™ ce6e 6ypHTCKHX >KeHHXOB, a, CKopee Bcero, BbiňflyT 3aMy>K 3a xajixa-MOHrojioB, KaK 3aHacTyio sto cjiynaeTCH y 6ypHTCKHX CTyfleHTOK, OKa3aBniHXCH BflajiH ot ceMbH h poflHoro co-MOHa b roflbí yqe6bi b ctojihhhhx by3 ax. Fom6o 6ecnoKOHJicH, KaK 6bi He flonycTHTb 3Toro h KaK eMy nepe>KHTb TaKoe, ecjiH sto cjiyHHTCH. Ha 3TO ero nO>KHJIOH pOflCTBeHHHK, BCK) >KH3Hb npO^KHBIIIHH B YjiaH-EaTO- pe cpeflH xajixa-MOHrojioB, OTBeraji: «J\a HHHero CTpaniHoro (awjizyů), Beflb mh, 6ypHTbi, fljiH hhx flBa>Kflbi nazacanap (xoep daxun nazacanap) ». Ohh 06a HanajiH CMeHTbCH, cjiobho sto 6biJia yflaHHaH rnyrKa, h pa3roBop TyT >Ke neperneji Ha Apyrne TeMbi. KaK h noHHJia noflonjieKy stoh rnyTKH, no>KHJioH rocTb HMeji b BHfly flBa H3BecTHbix «ajibHHCHbix» 6paKa Me>Kfly MOHrojiaMH h 6ypHTaMH. npe>Kfle Bcero, oh o6pam;ajicH k xoporno H3BecTHoň MOHrojibCKoň Jie-reHfle o npoHcxo>KfleHHH HHHrncxaHa, 3acJ)HKCHpoBaHHOH b «CoKpo-BeHHOM CKa3aHHH»: MaTb HHHrncxaHa 03JiyH-yn>KHH 6biJia poflOM H3 OjibxoHyTCKoro njieMeHH H3 mccthocth Bapryfl>KHH TyKyM, b paňoHe flojiHHbi Bapry3HH, rp,e npo^KHBaioT ceňnac 6ypHTbi. nosTOMy 6ypHTbi hbjihiotch nazacanap pjin. mohtojiob c flaBHHX BpeMeH. BTopoň npn- Mep, KOTOpbIH nO>KHJIOH TOCTb, B03M05KHO, HMejI B BHfly, STO TO, HTO MaTb fleňcTByiomero Ha tot momcht npe3HfleHTa MoHrojiHH HaM6a-pHHH 3Hx6aHpa 6bma poflOM H3 SToro cena J\ap,sui H3 ceMbH 6ypHTCKHX SMHrpaHTOB H3 3a6aHKajibCKoro cejia Bafla HeflajieKO ot Hhth. B rjia-3ax MOHrojibCKHX H36HpaTejieň HaMĎapnňH 3Hx6aHp 6biJi hcthhhhm MOHrojioM, TaK KaK ero OTen; 6biJi xajixa-MOHroji, a Masia 6biJia poflOM H3 coMOHa J\ap,aji, o(J)Hi];HajibHO npH3HaHHoro poflHHoň h «KOJibi6e-jibio» HHHrncxaHa. Ho fljiH 6ypHT-MHrpaHTOB b MoHrojiHH npe3HfleHT MoHrojiHH HaMĎapHHH 3Hx6asip 6bm Bcero Jinnib hx 333. BypHTCKoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe ero MaTepn h TparHHHaH MHrpanHOHHan hctophh npnĎbiTHH ee ceMbH H3 3a6aňKajibH nepe3 BHyTpeHHioio MoHrojiHio h LUshsxsh yMajiHHBajiacb flo HeflaBHero BpeMeHH h 6bma H3BecTHa jiHnib y3KOMy Kpyry jihli; (HHMHTflop>KHeB 2007). Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoebie cmpyKmypbL u 6pannbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u nacmosiw,eM napodoe Eepa3uu McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 117 Kmo mcLKue «pyccKuu nazaca» U «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? Onacemiíi ľoMÔo 6buiu ue-ôecnoueeHHbt: e npoumoM zody učena Fomôo cooôuuuia, umo odua U3 douepeů eu-uma 3aMyjK 3a Meuedoicepa KopeůcKozo cynepMapicema u ceůuac pacmum cbiua e Ceyjie e ceMbe Myyca; emopasi doub Bbiuma 30My3íc 3a oduoKypc-HUKa xajixa-MOHZojia, a mpe-mbR doub euje ne 3aMynceM. CmamucmuKa coopauuasi mhou, noKa3bieaem Kapmuuy CUJlbHOŮ accLiMUJismuu 6ypam e Mohzojiuu 1 Cm. ny6juiK.auuu Kannou-CKOzo (Kaplonski 2004), u YpadbíH Eyjiaza (Bulag 1998), e Komopbix oôcyiic-daemcM pa3Hbte nouamusi MouzojibCKOů udeumuuHocmu U XOJlXa-MOHZOJlbCKOZO ua- uuouajiu3Ma yTBep>KfleHHe, hto «mh, öypHTbi, HBjraeMCH flBa>Kflbi Haza.ca.Hap», B flaHHOM KOHTeKCTe M05KHO BOCnpHHHTb KaK noflnepKHBaHHe Heco- MHeHHOCTH h noHeTHOCTH 3Toro 4>aKTa. Ho, c flpyroö CTopoHbi, none-My Tomöo TaK 6ecnoKOHJia nepcneKTHBa HMeTb b 3HTbHX xajrxa-MOHro-jia, 6biJia jih sto onpeflejieHHaH HenpHH3Hb h naMHTb o Tex yHH>KeHHHX h flHCKpHMHHauHH, KOTopbiM noflBeprajiHCb nepBbie noKOJieHHH 6y- pHTCKHX MHrpaHTOB B MoHľOJIHH CO CTOpOHbl STHHHeCKOrO ÖOJIblUHH- CTBa? Hjih sto 6buia ceMeÖHaH naMHTb o paccTpejiHHHOM orae b ne-pHOfl penpeccHÖ b MoHrojiHH? Hjih sto 6biJio npocTO axscajieHHe, hto ero öyflyinne BHyKH (333H3p), CKopee Bcero, ßyzryT npHHafljie>KaTb He k öypHTCKOö «kocth», a k flpyroö STHHHecKOH rpynne?1 TeM He MeHee, fleKJiapnpyH ceÖH b KanecTBe nazacanap fljiH mohtojiob, öypHTbi nepe3 3TOT TepMHH pOflCTBa KaK 6bl B3bIBajIH K IiaMHTH O 3HaMeHHTOM IIO-pOflHeHHH, K HOpMaM CeMeÖHOÖ HepapXHH, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpOH iuieMHHHHK 333 flOJDKeH OKa3biBaTb noHTeHHe nazaca. C flpyroö cto-poHbi, b inyTKe no>KHJioro poflCTBeHHHKa mo>kho nonyBCTBOBaTb h He-khh capKa3M no noBOfly Toro, hto öypHTCKHe MHrpaHTbi, OKa3aBniHCb b rocTHX y CBoero MOHrojibCKoro 333, KaK pa3 OKa3ajiHCb He>KflaHHbiMH rocTHMH, KOTopbiM 333 TaK h He OKa3aji flOJi>KHoro npHeMa. ynoMH- HaHHe 3THX flByX 3HaMeHHTbIX ajIbHHCHHX COI030B, Korfla ÖypHTCKHe >KeHin,HHbi flajiH po>KfleHHe flByM HauHOHajibHbiM jiHflepaM mohto-JioB (oflHH—b nponuioM, a flpyroö—b HacTonineM), TaK^Ke Morjio 6bITb CnOCOÖOM HanOMHHTb MOHrOJIbCKHM 333 O BblľOfle 3aKJIK)HeHHH ajibHHCHbix COI030B c 6ypHTaMH b KanecTBe «flapHTeneö >KeH». upeflCTaBJiHeTCH, hto Hajinnp CMenieHHe pa3JiHHHbix npeflCTaBJíe-hhh 06 aByHKyjiaTe h no HopMaM naTpHJiHHeÖHOH nepapxHH, h no HOpMaM ajIbHHCHHX ÖpaKOB, KOTOpbie HCKyCHO OÖbirpblBaiOTCH B Me- Ta(J)opHHHOM Hcnojib30BaHHH OTHOiueHHH Hazaca-333 B npHBefleHHHX cjiynaHX. AßyHKyjiaT b ajibHHCHOM noHHMaHHH yKa3biBaji Ha npoTHBO-peHHBbie h HanpH>KeHHbie OTHOiueHHH Me>Kfly MOHrojiaMH h 6ypHTa-MH2 KaK ysce OTHy>KfleHHbiMH flpyr ot flpyra STHOcaMH. 3th flBycMbíc-jieHHbie OTHOiueHHH ysce oöbirpbiBajiHCb b xpoHHKax cejieHrHHCKHX 6ypHT, HanncaHHbix K)MflbiJibiK JIoMÖoubipeHOBbiM b xix BeKe. Korfla cer-MeHTbi MOHrojibCKHX poflOB xopmiH, aôaza, ypsmxaů h xajixa-MOH-zojioe nocjie npeöbiBaHHH b poccHÖCKOM noflflaHCTBe öojiee flBaflnara jieT peniHJiH BepHyTbcn Ha3afl, hx copoflHHH ysce c TpyflOM nycTHJiH hx Ha3afl, TaK KaK nacTÖHina y>Ke 6buiH nepepacnpefleneHbi, a rpaHHUbi KoneBHH OHepneHbi h 3aKpenjieHbi uhhckhmh BJiacraMH. nacTÖHin He XBaTajIO He TOJIbKO flJIH «OTOpBaBIUHXCH» pOflOB, HO H flJIH CBOHX npHMblX nOTOMKOB. Mo>KHO 6bIJIO OCTaTbCH Ha KOpOTKHH CpOK JIHIUb b KanecTBe rocra, ho, He HaňflH nocTOHHHoro npncTaHHina b cbohx «nopoflHbix 3eMJiHX», 3TH poflbí Hepe3 flecHTb JieT BHOBb nepeniJiH poc-CHÖCKyio rpaHHu;y h, BCTynHB OKOHHaTejibHO b pyccKoe noflflaHCTBO B I720 rOfly, npHMKHyjIH K CejieHľHHCKHM ÖypHTCKHM poflaM (JIOM- öonbipeHOB 1868). /ípyraH xpoHHKa ceneHrHHCKHX 6ypHT «HcTopHH 118 Cahha Hamcapaeba o6pa30BaHHH noflropHoro pofla» noBecTByeT o nonbiTKe BepHyTbCH b MOHrOJIbCKHe 3eMJIH B BHfle nepCOHH(J)HI];HpOBaHHOH HCTOpHH OCHOBa- TejiH CBoero pofla (ľeMnHJioH 1832-1833). HeKTO no hmchh Myyxaň peniHJi BepHyTbcn b MoHrojiHio, hto6h HaBecTHTb MJiaflinero 6paTa CBoero OTu;a HjibfleHa, KOTopbiň 6biJi Ha3HaHeH Ô3acaK0M (npaBHTejieM xoniyHa) b TynisTyxaHOBCKOM aÖMaKe. Cn;eHa BCTpeHH flHflH h njieMHH-HHKa onncaHa TsMnHJioHOM cjieflyiomHM o6pa30M: ri/ieMjfflHHK: rijieMHHHHK: rijieMHHHHK: ->Khb jih tboíí rpeniHLiíí OTeu, ÄHflaxaíi? -HeT. -Kyfla oh yineji? -Yineji k öypxaHy (yMep) -AH, HeoTecaHHLiíí 6ypaT, Kyfla me tli HanpaBHJica, nepeinarayB rpaHHiry? -MHe roBopHJiH, hto moíí OTeii, OTCiofla no npoHcxojKfleHHK), noTOMy a h npHÖLin ciofla. Mory jih h ocTaTbCH 3flecb? -HeT. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRuieM Hapodoe Eepa3uu /re-MiiHJioH 1832-1833 [1996]: 66 / TeM He MeHee, 6paT OTua pa3peniHJi njieMHHHHKy ocTaTbCH noro-CTHTb, ho HeHaflOJiro. CbiH CTapniero 6paTa 6biJi BCTpeneH KaK caMbiň floporoň rocTb. Ero flflflH, 6a6yniKa h cbiHOBbH flHflH oflapmiH ero 6ora-TbiMH noflapKaMH h no>KejiajiH Myyxaň CTaTb öoraTbiM h 3HaMeHHTbiM Ha HOBOÖ poflHHe. 3tot 3nH30fl H3 xpoHHKH npHMenaTejieH TeM, hto nonbiTKa BepHyTbcn Ha poflHHy nepe3 3aKOHHoe naTpHJiHHeÖHoe npa-Bo (cbiH CTapniero 6paTa npaBHmero Ô3acaKa) He yflajiacb, TaK KaK sto CTajio 6bi yrpo30H fljiH npaBa HacjieflOBaHHH THTyna Ô3acaxa fljiH ch-HOBeň caMoro HjibfleHa. Otij;obckhh pofl (súian) 6biJi y>Ke pa3fleneH Ha flBa pofla (pofl AHflaxaH h pofl HjibfleHa) h He Mor 6biTb BHOBb Boccoe-flHHeH. EbiJi fla>Ke cnen;HajibHbiH öypHTCKHÖ oöbinaö súia xaxajixa (pa3- flejIHTb KOCTb), HTOÖbl HCKJIIOHHTb B03MO>KHOCTb flajIbHeftlUHX npHTH- 3aHHH Ha nacTÖHma co CTopoHbi OTKoneBaBinero pofla Ha ocHOBaHHH poflCTBa no naTpHJiHHeÖHOH jihhhh. K. Bhtkhh3, onncbiBaH stot pn-Tyaji, OTMenaeT, hto npeflCTaBHTejiH pa3flejiHioii];HXCH poflOB flOJi>KHbi 6buiH pacKOJioTb KOTeji fljiH eflbí Ha flBe nacTH co cjioBaMH «KaK 3th Ky-CKH He MoryT CTaTb eflHHbiM n;ejibiM, TaK h pa3fleneHHaH KOCTb HHKor-fla He CTaHeT n;ejioH» (BHTKHHa 1946: 138). XaM(J>pH (1979) npHBOflHT flpyrne npHMepbi toto, hto ecjiH npHHafljie>KHOCTb k eflHHOMy npefl-Ky no naTpHJiHHeÖHOH jihhhh CHHTajiacb HeyöeflHTejibHoö, to MorjiH 6biTb npeflnpHHHTbi nonbiTKH oöocHOBaTb poflCTBO h no flpyrHM jihhh-hm: poflCTBO no MaTepHHCKoň jihhhh, MH^mecKoe poflCTBO nepe3 nia-MaHCKHX nepBonpeflKOB, flyx KOTopbix CTaji xo3hhhom toö mccthocth (za3apau 333h), Kyfla HaMepeBajicn BepHyTbcn OTHy>KfleHHbiH pofl h T.fl. HccjieflOBaTejib KoneBbix HapoflOB A(J>pHKH ľ. ffljiee, H3yHaK)ni;HH pa3JiHHHbie CTpaTerHH co3flaHHH ajibHHCOB cpeflH KoneBbix ruieMeH McCJIEflOBAHHH TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 IIP Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? 1 YIMA, UH^opManm /Jojizop, ceno Y30H Azuhckozo OKpyza, UHJJib 2008 z. 1 YIMA, UHc/iopMaHm MaHJiati, ceno Cydyumyu Azuhckozo OKpyza, ujoHb 2009 z. BOCTOHHOH A(J)pHKH, CHHTaeT, HTO npHTH3aHHH Ha pOflCTBO H Ha Tep-pHTOpHK) OCTaBajIHCb JIHinb npHTH3aHHHMH H He o6H3aTejIbHO 03- HaHajiH, hto 3to 6biJio ocHOBaHHeM fljiH npH3HaHHH npaB npHHUioro pofla (Schlee 2004). IlosTOMy, bhahmo, b MOHrojibCKOM BapnaHTe sto 03HaHajio, hto nonbiTKH yrneflniHX Ha ceBep MOHrojibCKHX poflOB Bep-HyTbca Ha3afl He yflajincb, TaK KaK Ha hx poflHHe ysce He 6buio CBo6ofl-hhx nacT6Hin He TOJibKO fljra poflHbix, ho TeM 6ojiee #jih nyscnx. Ho poflHbie MorjiH ocTaTbCH Ha KaKoe-TO BpeMH b KanecTBe rocTen, hto-6h, He 3JioynoTpe6jiHH rocTenpHHMCTBOM, BHOBb yHTH. HanpHMep, arHHCKHe 6ypHTbi, >KHBrHHe HeflajieKO ot MOHrojibCKOH rpaHHUbi, 3a-HacTyio 3aflep>KHBajiHCb Ha jieTHHX nacT6Hinax Ha MOHrojibCKOH cto-poHe b cjiynaHX 3acyxn, snnfleMHH h nponnx npHHHH. KaK BcnoMHHaeT oflHa H3 CTapeHinnx >KHTejibHHrj; cejia Tothhh, «MOHrojibi Ha toh cto-poHe norpaHHHHoro nepexofla YnbxyH xoporno 3HajiH Hac, Korfla mh nepe6npajiHCb Tyfla pa3 b HecKOJibKO jieT Ha jieTHHe nacT6Hina. Ohh npHBeTCTBOBajiH Hac cjioBaMH «3HaMeHocrj;bi HHHrncxaHa npH6buiH»! (Huhzuc3u myzHUH epeaa!), noTOMy hto mh, xaMHUzanbL pofla tuokhuh, BefleM poflocjioBHyio ot 3HaMeHocneB HHHrncxaHa"1. /JpyraH >KHTejib-HHija cena CyayHTyH, CTOJieTHHH MaHJian, ceMbH KOTopon 6bma poflOM H3 npHrpaHHHHOH Bop3H, BCTIOMHHaeT, HTO KOTfla hx ceMbH 3aflep>KH- Bajiacb Ha MOHrojibCKHX nacT6Hinax 6ojiee neM Ha flBa rofla, «...moh-rojibi npocTO npHBH3HBajiH Harny ropTy k flByM jioniaflHM h TaiHHJiH ee KaK ctot ceHa (6yxaji ui3p3X3), noKa Harna ropTa He onpoKHHeTCH, a bch yTBapb He paccbiiuieTCH»2. 3thm flencTBHeM MOHrojibCKHe xo3H-eBa flaBajiH 3HaTb, hto tocth 3arocTHJiHCb h hm nopa B03BpaniaTbCH Ha3afl Ha CBOH 3eMJIH. noSTOMy flJIH 3arOCTHBIIIHXCH pOflCTBeHHHKOB BbLcorccLR cmenenb unmezpai^uu 6ypsim e coepeMennoe MonzojibCKoe o6w,ecmeo, ux ercjiad e pa3Gumue MonzojibCKOu zocydapcmeenHocmu, coepeMennoe deMOKpamunecKoe deujKenue, Kyjibmypy, nayrcy MOJKem marcjiee GocnpuHUMambCR KaK jKejianue zocmeu omnjiamumb zociurm 3a npedocmaejieHHbLU Kpoe He 6biJio hhoto Bbi6opa, KaK BHOBb OTnpaBHTbCH Ha3afl Ha TeppHTO-pHH, b KOTopbix ycTaHaBJiHBajiocb pyccKoe npaBJieHHe, h npHMKHyTb K KOHeBaBinHM TaM flpyTHM MOHTOJIbCKHM H 6ypHTCKHM poflaM, KO- Topbie HHHero He HMejiH npoTHB npHinenbneB: nacT6Hin h pecypcoB XBaTajio Ha Bcex. TaKHM o6pa30M, pa3Hbie CTpaTerHH «BKJiK>HeHHH» h «OTTOp>KeHHH» TipHHIJIblX, eCJIH HCnOJIb30BaTb TepMHHbl, npe#jio:>KeH- Hbie TioHTepoM LLuiee (strategies of inclusion and exclusion), KOTopbix npHflep>KHBajIHCb KOHeBHHKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CHTyaUHH, flHKTOBajIH pa3Hyio npoflOJi>KHTejibHOCTb BpeMeHH #jih accHMHJinuHH h HHTerpa-uhh MHrpaHTOB. HeKOTopbie rpynnbi motjih 6biTb TyT >Ke BKJiioHeHbi b cocTaB ajibHHCOB b KanecTBe «MJiaflniHX» poflOB, a HeKOTopbie h no nponiecTBHH cotch JieT noc/ie npn6biTHH Ha ny>Kyio TeppHTopnio chh-TajiHCb ny>KaKaMH—hx He flonycKajiH k pecypcaM flOMHHHpyiomeH rpynnbi. B nacTHOCTH, Korfla 6ypHTbi noc/ie 6ercTBa H3 Ch6hph OKa- 3ajIHCb B MoHrOJIHH, OHH 0>KHflajIH, HTO MOHTOJIbl KaK npeflCTaBHTejIH poflCTBeHHOH rpynnbi npHMyT 6erjien;oB, KaK b CBoe BpeMH 6ypHTCKHe poflbi npHHHJiH MOHrojibCKHe ceMbH, 6iiaro mhcJ) 06 o6iii;hx KopHHX h MaTpHJIHHeHHOM pOflCTBe C HHHTHCXaHOM flaBajI Ha 3TO OCHOBaHHH, HO MOHrojibi b 3tom cjiyHae npnflep>KHBajiHCb CTpaTerHH «OTTop>KeHHH» h flHCKpHMHHanHH npHmejibrj;eB, ecjiH BHflejiH, hto tocth 3aflep>KajiHCb h HaHHHajiH npeTeHflOBaTb Ha MecTHbie pecypcbi. TocTenpHKMHOCTb k 6ypHTCKHM rocTHM o6epHyjiacb Bpa>Kfle6HOCTbio, Korfla MOHrojibi yBH- flejIH, HTO TOCTH 6bIJIH H3rHaHbI H3 POCCHH H HM (JiaKTHHeCKH HeKyfla B03Bpam,aTbCH. TaK 3arocTHBniHHCH rocTb CTaHOBHTCH BparoM, KaK b JiaTHHCKOM H3peHeHHH «h0Spis JlOStis», H 06'beKTOM flHCKpHMHHaii;HH. BypHTbi OTHeTJiHBO noHHMajiH 3Ty CHTyan;Hio, nosTOMy ohh CTajiH 06-pa3HO Ha3biBaTb ce6H «MHrpaHTaMH» (epyyji 30h), TeMH, kto npH6bui TaHKOM, npHHacb (mocaap epyyji 30h). nono:>KeHHe Me>Kfly rocTeM h BparoM nopo>Kflajio HanpH>KeHHbie OTHomeHHH c flOMHHHpyrorneH st- HHHeCKOH rpynnOH, B03HHKJIO MHO^KeCTBO CKpblTblX H OTKpblTblX KOH-(JjJIHKTOB, BbI3BaHHbIX pa3HHM TOJIKOBaHHeM o6oK)flHbIX pOflCTBeHHHX o6H3aHHOCTeH, flOJira H T.fl. C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, 6ypHTbi KaK Te, kto boc- nojib30Bajica rocTenpHHMCTBOM MOHrojioB, 6biJiH 6jiaroflapHbi hm 3a npHIOT, HO C flpyrOH CTOpOHbl, HanOMHHaHHe O poflCTBeHHOH CBH3H flOJi>KHO 6bmo orpaHHHHTb >KecTOKoe o6pam,eHHe paccep>KeHHbix xo- 3HeB C «6eflHbIMH pOflCTBeHHHKaMH». BypHTbi b KanecTBe OTBeTHOH peaKi^HH Ha nojiHTHKy «OTTop>KeHHH» CTapajIHCb 6bICTpO aCCHMHJIHpOBaTbCH, H3MeHHTb CBOH flHajieKT Ha xajixacKHH, TmaTejibHO CKpbiBajiH CBoe npoHcxo>KfleHHe, HayHHJiHCb pa3roBapHBaTb flpyr c flpyroM b hjokom OKpy^KeHHH nojiyHaMeKaMH h nojiymyTKaMH, noHHTHHMH TOJibKO hm. TeM He MeHee, BbicoKaH CTe-neHb HHTerpanHH 6ypHT b coBpeMeHHoe MOHrojibCKoe o6m,ecTBO, hx BKJiafl B pa3BHTHe MOHrojibCKOH rocyflapcTBeHHOCTH, coBpeMeHHoe fleMOKpaTHHecKoe flBH>KeHHH, KyjibTypy, HayKy mo^kct TaK^Ke Bocnpn-HHMaTbCH KaK >KejiaHHe rocTen OTruiaTHTb xo3HeBaM 3a npeflocTaB-jieHHHH KpoB. TaKaH Mbicjib OTHeTJiHBO npo3Bynajia b KHHre «Cyflb6bi 6ypHT, 6opoBiiiHxca 3a HOByio MoHrojiHio» («UIuh3 MOHZojibibm. myjiee meMmu,33K Recan 6ypuadyyd msdzspuuH xyeb 3a.Ra»), HanncaHHOH MOHrojibCKHM hctophkom /]|yrap>Ka6biH /JaMflHH>Ka6, ypo>KeHrj;eM J\a-flaji coMOHa: 6ypHTbi 3aruiaTHJiH flocTaTOHHO 6ojibinyio n;eHy >kh3hhmh TbICHH 3a npaBO >KHTb B MoHrOJIHH. 3Ta flByCMHCJieHHOCTb n03HI^HH 6ypHT b MoHrojiHH coxpaHHeTCH h flo ceroflHHniHero ahh: ohh ocTaioT- Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HaarLORVueM napodoe Eepa3uu I20 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 121 Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca» U «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? 3mom ehieod 6bmpanee afiopMyjiupoeau K. Xam-(fipu (1983) u Muozopa3 npouumupoeaH epa6omax eeyueuuKoe U3 KeM6pudiic- CKOU UlKOJlhl COUUOJlbHOU aumponojiozuu, Komopux oua eoodyuieeujia u nodeuzna ua U3yueuue 6ypamacozo o6w,ecmea CH H CBOHMH, H HV5KHMH OflHOBpeMeHHO, HTO Bbipa>KeHO B KaTerOpH-HX pOflCTBa B pOJIH pOflCTBeHHHKOB C MaTepHHCKOH CTOpOHH. B 3TOM KOHTeKCTe inyTKa (hjih HanoMHHaHHe) o «abohhom» poflCTBe c moh-rojiaMH MCOKeT oTpa>KaTb Bee enie coxpaHHioinyiocH yH3BHMOCTb nojio- >KeHHH 6ypHT B MOHTOJIbCKOM o6lH,eCTBe, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, HTO HHCJIO CMeinaHHbix 6paKOB b TpeTbeM h HeTBepTOM noKOJieHHHX MHrpaHTOB c flOMHHHpyiom,eH 3THHHecKOH rpynnoH Bee pacTeT h pacTeT. To, hto h ycjibiinajia b pa3roBopax mohx cnyrHHKOB,—BHyTpeHHHH flHCKypC, KOTOpblH o6bIHHO He 03ByHHBaeTCH BO «BHe6ypHTCKOM» Kpy-ry B npHCyTCTBHH JIKJfleH H3 HHOrO STHHHeCKOrO OKpy^KeHHH. B 3TOM TaK^Ke Bbipa>KaeTCH cyr^ecTByroiiiaH HanpjDKeHHOCTb h npoTHBopenne Me>Kfly BHyTpeHHeft pecJuieKCHeft—TeM, o neM jnoflH roBopHT BHyTpn CBoero Kpyra, h BHeniHHM penpe3eHTaTHBHHM HMHfl>KeM 6ypHT b MoHrOJIHH. BMECTO 3AKJHOHEHH.H BapnaTHBHoe Hcnonb30BaHHe aByHKyjiaTa (oTHOineHHH nazaca-333) b BbinieynoMHHyTbix cjiynaHX b onepeflHOH pa3 noflTBep>KflaeT npe3- BblHaHHyK) Ba^KHOCTb KaTerOpHH pOflCTBa B COUHajIbHHX CBH3HX. Oho roBopHT o tom, hto MHpoBocnpHHTHe 6ypHT nacTO npoHBJiHeTCH nepe3 poflCTBeHHbie KaTeropHH. K TOMy >Ke sth npHMepbi H3 >kh3hh 6ypHT-ckoh flnacnopbi noKa3HBaioT, hto paHee cflejiaHHbm aHTpononoraMH BblBOfl, O TOM, HTO «B SrOUeHTpHHHOH TonojiorHH 6ypHTbi onpeflejiHRDT CBoe H3HaHajibHoe nojio>KeHHe b conHajibHbix cbh3hx npeHMyriiecTBeH- HO C nOMOHIbK) naTpHJIHHeHHOH TepMHHOJIOrHH»1, MO^KeT 6bITb 3HaHH- TejibHO pacinnpeH h flonojmeH. 3th npHMepbi yHHKajibHbi TeM, hto b KanecTBe MeTacjjop BbicTynaioT He TOJibKO naTpHJiHHeHHbie TepMHHbi poflCTBa (TaKHe KaK OTen,, 6paT), ho h TepMHHbi MaTpminHeHHoro pofl- CTBa (flflflfl CO CTOpOHH MaTepH, fleTH cecTpbi). M3 ecex Kamezopuu podcmea UMenno aeyHKyjiam OK.a3ajicR HanojmeHHbLM deycMbLCJiennbLM codepjKanueM (om 6jiazocjioGJiemiR do npoKJiRmuR) c coceflCTByioiH,HMH flOMHHHpyioiH,HMH 3THHHecKHMH rpynnaMH KaK B CTpaHe Hcxofla, TaK h b npHHHMaioiH,eM o6nrecTBe. H3 Bcex KaTeropHH poflCTBa HMeHHO aByHKyjiaT OKa3ajicH HanojmeHHbiM flBycMbicneHHbiM coflep>KaHHeM (ot 6jiarocjioBJieHHH flo npoKJiHTHH), nosTOMy flnacno-pa BapnaTHBHO Hcnojib30Bajia 3Ty flBycMbicjieHHOCTb, hto6h noKa3aTb cjio>KHOCTb CBoero nojio^KeHHH KaK roHHMbix, 6erjierj;oB h MHrpaHTOB. MHe npeflCTaBjraeTCH, hto flaHHbm onbiT 6ypHTCKOH flnacnopbi OTKpbi-BaeT HOBbie CTopoHbi b noHHMaHHH oco6eHHOCTeH poflCTBa y 6ypHT b nejioM. Oh TaioKe fleMOHCTpnpyeT, hto TepMHHbi poflCTBa, iiomhmo bh-pa^KeHHH 6HOJiorHHecKHX CBH3en (h MeTacjjop o6m;ecTBeHHOH rapMO-hhh no npHMepy BHyTpnceMeHHOH rapMOHHH KaK Me>Kfly poflHTejiHMH h fleTbMH, TaK h cn6jiHHraMH) HMeioT 6ojiee rnnpoKoe Hcnojib30BaHHe fljiH Bbipa^KeHHH corj;HajibHoro HepaBHonpaBHH h aHTaroHH3MOB. 3th cjiynan noKa3HBaioT, hto >KH3Hb b flnacnope, Ha ny>K6HHe 060CTpHeT H flpaM3TH3HpyeT MHpOBOCnpHHTHe, H nOSTOMy H3HK pOflCTBa Hcnojib3yioTCH c 6ojiee rnnpoKOH cmhcjioboh Harpy3KOH. Mo>kho KpHTHHeCKH OTHeCTHCb K MOHM Te3HCaM, TeM 6ojiee HTO 3TH flBa-TpH cjiynaH hbho HeflocTaTOHHbi fljiH Toro, hto6h flejiaTb 6ojiee rnnpoKHe o6o6in,eHHH h roBopHTb o pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH Hcnojib30BaHHH aByHKyjiaTa b KanecTBe MeTacjjopbi h y flpyrnx HapoflOB. Ha oflHOM H3 ce-MHHapoB, KOTopbift opraHH30BHBaji >KypHaji «Tartaria Magna."1 b Map-Te 3Toro rofla b yjiaH-Yfls, nocne o6cy>KfleHHH flaHHoft TeMbi ko MHe noflonuiH HecKOJibKO Kojuier, KOTopbie 3HaHHTenbHO nonojiHHJiH moh CBefleHHH He TOJibKO o 6biTOBbix h pHTyajibHbix npoHBJieHHHX aByHKyjiaTa y pa3Hbix TeppHTopnajibHbix rpynn 6ypHT2, ho h paccKa3ajiH o flpyrnx cjiynaHX MeTacJiopHHHoro Hcnojib30BaHHH aByHKyjiaTa3. TaK hto bo3mo>kho, hto KOJiHHecTBO HaKonjieHHoro MaTepHajia B flajibHen-rneM no3BOJiHT He TOJibKO npeflnojiaraTb, ho h yrBep>KflaTb o cyiqecTBO-BaHHH npaKTHKH Hcnojib30BaHHH aByHKyjiaTa b KanecTBe MeTacJiopbi y pHflaHapoflOB. # Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u HacmoRiu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 Bjiazodapw opzaHU3amopoe ny6jiuuHMX jieKuuu Tartaria Magna H. [IbipeMnunoea u n. BapuaecKozo, Komopue jm6e3H0 npuzjiacujiu Menu bm-cmynumb cjieKuueu no dannou meMamwce 2 Bhui uumepecHbiu npuMep o KOHtpmiKnmoM npoxejieuuu aeyHKyjiama e CMeuiauHou 6ypamcKO-pyccKou ceMbe, Kozda pa3Jiuuuoe noHUMamie aeyHKyjiamubLX o6x3aHHOcmeu npueeno k KOHtfijiwany 6ypa.ni-ckozo njieMMHHUKa u pyccKoii iicenu ezo dxdu no Mamepuu- CKOU JIUHUU '• HanpuMep, e EpaenuncKOM pauone e cjiyuae, eaiu cmh 0K.a30Jicsi e mmpbMe, mo pod-Hbie UH0CKa3amejibH0 zoeopam, umo«OH yiueji k uazaca» (ua-zacada oiuoo) 3th npHMepbi TaioKe noKa3ajiH, hto (JiyHKUHOHajibHaH HanpjDKeH-HOCTb, cymecTByiornaH Me>Kfly naTpmiHHeiiHbiM h MaTpHJiHHeHHbiM npHHi^nnaMH cneTa poflCTBa, 6biJia o6birpaHa h SKCTpanojinpoBaHa Ha 6ojiee innpoKHH Kpyr connajibHbix CBH3en, hto6h noKa3aTb HanpH>Ke-HHe h HepaBeHCTBO b OTHorneHHHX rpynn jnofleft b ajibHHCHOM coio3e 122 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 123 EHE.7IHOrPAH.H Kmo maKue «pyccKuii nazaca»u «MOHZOJlbCKUU 333»? BAJiflAEB 1959—Eajiflae-B, C. EyptrrcKHe CBa/j,e6Hbie o6pa/j,bi. yjiaH-y/j,3, 1959. baji/iahob 2005—EajiflaHOB C.)K. EypaTCKoe 3apy6ejKbe: hjuik>3hh h peajIbHOCTb // JlOKajIbHbie OCo6eHHOCTH 6ypHTCKOH STHHHeCKOH o6niHHbi BHyTpeHHeft MoHrojiHH KHTaftcKOH HapoflHOH Pecny6jiHKH. MaTepnajibi i-oh Hay^Hoft 3KcneflHL(HH HrH 2004. yjiaH-Yfls: H3/j,aTejibCTBO EypaTCKoro rocyHHBepcHTeTa, 2005. C. 4-11. bacaeba 1984—EacaeBa K. CeMbH h ceMeHHbift 6ht // n. XanTaeBa (pe/j,.). CoBpeMeHHbift 6ht h 3THOKyjibTypHbie nponeccbi b EypaTHH. Hoboch6hpck: Hayxa. C. 61-131. eojioheb 1992—EojioHeB O.O. CeMeftcKHe. yjiaH-Yfls, 1992. eopohoeba 2007—EopoHoeBa /J. EypaTCKoe 3apy6ejKbe: onncaHHe h aHajiH3 // /Tnacnopbi b coBpeMeHHOM MHpe. yjiaH-yfls: H3/j,aTejibCTBO EypaTCKoro rocyHHBepcHTeTa, 2007. C. 21-29. EYPAEBA 2000-EypaeBa, O. X03HHCTBeHHbie H 3THOKyjIbTypHbie CBH3H pyCCKHX, 6ypaT h SBeHKOB b xv11-cepeflHHe xix bb. yjiaH-y/j,3: EHLL 2000. BflTKHHA I946-BHTKHHa K. B. IlepejKHTKH MaTepHHCKoro pofla y 6ypaT- MOHrojioB // CoBeTCKaa 3THorpac[)HH 1946, N» 1. C. 137-144. rAJijAHOBA 1986—rajiflaHOBa T.P. CTpyKTypa TpaflHUHOHHOH 6ypaTCKOH CBaflb6bi//TpaflHL(HOHHaH KyjibTypa HapoflOB LJeHTpajibHOH Ashh. Hoboch6hpck 1986. C. 131-1. rAHTOrTOx 2005—r. TaHTorTox./Tain6aji6ap/Jain6aji6apaHXHH [/Jain6aji6ap h Jiiofla /Jain6aji6apa]. yjiaaHa6aaTap, 2005. flAM/lHHJtAB 2006-/J. /JaMflHHJKaB. LUHH3 MOHTOJIblH TVJIOe TSMUSJKHBCaH 6ypHHflyyfl TeflreepHHH xyBb 3aaa [Cy/j,b6bi 6ypaT, 6opoBiHHXCH 3a HOByio Mohtojihio]. yjiaaHa6aaTap, 2006. /IbiJibiKOB 1981—/TbuibiKOB C. Hx Uaa3: IlaMHTHHK MOHrojibCKoro cjjeoflajibHoro npaBa xvn Bexa. nep., BBe/j,. h kommcht. C. /J,. /TbuibiKOBa. MocKBa: Hayxa, 1981. 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Humphrey 1998—Humphrey, C. Marx went away—but Karl stayed behind. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan press. 1998. hurelbaatar, a. 2 o o o. An Introduction to the History and Religion of the Buriad Mongols of Shenehen in China. Inner Asia 2(1): 73-116. jagchid, s. 1986. Mongolian Manchu Intermarriage in the Ch'ing period. Zentralasiatische Studien des Seminars fur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens der universitflt Bonn 19: 68-87. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. kaplonski 2004—Kaplonski, C. Truth, History and Politics in Mongolia. The Memory of heroes. London: RoutledgeCurzon. krader 1963 [1997]—Krader, L. Social Organization of Mongol-Turkic Pastoral nomads. Indiana University publications, Uralic and Altaic Series 20. The Hague: Mouton. 1997. Levi-strauss 1949 [1969] —Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. (Ed. R. Needham, transl. J.H. Bell, J.R. von Sturmer & R. Needham.) Boston (MA): Beacon Press. 1969. 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Philadelphia (PA): American Philosophical Society. 1954. shim amur a—Shimamura, I. 2004. The Movement for Reconstructing Identity through Shamanism: A Case Study of the Aga- Buryats in post- socialist Mongolia. Inner Asia 6: 197-214. shirokogoroff 1935 [1999] —Shirokogoroff, S. Psychomental complex of the Tungus. Berlin: Schletzer. 1999. sne ath 2007—Sneath, D. The Headless State. New York: Columbia University press. 2007. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u Haanomu,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 126 Cahha Hamcapaeba McCJIEflOBAHHH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 127 Karakol Sart-kalmaks (expedition esseys) Sart-Kalmaks are a small people ofOirat origin, now living in the Kyrgyz Republic. This Mongolian ethnic group rarely been studied by anthropologists. This study is based on the authors' field materials, collected in 2011 and represents the most current trends in the development of the ethnic groups at this time. Life of Sart-Kalmaks in modern Kyrgyzstan is not so easy: political, economic and social instability that characterizes the current situation in Kyrgyzstan promotes the growth of tension in international relations and title people of the country is trying to lay the blame for many problems in Kyrgyzstan to ethnic minorities, among which are Sart-Kalmaks. Under these conditions, ethnic identity of the nation updates and strengthens, establishes connection with the Mongolian community—the Kalmyks of Russia, Oirats of China Hccjiedoeauue npoeedeuo npu noddepiiace zpauma Pm

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Cejio Běpio-Bain BMecTe c He6ojibniHM cejioM HepHK o6pa3yioT Běpio-BaincKyio aflMH-HHCTpaTHBHyio eflHHHn;y. 3th cena HaxoflHTCH b HenocpeflCTBeHHoň 6jih30cth k o6iiacTHOMy neHTpy—ropofly KapaKOJi. HenneK h Tani-Kbm cjiHBaioTCH c KapaKOJioM Ha k)ro-3anazi;e h rore, Běpio-Bain Ha ce-Bepo-3anazi;e. CejibCKOxo3HHCTBeHHbie yroflbH HenneKa h Běpio-Baina coeflHHHioTCH k 3anafly ot ropofla KapaKOJi. 1 HHifiopMau.usi co6pana e na-cejieHHbix nymanax ^íenneK, EypMa-cyy, Tam-Kbm, Eěpm-6aw, 2011 IloMHMO AKcyňcKoro paňoHa, KajiMaKH paccejieHbi h b flpyrnx paňoHax h oĎJiacrax Kbiprbi3CTaHa. B HccbiK-KyjibCKoň o6iiacTH oň-paTCKHM no STHHHecKOMy cocTaBy HBJíHioTCH eiqe Tpn cejia—HepHK, Kepere-Tani h CapbiKaMbini. PaccejieHHe KapaKOJIbCKHX capT-KajiMaKOB 132 eahp hah3atob, Maphha C o/] h o m n h ji o b a H A y 1 H H E OHEPKH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20i2 133 Capm-KajiMCLKU e COepCMCHHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe 1 Bo MHOZUX KbipZbl3CKUX cejiax ceuoKOCHbte yzodbx 3a omcymcmeueM 3eMJiu pacno-jiazammcsi ua nojmx. Heoôxo-duMocmb codepucamíR CKoma u oôecneueuue ezo KopMaMU omuuMaem y Jimdeů B03-MOíicHocmb 3aceueamb nojw KyjibmypubíMU pacmeHusiMU CapT-KajiMaKH, no npencTaBJíeHHHM coce/j;eH-Kbiprbi30B, 3aHHMa-k)t jiyHiiiHe MecTa b HccbiK-KyjibCKoň oôjiacra. H3 nero CKJiaflbiBaioTCH o6pa3 ÔJiaronpHHTHbix TeppHTopHH, 3aHHMaeMbix KajiMaKaMH? C sko-HOMHHecKoň tohkh 3peHHH, capT-KajiMaKCKHe cena 3aHHMaK>T CTpa-TernnecKH BbiroflHoe nojio:>KeHHe—ohh pacnojio>KeHbi npaKTHHecKH b nepTe oôiiacTHoro neHTpa—r. KapaKOJia, OKpy^Kan ero c ceBepa Ha ror no 3anaflHoň OKpaHHe. CaMoe 6ojibinoe capT-KajiMaKCKoe anMH-HHCTpaTHBHoe oôije/THHeHHe HejineK, rne npo^KHBaeT okojio ceMH th-chh HenoBeK, 6ojiee 95% KOTopbix cocTaBJínioT capT-KajiMaKH, npaK- THHeCKH CJIHBaeTCH C KD5KHOH OKpaHHOH TOpOfla. B 2011 T. 5KHTe7LHM HejineKa 6buio npnojiHHTejibHO BbinejieHO 400 ynacTKOB /tjih jkhjihih-hoh 3acTpoHKH, KOTopbie coMKHyT nocejieHHe c roponcKHM paňoHOM «CMopoflHHa», b HacTOHniee BpeMH HacejieHHoe npaKTHHecKH TOJibKO capT-KajiMaKaMH H3 HenneKa. BjiH30CTb k ropofly cnocoôcTByeT ôbicTpoň peajiH3an,HH jik>6oh cejibxo3npo/jyKnHH: MHca, OBonieň. MHorne capT-KajiMaKH caMH pa-6oTaioT Ha pbíHKe, nponaBaH cejibxo3npoflyKnHK> co cbohx nojieň. BjiH30CTb k ropofly pernaeT npo6jieMy TpynpycTpoHCTBa pjin. TKWiejieň 6jiH3Jie>KarHHX ceji—b ropone HacHHTbiBaeTCH necHTb by3ob h (Jjhjih-ajioB yneÔHbix 3aBe/j;eHHH, 6ojibHHiia, hikojih, ToproBbie neHTpbi. ľlo-CTOHHHyio CBH3b capT-KajiMaKCKHX cen c ropoflOM noflflep>KHBaeT pH/T ropoflCKHX MaprnpyTOB. Cena HejineK, BypMa-cyy, Tani-KbiH 3aHHMaioT 6ojiee ÔJiaronpn-HTHoe xo3HHCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHHecKoe nojio>KeHHe no CpaBHeHHK) c cenoM Běpro-Barn. CjiHBiHHCb b enHHoe nocejieHHe, sth cena npmiera-k)t k nojiorHM npenropHbiM xojiMaM rop KapaKOJi h ApnaTeKTbip, Ha KOTopbix pacnojio>KeHbi ceHOKOCHbie yroflbH capT-KajiMaKCKHX cen1. MMenno xopoiuue 3eMJiu, omdaHHbie KCLJIMCLKCLM, CmCLJlU ZJlCLGHbLM doGOÔOM e npoeoKav,uoHHbix ebicKa3bieaHURX Kbipzbi3€Kux aKmuGucmoG-HcmuoHajiucmoG CKB03b noceneHHe npoTeKaeT OTBeneHHbiH ot ropHoň peKH KapaKOJi (Xapa-roji) apbiK BypMa-cyy, oôecneHHBaH HaxoflHíHHecH b nacTHoň COÔCTBeHHOCTH nOJIH H Caflbl BOflOH. ľlo CpaBHeHHK) C 3THMH cejiaMH, flpyroe capT-KajiMaKCKoe cejio Běpio-Barn, pacnojio>KeHHoe ceBepHee r. KapaKOJia, HcnbiTbiBaeT npo6jieMbi b oôecneneHHH bo/toh. Bojiee ÔJiaronpHHTHbiM pacnojio>KeHHe capT-KajiMaKCKHX ceji Kbip-rbi3bi CHHTaioT fla>Ke HecMOTpn Ha to, hto capT-KajiMaKH nojiyHHJiH b nacTHyio coôcTBeHHOCTb MeHbine Bcex 3eMejibHbix yroflHH Ha flyrny Ha- cejieHHH—ot 20 flo 35 coTOK Ha nejioBeKa. 06hhho Ha oflHy ceMbio H3 5-6 nejioBeK npnxoflHTCH KaK npaBHJio 1-1,5 ra naxoTHoň 3eMJiH. B Kbiprbi3CKHX cenax ceMbH MO^KeT o6pa6aTHBaTb no 4 ra 3eMJiH. HMeHHO xoponiHe 3eMJiH, OTflaHHbie KajiMaKaM, CTajiH rjiaBHHM np- BOflOM B npOBOKaUHOHHblX BbICKa3bIBaHHHX KbiprbI3CKHX aKTHBHCTOB- HaimoHajiHCTOB, nbiTaBrnHXCH Ha BOJiHe Me^KHannoHajibHbix ctojikho-BeHHH Me>Kfly Kbiprbi3aMH h y36eKaMH b nepno/j; peBOJiionHH 2011 r. flecTa6HJiH3HpoBaTb nojíHTHHecKyio oôcTaHOBKy h b HccbiK-KyjibCKoň o6jiacTH, HanpaBHB arpeccnio Kbiprbi3CKoro 6ojibniHHCTBa o6jiacTH npoTHB npeflCTaBHTejieň Han;HOHajibHbix MeHbniHHCTB, b nacTHOCTH, capT-KajiMaKOB, a TaioKe yňiypoB, flyHraH h flp. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npomjioM u Hacmosiw,eM napodoe Eepa3uu x03í1hctb0 CapT-KajiMaKH b HccbiK-KyjibCKoň o6jiacTH CHHTaioTCH jiyHiiiHMH ca- flOBOflaMH H OrOpOflHHKaMH. CBOH n03HaHHH B paCTeHHeBOflCTBe, KaK CHHTaioT caMH capT-KajiMaKH, ohh yHacjieflOBajiH H3 onbiTa paHHHX h fljíHTejibHbix KOHTaKTOB c pyccKHM HaceneHHeM. Ha npHycaneÔHbix ynacTKax pa36HTbi caflbí, rne pacTyT hôjiohh, rpyníH, nepcHKH, ypioK, HroflHbie KyjibTypbi (cMopoflHHa, MajiHHa, BHHorpafl, KjiyÔHHKa). B oropoflax 3peioT noMHflopbi, nepn;bi, KaôaHKH, 4>acojib, ropox. Ecjih, no HaôjnofleHHHM A.B. BypflyKOBa, b 20-x roflax xx b. caflOBOflCTBO h oropoflHHHecTBO 6buio yflejioM 6eflHbix ceMeňcTB (6oraTbie ceMbH 3aHHMajIHCb ľJiaBHblM 06pa30M CKOTOBOflCTBOM)1, TO CerOflHH OCHOB-HOH flOXOfl flOMOX03HHCTBaM npHHOCHT HCKJIKDHHTejIbHO 3eMJieflejIHe. .2IOXO/T OT npOfla>KH (jjpyKTOB H HrOfl COCTaBJIHeT 3HaHHTejIbHyK) HaCTb ceMeňHoro 6io/T>KeTa. OnTOBbie n;eHbi Ha hôjiokh cocTaBJíHioT npHMep- HO IO-I5 COMOB 3a OflHH KHJIOrp3MM, CTOHMOCTb HrOflbl 3HaHHTejIbHO Bbirne—3a KHJiorpaMM CMopoflHHbi nojiynaioT 40 comob. nOJIH B MeCTHblX X03HHCTBaX npeflHa3HaHeHH flJIH npOH3BOflCTBa pa3Hbix KyjibTyp: 3epHOBbix, KapTO(J)ejiH, KanycTbi, KyKypy3bi, necHOKa, KOTopbie TaK^Ke HflyT Ha npofla>Ky. KapTO(J)ejib npoflaeTCH b cpeflHeM no 15 comob 3a KHJiorpaMM. Hanôojiee npnôbiJibHbiM HBJíHeTCH Bbipa-mHBaHHe necHOKa, oflHaKO cjio>KHOCTb BbiparnHBaHHH stoh KyjibTypbi orpaHHHHBaeT hhcjio ero npoH3BOflHTejieH. B iienoM Jinnib HeôojibinaH flojiH cenbxo3npoflyKLi;HH y/TOBJíeTBopsieT noTpeÔHOCTH ceMbH. ,2Ioxo/Tbi, nojiyqaeMbie c npofla>KH cenbxo3npoflyKLi;HH b jihhhom xo3HHCTBe, KaK npaBHJio, 3HaHHTejibHO npeBbirnaioT npxoflbí, nojiynaeMbie b 6io/T>KeT-hoh ccj)epe fleHTenbHOCTH, nosTOMy MHorne cenbHaHe, fla>Ke nojiyqHB o6pa30BaHHe, He cnernaT HCKaTb paôoTy no cnen;HajibHOCTH. TaK, Ha-npHMep, flo peBOjnon;HH 2010 r. 3apa6oTHaH njiaTa yHHTejiH b cpe/THeň niKOJie cocTaBJíHJia 2000 comob b MecHii, a roflOBoň floxo/j; ot jihhho-ro xo3HHCTBa Mor cocTaBJíHTb 700000 comob h 6ojiee. JlHínb b 2011 r. 3apa6oTHaH ruiaTa 6iofl>KeTHHKOB yBenHHHJiacb, HanpHMep, flo 4000- [BypdyKoe, 1935] 134 EaHP HAH3ATOB, MAPHHA C O/| H O M n H JI O B A H A Y 1 H H E O H E P K H TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 135 Capm-KajiMuKU e coepeMeHHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe Ü3 apxuea aemopoe (uHcßopMamop, c. EypMa-cyy) '■ Ü3 apxuea aemopoe (H(popMamop,c. Empmôaui) 5000 coMOB y npenoflaBaTejieň HanajibHOH lukojih, flo 10 000-12 000 coMOB y paöoTHHKOB cpeflHero MeflnepcoHajia. Ochobhhm noTpeÖHTejieM pa3Hoo6pa3Hoö cejibxo3npoflyKnHH, BbipamHBaeMoö b HccbiK-KyjibCKoň oojiacra Kbiprbi3CTaHa, öbiJiH npnrpaHHHHbie paöoHbi Ka3axcTaHa. TJo BCTyruieHHH b TaMO>KeHHbiH CORD3 Pocchh, BejiopyccHH h Ka3axcraHa ochobhoö noTOK TOBapoB H3 HccbiK-KyjibCKOö oöiiacTH HanpaBJiHJicH b Ka3axcTaH nepe3 norpa-hhhhhh nyHKT Ha ceßepe Kbiprbi3CTaHa KereH. B paöoTe 3Toro norpa-HHHHoro nyHKTa öbiJiH 3aHHTepecoBaHbi KaK Kbiprbi3CKaH, TaK h Ka-3axcKaH CTopoHbi: «Hmo dejiamb, hom nyjKHO öbuio npodaeamb, a um noKynamb». ToBap b Ka3axcraH bhbo3hjich h Kbiprbi3aMH, h Ka3axaMH. CoöbiTHH 2010 r. npHBejiH k 3aKpbiTHK) KereHa. IlorpaHHHHbiH nyHKT npeKpaTHJi paöoTy no HHHnnaTHBe Ka3axcTaHa, KOTopbiö eine h yKpe-nHJi rpaHHuy, ycTaHOBHB no Bceivry nepHMeTpy rpaHHUbi npoBOJioHHoe 3arpa>K/j;eHHe. KaK cooörrraeT oflHH h3 capT-KaMauKHX HHcfoopMaHTOB, Torfla KaK pa3 ce30H npofla>KH KapTO(|>e./ifl 6bi/i, h Hanin KLiprLi3H noHec/iH öojibniHe yÖHTKH H3-3a Toro, HTO rpaHHiia 3aKpbi/iacb. K TOMy me HaM Haflo öbuio roTOBHTbCH k noceBHofl, co/iapKa HyjKHa öbuia, a nojiynaeM mli co-jiapKy H3 KasaxcTaHa1; Korfla y hhx 6mia 3acyxa h ro/iofl, KLiprLi3H noMorajiH Ka3axaM, BCTpeia/iH no-HejioBenecKH, a KaK y Hac bo3hhk/ih TpyflHOCTH, TaK ohh cpa3y ot Hac OTropOflHJIHCb2. B HacTOHinee BpeMH flaHHbiö nyHKT He (JjyHKUHOHHpyeT, h TOBapo-noTOK HanpaBJiHeTCH nepe3 EnniKeK, hto co3flaeT cepbe3Hbie Heyfloö-CTBa h fljiH noKynaTeneö, h fljra noTpeÖHTejieö. HeMajiyK) flojiro b capT-KajiMaKCKHX cenax cocTaBJunoT flByx- 3Ta>KHbie flOMa C flBOpaMH, OÖHeCeHHbIMH KHpnHHHbIMH, KaMeHHbl- MH orpa>K/j;eHHHMH, najiHcaflHHKaMH. TJoivia h flBopbi capT-KajiMaKOB «roßopHT» o flocraTKe ceMeö, o bhcokoö paöoTocnocoÖHOCTH h Tpy-flOJiKDÖHH xo3HeB. 3tot CTepeoTHn nofl/j;ep>KHBaeTCH h coceflHMH capT-KajiMaKOB—Kbiprbi3aMH. Ohh CHHTaioT capT-KajiMaKOB oneHb 3a- 5KHTOHHHMH, HO nO npaBy-B CHJiy HX TpyflOJIKDÖHH, H OnpaBflblBaiOT JieHOCTb H HeyMeHHe BeCTH ScJxheKTHBHO X03HHCTBO, CBOÖCTBeHHbie Kbiprbi3aM, OTcyTCTBHeM y nocjieflHHX onbiTa TecHoro oörneHHH c pyc- CKHMH. CapT-KajiMaKH totobht ocoöhh xjieö kojimok hclh (TaHflbipHbiö xjieö), jiKDÖHMbiH BceMH, KOTopbiö nojib3yeTCH ocoöbiM cnpocoM Ha pbiHKax r. KapaKOJi. Kbiprbi3bi TaKoö xjieö nenb He yivteroT. 3tot xjieö, 3aMeniaHHbiH Ha CMeTaHe h Macjie, BbineKaeTCH b cneuHajibHbix ne-nax— TaHflbipax, BbiJiojKeHHbix H3 KHpnma. TJjih HeKOTopbix ceMeö BbineHKa h npofla>Ka KajiMaKCKoro xjieöa CTajia ÖH3HecoM. Ohh flep>KaT BO flBOpe HeCKOJIbKO TaHflbipOB, B KOTOpbIX M05KHO BbineKaTb flO 50 H3- flejiHÖ 3a oflHH pa3. PEJIHTHÍI B STHHHeCKOH CaMOHfleHTH(J)HKaUHH CapT-KajiMaKOB pejIHrHH OTBO-flHTCH Ba^KHaH pOJIb. CapT-KajIMaKH CHHTaKDT CeÖH HCTHHHbIMH My- cyjibMaHaMH, npeflKH KOTopbix CTajiH HcnoBeflOBaTb HCJiaM eirj;e flo Toro, KaK c HCJiaMOM no3HaKOMHJiHCb Kbiprbi3bi. B KanecTBe oflHoro H3 flOKa3aTejIbCTB TOrO, HTO CapT-KajIMaKH-paHHHe HOCHTejIH HCJiaM- CKOÖ KyjibTypbi, npHBOflHTCH MeneTb, pacnojio>KeHHaH b cene HenneK, KOTopaH HBJiHeTCH HaHÖojiee flpeBHeö b HccbiK-KyjibCKOö o6jiacTH. OHa öbuia nocTpoeHa, no yrBep>K/j;eHHK) MecTHbix >KHTejieH, b 1889 r. CapT-KajiMaKH 6e3oroBopoHHO coothocht ceÖH c HCJiaMOM h He flonycKaioT bo3mo>khocth nepexofla b HHyro Bepy. H fleno fla>Ke He b tom, h to o6pam,eHHe K hhoh Bepe npeflCTaBJiHeTCH HepeajibHbiM b hc-jiaMCKOM OKpy^KeHHH b Kbiprbi3CTaHe. CoBpeMeHHbie capT-KajiMaKH Kbiprbi3CTaHa ckjiohhh no/j;/j;ep>KHBaTb OTHonieHHH c KajiMbiKaMH Pocchh, hto Bbipa>KaeTCH b no/j;/j;ep>KaHHH KyjibTypHbix KOHTaKTOB, nepee3/j;e Kbiprbi3CKHX capT-KajiMaKOB b KajiMbiKHio, oöyneHHH capT-KajiMaKCKHX fleTeö b niKOJiax h by 3 ax PecnyöJiHKH KajiMbiKHH. KaK H3BeCTHO, pOCCHHCKHe KajIMbIKH HBJIHKDTCH nOCJieflOBaTejIHMH 6yfl-flH3Ma, a >KH3Hb B Cpefle 6jIH3KOpOflCTBeHHOrO HapOfla H 3HaKOMCTBO c 6yflflH3MOM MorjiH 6bi cnocoöcTBOBaTb B03HHKHOBeHHK) HHTepeca y capT-KajiMaKOB k hhoh pejinrHH. OflHaKO hh o/j;hh pecnoHfleHT- My>KHHHa, CBH3aHHblÖ KaKHMH-JIHÖO OTHOLUeHHHMH C KajIMblKHeÖ B npOILUIOM HJIH HaCTOHDTeM (nOJiyHHBLUHH o6pa30BaHHe, flJIHTejIbHOe BpeMH paöoTaBLUHH b KajiMbiKHH, jih6o >KHByirj;HH TaM h ceönac), He 3axoTeji OTKa3aTbCH ot HCJiaMa h npHHHTb flpyryro Bepy1, ho BMecTe Capm-KajiMCLKU 6e30zoeopoHHO coomHOCRm ceÔR c ucjicLMOM u ne donycKCLiom eo3MOJKHOcmu nepexoda e unyio eepy Mup ceoux u uyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HacmoRW,eM Hapodoe Eepa3uu 1 B omjiuuue om MyiicuuH, HeKomopue 3iceHW,UHbt KOJiMauKU, ebíuieduiue 30My3ÍC 3a KOJlMbíKOe, no cooômfiHusiM podcmeeHHUKoe, npuHsuiu 6yddu3M c TeM h He HacTaHBaji Ha npHHHTHH HCJiaMa cynpyroH hjih fleTbMH. ripH stom y pecnoHfleHTOB 6yflflH3M, b OTJiHHHe ot npaBocnaBHH, He Bbi3biBaeT HeraTHBHbix nyBCTB. HenpHHTHe hhoh Bepbi, CKopee Bcero, oöycjioBJieHO onaceHHeM yTpaTbi coöctbchhoh CBoeo6pa3Hoň Kyjib-Typbi, ee TpaflHUHO, o6pa3a >kh3hh, cymecTBeHHbiM KOMnoHeHTOM KOTOpOÖ HBJIHeTCH pejIHrHH, H B03M05KHO, Hy>KflOCTbK) 6yflflH3Ma, C KOTopbiM He öbiJiH 3HaKOMbi 6jiH>KaHniHe npeflKH capT-KajiMaKOB. CoBpeMeHHbie capT-KajiMaKH Kbiprbi3CTaHa oco3HaioT, hto npoHcxo>Kfle-HHe HX Hapofla CBH3aHO c flpeBHeö 3eMJieň—Boctohhhm TypKecTaHOM, rfle HCJiaM pacnpocTpaHHJicH eine B xiv-xv b. cpeflH npeflKOB capT-KajiMaKOB—ojiěTOB, npeflCTaBHTejieň oňpaTCKoro Hapofla, a poflCTBeH- 136 EaHP HAH3ATOB, MaPHHA C O/| H O M n H JI O B A H A Y 1 H H E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 Capm-KajiMCLKU e coepeMeHHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe Hbix CBH3eři c KajiMbiKaMH Pocchh y capT-KajiMaKOB He 6biJio. HcjiaM B 5KH3HH CapT-KajIMaKCKOrO o6lTj;eCTBa-3TO yCTOHHHBHH KOMnOHeHT ero TpaflHUHOHHoro MHpoB033peHHH, sto HBJieHHe, ocBernaioinee 6ht CapT-KajIMaKOB MHOTOBeKOBOH TpaflHUHeH, 3TO HeHBHblH HaMeK Kbip- rbi3CKOMy 6ojibniHHCTBy o tom, kto hbíihctch «hcthhhhm MycyjibMa-hhhom» Ha HccbiK-KyjibCKOH 3eMJie. CTaTyc «HacTOHinero MycyjibMa-HHHa» npH3HaeTCH 3a capT-KajiMaKaMH h b Kbiprbi3CKOM oöinecTBe. CapT-KajiMaKH, no npeflcraBJieHHHM Kbiprbi30B, öojiee pejiHrH03Hbi, OHH name noceinaioT MeneTb, coBepmaioT HaMa3bi, cjieflyioT 3anoBe-flHM HCJiaMa, b HacTHOCTH, Majio ynoTpeöiiHioT ajiKorojib. BMecre c TeM rnyÖHHa pejiHrH03HOCTH capT-KajiMaKOB, fla h Bcero HaceneHHH HccbiK-KyjibCKOH o6jiacTH b nejioM, BecbMa noBepxHOCT-Ha. PeflKO kto H3 MecTHbix >KHTejieH coBepmaeT nHTHKpaTHbiö HaMa3, onpaBflbiBaH CBoe He>KejiaHHe MOJiHTbCH OTcyTCTBHeM CBo6oflHoro Bpe-MeHH: «HeM cmojibKO epeMenu mepsimb na MOJiumebL u npocumb ajuiaxa o noMouai, Jiymue e ozopode miu cady nopaoomamb». MeneTH nocrpo-eHbi b Ka^KflOM cejie, oflHaKO öojibinyio nacTb BpeMeHH ohh nycTyioT. EflHHCTBeHHbiH fleHb HeflejiH, Korfla MeneTb o>KHBaeT,—sto nnTHHiia. Ha nHTHHHHHH HaMa3 nO>KHJIbie MySCHHHbl OÖbIHHO CTapaiOTCH co- 6paTbCH b MeneTH. Myjuibi npnrjiainaioTCH b flOM b cjiynae CMepTH, fleT-CKHX npa3flHHKOB (o6pe3aHHe). OflHHM H3 ocHOBHbix noKasaTejieö pejiHrH03HOCTH BbicTynaeT yMe- HHe HHTaTb KopaH (KypaH B MeCTHOH JieKCHKe). EojIbUIHHCTBO no>KH- jibix jnofleň HHTaioT cypbi, ho Majio kto noHHMaeT cyTb mojihtb. Xoth B OÖHXOfle BepyiOmHX nOHBHJIHCb KHHTH, TeKCT KOTOpblX HanHcaH Ha KHpHJUiHue, coflep>KaHHe KopaHa He CTajio öojiee flocTynHbiM. /Ja h caMa CBHineHHan KHHra ecTb flajieKO He b KaaíflOM flOMe—oöpaineHHe c Heft TpeöyeT coöjnofleHHH onpeflejieHHbix TpeöoBaHHH h 3anpeTOB, h He Ka>KflaH ceMbH MO^KeT hx coöjnoflaTb. HaMa3 TaioKe TpeöyeT co- ÖJIIOfleHHH pHTyajIbHOH HHCTOTbl OT HejIOBeKa. ECJIH OH He B COCTOH-HHH CJieflHTb 3a C060H B CHJiy 6ojie3HH, CTapOCTH, TO OCBo6o>KflaeTCH OT oÖH3aHHOCTH coBepuiaTb flaHHHH pHTyaji. OTCTaHBaH B KaTerOpHHHOH (J)OpMe HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb B OflHOM flOMe MycyjibMaHHHa h npaBocjiaBHoro, pecnoHfleHTbi He MoryT o6t>- HCHHTb, HTO MO^KeT CTaTb KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHH B ÖblTOBOH noBcefl-HeBHOCTH Me>Kfly HOCHTejIHMH pa3HHX pejIHTHH. TjiaBHblM OTJIHHHeM b 3THOKOH(J)eccHOHajibHbix OTHOuieHHHX Bce >Ke Ha3biBaioT nnineBbie 3anpeTbi h npeflnoHTeHHH: «Pyccxue edsun ceuHUHy!!!». ßpyrue, Ha-npHMep, MOHrojibi—«HenpaemibHO 3a6ueawm ocom, ne npojiueasi xpo-eu na 3eMJU0, a 3mo zpex». B neM coctoht cyTb rpexa, pecnoHfleHTbi OÖTjHCHHTb He MOryT. HeKOTOpbie npHBOflHT B npHMep OCOÖeHHOCTH STHKeTa: MycyjibMaHe aojdkhh npHHHMaTb nnrny, Hcnojib3yH TOJibKO npaßyio pyKy (npn stom He 3aflyMbiBaioTCH, hto TaK npHHHMaioT nuwy jiioflH bo BceM MHpe, ecjiH TOJibKO HenoBeK He jieBina), hcthhhhh My-cyjibMaHHH BxoflHT b TyajieTHyio KOMHaTy h bhxoaht h3 Hee c jieBOH Horn. KaK BHflHM, npn «BbicoKOM ypoBHe pejiHrH03HOCTH» HacejieHHH b noBceflHeBHOCTH npeßajiHpyioT BHeniHHe npoHBJieHHH pennrHH, He->KejiH ee coflep>KaHHe b co3HaHHH jnofleň. JIlOflH C ÖOJiee BbICOKHM ypOBHeM 06pa30BaHHH OTflejIHIOT pejIHTH-03HHH 4>aHaTH3M OT Bepbl. OHH OTBOflHT OÖpHflOBOH CTOpOHe pejIHTHH BTopocTeneHHyio pojib h He CHHTaioT cjieflOBaHHe KaKOH-jinöo pejiH-THH HenpeoflOJiHMOH nperpaflOH b Me^KHai^HOHajibHbix OTHomeHHHx: Mbi me He (JoHaTHKH, y Mem 6paT >KeHaT Ha pyccKoii, cecTpa 3aMy>KeM 3a pyccKHM—HHHero, rnwyi. Reuiexo He Bce pyccKHe ceroflHH eflHT CBHHHHy h flajieKO He Bce MycyjibMaHe He eflHT CBHHHHy. MycyjibMaHe, öojieioiHHe Ty6epKyjie30M, eflHT CBHHHHy h H3JieHHBaioTCH. /Tjih hhx 3TO He rpex. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe cmpamezuu e npouiJioM u HaarLomjueM napodoe Eepa3uu KaK h /juh Bcex MycyjibMaH, fljiH MyscHHH-capT-KajiMaKOB1 Ba>KHbiM h b n;ejioM o6H3aTejibHHM coöbiTHeM b 5KH3HH BHflHTCH noceiueHHe MeKKH. ßjiH. 3HaHHTejibHOH HacTH HacejieHHH Kbiprbi3CTaHa sto ny- TemeCTBHe HeB03MO>KHO H3-3a BblCOKHX (J)HHaHCOBbIX 3aTpaT. HH(J)Op- MaHTbi oi^eHHBaioT TaKyio noe3flKy npHÖJiH3HTejibHO b 3000-4000 flOJiJiapoB c01 a. MHorne stot mar OTKJiaflbiBaioT Ha noTOM b CHJiy onpe/jejieHHbix y6e>KfleHHH: «fl e Memcy noxa ne xouy. Mne pano eiqe. ľlocjie xadjKa eedb npudemcsi coôjiwdamb MHOJKecmeo ozpammemiu— ne numb, ne Kypumb, ne zyjuímb, zpoMKO ne pa3zoeapueamb u m.d. A r k 3moMy eiqe ne zomoe»2. 3HaHHTejibHyio nacTb najioMHHKOB cocTaB-JIHIOT JiioflH cpeflHero B03pacra—hhhobhhkh, npe/jcTaBHTejiH 6n3Heca. Ho xafl>K He bhocht KaKHX-jiHÖo H3MeHeHHH b hx flajibHeömyio >KH3Hb: noceTHB MeKKy, ohh He npH/jep>KHBaioTCH 3anpeTOB. «Hauiu denyma-mu Hymb Jiu ne KajKÔbLÚ zod e Memo/ e3dmn, a umo mojiKy—npodojiJKa-wm rámu, u zyjumib kuk o6bmno»3. /Jjih jno/jeň cpeflHero B03pacTa, b co3HaHHH KOTopbix yKopeHHJiHCb aTeHCTHHecKHe y6e>KfleHHH, yHacjie-flOBaHHbie OT coBeTCKOH snoxH, nyTemecTBHe b MeKKy—CKopee Bcero nonbiTKa caMoyTBepflHTbCH b rjia3ax 3eMJiHKOB, nojiyHHTb yBa>KaeMbiH CTaTyc adjKbL. 1 )KeHiu,UHaM nocememie Meiacu e Cpede KbtpZbt3CK0Z0 oômecmea cuumaemcsi Heo6x3amejibHbtM '■ Ü3 apxuea aemopoe (uHtpopMamop, c. HejineK) 3 H3 apxuea aemopoe (uHtpopmamop, c. HejineK) S3MK ÜO MHeHHK) KbiprbI30B, KajIMaKH y>Ke flaBHO 3a6bIJIH CBOH H3HK h 06- maioTCH TOJibKO Ha Kbiprbi3CKOM h pyccKOM. 3to yTBep>KfleHHe b n;ejioM COOTBeTCTByeT fleHCTBHTejIbHOCTHI B HaCTOHm,ee BpeMH pOflHbIM H3H- KOM BJiafleioT TOJibKO JiioflH CTapmero B03pacTa. Hmchho CTapHKH, hc-nbiTbiBaH TOCKy no yTpaneHHbiM TpaflHUHHM, npeflnoHHTaioT o6m,aTb-ch Me>Kfly C060H Ha KajiMaKCKOM H3biKe. HepeflKO KajiMaKCKHH h3hk Hcnojib3yeTCH KaK «TaHHbiö», ecjiH coöeceflHHKH >KejiaioT ocTaBHTb HH(J)opMaLi;Hio npn ce6e jih6o oöcyflHTb npoöJieMy b CBoeM Kpyry. B cpefle MOJiofle>KH 3Haiom,HX KajiMaKCKHH h3hk HeT, ho ecTb >Ke-jiaiomHe ero H3ynaTb. CTapmee noKOJieHHe BHHy 3a He3HaHHe mojio- 138 EaHP HAH3ATOB, MaPHHA CoflHOMllHJIOBA H A Y B H H E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I39 Capm-KajiMüKU e coepeMenHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe flbiMH po/THoro H3HKa B03JiaraeT Ha ceÖH: b KajiMaKCKHX ceMbHX npe-pßajiacb Tpa/THUHH oöineHHH Ha poflHOM H3bme b nocneBoeHHbie roflbi, H TOMy ÖbIJIH OÖTjeKTHBHbie npHHHHbl. B rOflbl BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl B CBH3H C flenOpTaUHeH pOCCHHCKHX KajIMbIKOB B Cnönpb npHHa/Tjie>K- HOCTb capT-KajiMaKOB k oöpaTCKOH oöluhocth h, cjie/TOBaTejibHO, hx reHeTHHecKoe poflCTBO c pocchhckhm KajiMbiKaMH npHBJieKJio BHHMa-HHe cnen,cjiy:>K6 h BiiacTeö. OöniHOCTb c KajiMbiKaMH xoth h He npn-Bejia k MaccoBbiM penpeccHHM cpeflH MecTHoro HacejieHHH, Bce >Ke Bbi3Bajia pHfl HeraTHBHbix nocjie/TCTBHH /tjih capT-KajiMaKCKoro Hapofla. Po/tctbo c «BparaMH HapoflaMH», «npeflaTejiHMH» He Morjio ocTa-BaTbca 6e3HaKa3aHHbiM. Bbipa>KeHHe HeflOBepHH cobctckoh BJiacTH k capT-KajiMaKCKOMy Hapofly OTpa3HJiocb b tom, hto npe/TCTaBHTejieH 3Toro Hapofla nepecTajiH npHBJieKaTb k bochhoh cjiyscöe Ha npora->KeHHH ocTaBLUHXCH BoeHHbix JieT. B nocneBoeHHbie roflbi «noBbiineH-Hoe BHHMaHHe» k capT-KajiMaKaM coxpaHHJiocb, hto orpaHHHHBajio HX B03M05KH0CTH B OÖpa30BaHHH, TpyflOyCTpOHCTBe, npOflBHJKeHHH no CJiyjKÖe. CTepeoTHnbi, crJjopMHpoBaHHbie BJiacTbio no OTHonieHHio k uejibiM HapoflaM, öbiJiH oneHb ycTOHHHBHMH Bo BpeMeHH. HacjiaH-BaHCb Ha ysce cyLuecTByKDinHe HeraTHBHbie o6pa3bi, HaBH3aHHbie co-BeTCKOH BJiacTbro, CTepeoTHnbi npo/TOJDKaKDT cyirrecTBOBaTb h ceroflHH. Hx jKHBynecTb oöycjioBJieHa OTHacTH TpaflHUHHMH cobctckoh snoxn, b nepHOfl KOTopoö KceHO(J)o6HH fljiH Bcero coBeTCKoro oöinecTBa HrpajiH (JjyH/TaMeHTajibHyro pojib b KanecTBe HHCTpyMeHTa HfleojiorHHecKOH, nOJIHTHHeCKOH Mo6HJIH3anHH H KOHTpOJIH CO CTOpOHbl BJiaCTeH H OflHO- BpeMeHHO öbiJiH HeoöxoflHMbi HaceneHHKD b KanecTBe MexaHH3Ma ncn-xojiorHHecKOH KOMneHcai^HH [/Jhtjiob, 201 i. c. 453]. CapT-KajiMaKH ÖbIJIH BblHyjKfleHbl CKpblBaTb CBOKD STHHHeCKyKD npHHa/TJie>KHOCTb, yKa3HBaH b nacnopTax HannoHajibHOCTb «KHprH3», OTKa3biBaHCb ot Hcnojib30BaHHH po/THoro H3biKa fla>Ke b Kpyry ceMbH. Eure b Hanaue xx b. capT-KajiMaKH BJia/TejiH poflHHM h3hkom, co- XpaHeHHKD KOTOpOrO CnOCOÖCTBOBajI TpaflHUHOHHblH >KH3HeHHbIH yKJia/T, KOToporo npHflepjKHBajiHCb Bce Hapoflbi Kbiprbi3CTaHa—ot- HOCHTeJIbHO 3aMKHyTbIH OÖpa3 5KH3HH B TpaHHUaX CBOeH STHHHeCKOH oöluhocth. 3aÖBeHHK) H3biKa cnocoöcTBOBajiH nponeccbi HHTerpanHH b e/THHyro oöniHOCTb—coBeTCKHÖ Hapofl, o6pa30BaHHe b niKOJiax h BbicniHX yneÖHbix 3aBefleHHHX Ha Kbiprbi3CKOM h pyccKOM H3biKax. 06 yTpaTe capT-KajiMaKaMH poflHoro H3biKa nncaii eure b Hanaue xx b. A.B. EypflyKOB: «0Ka3aBiHHCb b KHprH3CKO-pyccKOM OKpysceHHH, ohh, ecTecTBeHHO, cbokd nncbMeHHOCTb CTajiH 3a6biBaTb. ApaöcKHÖ h pyc-ckhh ajir|)aBHT noöeflHJiH ajic|jaBHT 3aH-naHflHTbi» [EypflyKOB, 1935, c. 72]. OTCyTCTBHe HaBbIKOB BJiafleHHH pOflHHM H3HKOM, HCn0JIb30BaHHe Kbiprbi3CKoro h pyccKoro H3biKa b oöineHHH He hbjihkdtch ocHOBaHHeM flJIH nOJIHOrO npH3HaHHH KajIMaKOB KbiprbI3aMH. HO MHeHHIO MeCTHO- ro Kbiprbi3CKoro HacejieHHH, KajiMaKa Bcerfla mojkho onpeflejiHTb no TOMy, KaK oh pa3roßapHBaeT. npHMeHaTejibHO to, hto ocoöchhocth oöpaTCKOH penn cnocoöcTBOBajiH BbipaöaTbiBaHHKD ocoöoro aKneHTa b Kbiprbi3CKOM roßope capT-KajiMaKOB, h stot aKneHT npncyTCTByeT fla>Ke b penn mojio/thx capT-KajiMaKOB, KOTopbie HHKorfla He roBopn- JIH Ha OÖpaTCKOM H3bIKe H He CJIblinajIH, KaK OH 3ByHHT. «Kculmclku na KbipzbL3CK0M zoeopsun zpyöee, ueM Kbipzbi3bi, u k moMy 3Ke e cjioeax ne-Komopue öyKßbi 30Mew,awmcR na dpyzue, nanpuMep, 3eyx "z" 30Mew,a-emcR 3eyK0M "k"»1. CKJiaflbiBaeTCH HHTepecHan CHTyai^HH: oöpaTCKHÖ H3HK He flaeT «3a6biTb o ceöe», TaK CBoeo6pa3HO npoHBJiHHCb b penn y>Ke BToporo noKOJieHHH, He Biia/Teroirrero KajiMaKCKHM h3hkom. B Kbiprbi3CKOM oöirrecTBe npeHMyirrecTBeHHO Bce capT-KajiMaKH xopoino BJia/TeioT pyccKHM h3hkom. «KajuaaKU ecezda 6buiu pndoM c pyccKUMU, noamoMy u Haymuiua, R3biKy»2. npeKpacHoe 3HaHHe pyc-CKoro H3biKa oÖTiernaeT noiiyneHHe Bbicinero o6pa30BaHHH, cnocoö-CTByeT ycneniHOMy CJiysceÖHOMy pocTy. PyccKHÖ H3HK—sto (JiaKTop, cnocoöcTByrornHH öojibineH MOÖHJibHOCTH KajiMaKCKoro Hapofla: /tjih hhx ocBoeHHe poccHÖCKoro npocTpaHCTBa npoxo/THT MeHee 6ojie3-HeHHO, neM fljiH Kbiprbi30B HJiH flpyrHX Han;HOHajibHbix MeHbniHHCTB Kbiprbi3CTaHa, TaKHX KaK /jyHraHe hjih yörypbi, KOTopbie npaKTmecKH He Bbie3>KaK)T b Pocchkd Ha 3apa6oTKH. TaK, capT-KajiMaKH 3kthbho ocßaHBaioT pbiHKH TbiBbi h XaKacHH, rfle, no mhchhio flaBHO oceBinero b TbiBe Kbiprbi3a, hx öojibniHHCTBO, b tom HHcne, h noTOMy, hto ohh XOpOinO TOBOpHT nO-pyCCKH, B OTJIHHHe OT KbiprbI30B3. 1 M3 apxuea aemopoe (uHtpopMamop, z. KapaKOJi) ' Ü3 apxuea aemopoe (uHtpopmamop, c. BypMa-cyy) '• Ü3 apxuea aemopoe (uHtpopmamop, Tyea, c. Tssjiu) CEMEHHO-EPAHHHE OTHOIIIEHHH EoJIbLUHHCTBO HOpM B CeMeHHO-ÖpaHHblX OTHOLUeHHHX CapT-KajiMaKOB CXOJKH C KbiprbI3CKHMH. KaK CHHTaiOT MeCTHbie JKHTejIH, rjiaBHbIM (J)aK- TopoM 3Toro cxo/TCTBa HBJiHeTCH HCJiaM. OflHaKO, no HaniHM Ha6jiK)/Te- HHHM, ÖOJIbLUHHCTBO nOflOÖHblX HOpM npHLIUIH H3 rjiyÖHHbl BeKOB, CO BpeMeH, Korfla TiopKO-MOHrojibCKHe Hapoflbi HMejiH MHoro oöniero h He öbiJiH pa3/TeneHbi KOH(J)eccHOHajibHbiMH rpaHHi^aMH. TeM He MeHee, pa3JiHHHH Bce >Ke cyinecTByioT. HanpHMep, Kbiprbi3CKOMy oöbinaio yMHKaHHH HeBecT capT-KajiMaKH npe/inoHHTaioT CBaTOBCTBO, KaK h Apyrne MOHrojibCKHe Hapoflbi. CiieflOBaHHe TpaflHUHHM BO B3aHMOOTHOineHHHX Me>Kfly HJieHaMH connyMa hbühctch xapaKTepHHM fljiH Bcero coßpeMeHHoro Kbiprbi3-CKoro oöniecTBa, HeoTi>eMJieMOH nacTbio KOToporo hbjihkdtch h capT-KajiMaKH. y"Ba>KeHHe k CTapniHM, noflflepjKKa poflCTBeHHbix CBH3en, co-ÖJiiofleHHe onpeflejieHHbix TpaflHUHH b ceMeÖHOH >kh3hh—HaHÖojiee 3aMeTHbie nepTbi, penpe3eHTHpyioiii;He >KH3Hb Kbiprbi3CKoro oöniecTBa, KOTopbie öpocaioTCH b rjia3a CTopoHHeMy HaöjnoflaTejiio. TpaflHLi;HOH- Hbie HOpMbI OÖnieCTBeHHblX B3aHMOOTHOineHHH—3TO HacjieflHe hc- JiaMCKOH KyjibTypbi, KaK nojiaraioT MecTHbie >KHTejiH. 140 EaHP HAH3ATOB, MAPHHA CoflHOMnHJIOBA H A y 1 H H E OHEPKH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 141 Capm-KajiMuKU e coepeMeHHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe Kbiprbi3CKHe ceMbH, KaK npaBHJio, MHorofleTHbi. KaK npeflnojiara-eT oflHa H3 >KeHiHHH- HHc|jopMaHTOK, MHorofleTHOCTb b Kbiprbi3CKHX ce- MbflX-OTBeT Ha BH30B HeÖJiarOnpHHTHOH SKOHOMHHeCKOH CHTyaUHH b Kbiprbi3CTaHe. noflaBJiHioiHaH nacTb HacejieHHH HccbiK-KyjibCKOH oöiiacTH—sto HacejieHHe cejibCKHX paöoHOB, h TaM noMoinb fleTeö no xo3HÖCTBy HeoneHHMa. MHorne ceMeÖHbie npoöJieMbi, CBH3aHHbie c öojibniHMH 3aTpaTaMH, peinaKjTCH Jierne, ecjiH peniaioTCH öojibnioö ceMbeö. B npHMep HH(J)opMaHT npHBOflHT noxopoHbi—oflHO H3 caMbix flOpOrOCTOHIHHX MepOnpHHTHH B 5KH3HH OÖlHHHbl. ÜOXOpOHbl HBJIH- KJTCH oflHHM H3 Tex coöhthö, Ha KOTopbix ceMbH huh rpynna pofl- CTBeHHHKOB nOKa3HBaeT OÖlHeCTBy CBOH flOCTOHHCTBa H HeflOCTaTKH, fleMOHCTpnpyeT cboh (jjHHaHCOBbie bo3mo>khocth. Bce, kto npnxoflHT noHTHTb naMHTb yconinero, ocoöeHHO crapHKH, BHHMaTejibHO cjieflHT 3a coöJiKDfleHHeM npaBHJi, 3anpeTOB, oöbinaeB h Bbipa>KaioT CBoe He-yflOBOJibCTBHe, ecjiH hto-to 6hjio cflenaHO He TaK: rioXOpOHHTb HV5KHO TaK, htoöli He xysce HeM y flpyrnx 6bI/IO, HTOÖLI nOTOM hhkto HHHero He roBopHJi. Ha noxopoHax nojiaraeTca BceM MyscHHHaM, KOTopLie npHcyTCTBOBajiH npH norpeöeHHH, BbiflaTb HocoBLie miaTKH h/ih HeöojibniHe nojioTeHiia, a bot Ha noxopoHax cocefla noneMy-TO n/iaTKH He pa3flaBajiH. Maca, kohchho, öluio MHoro—Jiouiaflb h KopoBy 3aÖHJiH Ha no-MHHKH, KaK h iKMOJKeHO. Ho Maco He flOBapHJiH. Hhkto ero ecTb He cra/i. 3to hto? 3to—HeyBa>KeHHe k oöinecTBy. Kbiprbi3CKHe miaflÖHina nopa>KaioT cbohmh pockoluhhmh naMHT-HHKaMH, HeKOTopbie H3 HHX npeflCTaBJiHioT coöoö ycbinajibHHUbi, cfle-jiaHHbie H3 MpaMopa. 04>opMJieHHe MecTa norpeöeHHH—sto TO>Ke B03- MO^KHOCTb npOfleMOHCTpHpOBaTb CBOH (JjHHaHCOBbie B03M05KHOCTH: Kto öorane h Kpyje—y Tex h HaflrpoÖHLie naMHTHHKH niHKapHee. A hto MepTBLiM? Hm Bce paBHO. no inapnaTy Booöuie 3anpeuiaeTca CTaBHTb BCHKHe naMHTHHKH Ha KJiaflÖHUie, TaK KaK KJiaflÖHUia co BpeMeHeM MoryT BHOBb HCnOJIb30BaTbCH nofl CejIbX03pa6oTbI. Elo HerjiacHbiM 3aKOHaM, CTporo coöjnoflaeMbiM b oöniecTBe, no->KHJibie poflHTejiH npo>KHBaioT c ceMbeö MJiaflinero cbma, KOTopbiö, yHacjieflOBaB poflHTejibCKHÖ flOM, oÖH3aH 3a6oTHTbCH o npecTapejibix poflHTejiHX. 3to npaBHJio He HapyniaeTCH, fla>Ke ecjiH B3aHMOOTHonie- HHH HeBeCTKH H CBeKpOBH He CKJiaflblBaiOTCH: J\ame ec/iH HeBecTKa ruioxa, Haflo >KHTb BMecTe, TaKoíí y Hac 3aKOH. Hmero He noflejiaenib. ßpyrux cbiHOBeö poflHTejiH oÖH3aHbi oöecneHHTb >KHJibeM, a flone-pHM BbiflejiHTb npHflaHoe. 3th 3aflaHH jio>KaTCH HenocHJibHbiM 6peMe-HeM Ha poflHTejibCKHe iuieHH h hbjihiotch oahhm h3 ochobhhx 4>aK- TopoB, no6y>Kflaioirj;HX >KHTejieö Kbiprbi3CTaHa Bbie3>KaTb b Pocchio Ha 3apa6oTKH. 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Mli cfle/ia/M AKaeBa Ka/iMaKOM, Ka3axoM, EaraieBa flyHraHHHOM, a Tenepb Hama ceroflHjmiHjra npe3HfleHT OKa3a/iaci> KajiMaKOM. 3ii, Korfla me npHfleT Ha «TpoH» hhcthh (hhctokpobhhh) KbiprbB?1 Pa3flejieHHe no poflaM, njieMeHaM, H3yneHHe h peKOHCTpyKUHH poflocjioBHbix xapaKTepHbi b ijejioM fljra Bcero cpeflHea3HaTCKoro pe-rnoHa. CiioBaMH oflHoň H3 ra3eT, 3Ta «rojioBHaH 6ojib» noHBHJiacb c OĎpeTeHHeM KbiprbI3CTaHOM He3aBHCHMOCTH, H CerOflHH «3HaTOKaM CaH>KbipbI (pOflOCJIOBHOň), flOCKOHailbHO H3y^aiOIH,HM pOflOCJIOBHbie ĎOJIblHHX JIKJfleň H nOJIHTHKOB, He flO CHa...»2. HeM BH3BaHO HeraTHBHoe OTHOineHHe Kbiprbi3CKoro 6ojibiiiHHCTBa K HajIHHHKJ B pOflOCJIOBHOH «6ojIbHIHX» JIKJfleň KajIMaKCKHX KOpHeň? Otbct Ha sto Bonpoc flaeT H3BecTHbiň naMHTHHK ycTHoro HapoflHoro TBopnecTBa Kbiprbi30B «MaHac». B flyxoBHoň >kh3hh Kbiprbi30B MaHac HMeeT orpoMHoe 3HaneHHe. BojibniHHCTBOM HacejieHHH oh BocnpHHH- MaeTCH KaK flOCTOBepHblň HCTOpHHeCKHň HCTOHHHK, B KOTOpOM npefl- CTaBJíeHa >KH3Hb peajibHoro nejioBeKa, npeflKa h jiHflepa Kbiprbi30B MaHac-aTa. 3noc HBJíHeTCH HacrojibHoň KHHroň Ka>Kfloň Kbiprbi3CKoň ceMbH, TeKCTH snoca 3ayHHBaioTCH HaH3ycTb, ecTb jnoflH, KOTopbie MoryT HcnojiHHTb snoc nejiHKOM. B CTpaHe fla>Ke cynrecTByeT opraHH-3anHH, 3aHHMaioHiaHCH H3yneHHeM snoca—UeHTp MaHacoBefleHHH h xyflo^KecTBeHHOH KyjibTypbi hah kp. 06cy>KflaeTCH Bonpoc o BKJiKJHe-hhh «MaHacoBefleHHH» b hhcjio o6H3aTejibHbix npeflMeTOB KaK b hiko-jiax, TaK h by 3 ax, BepoHTHO, 3a cneT coKpanieHHH flpyrHXflHcijHiiJiHH3. CorjiacHO coflep>KaHHKj snoca, MaHac-aTa Haineji sth 6jiaroflaTHbie 3eivuiH h npHBeji Ha HccbiK-Kyjib cboh Hapofl. 3noc coflep>KHT CBefleHHH o tom, c KeM npnxoflHJiocb BoeBaTb Kbiprbi3aM Ha nyTH k hobhm 3eM- JIHM, OnHCHBaiOTCH TeppHTOpHH, Ha3BaHHH KOTOpbIX B fleňCTBHTejIb-HOCTH COBnaflaiOT C 3eMJIHMH, Ha KOTOpbIX CerOflHH >KHByT KbiprbI3bI. EcTb b «MaHace» CBefleHHH h o KajiMaKax, KOTopbiM OTBefleHa b snoce He6jiaroBHflHaH pojib. IlpeflOK KajiMaKOB 6oraTbipb KoHryp6aň y6n-BaeT MaHaca, h stot 3aBepmaioiirHň 3nH30fl onpeflejiHJi flajibHeňnryKj >KH3Hb capT-KajiMaKOB b Kbiprbi3CKOM o6rn;ecTBe b KOHTeKCTe peryjiHp-hhx HanoMHHaHHH o «njioxoM» KoHryp6ae ot ynpeKOB flo otkphthx oĎBHHeHHH b y6nňcTBe MaHaca: «M3-3a amozo MaHaca y nac cmojibKO npoóJieM 6buio u ceůnac eanb», «TIpedKU namu KbLpzbL30M dcmu xopouio, ohu menepb o6u3fcawmcsi». CpeflH capT-KajiMaKOB cyiqecTByeT y6e>Kfle-HHe, hto coBpeMeHHbiň BapnaHT MaHaca c HeraTHBHbíM repoeM-Kaji- MaKOM KoHryp6aeM 6biJi pa3pa6oTaH HccjieflOBaTenHMH-snocoBeflaMH, nojiyqHBniHMH yKa3aHHe ncnpaBHTb opnrHHaji, b kotopom HeraTHBHbíM repoeM BbicTynaji He npeflCTaBHTenb oňpaTCKoro Hapofla, a KHTa-en;. Hto6h He ocjio>KHHTb B3aHMOOTHorneHHH c KHTaeM 6bmo perneHO 3aMeHHTb KHTaňcKoro 6oraTbipH Ha oňpaTCKoro. OnpeflejieHHyio flojno HeraTHBa b OTHorneHHH Me>Kfly Kbiprbi3aMH H CapT-KajIMaKaMH BHOCHT 3K303TH0HHMH KajIMaKOB H HX TOJIKOBa- hhh Kbiprbi3aMH. TaK, HanpHMep, HeKOTopbie Kbiprbi3bi CHHTaioT, hto «"Capm-KajiMaKu" nenpaeujibHoe cjiobo, ohu ece "koji-kcuimciku"— "pa6bL KdJiMbucu". Mx Kbipzbi3bi e TuicH 6pajiu u cejiujiu cpedu ceósi. Ohu ece om paóoe npousouuiW).1 B npHMep npHBOflHT pacnpocTpaHeHHyro KajiMaKCKyio 4>aMHJiHio «KyjioB». Sthohhm capT-KajiMaK b HacTOHiqee BpeMH Hcnojib3yeTCH KaK ca-MOHa3BaHHe, xoth b nepnofl H3yneHHH stoh rpynnbi H.JI. >KyKOBCKOH, eio 6biJio OTMeneHO, hto cjiobo «capT» KaK nacTb STHOHHMa, HaHHHaH c KOHi^a 1920-x r., b o6pain,eHHH npaKTHHecKH He (J)HrypHpyeT. 3 to My TaioKe ecTb npHHHHbi. B HacTOHiqee BpeMH cjiobo «capT», paBH03HaH-Hoe cjioBy «y36eK», HCTOJiKOBbiBaeTCH KajiMaKaMH KaK o6o3HaHeHHe ocefljioro HacejieHHH. KajiMaKH CHHTaioT, hto «capT» cooTBeTCTByeT MOHrojibCKOMy TepMHHy «xotoh»/«xoTyH», o6o3HaHaioirj;ero moh-rojibCKoe MycyjibMaHCKoe HaceneHHe2. BMecTe c TeM H3BecTeH h flpy-roň, HeraTHBHbiň cmhcji flaHHoro cjioBa. B flHCKyccHH o capTax hh-HOBHHK-nepeBOflHHK CepajiH JlanHH nncaji, hto Ha3BaHHe «capT» flajiH ocefljioMy HacejieHHio (Tafl^KHKaM, y36eKaM) KOHeBHHKH-Kbiprbi3bi, h 03HaHajio oho ocKopĎHTejibHoe «capbi-HT» (>KejiTaH co6aKa)3. Ilpe>Kfle, flo coBeTCKOH BJiacTH, y oňpaTOB Kbiprbi3CTaHa cyiqecTBO-BajiH pa3BHTbie CBH3H c oňpaTaMH CHHbi^3HHa. y HeKOTopbix ceMeň co-xpaHHJiHCb poflCTBeHHbie OTHorneHHH c oňpaTaMH, npo>KHBaroiH,HMH B KnTae. H Bce >Ke 6ojiee 6jih3khmh BocnpHHHMaioTCH KajiMbiKH Pocchh. B OCHOBe (J)OpMHpOBaHHH OTHOLUeHHH KapaKOJIbCKHX KajIMaKOB K Kaji-MblKaM KaK 6jIH5KaňniHM COpOflHHaM Jie>KaT HeCKOJIbKO (J)aKTOpOB. 3to oco6oe OTHOineHHe k capT-KajiMaKaM co CTopoHbi PoccnňcKoň HMne-pnn: ocBaHBaBmHe HccbiK-KynbCKyio flOJiHHy pyccKHe Ka3aKH OKa3ajiH COfleňCTBHe KajIMaKaM, HaXOflHBIHHMCH B 6eflCTBeHHOM nOJIO^KeHHH nocjie Ha6era Kbiprbi30B, h «Bce rnecTb cyMyHOB Kapa-KajiMbiKOB (ojiě-tob) 6buiH npHHHTbi b pyccKoe noflflaHCTBO» [BypflyKOB, 1935, c.53]. Ilocjie npoBefleHHH rpaHHLi; Me>Kfly KHTaeM h Poccneň b 1882 r. capT-KajiMaKaM 6biJi npeflocTaBJíeH Bbi6op: ocTaTbCH Ha pyccKoň CTopoHe jih6o OTKoneBaTb Ha KHTaňcKyio CTopoHy. CapT-KajiMaKH H36pajiH pyccKoe noflflaHCTBO. BnocjieflCTBHH capT-KajiMaKH OKa3biBajiH cofleň-CTBHe pyccKHM npn CTpoHTejibCTBe HOBoro ropofla KapaKOJia, flocTaB-jihh flpoBa, Jiec, o6ecneHHBaH CTpoHTejieň mhcom, mojiokom. BepoHTHO, hto y pyccKHX cjio>KHJiocb oco6oe flOBepHTejibHoe OTHomeHHe k capT-KajiMaKaM H3 onbiTa B3aHMOOTHomeHHň c KajiMbiKaMH, KOTopbie Be-poň h npaBfloň cjrysouiH poccnňcKoň HMnepnn. 1 M3 apxuea aemopoe (uwfiopMamop, z. BuuiKeic) '■ B MOHZojibCKOu cpede xomoHdMU npuHxmo Ha3hieamh mohzojiob-MycyjibMdH. HanpuMep, cezodusi xomoHdMU Ha3bieamm M0HZ0Jl0M3bmHbiŮ HdpOČ e Mohzojiuu, exodsiw,uů e oůpamcKym zpynny, ho ucnoBedymw,uů ucjiaM. KpoMe mozo, 8 nacmosaufie epeMsi xomoHdMU Ha3bieamm oůpamoe, ucueymux e Kyjibduce, Teicece, a maioice xouiymoe-MycyjibMdH AjiauiaHU ! A6aiuuH C.H. Hacejiemie 0epzuacKoů dojiunu (k cmaHOBJíemm smnozpcufiímecKoů HOMeHKJiamypbi BKomi,e XIX- Haucuie XX e.) // 0epzaucKasi dojiuua. 3mHUUH0cmb. 3muuuecKue npoiieccu. 3muuuecKue KOHtfimiKmbi —M.: Hayica—2004. C. 54. I46 EAHP HAH3ATOB, M.APHHA C O/| H O M n H JI O B A H A y 1 H H E OHEPKH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 147 Capm-KajiMüKU e coepeMeHHOM Kupzu3cmane Bojibinoe 3HaneHHe HMejiH h (jjaKTopbi coBeTCKoro nepnofla: pyc-ckhö H3HK KaK rjiaBHbiö H3HK oönreHHH, «>Kejie3HbiH 3aHaBec», npe- pBaBILTHH TpaflHUHOHHbie CBH3H CapT-KajIMaKOB c oöpaTaMH KhT3H. OpneHTauHH capT-KajiMaKOB Kbiprbi3CTaHa Ha TecHbie B3aHMOOTHO-ineHHH c KajiMbiKaMH oöycjioBJieHa h HajiHHHeM y nocneflHHX eflHH-CTBeHHoro coöcTBeHHO KaüMHUKoro rocyflapcTBeHHoro o6pa30BaHHH b CTaTyce PecnyöJiHKH Ha TeppHTopHH öbiBinero CoBeTCKoro CoK>3a. SjIHCTa HBJIHeTCH KyjIbTypHOH CTOJIHUeH KajIMbIKOB Pocchh. KaK CKa-3ajl OflHH H3 HH(J)OpMaHTOB: Xoth KpenKHX CBH3eíí h He B03HHKJIO, y Hac Bce 3HaioT, h to ecTb CBoa Ka/i-Mbirj,Kaa pecnyöJiHKa. HHTepec k capT-KajiMaKaM npoHBJiHJia h PecnyöJiHKa KajiMbiKHH: b Kbiprbi3CTaH HeoflHOKpaTHO npne3>KajiH c o(J)HLi;HajibHbiM bh3htom TBopnecKHe KOJUieKTHBbi, npoBOflHJiH HccjieflOBaHHH yneHbie H3 Ha-yHHoro neHTpa h by 3ob KajiMbiKHH. Ho caMaa rjiaBHaH noMonib co CTopoHbi PecnyöJiHKH KajiMbiKHH KapaKOJibCKHM KajiMaKaM 3aKjno-najiacb b npeflocTaBJieHHH bo3mo>khocth BceM >KejiaioHiHM nojiyHHTb o6pa30BaHHe He TOJibKO b by 3 ax KajiMbiKHH, ho h b flpyrnx ropoflax CoBeTCKoro CoK)3a—MocKBe, JleHHHrpafle, TaniKeHTe, AcTpaxaHH. A ocoöoe >KejiaHHe yHHTbCH, KOTopoe xapaKTepH3yeT coBpeMeHHbix Kaji-MaKOB, 6buio npncynre KajiMaKCKoň MOJiofle>KH h b Hanajie x x b., hto CezoÔHR mojkho zoeopumb 06 aKmyajiu3ai^uu amnunecKou udenmuHHoemu rcajiMCLKoe, CKJiadbieammeůcR na cßone npoi^ecca ccLMOonpedejiemiR napodoe Kbipzbi3cmaHa, Kozda npedcmaeumejiRM HemumyjibHozo amnoca (kcljimclkclm, yůzypaM, dynzanaM u dp.) u zocydapcmeeHHbLe deRmejiu, u HapoÔHbie Mačců HanoMUHCLiom, nmo onu ne «ceou» u ne cmanym nojiHocmbio «ceouMU» MO^KHOCTb öecruiaTHoro oöyqeHHH b by3 ax r. 3jihcth. b 2011 r. KajiMbiKHH BbiflejiHJia 15 MecT fljiH >Kejiaroin,HX nojiyqHTb o6pa30BaHHe b SjiHCTe. KapaKOJibCKHe KajiMbiKH nojiyqnjiH npHrjiaineHHe npHHHTb yna-CTHe b Top^KecTBax, nocBHiqeHHbix npa3flHOBaHHio 400-jreTHH bxo>k- fleHHH KajiMbiKHH B COCTaB POCCHHCKOH HMiiepHH B 2009 r-, OflHaKO noexaTb b SjiHCTy CMorjiH He Bce. OflHH H3 HH(J)opMaHTOB nojiyHHJi ot-Ka3 b KOMaHflHpoBKe OT pyKOBOflCTBa paňoHa, KOTopoe npH stom bh-pa3HJio CBoe HeyflOBOJibCTBHe: «3aueM meôe myda examb? Tu kuk gojik, Komopozo KopMfun, a mu ece e Jiec CMompuuib». Bo BpeMH Me^KHai^HOHajibHbix CTOJiKHOBeHHH b 2011 r. KnpcaH Hjik)m>khhob oöpaTHJicH k pyKOBOflCTBy Kbiprbi3CTaHa, nooöeiiiaB npn-HHTb Bcex capT-KajiMaKOB y ceÖH b pecnyöJiHKe, ecjiH npaBHTejibCTBO Kbiprbi3CTaHa He oöecneHHT 6e3onacHOCTb rpa>KflaH CBoeň CTpaHbi. 3to BbicKa3biBaHHe npe3HfleHTa KajiMbiKHH npHiiuiocb capT-KajiMaKaM ocoöeHHO no flyine, BcejiHB b hhx yBepeHHOCTb, hto capT-KajiMaKH He oflHHOKH. CyiqecTByioT h öpaHHbie cbh3h Me>Kfly KajiMbiKaMH h capT-KajiMaKaMH. BpaKH c KajiMbiKaMH npHBeTCTByioTCH, HecMOTpn Ha pa3-Hoe BepoHcnoBeflaHHe. TaKHM o6pa30M, ceroflHH mo>kho roBopHTb 06 aKTyajiH3anHH 3T-HHHecKoň HfleHTHHHOCTH KajiMaKOB, CKJiaflbiBaionreHCH Ha (jjOHe npo-necca caMoonpeflejieHHH HapoflOB Kbiprbi3CTaHa, Korfla npeflCTaBHTe-jiHM HeTHTyjibHoro 3THOca (KajiMaKaM, yňrypaM, flyHraHaM h flp.) h rocyflapcTBeHHbie fleHTejiH, h HapoflHbie Maccbi HanoMHHaioT, hto ohh He «cboh» h He CTaHyT nojiHOCTbio «cbohmh». 3tot OTHy>KfleHHe 3any-CKaeT MexaHH3M peBHTajiH3auHH HCTopmecKoň naMHTH: fljiH KajiMa-KOB Ba^KHbiM CTajio oco3H3HHe ceÖH h CBoeň STHHHecKOH rpynnbi KaK nacTH oöpaTCKOH 061LLHOCTH h niHpe—MOHrojibCKoro MHpa. b cbh3h c 3THM ocoöoe 3HaneHHe npnoöpeTaioT cbh3h c npeflCTaBHTejiHMH pofl-CTBeHHoro Hapofla—pocchöckhmh KajiMbiKaMH. MHorne KajiMaKH bbi-pa3HJiH >KejiaHHe no3HaKOMHTbCH c MoHrojineň—CTpaHoň npeflKOB, a KTO-TO 03ByHHJI CBOK) MeHTy O B03pO>KfleHHH OHpaTCKOľO XaHCTBa. # Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyxmypu u ôpanHue ajibsmcu e npomjioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu öbiJio OTMeneHO A. b. BypflyKOBbiM: «Tara y MOJiofle>KH k yneHHio Benn-Ka, ho 6efla b tom, hto ÖJiaroflapH MajioHHCJieHHOCTH h BTHCHyTOCTH b oömyio pyöpHKy KHprH3CKoro HaceneHHH, bo3mo>khocth fljiH flajibHeň-inero yneHHH BecbMa orpaHHHeHbi» [BypflyKOB, 1935, c. 72]. CeroflHH HaöJiioflaeTCH npeeMCTBeHHOCTb TpaflHí^HH, ocHOBaHHOH OÖJiacTHbiM napTHHHbiM KOMHTeTOM 3BTOHOMHOH KajiMbiLi;KOH pecnyöJiHKH: >Ke-jiaioiuHM nojiyHHTb o6pa30BaHHe b KajiMbiKHH npeflocTaBJisuiacb B03- 148 EaHP HAH3ATOB, MaPHHA CoflHOMľlHJIOBA H A y 1 H H E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 149 BHBJIHOrPA<řHÍI Capm-KajiMCLKU e coepeMeHHOM KbLpzbL3cmaHe AEAIHHH CH. HaCejieHHe OeprHaCKOH flOJIHHbl (k CTaHOBJieHHK) STHorpacjjHHecKori HOMeHKJiaTypbi b KOHue xix —Hakane x x b.) // OepraHCKaa flOJiHHa. 3THHxiHOCTb. STHH^ecKHe npoueccbi. STHH^ecKHe KOHCjjjiHKTbi. M.: HayKa, 2004. C. 6-38. ABPAM30H CM. KnpľH3bI H HX STHOTeHeTHHeCKHe H HCTOpHKO-KyjIbTypHbie CBH3H. Jl.: «HayKa», 1971. EAJI/IAHO M.H., /IflTJIOB B . H . flnaCnOpbI B MOHrOJIbCKOM MHpe: THnOJIOTHH h perHOHajibHaa cneuHc|)HKa // MnrpaHTbi h npHHHMaiomee oönjecTBO b BaHKajibCKoři A3hh. —yjiaH-Yfls: H3tj-bo EHU, CO PAH, 2011. C. 15-23. Byp/i,yKOB a.b. KapaKOJibCKHe KajiMbiKH (capT-KajiMaKH) //CoBeTCKaa 3THorpac[)HH. N» 6—M.-JL, 1935. ByPHTCKAH 3THHHHOCTb B KOHTEKCTE C O H H O K yjl bT y P H O H MO/IEPHH3AUHH. (KOHeU XIX-nepBaH TpeTb XX BeKOB). HpKyTCK: H37J-BO «Otthck», 2003. flflTJIOB B.H. TpaHCrpaHHHHbie MHrpaHTbl B COBpeMeHHOH PoCCHH: flHHaMHKa CJjOpMHpOBaHHH CTepeOTHITOB // MHTpaUHH H flHaCnOpbl B COUHOKyjIbTypHOM, nOJIHTHHeCKOM H SKOHOMHHeCKOM npocTpaHCTBe CnönpH. PyöejKH XIX-XX H xx-xxi BeKOB. HpKyTCK: Otthck, 2011. C. 451-485. WyKOBCKAH H.JI. HcCblK-KyjIbCKHe KajIMaKH (capT-KajiMaKH) //STHHHeCKHe npoueccbi y HauHOHajibHbix rpynn CpeflHeň Ashh h Ka3axcTaHa: M., 1980. C.157-165. KAPMbiniEBA B.x. KapaTerHHCKHe KHprH3bi. M.: HayKa, 2009. HnmepHem-ucmoHHUKu: AJiEKCAHflP hhkc/iop* «CTyfleHT, Te6a jKfleT «"MaHacoBefleHHe"» // www. comment.kg [http://comment.kg/national-interest/item/679-student-tebja-zhdet-manasovedenie.html] OTyHBAEBA—kájím ak? ra3eTa «AcMaH press» N» 17 OT 12.05.2011 / CTp. 2 http:// www.gezitter.org/society/2645/ HEyWEJiH BnPAB/i,y gapheb «KAJiMAK»? ra3eTa «Oaöyjia» N» 48 OT 15.07.2011 / CTp. 3 http://www.gezitter.org/society/3717/ 150 E A H P hah3atob, M A P H H A CoflHOMIlH/lOBA Tartaria Magna 2'2oi2 Clan movement in Altai and Khakassia: How historical past of the regions is constructed Actualization of tribal institutes in the modernizing society ofSay-ano-Altai (Republics of Altai and Khakassia) is considered by leaders of ethno-national movement as an opportunity to consolidate Turkic peoples of the region, as a marker of their common national identity. They re-conceptualize this archaic institute making it an essential part of the civil society of the region PO/joboe /jbh>kehhe b A.7itae h xakachh: oopmhpobahhe obpa30b npoui^oro pethohob Ha py6e>Ke xx-xxi bb. c aKTHBH3auHeH neHTejibHOCTH 06-LqeCTBeHHHX OpraHH3aUHH b HOBHX STHOIIOJIHTHHeCKHX cy6,beKTax Pocchhckoh (JPenepauHH HaHHHaeT ocJiopMJiHTb-ch poflOBoe flBH>KeHHe. Ilponeccbi TpaHaJjopMainiH couh-ajibHbix CTpyKTyp noBJieKJiH 3a co6oh aKTyajiH3anHio TpaflHUHOHHbix COUHajIbHHX HHCTHTyTOB y>Ke b HOBOH, XapaKTepHOH flJIH MOflepHH3H- poBaHHoro o6inecTBa (JjopMe. BeCbMa aKTHBHO npOUeCC (|)OpMHpOBaHHH pOflOBHX HHCTHTyTOB b 1990-e rr. pa3BopaHHBajicH b Pecny6jiHKe AjiTaft h Pecny6jiHKe Xa-KacHH. B Pecny6iiHKe TbiBa, rne nponpjDKaioT coxpaHHTbCH ueHHOcra h HopMbi TpaflHUHOHHoro o6inecTBa, poflOBaH npHHazyie:>KHOCTb, hb- JLHHCb peajIbHOCTbK) nOBCeflHeBHOH 5KH3HH, He HMeeT nOJIHTHHeCKOH cocTaBJiHiomeH. PoflOBbie opraHH3auHH Pecny6iiHK AjiTaft h XarcacHH b CBoeft fleHTejibHOCTH peHHTepnpeTHpyioT HHCTHTyT pozi;a, npncnoca-6iiHBaH ero k coBpeMeHHHM ycjioBHHM. B KOHTeKCTe STHonojiHTHHecKHX npoueccoB Ha AjiTae 1990-2000-x rr. b nepapxHH STHHHecKoro caMoco3HaHHH THTyjibHoro 3THOca BHOBb aKLreHTHpyeTCH 3HaHHe poflOBoft npHHazi;jie>KHOCTH. Bo3Bpaine-HHe k TpaflHLi;HOHHbiM couHajibHHM HHCTHTyTaM HBJiHeTCH, b oueHKax HayHHbix h TBopnecKHX KpyroB pecny6iiHKH, rapaHTHeft pa3BHTHH aji-TaHCKoro Hapofla. riocjie rH6ejiH aBTOXTOHHbix noTecTapHbix o6pa30BaHHH h pa3rpo-Ma /J>KyHrapHH pozi; y TiopKOB K)>khoh Ch6hph CTaji ochobhoh sthoco-UHajibHoii eflHHHueH. IlpH 3tom Ha nepBoe MecTO BHCTyriHJiH He o6ih- HOCTb TeppHTOpHH hjih SKOHOMHHeCKOH 5KH3HH, a CaMO Ha3BaHHe pOfla KaK TaKOBoro. CyinecTBOBajiH flBe napajuiejibHbie «pozi;oBbie» oprami- Eicamepuna CaMyuiKuna Mncmumym apxeojiozuu u amnozpaifiuu CO PAH, Hoeocu6upcK Ekatephha Camyiiikhha H A y H H bl E OHEPKH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 155 1 Ulepcmoea JI. B. TmpKU u pyccKue e IOíichoů Cuôupu: smuonojiumuuecKue npo-u,eca,i u smHOKyjibmypuasi duHüMUKa XVII—Hauajia XX eeica. HoeocuôupcK: H3d-eo HA3TCOPAH, 2005. C. 189 1 OKmaôpbCKaa H. B., IĽynb-KOB M. B. Oceub. Ceadbôu HKOHypa. Podoeoe deuncenue ajunauu.ee: npoumoe u co-epeMeuHocmb //Apxeojiozua., smnozpatpuR u aumponojio-zuR Eepa3uu. HoeocuôupcK. 2006. N? 4. C. 144-158 ! Ky3bMUH K). H Hucm, u ceam poduuK // 3ee3Ôa Ajimasi. 1990. Ns 78. C. 4 4 Tom Jice ' OKrrmôpbCKaíi H. B. TmpKU Ajimax: npoôjieMM MeiicHa-uuoHcuibHozo cooôm,ecmea //Hapodbí Cuôupu: npaea u eo3M03icHocmu. HoeocuôupcK: H3damejibcmeo HA3T CO PAH.1997, C. 52 3auHH—BHyrpeHHHH aöopnreHHaH couHajibHO-poflOBaH CHCTeMa h a/t- MHHHCTpaTHBHO-(J)HCKajIbHbie OOteflHHeHHH1. (ĚyHKUHH pOfla 3aKJIK>- najiHCb b no/t/Tep>KaHHH couHajibHoro eflHHCTBa nepe3 SKOHOMHHecKHe h HopMaTHBHbie npaKTHKH, HCTopHHecKyro naMHTb h peryjiHpoBaHHe npeflnoHTHTejibHbix (Kpocc-Ky3eHHbix) öpaHHbix CBH3eň2. TpaflHUHOH-Hbie poflOBbie HHCTHTyTbi, peryjinpyroinHe ceMeÖHO-öpaHHbie OTHOine-HHH, ocTaBajiHCb BOCTpeöoBaHHbiMH Ha TeppHTopHH AjiTaH b TeneHHe Bcero XX b. AKTyajiH3anHH nojíHTHHecKoň cocTaBJíHKjineH pofla otho-chtch k 1990-M rr. XX B. JlerHTHMauHH TpaflHUHOHHbix noTecTapHbix CTpyKTyp HaHHHaeTCH oflHOBpeMeHHO c pacna/tom yHHTapHoň CHCTeMbi. JleTOM 1989 r. Bnep-Bbie Ha AiiTae b o/thom h3 ypoHHin OHryflaöcKoro paňoHa no hhhuh-aTHBe CTapeftniHH ohm npoBefleH npa3flHHK pofla (ceoKa) MařhviaH. B ra3eTe «3ße3fla AjiTaH» 3a 1990 r. BbiniJia 3aMeTKa, oötHCHHioiiiaH hh-TaTejiHM pojib poflOBoro HHCTHTyra Ha coBpeMeHHOM 3Tane: B ypoHHme TeKneHeK OHryflaíícKoro paííoHa 7 hiojih Ha cboíí nepBLiíí poflo-boíí KypyjiTaíí MaíÍMaHLi TopHoro AjiTaa npnrjiacHJiH mhothx rocTeíí, npefl-CTaBHTejieíí flpyrax ceoKOB, jnofleií, xopoino H3BecTHLix b o6jiacTH. Cbohm nejioBeKOM Ha poflOBOM npa3flHHKe MaíÍMaHOB 6bin h MnxaHJi riop(|>Hpbe- BHH IUepÖaKOB, KOTOpbffl BCe CBOH, nOHHTaíí, fleBHHOCTO JieT npOJKHJI cpeflH ajiTafliieB. HeT, He flpoÖHTb Hapofl, a HaoöopoT, KOHCojiHflHpoBaTb ero h noMoraTb eMy Ha ocHOBe poflOBbix, ceMeíÍHbix CBH3eíí—bot rjiaBHaa 3aflana coBpeMeHHoro ceoKa. ľlpHnacTb 6bi h KajKflOMy H3 Hac k TaKHM me hhcthm HCTOHHHKaM.3 Ha poflOBOM Cbe3/j;e MaÖMaHbi BbipaöoTajiH nporpaMMy CoBeTa ce-OKa, b KOTopoň 3HaHHJiHCb TaKHe HanpaBJíeHHH, KaK noMonib npecTa- pejIblM H HeMOLUHblM, BOCnHTaHHe MOJIOflejKH B HapOflHHX TpaflHUHHX HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, noMonib npaBooxpaHHTejibHbiM opraHaM, 3ain,HTa npnpoflbi.4 HyTb no3flHee npoBejiH cboh Cbe3flbi ceoKH MyHflyc, KbinnaK, tojioc, HpKHT, TOfloni, caraji. B paMKax pfiUTKeuua., CTaBinero (jjopMOH boc-CTaHOBJíeHHH reHeajiorHHecKOH h HCTopHHecKoň naMHTH STHOca h ero caMoopraHH3an;HH b flyxe HeoTpaflHnHOHajiH3Ma, bo3hhkjih h 6buiH o(J)HLi;HajibHO 3aperHCTpHpoBaHbi acconnauHH «TojiocTap», «MyHfly-CTap» h «Otok ceoKa MaÖMaH». HapHfly c sthm y>Ke b 1990-e rr. HeKO-Topbie ceoKH peopraHH30BajiHCb b oöirrecTBeHHbie o6i>eflHHeHHH hjih «napTHH pofla». B HHcne nofloÖHbix mojkho Ha3BaTb «KepHJi-BepjiHK» h «Tofloni».5 3a/j;aHH, KOTopbie 6buiH nocTaBJíeHbi b nporpaMMax accon;Han;HH po- flOB,-3TO BOCCTaHOBJíeHHe OÖbIHaeB H Tpa/thuhh, yCHJieHHe pOflOBOH B3aHMonoMornH, onpefleneHHe CTaTyca KyjibTOBbix MecT h poflOBbix rop. CorjiacHO B033BaHHHM jiHflepoB Han;HOHajibHoro flBHJKeHHH, poflOBbie OÖTjeflHHeHHH flOJDKHbl 6bIJIH CnOCOÖCTBOBaTb «KOHCOJIHflai^HH Bcex CHJi fljiH KyjibTypHO-flyxoBHoro h SKOHOMHHecKoro npoi^BeTaHHH HCTopmecKOH poflHHbi, b Bocco3flaHHH h coxpaHeHHH MHpoBOH rap- MOHHH «HejIOBeK-npHpOfla»..., B B03pO>KfleHHH KOpeHHblX HapOflOB H coxpaHeHHH HMH HanHOHajibHO-TpaflHnHOHHoro oÖJiHKa, b c6epe>Ke- HHH HCTOpHKO-apXeOJIOrHHeCKHX H npHpOflHblX naMHTHHKOB»1. AßTopbi ycTaBa oöniecTBeHHoro o6i>eflHHeHHH «KeprHJi-BHpjiHK», KpoMe nponero, npH3biBajiH HJieHOB oöinecTBeHHOH opraHH3an;HH k BOCnHTaHHKD flyXOBHOCTH H B03BpaiH,eHHI0 KyjIbTa flpeBHHX 6o>KecTB yH-Kyp6ycTaH, YnbTeH, y"MaH-3He; k pa3BHTHio ceMeÖHO-MejKpoflOBbix OTHonieHHÖ KaK rapaHTa CTaÖHJibHOCTH h MoryínecTBa rpa>KflaHCKO-ro oöniecTBa; k BoccTaHOBJieHHio caMoöbiTHOCTH ruieMeH h poflOB c HX aTpHÖyTHKOH H TOTeMHO-pOflOBbIMH npH3HaKaMH; K B0CC03flaHHK) MeCT nOKJIOHeHHH ajITaÖCKHX pOflOB.2 AHajiorHHHbie 3aflaHH h nejiH npecjieflyioT aKTHBHCTbi oöijeflHHe-HHH «Tofloni». LíejiHMH h 3aflanaMH flaHHoň opraHH3an;HH hbjihiotch: «3aw,uma nojiumimecKux, couuajibHbix, 3K0H0MimecKux, KyjibmypHbix npae, ceoôod u unmepecoe npedcmaeumejieů ceoxa «Todom»; coxpane-Hue ammmecKoů, ucmopunecKoů u npupodnou cpedbL oôumamui cuimaů-CKOzo Hapoda; pa3eumue R3biKa, Kyjibmypbi, eo3po3Kdenue mpaduuuů, oôbiHaee u eepoucnoeedanusi».3 /Jim npOBefleHHH CBOHX IIJiaHOB B >KH3Hb HJieHbl flaHHHX pOflOBHX o6i>eflHHeHHH CHHTajiH HeoöxoflHMbiM npHHHMaTb aKTHBHoe ynacTHe b paöoTe BJiacTHbix CTpyKTyp PecnyöJiHKH AjiTaö. OöinecTBeHHafl «peaÖHJiHTai^HH» coxpaHHBniHX CBoe 3HaneHHe b 5KH3HH ajiTaHi];eB poflOBbix CTpyKTyp b 1990-e rr. CTajia nonbiTKoft npeoflOJieHHH con;HajibHoro KpH3Hca. C tohkh 3peHHH CHMBOJibHoö 1 Ka3anu.ee A.K). 3mHonojiumuuecKue npou,eccbi e PecnyôjiuKe Ajimaů e KOHU,e XX eeKa. C. 217 2 Tom líce 3 Apxue ynpaejieHUM MUHUcmepcmea mcmuuuu Poccuúckoú ^edepauuu no PecnyôjiuKe Ajimaů. /Jejio NS120.JI. 16 OômecmeeHHCLR «pea6ujiumau.uR» coxpanuemux ceoe 3Hcmemie e jku3hu ajimauu.ee podoeux cmpyKmyp e 1990-e zz. cmajia nonbirtiKoů npeodojienuR couuajibHozo rcpu3uca 3JIHTH, poflOBbie CTpyKTypbi BbicTynajiH (jjaKTopoM CTa6HJiH3anHH, CnOCOÖHbIM npOTHBOCTOHTb fleCTpyKTHBHHM TeHfleHI^HHM oöiTiecTBa. HHCTHTyT pOfla CTajI paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK B03M0>KHaH ajIbTepHaTHB- Han (J)opMa caMoynpaBJíeHHH, KOMnjieMeHTapHan no OTHonieHHio k 0(J)HI];HajIbHOH BJiaCTH. B 3aKOHe «0 MecTHOM caMoynpaBJíeHHH b PecnyöJiHKe AjiTaö» (1999 r.) yKa3aHO, hto npeflMeTaMH BefleHHH Han;HOHajibHO-poflOBbix o6iii;hh h opraHOB hx caMoynpaBJíeHHH b paňoHax KOMnaKTHoro npo-jKHBaHHH KopeHHoro HaceneHHH hbjihiotch: KOHTpojib 3a Hcnojib30Ba-HHeM 3eMejib Ha TeppHTopHH nocejieHHH h ycTaHOBJíeHHe ycjioBHO hx 156 Ekatephha Camylukhha H A y H H fal E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 Podoeoe deujKenue e Ajimae u Xaxacuu ripoeian 3ükohü «0 podoeoů oôwune ajimaůu,ee» (I1MA) '■ Tom Jice '■ Tom Jice Hcnojib30BaHHH; ynacTHe b oxpaHe OKpyscaioineH cpeflbí; coxpaHeHHe naMHTHHKOB HCTOpHH H KyjIbTypbl, HaXOflHIUHXCH B BefleHHH CejIbCKO- ro nocejieHHH (riMA). Bcjie/j 3a 3THM b PecnyöJiHKe AjiTaň pa3pa6aTbiBaeTCH npoeKT 3aKO-Ha «0 poflOBoň oöiHHHe ajiTaöneB». üpeaMÖyna k 3aKOHO/jaTejibHOMy aKTy rjiacHT: HacToaiuHÍi 3SKOH ycTaHaBJíHBaeT ochobhlig npHHUHnbi opraHH3an,HH h fleHTejibHOCTH poflOBLix oöhtmh anTaiineB h flpyrnx 3thhhgckhx rpynn (fla-jiee—poflOBaa oönniHa); co3flaBaeMLix b ijenax 3aiiniTbi hckohhoíí cpeflbí OÖHTaHHH, TpaflHUHOHHOrO o6pa3a 5KH3HH, npaB H 3aKOHHLIX HHTepeCOB yKa3aHHLIX KOpeHHbLX HapOflOB B yCJIOBHHX pLIHOHHOÍÍ 3KOHOMHKH, Onpe- flejiaeT npaBOBLie ochobli oöhtmhhoh (|>opMbi caMoynpaBJíeHHH h rocyflap-CTBeHHLie rapaHTHH ero ocymecTBJíeHHH, peryjmpyeT nopnflOK ee o6pa30- BaHHH H fleHTejIbHOCTH, a TaiOKe B3aHMOOTHOineHHH c rocyflapcTBeHHHMH opraHaMH caMoynpaBJíeHHH h oömecTBeHHHMH ooteflHHeHHHMH.1 B coBpeMeHHOö BepcHH poflOBaH oönniHa ajiTaoneB (ceoK), corjiac- HO TpaKTOBKe JIHflepOB Han,HOHajIbHOrO flBH>KeHHH, HBJIHeTCH caMOÖLiTHOH h caMoynpaBJMeMoii (jjopMoíi opraHH3an,HH rpa>KflaH, ceMeíí, poflOB anTaiineB h flpyrnx npeflCTaBHTejieii hx 3thhhgckhx rpynn, oöteflH- HHeMblX no KpOBHOpOflCTBeHHOMy H (min) TeppHTOpHajIbHO-COCeflCKOMy npH3HaKaM, oöhthocth HHTepecoB, co3flaBaeMan b n,ejiHX 3aiu,HTbi hckohhoíí cpeflbí OÖHTaHHH, coxpaHeHHH h pa3BHTHH TpaflHUHOHHoro oöpa3a 5KH3HH, X03HÍÍCTB0BaHHH, npOMblCJIOB H KyjIbTypbl KOpeHHOrO HapOfla. Po- flOBaa oönniHa npeflCTaBJíneT HCTopHHecKyio (|>opMy opraHH3an,HH caMoynpaBJíeHHH ajiTaiíneB. Oöiuhhli anTaiineB hbjihiotch HeKOMMepnecKHMH opraHH3an,HHMH. ripnOLinb, nojiyneHHaa b pe3ynbTaTe fleHTenbHOCTH poflo- BOÍÍ OÖIHHHH, He HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHOÍÍ n,ejIbK) X03HÍÍCTB0BaHHH OÖIHHHH H He pacnpeflenaeTCH Me>Kfly ee HJieHaMH, a HanpaBJíneTCH flna yflOBJíeTBopeHHH Hyacfl flaHHofl oönniHbi.2 HejiH h 3a/jaHH poflOBOH oönniHbi, corjiacHO npoeKTy 3aKOHa, co- CTOHT B pa3BHTHH TpaflHUHOHHHX npOMHCJIOB, peMeCejI H MeTOflOB X03HÖCTB0BaHHH ajITaHCKOrO HapOfla; B B03pO>KfleHHH H pa3BHTHH KyjibTypHbix h flyxoBHbix ijeHHOCTeö, pejiHrH03Hbix h KyjibTOBbix o6bi-HaeB; bo BHeflpeHHH b >KH3Hb ajiTaöijeB HopM, oöbinaeB h TpaflHUHH, cnoco6cTByiom,HX pocTy hx HauHOHajibHoro caMoco3HaHHH, KyjIbTypbl, flyxoBHOCTH h yBa>KeHHH k CTapniHM; b cofleöcTBHH nponeccy STHHHe- CKOH CaMOHfleHTH(J)HKarj;HH MOJIOfle>KH; B BOCnHTaHHH HyBCTBa JIK>6bH h flojira k CBoeMy Hapofly, poflHHe, totobhocth OTCTaHBaTb cyBepeHH-TeT h ijejiocTHOCTb PecnyöJiHKH AjiTaň.3 B paMKax npouecca aKTyajiH3arj;HH po/joBbix CTpyKTyp b Pecny-ÖJiHKe AjiTaň b 1990-e rr. npoH3onuio BoccTaHOBJíeHHe 3aöcaHaTa. ynoTpeöJieHHe THTyjia «3aucan» (ot KHTancKoro THTyjia «ußaH-CHH») BOCXOflHT K aflMHHHCTpaTHBHOH CTpyKType 3anaflHbIX MOHTOJIOB, BMG- CTe c KOTopbiMH ajiTaHi];bi npeöbiBajiH c cepeflHHbi xvn /jo cepeflHHbi XVIII b. b cocraBe /]|>KyHrapcKoro rocy/japcTBa. 3aHcaHbi OTHOCHJiHCb K HHHOBHHKaM HH>KHerO 3BeHa H COBMeiHajIH B OflHOM JIHIje (jjyHKUHH HHHOBHHKa h poflOBOTO naTpoHa.1 BxojKfleHHe AjiTaH b cocTaB Pocchh c coxpaHeHHeM TpaflHrj;HOHHbix k TOMy BpeMeHH noTecTapHbix CTpyKTyp KOHcepBHpoBajio 3aöcaHaT, KOTopbiH 6biJi BKJHOHeH b CHCTeMy TioflaTHoro Hajioroo6jio>KeHHH H ynpaBJíeHHH pernoHOM.2 3aHcaHbi—sto Bbixoflrj;bi H3 cpeflbí Hanoojiee MHoroHHcneHHbix CeOKOB, COCTaBJIHK)m,HX HflpO aflMHHHCTpaTHBHblX eflHHHIJ-flIOHHH h BOJiocTeň. HaHÖojibniHM aBTopHTeTOM nojib30BajiHCb poflOBbie (HacjieflCTBeHHbie—«yKTy») 3aHcaHbi. B KOHue xix b. rnecTb ajiTao-ckhx 3aHcaHOB HOCHJiH 3TOT THTyji—3aHcaHbi nepBOH (ceoK MyHflyc), BTopoH (ceoK KbinnaK), TpeTbeň (ceoK TOflorn), HeTBepTOH (ceoK np-kht), nHTOH (ceoK TOflorn) aiohhh h nepBOH HyňcKOH bojiocth (ceoK Téněc) .3 KoHeiJ XX B. 03HaMeH0BajICH yTBep>KfleHHeM HHCTHTyTa BblÖOpHblX 3aHcaHOB Ha AjiTae. Xoth H3BecTHO, hto Korfla b 1880 r. poccHHCKHe BJiacTH npHHHJiH peineHHe o BbiöopHOCTH 3aöcaHa, sto 6buio Bocnpn-HHTO KaK nocHraTejibCTBO Ha flpeBHHe ycTOH4. B 1980-1990-e rr. H3ÖpaHHe 3ancaHOB npoHcxoflHJio h Ha Cbe3flax ceoKOB, h Ha cejibCKHX cxoflax. riepBbiM CBoero 3aöcaHa Bbiöpaji ceoK MaHMaH. c 1989 r. othcth rjiaB poflOB npHoöpejiH, corjiacHO o(J)Hrj;H-ajibHOH npecce, peryjrapHbiH xapaKTep. Ha CTpaHHirax pecnyöJiHKaH-CKOH ra3eTbi «AjiTaHflbm Hojimohh» 6ypHO flHCKyTHpoBajiacb pojib 3a- HCaHOB B OÖrneCTBeHHO-nOJIHTHHeCKOH >KH3HH peCnyÖJIHKH, CTaBHJICH Bonpoc 06 hx KOJiHHecTBe h o xapaKTepe npeflCTaBHTejibCTBa.5 B ne-pHOflHHecKOH nenaTH pecnyöJiHKH CTajiH nocTOHHHbiMH napajiJiejiH Me>Kfly 3aHcaHaMH coBpeMeHHOCTH h flBeHafliraTbio 3aHcaHaMH, nofl-nHcaBinHMH c EjiH3aBeTOH floroBop o Bxo>KfleHHH ajiTancKoro Hapofla b cocTaB PoccHHCKoro rocyflapcTBa. B 1991 r. oörnecTBeHHOH opraHH3arj;HeH «3He Thji» BbicKa3biBajiocb MHeHHe o HeoöxoflHMOCTH 3aKOHOflaTejibHoro yTBep>KfleHHH npaB 3a-HcaHOB Ha ypoBHe KoHCTHTynHH. c 1992 r. 3aöcaHbi HaHHHaioT fleň-CTBOBaTb opraHH30BaHHO. B 1992 r. ohh ynacTByioT b oöcyscfleHHH Ha3BaHHH pecnyöJiHKH. B CBoeM o6pam,eHHH, onyöJiHKOBaHHOM b ra-3eTe «AjiTaHflbm Hojimohh», ohh HacTaHBajiH Ha Ha3BaHHH «3ji AjiTaö» BMecTO «Tyyjiy AjiTaö» (ľopHbiH AjiTaň). Ha coöpaHHHX 3ancaHOB h npeflCTaBHTejien o6m,ecTBeHHbix o6i>eflHHeHHH o6cy>KflajiHCb Bonpo-cbi npoBefleHHH 3eMejibHOH pe(J)opMbi, npoöjieivibi HMMHrpaHTOB h flBH>KeHHH Ka3anecTBa b pecnyöJiHKe.6 B 1993 r. 6biJia co3flaHa o6m,ecTBeHHaH opraHH3auHH «Toproo 3aň-caHOB AjiTaH», n,ejibio KOTopoň CTajio eflHHeHHe poflOB AjiTaH h bocco3- flaHHe HHCTHTyTa pOflOBblX o6m,HH. AKTHBH3an;HH pOflOBOrO flBH>KeHHH h pocT aBTopHTeTa 3aHcaHOB HOBoro noKOJieHHH npHBeji k TOMy, hto noBciofly Ha AjiTae CTajiH co3flaBaTbCH jioKajibHbie coBeTbi poflOBbix Kbtdbteea B. H. Hucmumym 3aůcaHcmea y ajunauu.ee. C. 113-114 ' OKmMÔpbCKOSl M. B. TmpKU Ajimax: npoojiemu MeoíCHauuonajibHozo coo6w,ecmea. C. 57 3 Tom 3ice 4 Tom líce ' Kbidbieea B. H. Hucmumym 3aůcaHcmea y ajimaůu,ee. C. 114 ' Tom Jice. C. 115 I58 Ekatephha Camyiiikhha H A y H H fal E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 CTapniHH. TaK, b (JieBpajie 1995 r. c6op rpa>KflaH b noc. Myxop-TapxaTa yTBepflHJi 3aHcaHOB Bcex npeflCTaBJieHHbix b nocejiKe ceoKOB (KbinnaK, TOJioc, TOFDKaH, mooji, caraji, TOfloin, hpkht), no/rqepKHyB npn stom, hto Po6hoh SKCKypcHH paccKa3HBaeT o co6hthhx flajieKoro nponiJioro, OTMenaH pojib 3aftcaHOB, flo6poBOJibHbift xapaKTep npHcoeflHHeHHH h ycjioBHH Bxo>KfleHHH co CTopoHbi ajrraftneB: OKrrw6pbaci H36paHH He pjm ranoiKH h (|)HKcaiiHH [...] ohh aojckhli h o6a3a-hli coflencTBOBaTb BocnHTaHHio noflpacTaroinero noKOJieHHH MOJiofle>KH h yKperuieHHK) /ihciihluihhli, npaBonopaflKa b noc. Myxop-TapxaTa, a TaioKe pa3BHTHK) H COBepilieHCTBOBaHHIO HaUHOHajIbHOH KyjibTypbi, H3LIKa, o6bI- naeB h 06PJLTOB.1 C KOHna 1990-x rr. no 2008 r. bo rjiaBe poflOBoro flBH>KeHHH Pe-cny6jiHKH AjiTaft ctohji ara-3aftcaH (BepxoBHbift 3aftcaH) ajiTaftcKoro Hapofla A. K. BapflHH. no ero MHeHHio, 3aflaneft 3aftcaHOB HBJiHeTCH npocBerneHHe Hapofla, B03po>KfleHHe ero KyjibTypbi, 6biTa, BepoBaHHft, fljiH Hero Heo6xoflHMO «nodHRirib HpaecmeeHHOcmb ajimaucKozo napo-da, npuo6w,a.R 6ydyw,ee noKOJienue k ucmopuu»2. B pycjie CBoeft nporpaMMbi ara-3aftcaH aKTHBHO ynacTByeT b Kynb- TypHOH 5KH3HH PeCny6jIHKH AjITaH. 8 CeHTH6pH 2005 T. B paHOHHOM neHTpe HeMajibCKoro paftoHa cocTOHJiocb Top^KecTBeHHoe OTKpbiTHe co3flaHHoro hm UeHTpa ajiTaftcKoft KyjibTypbi. B HeM nepBaH ropTa, HBJiHioiHaHCH rjiaBHoft, 6buia nocTpoeHa b 1999 r. no onHcaHHHM >KypHajiHCTOB, OHa npeflCTaBJiaeT co6oh ropTy, nocTpoeHHyio no HepTe>KaM Be/iHKoro xyppm-HHKa, npo3aHKa, 3THorpac|>a h nojiHTHKa T.H. HopocTypKHHa. B 1930 rofly oh 3apHCOBan ropTy nmiHMeHa KymaKa, OTen, KOToporo—Horyui 6lui ina- MaHOM.3 BrapaH KjpTa nocBHrneHa 3aftcaHaM poflOB, KOTopbie flo6poBOJib- HO BOniJIH B COCTaB POCCHH, pOflOBHM BO>KflHM-3aftcaHaM, BHeCLUHM BKJiafl b pa3BHTHe AiiTaH: xyflo>KHHKy T.H. Topoc-rypKHHy, STHorpa-4>y A. B. AHOXHHy h flp. Kpbinia ropTbi yBeHHaHa 3HaKOM 6enoft Bepbi: HOBOJiyHbeM, cojmneM h CTapojiyHbeM. B Heft mo>kho yBHfleTb rep6 h 3HaMH pofla Kapa-MaftMaH, npeflCTaBHTejieM KOToporo h HBJiHeTCH A. K. BapflHH. CorjiacHO ero aBTopcKoft BepcHH, y ajiTaftneB pofla Kapa-MaftMaH 3H3MH HMeeT TpH UBeTa: KpaCHblft-CHMBOJI OrHH, 5KejITblft- CHMBOJi cojmna, chhhS—chmboji He6a. TpexnBeTHoe nojioTHHine 3a-KaHHHBaeTCH TpeMH H3biKaMH, o6o3HaHaioirj;hmh nponiJioe, HacTOHinee h 6yflym;ee. Ha 3HaMeHH H3o6pa>KeHbi: HaraHyTbift jiyK, co6aKa—cbh-rneHHoe >KHBOTHoe h 6epe3a—CBHineHHoe flepeBO.4 npeflCTaBJieHbi b 3Kcno3HUHH ropTbi h rocyflapcTBeHHbie chmbojih PoccnftcKoft $eflepan;HH, Pecny6jiHKH AjiTaft, 3HaMH AjiTaftcKoft Top-Hoft /lyMbi, pa3pa6oTaHHoe T. H. Hopoc-rypKHHbiM. 0co6oe BHHMaHHe b BbicTaBOHHOM npocTpaHCTBe yfleneHO co6hthhm 255-jieTHeft flaBHO-cth, Bxo>KfleHHio AjiTaH b cocTaB PoccnftcKoro rocyflapcTBa. T. n. Bap-flHHa, oflHa H3 ocHOBaTeneft LJ,eHTpa AjiTaftcKoft KyjibTypbi, b xofle nofl- Ekatephha CAMyinKHHA B 1756 rofly poflOBLie bo)KflH-3aHcaHLi co6panHCb h BLiHec/iH peineHHe 0 tom, hto Haflo bohth b cocTaB Pocchh. HanHcajiH CHanajia nncbMO, ara-3ancaH Hanncan. OmpaBH/iH 3th flOKyMeHTH HMnepaTpnne EjiH3aBeTe rieTpoBHe b CaHKT-rieTep6ypr. Korfla OHa OTBeTHJia, ohh y>Ke Ha Jioinaflax OTnpaBHJiHCb b CaHKT-rieTep6ypr, hto6li noflnncaTb floroBop. 3hmoh ocTa- HaBJIHBa/IHCb ... (H.epa.36.). TaM OCTaHOBHJIHCb, HT06 JIOinafleH nOflKOpMHTb. rioTOM floexanH flo CaHKT-rieTep6ypra. Bot tvt OHa hx npHHHMaeT. EIotom H3flaeT yKa3, Bbiineji 3aKOH, noflnncajiH floroBop. B floroBope CKa3aHO, hto a/ITaHUbl BOUDIH b COCTaB POCCHH flo6pOBOJIbHO co CBOeH 3eMJieH, co CBOHM HapoflOM, co cbohm 6oraTCTBOM, c coxpaHeHHeM H3biKa, KyjibTypbi, o6bma-eB h o6paflOB. TaKHM o6pa30M, ceroflHH mh npo>KHJiH 254 rofla.1 TpeTbe CTpoeHHe KOMruieKca—«K)pTa MHpa, flpy>K6bi h corjiacHH». TjiaBHoe ee npeflHa3HaHeHHe— Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u 6pauHbLe ajibRHCbL e npouiJioM u HaarLomjueM napodoe Eepa3uu 1 [IMA. llenmp ajimauacou Kyjihmyphi, c. HeMOJi, HeMOJlhCKUU p-H Pecny6jiuKU Arnnau, 2010 b eflHHeHHH HapOflOB, 5khbvihhx nofl He6oM AjiTaa, KaK nofl KpblineH OflHOH ropTbi, rfle jnoflH, npeflCTaBJiaioiiiHe pa3Hbie KyjibTypbi, pa3Hbie Bepbi, Mor-jih 6bi BCTpenaTbca h o6cy)KflaTb cboh npo6jieMbi.2 Ha OKHe ropTbi npeflCTaBJieH cojiHpHbift 3HaK, KOTopbift, no mhcjih co3flaTejieft My3eH, o6o3HaHaeT c/thhctbo jnofleft, HcnoBeflyiornHX pa3-jiHHHbie pejiHrnn: '- Jlpyoic6hL u cozjiacuM mhozo ue 6hieaem // 3ee3da AjimoR. 2005. Ns 93. C. 4 Hy, bot Ha OKoniKe 6ojibinoro anna cojiHbiniKO. 3to roBopHT o tom, hto mh nofl oflHHM cojmneM MHBeM, nofl o/ihhm He6oM, nofl o/ihhm 6oroM, a Bepa y Hac y Bcex pa3Haa.3 BHyTpH CTpOeHHH nOCeTHTejIH MOryT 03HaKOMHTbCH C flyXOBHHMH TeKCTaMH, npe/TMeTaMH KyjibTa nerapex pejiHrH03Hbix BepoBaHHft, npeflCTaBHTejiH KOTopbix, npo^KHBaioT Ha TeppHTopHH pecny6jiHKH: 6yflflH3Ma, npaBocjiaBHH, HCJiaMa h 6ypxaHH3Ma. npn stom Ba>KHO OTMeTHTb, hto b ocJjopMJieHHH BbicTaBKH npHHHMajiH ynacTHe npaBO-cjiaBHbie 6aTioiiiKH H3 npHxoflOB c. HeMaji, r. HoBOCH6HpcKa h flp. ro-poflOB, Myjuibi H3 TaTapcTaHa, 6yflflHCTCKHe MOHaxn H3 flan;aHOB TyBbi H BypHTHH. B nocjieflHeft ropTe Bocco3flaHO y6paHCTBO Tpa/THi^HOHHoft aji-TaftcKoft ropTbi. KaK h b npeflbiflyrnHX BbicTaBOHHbix 3ajiax, b rieHTpe BHHMaHHH o6pa3bi nponiJioro ajiTaftrieB, KOTopoe TecHO CBH3aHO c hh-CTHTyTOM pofla. B anjie HarjiHflHO, Ha npHMepe pofla MaftMaH, npefl-CTaBJieHbi poflOBbie MapKepbi. npn stom Tpa/THi^HOHHbie chmbojih pofla, TaMry, poflOBoe >KHBOTHoe, flonojiHHioT HOBbie o6pa3H—poflo-Bbie njiaHeTH h 3Be3flbi. T. n. BapflHHa OTMenaeT: 3 [IMA. U,eHmp ajimauacou Kyjihmyphi, c. HeMOJi, HeMOJlhCKUU p-H Pecny6jiuKU Ajimau, 2010 H A y H H bl E OHEPKH TARTARIA MAGNA 2'20i2 i6i 1 LIMA. IJenmp cuimaůacoů Kyjibmypbí, c. HeMOJi, He-MajibCKUů p-h PecnyôjiuKU Ajimaů, 2010 TpaduuuoHHoe MupoB03-3peuue mmpKoe KJjkhoů Cuôupu: 3hük u pumycui. HoeocuôupcK, 1990. C. 27 3 Tom dKe. C. 21 .. .TaKHM o6pa30M, no flaHHOMy iuiaKaTy mojkho cfle/iaTb BHBOfl, hto y Ka>k-floro pofla cboh repöbi 6buiH, cboh (|>jiarH 6bi/iH, cboh 3Be3fla hjih nnaHeTa. 3Be3flbi h njiaHeTbi nome 6buiH nofleneHbi no poflaM. Ha3BaHHe 3Be3fl, iuia-HeT flpeBHHe ajiTaiínbi oieHb xopoino 3HajiH. A Tenepb hh oflHoíí 3Be3flbi He 3HaioT. A h Tenepb TOJibKO oflHy 3Haio. 3Be3fla [...] sto OpHOH, 3Be3fla pofla Moero Mysca, MaíÍMaH. 3tot n/iaKaT oh no CBoeMy pofly HaiepTHJi.1 KyjibTypHbiö iieHTp, corjiacHO KOHiienuHH co3flaTejiH, npenHa3Ha- HeH 6bITb IieHTpOM B03pO>KfleHHH H pa3BHTHH flyXOBHHX IieHHOCTeÖ ajiTaňcKoro Hapona. Ero ochobhhmh 3anaHaMH hbjihiotch: H3yneHHe HCTopHH, TpaflHUHH, flyxoBHoft KyjibTypbi ajiTaňiieB, pa3BHTHe hx STHHHecKOH caMoöbiTHOCTH, BOBJíeneHHe MOJiofle>KH b aKTHBHyK) no-3HaBaTejibHyK) neHTejibHOCTb, yKperuieHHe flpyscöbi h KyjibTypHbix CBH3eň Me>Kfly HaponaMH. CoTpynHHKH My3eH npoBOflHT SKCKypcHH, nocBHnieHHbie nponiJioMy AjiTaH, TpaflHUHOHHOH KyjibType KopeHHoro TK>pKOH3biHHoro HacejieHHH, HCTopHKO-KyjibTypHOMy h apxeojiorHHe-CKOMy HacjieflHK) pernoHa. 3Ta neHTejibHOCTb cnocoöcTByeT (jjopMHpo-BaHHK) o6pa3a nponuioro y TKWiejieü h rocTeö pecnyöJiHKH, aKTyajiH- 3aUHH perHOHajIbHOH H STHHHeCKOH HfleHTHHHOCTH. HapHfly c aKTyajiH3arj;HeH HHCTHTyTa pona h 3aňcaHaTa, HfleT hx CHMBOJiHHecKoe o(J)opMJieHHe. riofloÖHaH poflOBaH HHfleKcarj;HH boc-xoflHT k TpaflHííHOHHOMy oöuiecTBy TIOpKOB K)>KHOH CHÖHpH KOHIia xix-Hanajie x x bb. Ka>KflHH po/t—ceoK hm&ti pan, cHMBOJinnecKHX MapKepoB, BKJiKDHaH Tonorpa(J)HHecKHe h BereTaTHBHbie xapaKTepn-CTHKH (cyniecTBOBajio noflpa3flejieHHe Ha peHHbie h ropHbie ceoKH, a TaKsce flejieHHe no noponaM nepeBbeB) h UBeTOByio HHfleKcauHio, ko-TopaH, no MHeHHK) pana HccjieflOBaTejieH, Korna-TO cooTBeTCTBOBajia paccejieHHK) nacTeň pona no CTpaHaM CBeTa b npeflenax ponpBOH Tep- pHTOpHH.2 Podoebie uncmumymbL RejiRiomcR nepeuHHbLM ypoeneM udenmu^uKai^uu u coxpaHRiom ceom aranyajibHocmb e opzaHU3av,uu ceMeŮHO-podcmeeHHbLX omnomenuu CHMBOJiHHecKoe o6o3HaneHHe ponpBOH npHHa/Tjie>KHOCTH hh/th-BHfla no3BOJiHJio paccMaTpHBaTb MHp KaK opraHH30BaHHyio 3HaKOByio CHCTeMy, npoTHBonocTaBJíHH ee nyscoMy npocTpaHCTBy, hhoh KyjibTy-pe. B HHCJie HaHÖojiee 3HaHHMbix chmbojiob 6buiH poflOBaH 3eMJLH, yro- flbH, naCTÖHOia, KeflpOBHHKH H pOflOBbie CejieHHH, TaMľH, H3HXH, CBH- nieHHbie ropbi h peKH, nyxH noKpoBHTejiH, poflOBbie rnaMaHbi h t.n.3 Bo BTopoň nojioBHHe 1990-x rr. jinnepaMH STHOHaimoHajibHoro B03po>KfleHHH PA npe/TjiaraeTCH CHCTeMa MapKepoB, npeflCTaBJiHroniaH pofl (ceoK): TaMra, CBHnieHHoe >KHBOTHoe, nTHLi;a pofla. Cnen;HajibHO fljra 3ji OöbiHa—rocyflapcTBeHHoro npa3flHHKa PecnyöJiHKH AjiTaň—k KOHuy 1990-x rr. 6biJiH pa3pa6oTaHbi BbiMnejibi, HarjiHflHO npe/TCTaB- JIHKDmHe CHCTeMy pOflOBHX CHMBOJIOB. Ha OflHOH CTOpOHe BblMnejIOB 6buia npe/TCTaBJíeHa mh(J)HHecKaH nTHu;a KaH-Kepene (na3bipbiKCKHÖ rpH(J)OH), a TaK^Ke chmbojih rnecTHafln,aTH ajiTaňcKHX poflOB. Mu^me-CKan nTHiia, b HHTepnpeTan,HH TBopnecKHX KpyroB PecnyöJiHKH AjiTaň, Hbme BbicTynaeT chmbojiom ara-3aöcaHa. ÜOHeTHbiH CTaTyc BepxoBHoro 3aňcaHa o6o3HaHeH o6pa30M op-jiHHorojioBoro rpH(J)OHa, HaöfleHHoro b 1930-e rr. H3BecTHbiM poc-CHÖCKHM apxeojioroM CH. PyneHKO bo II BarnaflapcKOM KypraHe (v b. flo h.3.) h npHHafljie^Kaniero na3bipbiKCKOH KyjibType. 3h3k ara-3aöcaHa oöpaMJieH TaMraMH h CBHnieHHbiMH jkhbothh-mh ajiTaöcKHX poflOB. CorjiacHO jiereHfle, npefljiaraeMoö Ha Ka>K/tom poflOBOM BbiMnejie: Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe ajibsmcbi e npouiJioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu TaMra-3TO 3HaK pOflOBOÍÍ COÖCTBeHHOCTH, KOTOpblíí HCnOJIb30BajICH pflH KJieíÍMJieHHH CKOTa, a TaKace hbjihjich oöeperoM pofla, 3ani,HTOH ot nopiH, crjia3a, HecnacTba; CBanieHHoe ÄHBOTHoe, nTHii,a—3to noKpoBHTejiH pofla, MH(|)HHeCKHe npeflKH, 3anj,HTHHKH, CHMBOJIHHeCKHe OÖeperH pofla, TOTeMbl (ma) . H3o6pa>KeHHe TaMrn h jkhbothoto Ha poflOBbix BbiMnejiax conpo-BO>KflaeTCH npeflaHHeM, OTCbiJiaioniHM HHTaTeneft bo BpeMeHa mhcJ)h-necKHX nepBonpe/TKOB, hjih k flpeBHeň HCTopHH ajiTaHu;eB. Bce chmbojih, npe/TCTaBJíHKDiHHe poflOByio CTpyKTypy, BbinojmeHH b ckhcJjckom 3BepHHOM CTHJie. Ohh opraHHHHO BnHCHBaioTCH b nocTpoeHHH Ha TeMy flpeBHOCTH npOHCXO>K/TeHHH aÖOpHreHHHX 3THOCOB K)>KHOH CnÖHpH, a TaioKe ocoöeHHoro BKJiafla hx npe/tkob b oönieMHpoByio KyjibTypy. Ab-Topbi flaHHbix pa3pa6oTOK nbiTaioTCH anejuinpoBaTb k apxaHKe, ho b fleOCTBHTejIbHOCTH HX TBOpHeCTBO HBJIHeTCH HOBaU,HeH. CorjiacHO aBTopcKOMy onpocy, npoBeneHHOMy b PecnyoJíHKaHCKoň Han,HOHajibHOH rHMHa3HH hm. B. K. rijiaKaca cpeflH ynaiiTHXCH CTapniHX KJiaccoB b 2007 r., MOJiofle>Kb PecnyöJiHKH AjiTaö npoHBJíneT öojibrnyio 3py/THn,HIO B 3H3HHH CBOeft pOflOBOH npHHaflJie>KHOCTH. BojIbTJIHHCTBO ynaiiTHXCH (90%) Ha3biBaioT cboh pofl. TaioKe ohh 3HaioT chmbojih pOfla: Ha3HBaK)T pOflOBHX CBHUieHHHX >khbothhx. Hx HH(J)OpMHpO-BaHHOCTb COOTHOCHTCH C CHMBOJI3MH, npeflCTaBJíeHHHMH Ha BHMne- jiax. AKTyajibHOCTb poflOBbix CTpyKTyp b noBceflHeBHoň >kh3hh b Ha-CTOHrnee BpeMH nofl/Tep>KHBaeTCH THpa^KHpoBaHHeM CHMBOJiHHecKoro o(J)opMJieHHH pofla b oöniecTBeHHO-nojiHTHHecKOM npocTpaHCTBe. B HacTOHinee BpeMH /tjih KopeHHoro TK>pKOH3HHHoro HaceneHHH pecnyöJiHKH poflOBbie HHCTHTyrbi hbjihkdtch nepBHHHHM ypoBHeM HfleHTH(J)HKai];HH h coxpaHHioT CBOK) aKTyajibHOCTb b opraHH3an,HH ce-MeHHO-poflCTBeHHbix OTHOiJieHHH. Ka>KflHH rofl b paöoHax pecnyöJiH-KH npoBOflHTCH BCTpeHH pofla, poflOBbie MOJieHHH. üpH stom nonyjiHpH- 162 Ekatephha Camylukhha H A y H H fal E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 163 Podoeoe deujKenue e Ajimae u Xaxacuu 1 Xaicacux: codpyíicecmeo naiam. C. 4 1 Podoeue npa3ÔHUKU eeceu-uezo uiiKJia. MemoduuecKue peKOM.eHdau.uu dim cneuu-ajiucmoe yupeiicdeHuů Kyjib-mypbí./A. C. TymamuuKoea. AôaKau: Xaicacacoe KmuKHoe u3damejibcmeo, 2004. 44 c. 3aUHH pOflOBHX HHCTHTVTOB H BHBefleHHe HX B ajjepy OÖmeCTBeHHOÖ 5KH3HH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH CHMBOJIbHOÖ 3JIHTOH KaK CnOCOÖ KOHCOJIHfla- uhh HacejieHHH h HeHTpajiH3anHH cyösTHHHecKHX pa3JiHHHÖ. CxoflHbie nponeccbi pa3BopaHHBaioTCH b PecnyöJiHKe XaKacHH. B HepapXHH STHHHeCKOrO CaMOC03HaHHH THTyjIbHOrO 3THOCa 3fleCb TaK- >Ke aKueHTHpyeTCH 3HaHHe poflOBoň npHHazL/ie:>KHOCTH. Ha MecTax—b paňoHax XaKacHH—b KOHue 1990-x rr. CHanajia cnoHTaHHO, a 3aTeM opraHH30BaHHO, HaHHHaeT pa3BopaHHBaTbCH poflOBoe flBH>KeHHe. CTpeMHTejIbHO yBejIHHHBaeTCH HHC7IO BCTpeH-npa3flHHKOB XaKaCCKHX poflOB. B MacniTaöax nocejiKOB, ropoflOB, paňoHOB co3AaioTCH coBeTbi poflOBbix CTapeňniHH. B 1997 r. b XaKacHH 6buio 3aperHCTpHpoBaHO XaKaccKoe pecny-ÖJiHKaHCKoe flBH>KeHHe «CoBeT CTapeöniHH poflOB xaKaccKoro Hapozi;a», b 2003 r. nepeHMeHOBaHHoe b «XaKaccKoe pernoHajibHoe oöinecTBeH-Hoe flBH>KeHHe poflOB xaKaccKoro Hapofla». nepBOHanajibHO ero oc-HOBHOÖ 3aflaHeö HBJUuiocb OKa3aHHe noMoinn b opraHH3anHH BCTpen pOflCTBeHHHKOB, B npOBefleHHH pOflOBHX Iipa3flHHKOB H OÖljeflHHeHHH poflOB xaKaccKoro Hapona. B HacTOHinee >Ke BpeMH flBH>KeHHe CTaBHT nepeA coöoö öojiee MacniTaÖHbie 3aAaHH, cpeflH KOTopbix pa3BHTHe nponecca KyjibTypHoro h flyxoBHoro B03po>KAeHHH xaKaccKoro Hapofla, nOflflep>KKa X03HHCTBeHHOÖ fleHTejIbHOCTH, OCHOBaHHOÖ Ha TpaAHUH- OHHbix 4>opMax xo3HÖCTBOBaHHH, ynacrae b peajiH3anHH nporpaMM no npoöJieMaM KopeHHoro Hapofla pecnyöJiHKH, nponaraHfla 3flopoBoro o6pa3a 5KH3HH, cofleöcTBHe b flejie yKperuieHHH MHpa h corjiacHH Me>K-fly HapoflaMH pecnyöJiHKH. DiaBHaH >Ke nejib pßUTKeuua.—öopböa 3a noBbinieHHe ypoBHH >kh3hh KopeHHoro STHOca XaKacHH.1 Pe3yjibTaTOM fleHTejibHOCTH oöiqecTBeHHoro pfiUTKeuun. CTajia npHHHTan b 1999 r. nporpaMMa «PoflOBoe flBH>KeHHe xaKacoB KaK 4>aKTop KOHCojiHAauHH h pa3BHTHH 3THOca. 2001-2005 rr.». B flOKyMeHTe oöocHOBbiBajiacb yHHKajibHOCTb poflOBbix HHCTHTyTOB xaKaccKoro Hapofla: Pofl-3TO Kpyr pOflCTBeHHHKOB, OÖteflHHeHHblX eflHHOH (jjaMHJIHeíí, npefl- KaMH, HCTOpHHeCKOH IiaMflTbK), Ma/ioh pOflHHOH. YnacTHe B npOBefleHHH pOflOBbIX pHTya/iob, COÖjIIOfleHHe pOflOBbIX TpaflHUHH cnocoöcTByeT BOC- nHTaHHK) naTpHOTH3Ma, jik)6bh k CBoeíí poflHoíí 3eMJie y noflpacTaiomero nOKQ/ieHHH. Pofl paccMaTpHBaeTCH STHOHauHOHajibHOH HHTejuiHreHUHeH KaK OflHH H3 Ba^KHeöniHX 4>aKTopoB, CnOCOÖCTByiOIHHX caMocoxpaHeHHK) Hapofla Ha Bcex STanax ero pa3BHTHH; neHHOCTb ero onpeflejraeTCH TeM, HTO OH HBJIHJICH HHHUHaTHBOH CaMOrO HapOfla.2 CcbuiaHCb Ha onbiT pa3BHTHH TaKHX rocyflapcTB, KaK HnoHHH, Ah-rjiHH, UlBenHH, HcnaHHH, rfle npHBep>KeHHOCTb TpaflHí^HHM HBHJiacb HeoTteivuieMbiM 4>aKTopoM pa3BHTHH, jiHflepbi oöiqecTBeHHoro abh->KeHHH PecnyöJiHKH XaKacHH npefljiaraioT nporpaMMy B03po>KfleHHH HHCTHTyTa xaKaccKoro pofla. OHa BKJiioHaeT: 3flopoBbiň o6pa3 >kh3hh, noHHTaHHe npeflKOB, H3yneHHe HCTopHH pofla, 3THorpa(J)HH, jiereHfl, H3biKa, noflflep>KKy ceMbH, H3yneHHe ee npoöJieM, yneT h (J)HHaHCOByio noMoiHb flJiH oflapeHHbix fleTeň.1 Ocoöbie Hafle>Kflbi HJieHbi opraHH3an;HH «CoBeT CTapeöniHH poflOB xaKaccKoro Hapofla» b paMKax poflOBoro flBH>KeHHH CBH3biBaioT c mo-jioflbiM noKOJieHHeM: 1 Mamepucuibi IX eHeouepeduozoc%e3Ôa XCLKCLCCKOZO Hüpodü, 2001 Ba>KHoe 3HaneHHe b poflOBOM flBH)KeHHH npHflaeTCH BocnHTaHHK) noflpac-Taiomero noKOJieHHH. YnacTHe CTapniHX poflCTBeHHHKOB, fleflynieK h 6a6y- nieK B BOCIIHTaHHH fleTeíí n03B0JIHT COXpaHHTb HaiJ,HOHajIbHbie TpaflHĽ,HH, CaMOÖblTHOCTb 3THOCa. PoflOBOe flBHJKeHHe M05KGT H flOJKKHO flaBaTb B03-MOJKHOCTb OBJíafleHHH OnbITOM flJIH yHaCTHH B OOmeCTBeHHOÍÍ 5KH3HH, BKJIK)- HeHHH b couHa/ibHyio CTpyKTypy nepe3 pa3JiHHHbie cnocoöbi TpaHC/iauHH 3Toro onbiTa. Pofly noorabHO h peineHHe TaKHX 3aflan, KaK: noflroTOBKa MOJIOfle>KH K 5KH3HH B MejKHaUHOHa/IbHOH Cpefle; (|)OpMHpOBaHHe yMeHHH B3aHMOcoTpyflHHHecTBa, oöyneHHe sthmhcckhm TpaflHĽ,HHM, peineHHe xo- 3HHCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX npoeKTOB; OKa3aHHe nOMOIIÍH B pea/IH3aUHH JIHHHblX CnOCOOHOCTeíí H B03M05KHOCTeíí B COUHOKy/IbTypHOM npOCTpaH- CTBe pecnyöJiHKH.2 CorjiacHO KOHn;enn;HH «PoflOBoe flBH>KeHHe xaKacoB KaK 4>aKTop KOHCOJIHflai^HH H pa3BHTHH 3THOCa. 2001-2005 IT.», pOflOBOe flBH>Ke- HHe npH3BaHO 6buio CTaTb onopoň b couHajibHO-SKOHOMHHecKHX pe-4>opMax coBpeMeHHOH XaKacHH h oöecneHHTb rapMOHHHHoe pa3BHTHe Bcex STHHHecKHX rpynn Ha npHHLi;Hnax TOJiepaHTHOCTH, flHajiorHHHO-CTH, B3aHMHOrO yBa>KeHHH.3 B HacTOHiqee BpeMH «CoBeT CTapeöniHH poflOB xaKaccKoro Hapofla» npoflOJi>KaeT cboio aKTHBHyio fleHTenbHOCTb. B MapTe 2011 r. ohm npo-BefleH x 11 ci>e3fl xaKaccKoro Hapofla, rfle 6bui npeflCTaBJíeH HToroBbiň OTHeT fleHTejibHOCTH oöiqecTBeHHOH opraHH3an;HH c 2006 no 2011 rr. CorjiacHO flOKyMeHTaM, npHHHTHM b xofle MeponpHHTHH, n;ejibio abh->KeHHH HBJíHeTCH, KaK h npe>KAe «6opb6a 3a noebLuienue ypoensi jku3hu napoda u 3aw,uma unmepecoe Kopennozo amnoca». Yípu stom AaeTCH pacniH(J)poBKa noHHTHH «KopeHHoft HapoA», noA KOTopbiM, i^HTHpyn AOKyMeHTbi o o h , noHHMaioTCH «napodbL, 3acejiuemue dannyio cmpany (ujiu MecniHocmb) e zjiyôoKou dpeenocmu, 3adojizo do npuxoda u ym-eep3fcdeHU.fi 3decb Jiwdeu uhou. uueumi3auuu (jiwdeu c uhou. ucmopueu, Kyjibmypou, R3biK0M, mpaduuusiMU u m.d.)».4 OTMenaeTCH CBH3b npeAHAyiuHX noKOJieHHH xaKacoB c coBpeMeH- HHMH nOKOJieHHHMH, KOTOpbie 3KTHBHO Co6jIK)AaiOT OÖbIHaH H TpaAH- li;hh, noAAep>KHBaioT 6ht h KyjibTypy, ycTaHOBJíeHHyio npeAKaMH. /Jjlh jierHTHMai^HH AaHHoro ci>e3Aa ero yqacTHHKH oöpaiqaioTCH k HCTopHH Hanajia x x b., ccbuiaHCb Ha nepBbie AeBHTb ci>e3AOB, npoxoAHBninx c 1905 no 1917 r. npH aKTHBHOM ynacTHH C.^. MaÖHoranieBa. üpeACTa-BHTejiH ABH>KeHHH AeJiaioT aKneHT Ha peniaiomeö pojiH opraHH3an;HH b coxpaHeHHH STHHHecKoro caMoco3HaHHH xaKacoB nocjie 1990-x rr., hx AyxoBHoň h MaTepnajibHOH KyjibTypbi.5 '■ Podoebte npa3ÔHUKU eeceuuezo uiiKJia. C. 6-7 '• Mamepucuibi IX eHeouepeduozoc%e3Ôa XCLKCLCCKOZO Hüpodü (PIMA) 1 Mamepuajibi XII C6e3da xaKaccKozo napoda. // Caům «Coeema cmapeůuiuH podoe xaKaccKozo uapoda». [3jieKmpoHHbíů pecypc]. PeiicuM docmyna: http:/'/www. starl 9. ru/ index.php ?option=com_ content&view=frontpage (11.09.2011) 5 Tom Jice I64 EKATEPHHA CAMyiHKHHA H A Y 1 H H E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20i2 I65 Podoeoe deujKenue e Ajimae u Xaxacuu Mamepuajibí XII cbe3Ôa xcacaccKozo uapoda. // Caům «Coeema cmapeůuiuH podoe xcacaccKozo uapoda». [3jieic-mpoHHMŮ pecypc]. PeiicuM docmyna: http://www.starl9. ru/index.php ?option=com_ content&view=frontpage (11.09.2011) B xofle paöoTbi Cbe3fla npoHcxoflHT OKOHHaTejibHoe o(J)opMJieHHe CTpyKTypbl OpraHH3aUHH. ÜO MHCJIH CHMBOJIbHOÖ 3JIHTH PecnyöJiHKH XaKacHH, poflOBoe flBH>KeHHe flOJi>KHO flejiHTbCH Ha Tpn ypoBHH: hh30-boh—coöcTBeHHO pofl, oöijeflHHeHHH poflCTBeHHHKOB, no npH3HaKy oöinero npeflKa, BTopoö—paöoHHbie CoBeTbi CTapeöniHH, h Tperaö— pecnyöJiHKaHCKHH CoBeT CTapeöniHH. üpeflnaraH HepapxHHecKyio crpyKTypy, npeflCTaBHTejiH 3THOHauHOHajibHoö HHTejiJiHreHUHH, TeM He MeHee, OTMenaioT OTcyTCTBHe noTpeÖHOCTH b neHTpajiH30BaHH0Ö OpraHH3ai^HH C >KeCTKOÖ flHCUHIIJIHHOH Ha flaHHOM 3Tane pa3BHTHH pOflOBOrO flBH>KeHHH. KaK OTMenaiOT aBTOpbl npHHHTblX flOKyMeHTOB, B OTJIHHHe OT ÜOTeCTapHblX 06pa30BaHHÖ C >KeCTKOH BOeHHOÖ crpyK- Typoö, cymecTBOBaBineö b cpeflHHe BeKa, b HacTOHiiiee BpeMH HfleT «MHpHblH npOUeCC pa3BHTHH HaUHH». 3aflana Bcex ypoBHeö—K3THHHecKoro B3aHMOfleöcTBHH b perHOHe.1 PaöoHHbie h ropoflCKHe coBeTbi BbinojiHHioT 4>yHKLi;HH no Koop-flHHauHH fleHTejibHOCTH pHflOBbix HJieHOB flBH>KeHHH. 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CyflH no OTHeTy 06 HTorax fleHTejibHocra, 3a nocjieflHHe roiTb jieT npeflCTaBHTejiH «CoBeTa CTapeöniHH xaKaccKoro Hapofla», b pycjie nyöJiHHHoro oöinecTBeHHO-nojiHTHHecKoro flHCKypca, CMeinaioT aK-neHTbi b oneHKe STanoB pa3BHTHH xaKacoB. TaK, cobctckhö nepnofl HCTopHH, BHfleBniHHCH paHee ro/iaMH yna/TKa h flerpa/jan;HH TpaflH-li;hohhoh KyjibTypbi TK>pKOH3biHHoro HaceneHHH, npe/icTaBJieH Bpe-MeHeM npocBeTHTejibCKOH fleHTejibHOCTH cobctckoh BJiacTH. j\eBimo-CTbie >Ke roflbi paccMaTpHBaioTCH jiHflepaMH po/ioBoro flBH>KeHHH KaK nepno/i «moeuHucmunecKou nojiumuKU no omHomeHuw k KopennoMy HacejieHwo», «npe3pumejibHozo onmouiemui k mumyjibHoů nauuu», «co3danue ducKOMcßopma djiR Kopennozo nacejieHUR», flncnponopuHÖ b npeflCTaBHTejibCTBe xaKacoB Ha MecTax h b ueHTpajibHbix opraHax BJiacTH. ^aHHbie HeraTHBHbie HBJieHHH b STHonojiHTHHecKOH c(J)epe CBH3biBaioTCH c (jjHrypoH npe>KHero pyKOBOflHTejiH PecnyöJiHKH XaKa-CHH A. H. 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CTapeHIUHHbl poflOB ynacTByioT b BbiHBJieHHH h ycTaHOBJieHHH Ha npe>KHHe MecTa CTeji—oöteKTOB apxeojiorHHecKoro HacjieflHH pernoHa. üpHMepoM TaKOH fleHTejibHOCTH MO^KeT cjiy^KHTb B03Bpam;eHHe h nocjieflyiomaH opraHH3an;HH My3eH «Yjiyr xypTysix Tac». 0praHH3yeT coBeT CTapeöniHH H STHOHaUHOHaJIbHbie npa3flHHKH, «TyH üaftpaM», «ypTyH Ton».2 2 Tom lice B nocTnepecTpoeHHoe BpeMH HapH/jy c aKTHBH3ai^Hen poflOBoro flBH>KeHHH TBopnecKHMH h HayHHbiMH KpyraMH 6biJia npeflnpHHH-Ta nonbiTKa BoccTaHOBJieHHH poflOBoft chmbojihkh. Ha npora>KeHHH 1990-X rr. b PecnyöJiHKe XaKacHH npe/icTaBHTejiHMH po/ioB BencH no-HCK poflOBbix CHMBOJioB, npe>Kfle Bcero, 3HaMeH, niTaH/iapTOB, rep-60B, nenaTeö, TaMr, TeceH-(J)eTHnieH, aMyjieTOB. B KanecTBe cbhthhh h TajiHCMaHa paccMaTpHBajiHCb 3HaMeHa po/ioB, b KOTopbix, hkoöh, oÖHTaeT /jyx-noKpoBHTejib po/ia. üofloÖHoe o6pam;eHHe k CHMBOJiaM nepnofla cpeflHeßeKOBbH HBJiHeTCH nonbiTKoft peHHTepnpeTan;HH 3Ha- KOB, H3BeCTHbIX nO apXeOJIOrHHeCKHM H HCTOpHHeCKHM HCTOHHHKaM h yrpaTHBniHX cbokj aKTyajibHOCTb Ha ypoBHe 3THorpa(J)HHecKOH Tpa- /THI^HH. OflHHM H3 3HaHHMbIX MapKepOB COBpeMeHHOrO pOflOBOrO flBH>Ke- HHH CTaHOBHTCH TaMrH. B Tpa/THi^HOHHOH KyjibType xaKacoB TaMroö OTMenajiH flOManiHHÖ ckot, npeflMeTbi KOHCKoro CHapn^KeHHH, npe/i-MeTbi flOManiHero oÖHXofla. TaMra HaHOCHJiacb h Ha MejiKHe npeflMeTbi, HanpHMep, 3epKajibne, yKpanieHHH, npn^KKH. Hkoöh, BbiceKaHHe TaMrn Ha CKajie hjih KypraHHOM KaMHe o6o3HaHajio rpaHHu;y 3eMejib-Hbix BJiafleHHÖ.3 B XaKacHH KOHu;a xxb. TaMra, nepecTaB 6biTb 3H3kom 3 Tom iice coöcTBeHHOCTH, npHoöpeTaeT 3HaHeHHe KOHCojiHflHpyioiiiero chmbo-jia. Chmbojih, corjiacHO KOHnenuHHM HfleojioroB coBpeMeHHoro poflo-Boro flBH>KeHHH, npH3BaHbi BocnHTbiBaTb ropflocTb y npeflCTaBHTejieö pOflOBHX OÖTjeflHHeHHÖ-HapHfly C TpaflHUHOHHblMH, nOHBJIHIOTCH HO- Bbie.4 AMyjieTbi-oöepern c H3o6pa>KeHHeM poflOBoro TaMrn Ha naMHTb 4 Tom iice o nepBOH BCTpene pofla BpynajiH opraHH3aTopbi poflOBoro npa3flHHKa /]|oMO>KaKOBbix CBOHM noHeTHHM CTapeöniHHaM b HKjjie 2004 r. 166 Ekatephha Camyiiikhha H a y 1 H H e o h e p k h TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 Podoeoe deujKenue e Ajimae u Xaxacuu OflHaKO HOBaUHH b CHMBOJIHHeCKOÖ Cíbepe HaXOflHT CJiaÖblH OTKJIHK cpeflH MOJiofloro noKOJieHHH PecnyöJiHKH XaKacHH. CorjiacHO onpocaM, npoBefleHHHM b 2001, 2002, 2005 rr. b XaKaccKoň HannoHajibHOH rHMHa3HH-HHTepHaTe hm. H.<$>. KaTaHOBa, Jinnib okojio 10% onpo-ineHHbix CMorjiH Ha3BaTb cboh pop,, h hh oahh pecnoHfleHT He CMor H3o6pa3HTb poflOByro TaMry. HacTO b co3HaHHH yneHHKOB poflOBaa HfleHTHHHOCTb 3aMeHHJiacb CeMeÖHOÖ. Bojiee 3(J)(heKTHBHOH mo>kho npH3HaTb paöoTy TBopnecKHX KpyroB no opraHH3an;hh poflOBbix Bcrpen h npa3flHHKOB. Okojio 80% yna-luhxch peryjiHpHO npHHHMaioT ynacrae b nofloÖHbix coöhthhx. Pe-cnoHfleHTbi 3HaioT, hto npa3flHHKH 3TH npoxoflHT b 0C060M, HMeroľneM caKpajibHoe 3HaneHHe Meere, KOTopoe CHHTaeTCH MecTOM npoHcxo>k-fleHHH pofla. 3AKJHOHEHHE AKTyajiH3an;HH poflOBbix HHCTHTyroB h hx CHMBOJiHHecKoro o(J)opMJie-HHH b MO/j;epHH3HpoBaHHOM cooöirrecTBe pecnyöJiHK CaHHO-AjiTaH pac-CMaTpHBaeTCH jiHflepaMH STHOHauHOHajibHoro flBH>KeHHH KaK enocoö KOHCojiHflan;HH TK>pKOH3biHHoro cooöinecTBa pernoHa, MapKep stho-Hai^HOHajibHOH HfleHTHHHOCTH. BnjioTb flo HacTOHinero BpeMeHH po/j; coxpaHHeT CBOK) aKTyajibHOCTb Ha ypoBHe ceMeÖHO-poflCTBeHHbix ot-HonieHHÖ. Ho CHMBOJibHan sjíHTa pernoHa, oöpanraHCb k apxannecKHM HHCTHTyTaM, HanojiHHeT hx flpyrHM coflep>KaHHeM. üo cy™, poflOBbie CTpyKTypbi craHOBHTCH HacTbK) coBpeMeHHoro rpa>KflaHCKoro oöirre- CTBa. OTCTpaHHHCb OT yHaCTHH B nOJIHTHHeCKOH 5KH3HH, yHaCTHHKH poflOBbix CTpyKTyp peniaioT npoöJieMbi, CBH3aHHbie c KyjibTypHoň h 06-pa30BaTejibHoň abepoň pernoHa. Ha nepBbiň njiaH bhxo/j;ht fleHTenb-HOCTb opraHH3an;HH no (bopMHpoBaHHio connajibHOH naMHTH cpeflH TiopKOH3biHHoro HacejieHHH AjiTaH h XaKacHH h niHpe—Bcero Hacejie-HHH pernoHa. # EHEJIHOrPA<řHÍI flpyWBbi h corjiACHH MHOro he EbiBAET//3ße3fla AjiTaa. 2005. N» 93. C. 4. KA3AHH.EB A.K). STHOnOJIHTHHeCKHe npOIjeCCbl B PeCnyÖjIHKe AjITaH B KOHIje XX Bexa. // AjiTaŕi—Pocchh: Hepe3 Bexa b oyzrymee. T. I. MaTepnajibi BCepOCCHHCKOH HayHHO-npaKTHHeCKOH KOHCJjepeHUHH, nOCBHIIieHHOH 250-jieTHK) BxojKfleHHH ajiTaňcKoro Hapofla b cocTaB PoccnŕicKoro rocyflapcTBa. TopHO-AjiTaHCK: PHO ľopHO-AjiTaHCKoro rocyHHBepcHTeTa, 2006. C. 214-220. Ky 3bMHH to. H HHCT, h CBHT poflHHK//3ße3fla AjiTaa. 1990. N" 78. C. 4. KbiflbiEBA b.h. HHCTHTyT 3aHcaHCTBa y ajiTaŕineB // AjiTaŕi—Pocchh: nepe3 Bexa b öyflymee. T. MaTepnajibi BcepoccHHCKOH HayiHO-npaKTHHecKOH KOHCJjepeHUHH, nOCBHIIieHHOH 250-JieTHK) BXOJKfleHHH ajiTaňcKoro Hapofla b cocTaB PoccnŕicKoro rocyflapcTBa. ľopHO-AjiTaHCK: PHO TopHO-AjiTaHCKoro rocyHHBepcHTeTa, 2006. C. 113-117. M AG E E B A ľ. Oh 3HaeT CBOH pOfl flO I4-TO KOJieHa // noCTCKpHITTyM. 2002. N' 34. M ATEPHAJIbl XII CbE3flA XAKACCKOTO HAPOflA. //CaHT «CoBeTa CTapeŕiiiiHH poflOB xaxaccKoro Hapofla». [3jieKTpoHHbiH pecypc]. PejKHM flocTyna: http://www.stari9.ru/index.php?option=com_ content&view=ŕfontpage (11.09.2011) OKTHBPbCKAH H.B. TlOpKH AjITaH: npOÓjieMbl MeyKHai^HOHajIbHOrO cooöiüecTBa // Hapoflbí Chöhph: npaBa h bo3mojkhocth. Hobochöhpck: H3flaTe7ibCTBO HA3T CO PAH, 1997. OKTHBPbCKAH H.B., IIiyHbKOB M . B . OceHb. CßaflbÖbl flKOHypa. PoflOBOe flBHJKeHHe ajiTaŕineB: nponuioe h coBpervieHHOCTb // ApxeojiorHH, 3THorpac|)H5i h aHTponojiorHH Eßpa3HH. Hobochöhpck. 2006. Ns 4. C. 144-158. OTKPbITHE KyjIbTyPHOrO H.EHTPA B HEMAJIbCKOM PAÍÍOHE // PecnyöjiHKa AjiTaň. OcjjHLiHajibHbiH HHTepHeT-nopTaji. [3jieKTpoHHbiŕi pecypc]. PejKHM flocTyna: www.altai-republic.com/print.php7sid=i484&POSTNUKESID = 8obo2i9i988294d523id8ac38fbn8e8 (14.11.2006). TPAflHUHOHHOE M H P O B O 3 3 P E H H E TK3PKOB IOKHOH CHEHPH: 3h3K H pHTyaji. Hobochöhpck, 1990. TYTATIHKOBA A.C. PoflOBbie npa3flHHKH BeCeHHerO L(HKJia. MeTOflHHeCKHe peKOMeHflauHH fljia cnet(HajiHCTOB y^pejKfleHHH KyjibTypbi. AöaxaH: XaxaccKoe KHHJKHOe H3flaTejIbCTBO, 2OO4. xakachu: coflpyWECTBO h a u, h ň. ByKJieT. AöaxaH, 2003. niEPCTOBA ji.B. TiopKH h pyccKHe b KDjkhoh Chöhph: STHonojíHTHHecKHe nponeccbi h STHOKyjibTypHaa flHHaMHKa xvn—Havana x x Bexa. Hobochöhpck: H3fl-BO HA3T CO PAH, 2005. Mup ceoux u nyjKux: podoeue cmpyKmypbL u ôpauHbLe ajibsmcbi e npouiJioM u HacmoRW,eM napodoe Eepa3uu 168 Ekatephha Camyiiikhha H A y H H fal E O H E P K H TaRTARIA MAGNA 2'20I2 I69 Tahtarja Magna STUDIA TUR.KICA MONGOLICA TlEJETICA MANCHURIA SIBIR.ICA RUSSICA ET CETERA Book Reviews www.Tartaria-Magna.ru Tartar.!a Magna Studia Turcica Mongolica Tibetica Manchurica Sibirica Russica et cetera peueh3hh ha khhth Tartaria Magna 2'2oi2 Epecjiabckhh A.C. nocTCOBercKHH yjiaH-yfl3: KyjibTypHoe npocrpaHCTBO h o6pa3bi ropová (1991-2011 it.). -yjiaH-yfl3: H3fl-bo BypHTCKoro rocyHHBepcirreTa, 2012. —156 c. Epecjiabckhh A.C. nocrcoBCTCKHH yjiaH-y^s: KyjibTypHoe npocTpaHCTBO h o6pa3bi ropová (1991-2011 it.). -yjiaH-yfls: H3fl-bo EypjrrcKoro rocyHHBepcirreTa, 2012. —156 c. ktamm« BPECPABCKHH MOHorpac|)HH a. c. 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SjieKTpoHHbiíi aflpec—www.imbtarchive.ru. # www.imbtarchive.ru CTATbH 3TOTO BbinycKa 3aBepinaioT TeMa-THHecKHÍí ilhkh «Cbou u Myoicue», HanaTbiíi HaMH öojiee ro/ia Ha3afl. B flajibHeííinHX bh-nycKax 3Ta TeMa öyfleT HeH3Öe>KHO 3aTpa-THBaTbca, ho b paMKax flpyTHX oöniHX npo- ÖjieMaTHK, O KOTOpbIX Bbl MOJKeTe y3HaTb Ha HaineM caíÍTe www.tartaria-magna.ru 03HAKOMHTbCíI C H A III H M )KyPHAJIOM H OCTABHTb KO M M E H T A P H H Bbl M05KETE HA H A III E M C AMTE www.Tartaria-Magna.ru 180 AHflPEAC YMJIAHfl Tartarja Magna HAYHHblH >Ky PHAJI 2 / 20i2 MHP «cbohx» h «Hy>KHX» The world of 'Self' and 'Others' tema BbinyCKA Flo nPABy kpobhoto po/jctba. Po/jobme CTpyKiypa h bpahhme ctpatethh b npolujiom h h ac t oh in e m hapo/job e bpa3h h theme of the issue By Right of Consanguinity. Clan structures and matrimonial strategies in past and present of eurasian peoples BbinycKaKjiHHH pe/iaKTop h.b. qblPEMnHJIOB TexHHHecKHH pe/iaKTop n. K. BAPHABCKHH OcJiopMJieHHe HOMepa P,. O. 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