BtJirAPCKA JIHTEPATyPA 1124 Co4>im, yji. ,.H. Pskhthh" M> 2, reji. 943 34 20, 943 34 92 15BH 954-9866-15-7 KPATLK CnPABOHHHK KHnrirre ot nopeflimara KPATLK CnPABCHHHK ciflipaaT 3HaHiw h í|)3kth, HeoöxoAHMH 3a yneHHKa b 6-bjirapcKOTO cpe/jHO y^nurame h 3a Bceiai o6pa30BaH öijirapHH. EKJITAPCKA JIHTEPATYPA BwirapcKa. IlipBO lO/samie. OopMaT 70x100/16. nenatHH kojih 4. C WU>P'>KAHMi: JMTEPATyPA HA ITEPBOTO ELJITAPCKO HAPCTBO. HcTopmecKH chôwmx/i KyjrrypHO pa3BHTiie/4 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/5 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/6 KfflEKOBHa fleHHOCT npe3 BH3aHTHHCKOTo iiro/7 • JIHTEPATyPA HA BTOPOTO ELJITAPCKO UAPCTBO.. HcTopmecKH chöwrusJH KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/8 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/9 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/10 JMTEPATyPA H KHH)KHHHA nO BPEME HA POECTBO (XV—XVIII b.) . HcTopmecKH cbôhthji/O KyjrrypHO pa3BHTiie/12 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/12 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/13 JMTEPATyPA HA ELJITAPCKOTO BMPAJKflAHE (no cpe/rara Ha XIX b.).. HcTopHMecKH ctÔHTHa/M KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/14 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/15 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/16 JIHTEPATyPA HA ELJITAPCKOTO BMPAJKflAHE (ot cpejjaTa Ha XIX b. no OcBoôoacieHHeTo)......................................................... HcTopHMecKH chöwTusJl9 KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/19 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/19 Abtoph h tbop6h/22 HcTopHMecKH ctÔHTHa/SO KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/ 50 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/50 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/51 JMIEPATyPATA HA 60-TE H 70-TE TOflHHH HA XX b . HcTopHMecKH ctÔHTHa/SS KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/55 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/55 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/58 JMIEPATyPATA HA 80-TE H 90-TE TOAHHH HA XX b . HcTopHMecKH cb6HTHa/59 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/59 EHEJmOrPAOHH................................................................ IIOKA iA.li:il........................................................................ JMIEPATyPATA OT OCBOEO)KflEHHETO ßß KP A3 HA XIX b . HcTopHMecKH cb6HTHa/28 KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/2 8 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/28 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/30 JMIEPATyPATA OT KP A3 HA XIX b. flO BOHHHTE.. HcTopHMecKH cb6HTHa/35 KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/3 5 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/35 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/37 JMTEPATyPA nO BPEME HA BOHHHTE (1912—1918)... HcTopHMecKH cb6HTHa/42 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/42 JMIEPATyPATA MEKJSy flBETE CBETOBHH BOHHH. HcTopHMecKH cb6HTHa/43 KyjrrypHO pa3BHTHe/43 JlHTepaTypeH npouec/43 ÄBTOpH H TBOpÔH/45 JMIEPATyPATA HA 40-TE H 50-TE TOflHHH HA XX b MCTOPWJECKM Ci.3flaBaHe Ha 6i.jirapcKaTa n,]w;aiia (681) lldicpi.ci nauč Ha 6i.jirapcKaTa ii,p;i;ana (865) PeineHHHTa Ha llpcciaiiciciiii HapofleH h iii,pi>(iiiťii ciöop (893) TnöejiTa Ha ntpBOTO öijirapcKO uapcTBO (1018) KyjiTyPHO PA3BHTHE Ci.3flaBaHe Ha c.iainiiicicai a a36yKa KOHCTaHTHH- Kiipn.i (827—869) H MeTOflHH (810/820—885) J1MTEPATYPA HA ľTbPBOTO BtJirAPCKO UAPCTBO Ilpe3 681 r. cjka Heycneiimo cpaacmie c npaÖMTapine BiGaHniH ckjkh Ba MHpeH floroBop c Tax h ce 3azn>jDKaBa m hm iuiaina ^3hi>k. PaaOT ce HOBa AipaaBa — B-bjírapiia Ha xaH Acnapyx. ITpe3 cneABaiHHre Aecerri jieTHH ra yKpenBa h ce pa3mHp>ma, Karo ooeflHHjma 3aBapeHHre cnanm cích njieMeHa. B HananoTO Ha IX b. EMrapiui ce yrBipjiízaBa Karo Tp§Ta eBponeHCKacHi[acjieABH3aHTHHHOpaHKCKaTaHMnepHH. H PawaHero Ha crapara ÖMrapoca jTHrepaTypa e pe3yjrraT h ot noKpr>CT-BaHero Ha AipaoBara npn xaH Bopnc (khjo BopHC-MnxaHji, 852—S89). ITpe3 863—865 r. xain>T h ÖMrapcKiraT iapoA npneMar XpHCTOBara Bapa h Binrapna craBa nacr ot HiiBHjncoBaHHH eBponencKH cbjtt. ITpe3 893 r. KHH3 BjiazTHMHp e CBajKH h Ha TpoHa ce BMKanBa QtMeoH, BrčmnaHHK Ha MarHaypcKara nncoiia. ITpecjiaBCKHflT Hapo^eH h irtpKOBeH ct>6op ot 893 r. B3eMa BaacHH peniemia: CTapoÖMrapcKHaT craBa o4)iniiajieH AipaaBeH h irtpKOBHOOOpeAeH e3inc, BroanniHCKoro flyxoBeHCTBO e 3aMeHeHO c ÖMrapcioi CBememniii h TT/binarre öorocuyaceÖHH khhth — c HOBonpeBeAeHHTe cjaBjniCKH. 3a cronHua e oömeH Bejnnai ITpecjiaB; nocrara ce HananoTO Ha paarßeT Ha CTapaTa 6r>jirapcKa jTHTeparypa h Kyjirypa, H3BecreH Karo „Chmcohob bck", „3jiaTeH rcK", „IlpecjiaBCKa HHBHJTfCaHHH1' H T. H. MnaZTHflT KHJT3 CI>3ZaBa jqXhT OT KHH5KOBHHHH, KOHTO noKpoBHTejiCTBa h nje^po noflnoMara. H3rpa>K3aT ce ABa ochobhh khh-5KOBHH iteHTbpa b ITpeanaB h OxpHfl. CirMeoH BenHKH e anaAerejiflT, no-CTHTHaji Hait-MHoro noöe^H h 3aBoeBaHHJi Hazj B H3aHTHHCKaTa HMnepra, Haít-rojDrMOTO AOToraßa pa3HnrpeHHe Ha crpaiaTa. B Kpaa Ha X b. CeBepHa Binrapra h CTOuHuara ITpecnaB ca 3aBjiazieHH ot BroaHTHHHirre. OcraBa K)ro3anaznara nacr ot rojifflvara QrMeoHOBa AtpaoBa, ynpaanaBaHa h 3aiirHTaBaHa b ITpecna ot nap CaMyiui. ITpe3 1014 r. HMneparop BacHjnrii II pa3ÖHBa ÖMrapcKirre bohckh npn Eenacina; npe3 1018 r. n-bpBOTO ÖMrapcKO iapcTBO npecTaBa m CimecrayBa. IlipBoyHHTejTHTe Ha cnaBSHCTBOTO CBenne 6para Kirpirji h MeTOfliiH ca pomerní b CojryH; Tasí rmynarsaT e3HKa Ha „cnaBinniTe", HacejiaBamii o6-jiacrra. Ilo-rojieMHHT, MeTonrtH, e BoeHeH ynpaBHTeji, nocne craBa mo-Hax h inyMeH ia MaHacrnpa nojnrxpoH b Mana A311H. KoHCTaHTHH 3aBi>p-HTßa npoHyrara MaraaypcKa nncoiia b UapHrpazj. Paöorn Karo OHOjniore-Kap Ha narpnapHiecKara Kareapaia „Cßera Cocpira" h npenonaBareji b htko-' jiara. KoHCTamiiH e otjthhho no^roTBeH Teonor h (J)hjioco(J) h BH3aHTHH-CKOTO npaBHTejiCTBO ro ronpana c AiouiOMantHecKH mhchh npn apaöirre h xa3apHTe. B MHCiüna npn xa3apHTe ynacTBa h MeTOflmt. B KpHM 6pa-Tjrra orrcpHBar Mornme ra nana KjiHMeHT Phmckh. CneA 854 r. KoHCTaHTHH ce OTrerjra npn 6paT ch b MaHacrnpa IlojTHxpoH. CnopeA HHKOH H3CJieAOBarejTH ryK npe3 855 r. toh ciTBopaBa rn>pBara cjiaB>niCKa a3ÖyKa (t. Hap. zn.azomiv,a). CnopeA flpyra rjiarojnmara e CbazjazjeHa ot flBaviaTa öpara npe3 863 r., Koraro HMneparop Maxanji EI hm Bi>3Jiara MopaBCKaTa mhchh. ITo/rroTB>iHKH ce 3a Hea, Te npeBeaiziaT hhkoh ochobhh 6orocjry}Ke6HH khhth: H3ÔopHO eecmzeme, Hoopen anocmon, IJccuimup. EparaTa npHCTHrar b MopaBra b Kpaa Ha 863 r.; ot Kpaa ra 866 r. ca b ßpiwa IlaHOHHH npn khjd Kolien. IloflroTBaT yHeramH, nperoKiiaT EBaHre-jniero, Anocrona, jTHTyprHHecKH TeKcroBe h mojthtbh. Ha irtpKOBeH ci>6op bi>b BeHeiTHH (867) KoHcraHrnH nporcHaca CBoara Eeceda npomue mpue3UHHUjume. B Hea önecranjo oöocHOBaBa npaBOTO ra Bceiai HapoA ^a no3Hae Ha cboh e3HK cjioboto Boaaie:,Jrfe naaa -ra ot Bora amka eflHaKBO 3a bchtkh? Chho h cjibHi(eTO He rpee jth Ha bchmkh? He flKrnavie jth bchhkh eínaKBO Bi>3zryx? KaK Bne He ce cpaMyBare, Karo onpeAejiare cavio rpn e3HKa, a HCKare bchmkh flpyra rrjEMeHa h Hapo^H Qhmu cjEmi h rnyxH?" ITpe3 868 r. nana A^praH II nocperna KoHcraHrnH, MeroAHH h Han-onnacme hm yneHnirH b Phm h önarocjiaBa npeBeAeHrae or Tax khhth. KoHcraHrnH ce pa36onHBa tokko h nprcMa MOHarnecKOTO HMe Khphji. YMnpa Ha 14. II. 869 r. h e norpeoaH c rojieMH noxECTH b nepKBara „CaH KjieMeme". Jip Kpaa ra 5KHBora ch (6. IV 885 r.) MeroAHH ce öopn HeyMopHO 3a ycnexa Ha cuaBaHCKoro jjßuo Karo emiCKon Ha ITaHOHHa h apxHenHCKon Ha MopaBCKara rrtpKBa IloAiOTBa ctothiih ynmenH, npeBO^aMH, khtokdbhhiih. Khphji h MeroAHH ca poAOHaHanHHiiH Ha crapctÖMiapcKaTa UHreparypa, CBeniii Ha npaBOCuaBHaTa h PHMOKarojimecKaTa irrpKBa h noKpoBinejiH Ha EBpona IlpecjieABaHH ot HeMCKitre flyxoBHHinr cneA CMtpTra ia MeroflHH, npe3 886 r. flo EMrapiiH craraT KuHMeHr!*, HayM4- h AHrejapirií. Te ca no-cpennaTH c noHecni h pazjocT h 3anoHBaT yciraeHa ranoKOBHa AeHHOcr b MaHacrnpa Kpan ITjiHCKa. Rbm Tax ce npHCbeflHHHBa h KoHCTaHTHH ľlpe-cjaBCKn!, Koino BepoaTHO e aohilji no-paro b CTOjnmara h cr>mo e 6hji yneHHK Ha CBeTme 6para. KiHDKOBHHiíHTe npeBeaízaT h cr>3^aBaT tbopöh 3a 6r>jirapcKaTa irtpKBa, HacipnaBaHK ot öpara ia Kroaa JJpuc nepHoproeii, CTapo&bjírapcKara jnirepaTypa Bi>3HHKBa npe3 Bropara nonoBHHa Ha IX b. c yTBr>p>KzaBaHeTO h paäipocTpaHeHHeTO Ha cnaBaHCKara a3ÖyKa. J\. C. Jur-xanoB a onpeAejM Karo „jniTeparypa nocpe^HHia" Me>Kfly ToraBaanaiH HHBHjnooBaH CBjrr (Phm, BH3aHTHH) h cjaBaHCKitre AtpaoBH b IJ,eHTpajiHa h H3TOHHa Eupona. Karo Heina npeAHCTopra ce npneMaT 3ara3eHHTe npaôbjízapcm nadnucu — jieroriHCHH, CTpoHrejTHH, rpHyMtjKUTHH, HaznpoÖHH h jjp. — ot upeMero ia xaHOBeTe TepBen, KpyM, OMypTar, IlpecHHH, Kaicro h HueHHUKbrn na óijjizapcKume xcmoee, cr>CTaBeH npe3 IX—X b. B Kpaa Ha IX b. b HOBara CTOjnna ITpecnaB ce cpopMHpa Kpr>r ot khh- 5KOBHHHH, KOHTO CH nOCTaBOT HCJITa yTBipflHT CjaBJIHCKaTa nHCMeHOCT h jniTeparypa, KaKTO h CTapo6r>jirapcKHH e3inc Karo AtpaoBeH. 3apaaiza ce ITpecjiaBCKaTa KincKOBHa nncoja h cpeA HeHHirre cr>3AarejiH ca KoHCTaHTHH ripecjiaBCKH!, HoaH Eraapx!, ^epHopHseii Xpa6r.p!, Ty-^op .Hokcob, TpHTopHH ripe3BHTep. no-Kr>CHO, npn iiap rTenp, H3TbKHaTH npeACTaBHTejiH Ha npecjaBCKara nncona ca Ilpe3BHTep Ko3Ma!, IleTbp ^epHopHseii h flp. * Ose CTpejiKH (T,!) ca coHaieHii aBTopn, pa3rneflaHH oT^enHo npenu iura cnea ctoTBeTHOTo cnoMeHaBaHe. Kupu. 10- MeTOflneBHTe yHCHHUHB Bi,, u apiiii JIHTEPATyPE IIPOIIEC KaMĽiiiiii 11a uiiicii IlpecjiaBCKa KHHJKOBHa inKOjia OxpiiflCKa KHIUKOBHa niKOjia Am OPM HTBOPBH KOHCTaHTHH IIpecjiaBCKH (IX—X B.) Hoan EK3apx (IX—X B.) HepHopmeij Xpaötp (IX—X B.) KjlHMeHT OxpHflCKH (840—916) HayM (ok. 830—910) Oxpnfl CTaBa BTopii khh>kobgh nem-hp Hapefl c npecnaB. Haněno 3acTa-BaT yneHHiiHTe Ha Kapnu n MeTOflnn Kuhmbht! h Hayiw!. OxpnflcicaTa KHiDKOBHa niKOna HMa H3KjnoHHTGjiHH 3acnyrH 3a noflroTOBKaTa Ha 6i>ji-rapcKH CBenjeHHiiH h Karo cpeflnnje Ha npeBOflanecica h TBopnecica flen-HOCT. TyK ca CMflafleHn hjocoh ot KjiacnHecKirre CTapootjirapcKH rjiaro-jihhgckh nncMeHH naMeTHnnn — 3ozpamo h khth h xHMHorpa(|)CKH TBopön 3a ntpKOB-Hu oöpefl. Kara khh>kobho cpeflnnje OxpnflcicaTa apxnenncKonnji npo-fltnacaBa fla ctmecTByBa naic flo XVIII b. (1767). KoHCTaHTHH IIpecjiaBCKH e ot no-MjiaflHTe yneHnnn Ha MeTOflnn? h nflBa b EtjirapM npeflH flpynrre. Bepojrrao e H36paH 3a enncicon 3aeflHO c Kjth-mght! Ha Cböopa ot 893 r. CtCTaBnn e cöopHnica c nponoBefln Ynumenno eeanzenue c npeBOflHH h opnrHHajiHH tgkctobg, Karo nponyTaTa Asôyuna Mojiumea — BfltxHOBeHa BMXBajia Ha cnaBJiHCKaTa nncMerocT, fleno Ha önecTJim noeT. Otkphth ca h flpyrn HeroBH TBopön, HapeneHn Xeaneôcm-eenu necmi KoHcmaHinuHoeu. Hjikoh H3CneflOBaTenH ro CMjrraT h 3a aß-Top Ha IJpocmpaHHomo Jtcumue na Memoduü. Hpeflnonara ce, ne HoaH EK3apx e ynnn b MarHaypcKara niKOna 3aeflHO etc CHMeoH. TirrnaTa „eK3apx" ce CBi>p3Ba c BHCoica ntpicoBHa ajtmkhoct. TpyflOBeTe My ca b oönacrra Ha Teojiornjrra, npnpoflHirre Hayicn h (J)hjio-co(j)njrra. IIpeBe>Kfla Heôeca Ha BH3aHTnncKM nncaTen HoaH ^laMacKHH (VII—VIII b.), flooaBíriÍKH CBOH Mponoz. Haň-H3BecTHa e lamraTa juyllle-cmoÔHee, CMjrraHa 3a „KpaňtrtneH KaMtK Ha ötnrapcicaTa h BcecjiaBJiH-CKara Hayica". BnecTam npeflCTaBHTen Ha npecnaBCicaTa KHnacoBHa niKOna. HiweTO My npeflH3BHKBa cnopoBe cpefl H3CJieflBaHHTe, hhkoh ro HfleHTffljtHnnpaT c nap CnMeoH. EflHHCTBeHaTa My H3BecTHa TBopöa O nucMenex e CTpacraa no-jieMHHHa anojiorM Ha Knpnjio-MeTOflneBOTO fleno c (jtnjiojiornHecKH h HCTopHHecKH apryMeHTH. 3ana3eHa e b noBene ot 80 npennca (ötnrap- CKH, CptÖCKH, MOJlflaBCKH), CBHfleTejICTBO 3a OÖmOCJiaBJfflCKOTO H 3HaHeHHe. KjlHMeHT OxpnflCKH e cpefl Han-noHHTaHHTe CTapoötnrapcKn khidkobhh-nn h yHHTenH. Ilpe3 887 r. e H3npaTeH b KyTMnneBnua, MaiceflOHM, h Cb3flaBa yHHjiHHia b ^eBOJi, rjiaBHHnna h Oxpnfl. Ilpn BMnapjmaHeTO Ha CnMeoH e H3ÖpaH 3a „nptB enncKon Ha ötnrapcKn e3HKM. B Oxpnfl nocT-pojiBa MaHacTHpa „Cb. naHTenenMOH"; TaM paöora flo Kpas Ha aaiBOTa ch. Ci>3flaTeji e Ha OxpimcicaTa KmiacoBHa niKOna. TBopnecTBOTO My e pa3-HOo6pa3HO h öoraro — xhmhh, noyHHTenHH cnoBa, noxBanHH cnoBa; npe-BOfl Ha IJeemHUM mpuod. Hpeflnonara ce, ne e aBTop Ha IJpocmpaHHomo jKumue Ha Kupwi, IJpocmpaHHomo Jtcumue na Memoduü h Ha Cnyjtcôa 3a Kupuji. H3BeCTeH KHH2COBHHK OT OxpHflCKaTa HIKOJia, eflHH OT CBeTHTe CeflMOHH- cneHHiiH. Cnefl npncTHraHeTO ch b Btjirapra paöora b IljniCKa, no-KtCHO ce ycTaHOBíiBa icpaň OxpnflCKOTO e3epo, KtfleTO nocTpoaBa MaHacrap. Ilpe3 1978 r. ca otkphth TeiccTOBe ot HayM h aicpocTHx b HeroBH neceHHH TBopön (Kanon 3a anocmon Andpeü, Kanon sa npenacsine Moujume na Moan 3namoycm). Hapefl c 0(j)HHHanHaTa (icaHOHHHHa) jniTeparypa npe3 X b. ce pa3BHBa h anoKpn(J)HaTa KHracHHHa, OTHanajio c npeBOflH ot rpmiai: pa3Ka3H, noe3M, nocnaHM, MOJíHTBH, raflaTejiKH khoth, BtnpocH-OTroBopn h flp. H3BecTHH anoKpn(J)H ca CTapo3aBeTHHTe Tueepuadcxo Mope, Omxpoeenue Bapyxoeo, Cnoeo sa Aôom u Eea, Knuza sa Enox; HOB03aBeTHHTe IJpo-moeeanzejiue na flxoe, fíemcmeo Mcycoeo (ToMuno eeanzenue), Xodene na Eozopoduua no MtKume h flp. AnoKpn(J)HHTe TBopön ca fleMOKparir-nm h 3aHHMarejiHH, flaßar no3HaHM 3a CBCTa h xopara, kphthhhh ca ki>m 0(|)HiiHajiHHTe aBTopniera. OpnrHHajieH ötnrapcKH anoKpniJ) e IJoeecm sa xptcmnomo dtpeo Ha non HepeMM. OcoöeHO nonyjwpHO e t. -ap. Hapodno jtcumue na ce. Mean PujicKu, b KoeTO ca CMeceHH (J)ojikjiophh, jiereHflapHH n anoKpnijmH ejieMeHTH. AnoKpniJtHa KHnaojnHa CMflaßaT n öoroMHjinTe — Taünama Knuza (pa3roBop Mea^zry Heye n yneHHKa My HoaH), pa3icpHBama TexHHTe npeflCTaBH 3a ycrponcTBOTO Ha CBeTa, Kamap-cxusi mpeônux (3ana3eH b npenne ot XIII b. Ha npoBaHcajiCKn), b kohto ca onncaHn oöpeflHTe b ÖOrOMHJICKHTe ÖpaTCTBa. PeaKijM epenry öoroMHjiCTBOTO (Kpaa Ha X b.) e Eeceda npomue noeono-Meujiama ce epec na ôozoMUJiume ot npe3BHTep Ko3Ma. 3a Hero Hjoia HCTopnHecKH CBefleHM; npeflnonara ce, ne npon3xo>Kfla ot CeBepon3TOHHa BtjirapM n ne e 6nn CBenjeHHK npn ijapcKM flBop. B ntpBaTa nacr Ha Eecedama aBTopiT H30Öjinnaßa öoroMHjiCKaTa epec Karo pa3pyniHTejiHa CTHXM, HaconeHa icaKTO cpenry ijtpKBaTa n CBeTCKaTa BjiacT, TaKa n cpenry MopajiHHTe ycTon Ha HOBeica. Bi>b BTopaTa nacT, aflpecnpaHa ki>m fly-xoBeHCTBOTO h npHBHjiempoBaHHTe CBeTCKH cnoeBe, tohi>t e noyHHTeneH n Ha3HflaTejieH; nncaTeiurr nopnijaBa HpaBCTBeHaTa noKBapa b iitpKBaTa, fltpacaBaTa, rpa>KflaHCKM 6ht h t. h. no BpeMe Ha BH3aHTHncKOTO BjiaflHHecTBO n cues Hero flBaMa rpmicn ap-xnenncKonn b Oxpnfl CM^Bar TBopön Ha ötnrapcKaTa KHnaamHa, Maicap n Ha rpmKH e3HK. Teo(J)HjiaKT OxpnflCKn e aBTop Ha Mpocmpannomo zphUKo jKumue na ce. KnuMenm Oxpudcxu. To ctfltpaca neHHH CBefleHM 3a Kn-pnjiT, MeTOflnnT n KjlHMeHT?, nonepnaHn ot no-paHHO cnaBJíHCKO aaiTne n ot ycTHH npeflaHM. ^hmht^P XoMaTnaH ci>3flaBa Kpamxo jtcumue na KnuMenm Oxpudcxu (Oxpuôcxa nezenda), b KoeTO ce nocoHBa otnrapcKHjrr npoH3xofl Ha KjniMeHT?. HHTepec npeflcraBjHBa n Mumuemo na ce. Mean PujicKu ot BH3aHTHHCKM nncaTeji h ynpaBHTen Ha Co(J)m npe3 1143— 1180 r. Teoprn daunina. Karo H3Bop BepojrrHO e H3noji3BaHO HapoflHOTO aarrne Ha CBeTeija, Kaicro n flpyro, no-CTapo ötnrapcKO aarrae. no BpeMe Ha BH3aHTHncKOTO nro ce nommar n anoKpnifiH, Karo Cojiyncxama nezenda — pa3Ka3 ot hmcto Ha Knpnji Í>hjioco(|)? Kaie e noKptCTHji ötJirapHTe; EtJizapcxusi anoxputpen Jiemonuc (Budenue Mcaeeo), npocne-flSBam ncTopnjrra Ha ötnrapcKaTa flipacam ot HeiÍHOTO CMflaBaHe flo XI b. Aiiok|)ii(|)ii: CTapo3aBeTHH; HOBOjaBCTHH IIpe3BHTep Ko3Ma (X—XI B.) KHHaCOBHA flEHHOCT m»E BH3AHTHÍÍ-CKOTOHrO Teo(J)HjiaKT OxpHflCKH (30-Te r. Ha XI b.— 1108) ^HMHTtp XoMaTiiaH (XII— XIII B.) Aiiok'pii(|)iiu jíHTepaTypa HCTOPIWECKH CfcEHTHH B i.íoúikiis insane Ha StjirapcKaTa ii.|)>Kaisa (1186) KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE HCHXa31.M J1MTEPATYPA HA BTOPOTO BtJirAPCKO UAPCTBO Ilpe3 1186 r. TipHOBCioire öojiapn öparara Teoflop n AceH Bflnrar Btcra-HHG cpemy BH33HTHHCKÍIT3 BjiacT. Teoflop e npoBMrjiaceH 3a nap noa hmg-to IleTip; chmára roanHa 6paT My e KopoHacan 3a ciBjíaaeTeji. BMcra-HOBeHa e n He3aBHCiiMOCTra Ha 6r>jrrapcKaTa nipKBa. Omanano CTOjrnna e IlpecjiaB, ho nocTeneimo Karo aflivaanicrparaBeH h ntpKOBeH neHn>p cA yTBipyKflaBa Tt>phobo. Ilpe3 1196 r. AceH h npe3 1197 r. IleTip ca yöirra b pe3yjiraT Ha ABopnoBn 3aroBopn. HacjieAaBa rn no-Majncnar hm 6paT KajioaH (1197—1207), cnocoöeH BjiaaeTeji, flinuiOMaT h bohh. Oka cjtcmk-HH nperoBopH c nana Mhokehthh III KajioaH nojrynaBa THTjiaTa Kpaji, a apxnenHCKon BacnjTnn — npHMac. Ilpe3 1205 r. pa3ÖHBa Kpan OapnH KpiCTOHOCijHTe h njieHHBa TexHHa HMnepaTop EajrzrynH I ©jiaHfltpcKn. Ilpe3 1207 r. e Ha iw fla npeB3eMe CojTyH, ho e yönr ot 3aroBopHHnn. Cjiefl 3JionojTyHHOTO ynpaßjieHHe Ha Eopnji npecTOJiw e 3aeT ot HßaH AceH II (1218—1241), chh Ha nap AceH I. IlpH3HaT e ot crapeMeHminin-e cn 3a „HaH-BejiHKHH ot BCHHKH ÖMrapcKH nape"; c AnnjiOMaTHHecKn n BoeHHH xoflOBe ycnaBa aa BMBipHe n npncieflHHH 3HaHHTejthh TepnTO-pHH. B ÖHTKara npn KjiOKOTHnna (1230)pa36nBa BoncKirre HaaecnoT Te-Oflop Komhhh h ro njieHaBa. Ilpe3 1235 r. e BiXTaHOBeHa EtjirapcKaTa narpnapnina. EMrapna CTaßa mpBOcreneHHa eBponencKa flipacaBa. Cnefl CMipira Ha HBaH AceH II OTCjiaöeHaTa ot MeyKflyocoönnn CTpaHa mho-roKpaTHO e onycToniaBaHa ot TaTapirre. H36yxBa n BtcraHneTO Ha „ceji-CKna n,ap" HBanjio (1277—1280). C BKnapaBaHeTO Ha HBaH AjieKcaHfltp (1331—1371) 3anoHBa nepnofl Ha KyjnypeH n flyxoBeH nofleM. Ha BajncaHCKna nojTyocTpoB oöane Hax-jTyBar ocMaHCKirre opfln. PajzjejieHa Ha Tpn nacra, EtjTrapna He Moace aa OTÖjiiCHe 3aBoeBaTejiHTe. npe3 1393 r. CTOjmnaTa Tt>phobo e npeB3eTa BMipeKH repoHHHaTa 3annrra, pwcoBOfleHa ot naTpnapx Ebthmhh4- Tpn roflHHH no-Ki>CHO nafla n Bhahhckoto napcTBO. EMrapna H3ne3Ba or no-jíHTHHecKaTa Kapra Ha Eßpona. Cjiefl Karo CTaßa CTOjrnna, Tt>phobo ce npeBpraja b CBoeo6pa3HO „cpeao-Tonne Ha cbütoct". TyK ce npeHacar Monnrre Ha ÖMrapcKH CBeran n CBe-thith (cb. HBaH Phjickh, cb. neTKa TipHOBCKa n flp.) B xpaMa „Cb. Msth-pnfleceT MbneHnirn" Káro chmboji Ha Bpr>3Kara c MHHajiOTO e BrpaaeH Hafl-nnc Ha xaH OMypTar („MrjBeK n floöpe aa aaiBee..."). H3rpa»íziaT ce n 6o-raTO ce oöaapaBaT hobh nepran n MaHacTnpn, Karo EoaHCKara nepraa Kpan Co(J)na (cpeaara Ha XIII b.), H3BecTHa c npeKpacHnre en creHonncn, b KOHTO ce flOJiaBa peHecaHCOB nirrepec kt>m HOBera Karo jthhhoct. npe3 XIV b. ce pa3npocTpaHHBa ncnxa3MT>T (xpncraaHCKO ynemie c aicnem" Bipxy MHCTHKaTa, cr>3epijaHHeTO n acKera3Ma), hhhto TeoperaK e rpMiKiiHT OTmejTHHK rpnropnn CnHanr, nponoBaflBajr b oojiacira napo-pna (b CrpaHflyKa njiaHHHa). HeroBnaT yneHHK n nocjieflOBareji Teoflocnn TipHOBCKH ocHOBaBa b cpeflara Ha XIV b. Knun^apeBCKna MäHacrap n ro npeBpraja b raracoBeH iienrap. KpaaT Ha XIV b. e nepnofl Ha pa3ijBeT Ha jniTeparypaTa, apxnTeKTypaTa n H3KyCTBOTO. Cjiefl ocMaHCKOTO HamecTBHe nocTnaceHnaTa Ha öwirap- CKaTa Kyjnypa ce pa3npocTpaHHBaT b flpyrn npaßocjiaBHn CTpaHn n ocoöeHO b Pycna (t. Hap. „BTopo roacHOCJiaBaHCKO BjinaHne b Pycna"), KifleTO CTaBaT nacT ot pycKaTa KyjnypHa Tpaflniina. Br>npeKH ne npe3 XIII b. ce CMflaßaT cpaBmrrejiHO Majnco opnrnHajTHn npoH3BefleHna, KHH>KOBHHTe Tpaannnn Ha 3jiaTHna BeK He ca 3a6paBeffli: npenncBaT ce cr>HHHeHna Ha KjTHMeHT OxpnflCKnT, MepHopnseij Xpa6r>pT, KoHCTäHTHH HpeojiaBCKnT, HoaH EK3apxT. noaBmaT ce n hobh cöophhijh, npeBOfln n npennen: ffoöpeüiuoeomo eeamenue, ThpHoecKomo eecmzemie, EojioHCKunm nccumiup n flp. OcoöeHO ijeHeH effpazemoeunm Mu-neü (HapeneH Ha cr>CTaBHTejia en) — cöophhk ot ciryacon n necHoneHna 3a ÖMrapcKH CBeTijn, BaaceH jmrepaTypeH n My3HKajieH naMeranK. JlnTepaTypaTa Ha XIII b. e aejio Han-Bene Ha tt>phobckh KHracoBHniin n nncaTejin. Ta Moace fla ce npeflCTaBn b Tpn acaHpoBO-TeMaTHnHn Kpr>ra — arnorpa(J)CKH, xHMHorpa(J)CKH n jieTonnceH. B arnorpa(J)-CKHa nnKbji ce BKjTfOHBaT jKumuMma na Mean Pujicku, Muxauji Bouh EhJizapcKU, MjiapuoH MhZJíeHCKU, TJemKa T~bpHoecKa, ľaepuji Jlec-HoecKU n nr>pBna TipHOBCKH naTpnapx Moükum; otcumusima na Hoü-kum OcozoecKU u IIpoxop TJhuhcku. Hapefl cr>c CBeaeHnaTa 3a CBeTnme n npeHacaHeTO Ha MOiHHTe hm b yKHTHaTa 3a nipBH nr>T 3a3Byna-Ba naTpnoTHHHa HOTa. Pa3Bnme npe3 XIII b. nojrynaBa n xHMHorpa(J)HaTa — neceHHO-noeraHe-CKO TBopnecTBO, hhhto KopeHH ca onje b 3jiaTHna BeK. XnMHorpat|)CKHTe TeKCTOBe (cjTyyKÖirre) yrBipyKflaBaT xpncTnaHCKaTa HpaBCTBeHOCT, npe3 neceHHa BMXBajia ce nocoHBaT npnMepn 3a irpaBeaeH aoiBOT. Mhoto 6oraT xHMHorpa(J)CKH njiKM e nocBeTeH Ha ocHOBarejxa Ha 6r>jirapcKOTO ot-mejiHHHecTBO HBaH Phjickh, KaKTO n Ha OnjiOTea TeMHnniKa, neTKa Tr>p-HOBCKa, Mnxanji Bohh, HoaiaíM OcoroBCKH, HjiapnoH MirjieHCKn n flp. TpeTH >KäHpoBO-TeM3rHHeH Kptr o6pa3yBaT nemomicmime pasKasu 3a BaacHH cr>6nTHa b oönjecTBeHna aoiBOT: sa Chôopa npomue ôozoMUJiume ot 1211 r.; 3a npenaesmemo na Mou{ume na ce. TJemKa Enueamcxa e T~bpHoeo; sa 8~b3cmaH08HeaHemo na EhJizapcKama nampuapiuuM (1235). npe3 XIII b. e HanncaH n PasKasbm sa sozpacpcKume MhueHuifu, 3arnHajin npe3 1275 r., KoraTO jiaTHHHTe Hana^aT CßeTa ropa. B TBopön ot Tpnre yKaHpoBO-TeMaTHHHn Kpr>ra MoraT fla ce OTKpnar naT-pnoTHHHH mothbh: Bi>3CJiaBa Ha BjiafleTejrn, Ha HOBna CTOjraneH rpafl, Ha 6r>jirapcKaTa flipaaBHOCT, KaKTO n nyBCTBOTO 3a ncTopmecKa 3HaHHMOCT Ha ciÖHTHara. B jmrepaTypHna aaiBOT Ha XIII b. hmht flaji n anoKpn(J)H-Te, KOHTO CToar no-6jiH30 flo HapoflHHTe flyxoBHn noTpeÖHOCTH, flaBaT H3pa3 Ha pa3HOo6pa3HH npeflCTaBn 3a BHflHMna n HeBHflHMna CBar. BwrpeKH äHOHHMHOCTTa n OTCKTBneTO Ha aBTopcKO caMOJTfoöne, npncmin Ha cpeflHOBeKOBHaTa jniTepaTypa, hjikoh KHH^KOBHnnn cnoMeHaßaT 3a ce6e en b KpaTKH npnnHCKH. TporarejiHHTe „aBTopcKH H3noBefln" Ha CTa-M3T, flparaH, /JoöpnaH, TnxoTa n flp. orpa3aBar KaKTO >KHTencKH Hecrofln, Tara n CKHamie 3a Mncnara Ha KHnacoBHHKa: „njryBan, njryBeijo, nnnin, rpeniHn non neTpe"; „nnnin, Bwho, nnnin, rpeniHnne, oth pr>Ka nejio-BenecKaa H3rHHBa, a cjiaBaTa Boacna HHKorfla ace". JHTTEPATyPEl nPOH.EC JlnTepaTypaTa npe3 XIII h XIV B. IIpunHCKH TtpHOBCKa KHlIXOBHa uiKOjia Apyrn KHH2KOBHH ueHTpoBe ABTOPH HTBOPBH Ebthmhíí TtpHOBCKH (ok. 1320/30 — ok. 1402) npe3 nocjieflHHTe aecerajieraa Ha BTopoTO ötjirapcKO uapcTBO b ctojih-uaTa TtpHOBO jiHTepaTypaTa, H3o6pa3HTejiHOTO H3KycTBO, apxHTeKTypaTa h (j)Hjioco(j)HaTa npesKiiBaBaT CBoa „3JiaTeH 3ajie3". IIlKOJiaTa Ha naTpnapx Ebthmhíí! h HeroBHTe cjieflOBHHuii h yneHHUH — KrnipnaH!, TpHro-pHii IJaMÔJiaK!, K. KocTeHeMKH!, Hoacaij) Eahhckh h ap., flOHaca nocjie,HHaTa cjiaBa Ha öijirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa h CTaBa saoejieaarrejiHO jiBjieHHe b flyXOBHIlH 5KHBOT Ha BCHHKH K55KHH H H3TOHHH CJiaBJIHH. OCBeH TpaflHHH-« OHHHTe acaHpoBe — opaTopcKa h nojieMHHHa npo3a, jkhthji h noxBajiHH1* cjiOBa, pa3BHTHe nojrynaBa xHMHorpa(j)HaTa (cjiyacÖHTe) — t. e. cpe/iHO-BeKOBHaTa noe3Ha. ripe3 BTopaTa nojiOBHHa Ha XIV b. KaTO khhskobbh ueHTtp H3pacTBa h Bh,hhh, CTOJiHiiaTa Ha CpauiiMiipoBOTO uapcTBO. TyK /ryxoBeH rjiaBa e mht-ponojiHT Hoacaij) E,hhhckh, yneHHK Ha Ebthmhíí Tiphobckh! h aBTop Ha IIoxeajiHo cjioeo sa OunomeR. Bib Bh,hhh e ctCTaBeH côopHHK c e,HHH ot Haii-xy6aBHTe jkhthji Ha acemi cbcthuh. Khhjkobhh cpe/mma ca h PnjiCKa-Ta oÖHTeji, JlecHOBCKHaT MaHacTHp; 3orpa(})CKi«iT MaHacrap b CßeTa ropa. riaK TaM, b rojiaMaTa jiaßpa Ha Cb. ÄTaHacHÍí, npe3 ntpBaTa nojiOBHHa Ha XIV b. paöoTH CTapeuiT HoaH — H3BecTeH npeBOflaM-peaaKTop Ha no-eTHMHH acaHpoBH (j)opMH h npefliiiecTBemiK Ha Ebthmhíí!. KyjiTypHOTO, jiHTepaTypHOTO h /ryxoBHOTO pa3BHTHe Ha Etjirapna npe3 nocjieflHaTa neTBtpT Ha XIV b. ca 6ejia3aHH ot jiHMHOCTTa Ha Ebthmhíí TtpHOBCKH. Karo MjiaaesK npeKapBa noBene ot aeceT ro/nimi b KnjiH(j)a-peBCKHa MaHacTHp npn TecnocHÍí Tiphobckh h npneMa yneHHero Ha hch-xa3Ma. H3pa6oTBa ch ecTeranecKH ho3hhhh: CTpeMeac kim icpacoTa Ha /ryMHTe, cjiOBecHa opHaMeHTauHa („njieTeHHe cjiOBec"), npeuH3HOCT Ha npeBoaa. üpeicapBa 8 rcunmi b IJapHrpaa, kí/kto ce 3ano3HaBa c orpoM-HOTO KyjnypHO h jiHTepaTypHO öoraTCTBO Ha BH3aHTHÍícKaTa CTOjniua, h b* CßeTa ropa — b 3orpa(J)CKHa MaHacrap h b rojiaMaTa jiaßpa Ha Cb. ÄTaHacHÍí (npH yneHHuiiTe Ha CTapeua HoaH). Cjiea CMtpTTa Ha uap HßaH AjieKcaHfltp (1371) Ebthmhíí ce 3aßpima b TtpHOBO. OpraHH3Hpa h caM ynacTBa b H3roTBJiHeTO Ha hobh npeBOflH h peaaiciiHH Ha Haíí-BajKHHTe öorocnyaceÖHH h ôorocjiOBCKH KHHra, t. Hap. „pe(J)opMa Ha Ebthmhíí". OcHOBHaTa ueji Ha pe(J)opMaTa e Bp-hinaHeTO kim npaBonHCHHTe h c3hkobh hopmh Ha KiipHjio-MeTOAHeBirre npeBO/ni, c Koe-To KHH5K0BHH3T e3HK ce oxnajienaBa ot roBopHMHa, a KaHOHiiHHaTa jiHTepaTypa — ot anoKpH(j)HaTa. EjiaroaapeHHe Ha TOBa apxan3HpaHe CTapo-ôtjirapcKHTe KHHrH h 3aHanpea ce BMnpneMaT Karo oômocjiaBaHCica Kjia- CHKa. H3HCKBaHH3 KIM HOBHTe npeBOflH Ca H fla ÔiflaT CMHCJIOBO H (j)OHeraMHO b xapMOHHa c opnrHHajia, cic ciiiiHOCTTa Ha H3pa3eHaTa b Hero MHCiji, H/iea h np. npe3 1375 r. Ebthmhíí e H3ÔpaH 3a ôijirapcKH naipnapx h CTaBa ,,/ryxo-BeH xpamiTeji" Ha CBoa Hapoa, „KpacHTeji h KpenHTeji" (rpHropnii IJaMÔJiaK!) Ha Etjirapna. HanncBa McumuR sa Mean Pujicku, TlapacKeea TbpnoecKa, Hjiapuon MbznencKU u OunomeR TejunuuiKa. Te ce xapaKTepH3HpaT c opHraHajiHO ctneTaBaHe Ha araorpa(j)CKHa noxBaT c naHerHpHMHHa, xapaKTepeH 3a noxBajimiTe cjiOBa 3a CBereua, KaKTO h c ntpBH npoaBH Ha HHTepec kim jniMHOCTTa h HeíÍHOTO oraoineHHe kim npoôjieMHTe Ha Bpe- MeTO — HanpHMep b anajiora Ha HßaH Phjickh c uap neTtp. Ebthmhíí e aBTop h Ha nerapH noxeajinu cjioea — sa Koncmanmun u Ejiena, sa Muxauji om TlomyKa, sa HoaH TlonueomcKU u sa ce. HedejiM. B Haíí-Te>KKHTe ahh ot oôcaAara Ha TtpHOBO ITaTpnapx Ebthmhíí opramciipa 3ainjrraTa Ha crojnmaTa. Cjiea naaaHero Ha rpaaa e 3aT0MeH, Bepoarao b EaM-KOBCiaia MaHacrnp. yMeHHHHTe My ramo ca nponyaeHH no TyjKflH 3eMH, Kiflero npeHacjir npeBeaeHHTe ot Ebthmhíí KHHra h HeroBHTe TBopÔH, o6pa3UH Ha jnrrepaTypHHa cthji Ha TipHOBCKara KHHjKOBHa iiiKOjia„njieTeHHe cjiOBec". npoH3xo>Kfla ot TtpHOBCKHa pofl IJaMÔJiaK; Hlíno Ha rpHropnii IJaMÔJiaK!; yneHHK Ha TeoaocHÍí Tiphobckh; 3aentio c Ebthmhíí? npeÖHBaßa b KHjni(j)a-peBCKHa MaHacrap, b CTyflHÍícKHa MaHacTHp h Ha Atoh. Ot 1375 r. e khcbckh, a ot 1390 r. — mockobckh h Bcepyciai MirrponojniT. B KHHJKOBHaTa ch nojíHTHKa h b TBopnecTBOTO ch (jKumue na Mumponojium ľlerm>p) BMiipneMa KHHSKOBHHTe npHHuioiH Ha TtpHOBCKaTa uiKOjia. /JeíÍHOCTTa My e cpe/i Haň- 3HaMHTejIHHTe npoaBH Ha BTOpOTO MJKHOCJiaBaHCKO BjniaHHe B PyciiH. Haií-6jiH3KHaT yneHHK h TajiaHTjniB npo/rbjuKHTeji Ha aejiOTO Ha Ebthmhíí Ttp-hobckhT e rpHropnii LJaMÔJiaK. npoH3xo>KZia ot bhchi apHCTOKpaTHMeH po/i b TtpHOBO. Ome Karo MHOina CTaBa yneHHK Ha ITaTpnapx EbthmhííT, npo/rbjDKaBa o6pa30BaHHero ch b Cßera Topa h IJapHrpazi. no BpeMe Ha oöca/iaTa Ha TtpHOBO (1393) e b rpaaa, cjiea TOBa 3aMHHaBa 3a BH3aHTHÍícKaTa CTOjinua. nocemaBa CtpÔHa, MojiiiaBHa, JIhtobckoto kh^dkcctbo h KneB. npe3 1414 r. e H3ÔpaH 3a KHeBCKH MHTponojiHT. rpHropnii IJaMÔJiaK e He caMO ÔJiecTam CTapoouirapciai nHcaTeji, ho ocraßa flnpa h b Apyra cjiaBaHCKH jnrreparypH. Abtop e na )Kumue na CmecpaH ffenancKu, Ha noxBajnni cjiOBa h Ap. B crapooijirapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa e Haíí-H3BecTeH cic CBoero ľloxeaimo cjioeo sa ľlampuapx EemuMuü. B pa3ica3a 3a H3cejiBaHeT0 Ha Ebthmhíí ot TtpHOBO h H3npainaHero My Ha saroHemie ce npenjnrra h aBropoBaTa Ttra no 3aBHHarH H3iy6eHOTO OTeMecrBo: „Ohhh ahh 6)ixa ahh Ha njian! 3amoTO HMa jni Hemo no-ropMHBO ot npecejieHHeTO h no-Teaaco ot pa3JľbKaTa c poahhhh, ot cnoMeHa 3a poAHHa h 3a CBOirre, koííto BHHarH npo6o>KAa ctpuero Karo jkhjio" . Hapea c opHrHHajiHHTe h npeBOAHHTe xHMHorpa(j)CKH TBopÔH Ha EbthmhííT npe3 nocjieAHHTe Aecerajieraa CTaHaxa H3BecraH npoH3BeAeHH3Ta Ha xHMHonHceua E(j)peM. 3acera e AOKa3aHO aBTopcTBOTO My Ha mpu Kanóna u mpu ijiiKbJía om juojieônu cmuxupu. Te ca Hemo hobo He caMO 3a ôijirapcKaTa, ho h h3o6iho 3a cjiaBaHCKHTe jíHTepaTypn. Kohct3hthh KocTeHeMKH He e npaK ynemiK Ha EbthmhííT, ho e cjicaobhhk Ha TtpHOBCKaTa KHHjKOBHa uiKOjia. nojrynaBa o6pa30BaHHe OTHanajio b MaHacrap Kpaň c. KocTeHeu; no-KtCHO — b EanKOBCKHa MaHacrap npn EßTHMHeBHa ynemiK Ahapohhk. Paöora Karo yMHTeji h khhjkobhhk b Cipôna, npner pazryumo ot BjiaaeTejia CTe(j)aH JIa3apeBHM. ruícaTejiciaiaT My TajiaHT npojiHMaBa b )Kumuemo na Cmecpan Jlasapeeun. To e no-CKopo ÔHorpaiJHia Ha BjiaaeTejia, b kojito e OTpa3eHa enoxaTa c rojieMHTe ciönraa — KocoBCKaTa ÔHTKa (1389), önraaTa npn ÄHKapa (1402)n,np. —h c TparHMHaTa ctflôa Ha iojkhhtc cjiaßaHH b Kpaa Ha XIV h HanajiOTO Ha XV b. KoHCTaHTHH KocTeHeMKH e KHH5KOBHHK cic CHjieH h CMeji xapaKTep, eflHH ot ntpBHTe CBeTCKH nncaTejiH b ôajiKaHCKHTe jíHTepaTypn c npHHOC 3a KyjnypHOTO ctTpyflHHMecTBO Me>KZiy oijirapn h ctpÔH Kiiiipiian (ok. 1330—1401 y«ieHHUH H nocjie/iOBaTeji naTpiiapx Ebthmhíí rpHropnii n,aivi6jiaK 1364—1421 (OK. E(|)|)c\i (XIV—XV B.) KOHCTaHTHH KoCTeHeHKH — ok. 1431 (1380 MCTOPMMECKM CBBMTMH KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE JHTTEPATyPEH nPOUEC C0(|)HHCKa KHHHCOBHa niKOJia (XVI b.) CivieceHH t'Oopiiiiiui ii niNiatiiiiiiii JleToniiCH ii ßejieatKH ii lipilllllC'K'll J1MTEPATYPA M KHM>KHMHA nO BPEME HA POBCTBO (XV—XVIII b.) Ot XV b. ÖMrapcKHTe 3eivni ca nacT ot OcMaHCKaTa HMnepna — aec-noTHHHa MOHapxna, b Koaro HeMiociojiMaHHTe ca nofljiOyKeHH Ha ahck-piiMiiHaniia n ncjiaMH3npaHe. )Khbott>t Ha ÖMrapnre npoTnna b paM- KHTG Ha MajlKH OÖIHHOCTH - CGMGHCTBOTO, CejICKaTa OÖlHHHa, ecHa-| (J)HTe. BaacHa pojia 3a 3ana3BaHeTO Ha xpncTnaHCKaTa h 6r>jrrapcKaTa HfleHTHHHOCT hmb ntpKBaTa. EtjrrapnTe BflnraT BiCTaHHa cpenry oc-MaHCKaTa BjiacT h ynacTBaT b noxoan Ha xpncTnaHCKn flipacaßH cpenry HMnepnara. C H3HG 3BaHGTO Ha ÖMTapCKara apHCTOKpaiJHH H3HG3B3 h „bhcokhüt" IüiaCT Ha CBGTCKaTa KyjTrypa. /JyxoBHH h khh>kobhh neinpoBe ca MaHacTnpnTe (3orpa(Jx;KH, XnjieimapcKH b CßeTa ropa, Phjickh, TnoaceHCKH, /IparajieB-ckh, KyKjieHCKH, üoräHOBCKH h flp.) h irbpKBHTe, o6pa30BaHHe ce nojiyna-Ba b t. Hap. khjthhhh yHHjnrnia. ApxHTeKrypaTa HMa nocncKeinia b hhkoh rpaflOBe h öorara cejinma (ApöaHacn). KaTO (jropivia Ha KyjTrypHa H3aBa (J)OjiKjiopw e hcoöhkhobcho 6oraT h pa3Hoo6pa3eH. Üpe3 XVI b. CoiJHia e bochch h aflMHHHCTpaTHBeH neirop, 3ao6nKOjieH OT MäHaCTHpH, C MHOrOÖpOHHH HCpKBH, KbfleTO CJTyyKaT CBeiHeHHIXH H Ce noflroTBaT yHeHimn. TyK paöoTar khh>kobhhiihtc non Ueno!, Maren Tpa-M3THK-1, üepoMOHax raßpnji, IThmch 3orpa(J)CKH, öpaTara .ZJaHanji, CroaH h BjiaflKO, non nerap, non HnKOJia, ITaM(|)HjiHH n ap. IrncaTejinTe ot Co-(JHincKara KHicKOBHa niKOJia CKflaBar aarrna 3a mccthh aorrejin, kohto jthhho no3HaßaT n b hhhto ci>a6h ca ynacTBann. Han-necra TeMa e cwrpo-THBara cpenry HacnjiCTBCHOTO noTypHBäHC. ITpe3 XVII n XVIII b. b MaHacTHpiTre ce CMflaBaT t. Hap. cöopuuiju che cMeceno cböhpsKüHue, npeflHa3HaneHH niaBHO 3a AOManmo hcthbo. Ma-TepnajTbT b Tax rn CBi>p3Ba ci>c CTapaTa ÖMrapcica jinrepaTypa: nponoße-fln, noyHHTejiHH cjiOBa, aamiH Ha CBeTnn. CpemaT ce n anoKpnijffiH TBop-6n, Karo jiereHfln, noBecra, Hapoflini cyeßepna, e3HHecKH npefläHna, razra-rrna n np. CöopHnnnre öomückuhu BKjnoHBar noynirrejthh cjiOBa Ha JI&-MacKHH CTyflHT, rpi>irKH nponoBeflHHK n enncKon (XVI b.) aßTop Ha cöop-Hmca ChKpoeuuje. Ilo-H3BecTHH ca Konpueu(eHCKUMm damacKUH ot XVI b., CeumoecKunm, BpmcmcKimm n flp. Üpe3 XVII n XVIII b. ce noaBaBar Bce noßene jieTomiCHH öeneacKn (Han-necTO npnnncKH kbm 6orocjry;Ke6HH KHnrn n cöopfflinn) h no-oömnpHH HCTopnHecKH pa3Ka3n, Karo jieTonncHTe Ha non MeTOfln .ZJparnHOB 3a no-MOxaMeflaHHBaHeTO Ha HennHCKine 6r>jrrapn; Ha non Hobho ot TpaBHa (3a ciÖHTna ot XVII b.); Ha aacicaji Toflop IrnpfloncKH. CöopHnnnre cr>c CMeceHO ciflipacaHne, flaMacKHHHTe, jieTonHCHirre n ncTopnHecKHTe öejieyKKH noflroTBar noaBara Ha HOBa no flyx n ciflipacaHne iniTepaTypa, H3pa3 Ha CT>3HäHneTO 3a npnHafljieacHOCT kt>m eflHH Hapofl c oönja ncTopna n ciflöa. CTapoÖMrapcKHar khh>kobhhk ot BH3aHrancKH npon3xofl /]hmhtt>p KaH-TäKy3HH ot MajTbK ycBoaBa jTHTepaTypHHa ÖMrapcioi e3HK. Oön^Ba c khh-yKOBHHiiHTe ot PnjiCKHa MaHacTnp n c BjiaflncjiaB TpaMaTHKl. Abtop e Ha TBopön ot pa3JTHHHH yKaHpoBe: jKumue c noxeana na Hean Pujicku, Cnyotc6a 3a Hean Pujicku, IIoxeajiHO cnoeo 3a ffuMum~bp ConyncKU, TJocnoHue do Mcaü, O seMMMxffaKUMx (reorpa(J)CKO omicafflie) n flp. Mojiumea KtM Eozopoduua (ok. 1470) ct>c CBOHTe 314 crnxa e eflHH ot BipxoBeTe Ha CTapoöwirapcKaTa noe3na. B Hea Bjiaaee necHMH3i>M n 6e3HafleyKflHOCT nopain ropecTHaTa ciflöa Ha Hapofla nofl ocMaHCKO BjiaflHHecTBO. BjiaflHCJiaB TpaiviaTHK e cjieflOBiniK Ha KoHCTaHTHH KocTeHeniaiT n Tpn-ropnii LI,aMßjiaKT, noAAip^ca bpt>3kh c /]hmhtt>p KaHraKy3HHT. Ilo HeroBa nopiHKa ci>CTäBa oöeivniCT cöophhk (1469), c^flipacani KjiacHHecKn xpn- CTHaHCKH TCKCTOBe, KaKTO H IlpOCTpaHHOTO yKHTHe Ha KnpHJI, IlOXBajTHOTO cjiobo 3a Knpnji n MeTOflnii, yKHTneTO Ha HjiapnoH MwjieHCKH ot ITaTpnapx EbthmhhT. I1o-kt>cho ciCTaBa onje Tpn rojieMn cöopHHKa (Hapiwaffli Adpuaumu, Pujicku cöopuuK n IIIecmodHee). OpnrnHajTHa TBopöa e PujicKama noeecm 3a npeHacaHeTO Ha Monime Ha JfBaH Phjickh ot Tt>phobo b PnjiCKHa MaHacTnp npe3 1469 r. — BaacHO ciÖHTne b aaiBOTa Ha öwirapHTe, H3aBa Ha HapoflHOCTHO CMHaHne. ÜOBecTTa ciflipaca ijeHHH HCTopHnecKH CBefleHHa h nwenncHH ejieMeHTH. Ilon neiio, ot Co(J)HHCKaTa raracoBHa nncona, e aßTop Ha)Kumue h Cnyjicöa ua reopzu Hoeu CocpuücKu, kohto OTKa3aji fla ce noMOxaMeflaHHH h 6hji H3ropeH yKHB npe3 1515 r. Ilon üeiio no3Haßaji jthhho KpacHBiia h c bhcok flyx öwirapHH h ro noflKpenaji b npoTHBonocTaßaHeTO My Ha TypijHTe. )KHTHeTO oöoraTaBa acaHpa h onepTaBa o6pa3a Ha aapoBHT nncaTeji naTpnoT, 3anjHTHHK Ha xpHCTHaHCKara Bapa. /Ipyr npeflCTaBHTeji Ha Co(J)HHCKaTa raracoBHa niKOJia e Maren TpaiviaTHK, BncoKOo6pa30BaH n HaneTeH khickobhhk c eHiiHKjioneflHHHn no3HaHna, 3aeiviaji BncoKa ajibokhoct b Co(J)HHCKaTa MHTponojrna. B CBoeTO )Kumue ua HuKona Hoeu CocpuücKu, Han-flwrroTO b CTapaTa öwrrapcKa jinrepaTypa, ocßeH MMeHHHecKaTa ciflöa Ha repoa H3o6pa3aBa rpafl Co(J)Ha, ÖJiaronecTHBHTe My aoiTejin, npnpoflaTa n njiaHHHHTe OKOBpiCT n np. AßTopw H3nnTBa BjniaHne ot npeflniecTBeraKa cn non üenoT; H3aBaBa ce Karo narpnoT, kohto oönna CBoa rpafl n ce BMxnmaBa ot Hero. Cpefl Han-nonyjiapHHTe ,flaMacKHHapn" e pnjiCKnaT MOHax HocniJ) Bpa-flara. H3BecTHH ca niecT HeroBH cöopHHKa, Han-Bene ct>c cjiOBa Ha J\sm&-ckhh CryflHT, HoaH 3jiaToycT n flp. Karo TaKcnflnoT oÖHKajia mhoto cejnnna b Br>jrrapna n ctönpa noMomji 3a PnjiCKna MaHacrap. Ilo3HaBa floöpe aaiBOTa b crpaHaTa, He npneivia HeBe>Kectboto h BOMBa cpenry Hero. Hobo aBjieHne ca connajTHHTe mothbh — nncaTejrar ce oöaBaBa cpenry HopGaflaoni n jnixBapn, kohto HaMaT mhjioct kt>m öeflHnre, „nnar Kpr>Bn cnpo-MaxoM1'. ABTOPH II TBOPBH /1,II\III 1 KaHTaKy3HH (ok. 1430 — K'pasi Ha XV B.) BiiLiiiciaii TpaMaTHK (XV B.) Hon Heöo (XV— XVI B.) MaTeö TpaMaTHK (XVI B.) H0CH(|l Epa^a™ (1690—1757) MCTOPMMECKM CtBMTUH KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE Eop6a c rptu- KOTO BJlHHHHe CnopoBe 3a KHII2KOBHIIH ťilIK IIpOCBeTHO nejio JIHTEPATYPA HA B"bJirAPCKOTO B"b3PA>KflAHE (flo cpeflaTa Ha XIX b.) Hpe3 XVIII—XIX b. b öijirapcKHTe 3Cmh Ha OcMaHCKaTa HMnepna ycKO-peHO ce pa3BHBaT CTOKOBO-napHMHHTe oraoiiieHHa; npoMeHa ce CTpyKTy-paTa Ha 3eMeBjia,neHHeTO, yBejiiriaBaT ce cejiCKOCTonaHCKOTO h 3aHaaT-mhhckoto npoH3BOflCTBO, TiproBHine h 3aHaarMHHTe nocTeneHHO ce npeB-pimar b 6yp>Koa3Ha, Koaro 3acTaBa Haněno Ha ABHaceHHeTO 3a npocBeTa h HauHOHajiHO eMaHUHnnpaHe. KpH3aTa b HMnepnaTa („Kip/pKajniíícKOTO BpeMe") h pycKO-TypcKHTe boííhh (1768—1764, 1787—1791, 1806— 1812, 1828—1829) noaxpaHBaT HaaeJKOH h npoeicTH 3a nojniniMecKO oc-Bo6o>KzieHHe. BjiiiamieTO Ha EBponeiícKHa PeHecaHC npomiKBa b oijirapcKirre 3eMH npe3 3y6poBHHK — TtproBCKa penyĎJiHKa Ha aajiMaTHHCKOTO Kpanöpeaaie c 6oraTa jiHTepaTypa, b Koaro npnctCTBa h ötjirapcKaTa Tenia (Iferap XeK-TopoBHM, HßaH ryH/iyjiHM). rio-KicHO b XipBaTCKO ce 3apa>Kzia HaeaTa 3a oöeflHHeHHe Ha KCKHine cjiaBaHH, t. Hap. hjihph3im, mhhto fleiÍHíi (ot Ah-apna KaMHM Mhoihhm ao IleTap UpepaflOBHM h Hocnn mpocMaňep) npo-aBaBaT CHjieH HHTepec kim Eijirapna. Baaaia e h KyjnypHaTa h npocBeT-HaTa fleíÍHOCT Ha KaTOjniMecKHTe CBememinH h Ha npaBocjiaBmiTe „hjih-Phííhii" Karo XpHCTO(J)op >Ke(J)apoBHM-l- h ITapTeHHH TiaBjiOBiiM-l. Ilpe3 ntpBHTe aecerajieTiia Ha XIX b. 6poaT Ha KHjniHHHTe yMHjnima pa3KO ce yBejiHMaBa; MHoro otjirapciai Mjiaaeaoi nocemaBaT rpiinai yMHjnima. Bee noBene ynaT b 3anaflHa Eßpona, b Pycna h ap. 3anoMBa ABHaceHHe cpemy rpmicaTa ayxoBHa oneica. EtjirapcKaTa HHTejiHreHnna e pa3flBoeHa no Btnpoca 3a hjih npoTHB ejniHH3Ma (Karo HacjieaHHK Ha amriMHaTa Kyjnypa h H3KycTBo). TToĎeamaBa rpynaTa Ha HaniiOHajniCTHTe h cjiaBa-HO(j)HjiHTe, KoeTO aaBa OTpaaceHHe h Btpxy jniTepaTypHHa nponec npe3 cjieflBamHTe flecenuienia. Hpe3 BTopaTa neTBtpT Ha XIX b. b cnopoBeTe no Btnpoca 3a khhjkobhhji e3HK ce o(j)opMaT Tpn rpynn. HtpBa ce noaBaBa t. Hap. HOBOÖijirapcKa niKOJia, c Iferhp EepoH, HßaH EoropoB, no-KtCHO h BacHji AnpHjiOB; Ta HacToaßa HOBOÖtjirapcKHaT e3HK aa ce H3rpa>Kaa Ha ocHOBaTa Ha HapoaHHTe roßopn. BTopaTa — t. Hap. cjiaBaHoötjirapcKa niKOJia, ce onepTaBa c „EojirapcKa rpaManiKa" (1835) Ha He-o(J)HT Phjickh h ctMHHeHHara Ha Heo(j)HT Eo3BejiH-l h EMaHynji BacKiiao-BHM. npH Tax ce 3ana3Ba HapoaiiaTa ocHOßa Ha e3Hica, nam MepKOBHOcjia-BaHCKHar cjiyaai 3a KopeieniB npn AnajieKTHH pa3JiHKH. TpeTaTa niKOJia — MepKOBHOCJiaßaHCKaTa — ce noaBaßa Haň-KiCHO, hm Haň-MajiKO npea-CTaBHTejiH h H3Me3Ba Haň-paHO. ľlop, Bjniamie Ha lOpníí BeHejiHH XpncTa- KH IlaBJIOBHM H KOHCTaHTHH fl>OTHHOB Ce OÔaBaBaT 3a npHfltpjKaHe K1M MepKOBHOCJiaBaHCKHa, koííto Te CMaTaT 3a CTapoôtjirapcKH. IloaBaTa Ha „Mhcjih 3a cerauiHOTO ôtjirapcKO yneHHe" (1847) Ha B. AnpnjiOB cjiara Kpaň Ha cnopoBeTe h pa3MHCTBa niTa Ha „HOBOÔtjirapcKaTa niKOJia". Ilpe3 1835 r. b TaôpoBO B. AnpnjiOB OTKpHBa ntpBOTO „B3aHMHo" yMHjni-me, b KoeTO npenoaaBa Heo(j)HT Phjickh. JJp 1839 r. ca ocHOBaHH b33hmhh yiHjiHma b KonpHBiiiHiia, Bejiec, Ka3aHjii>K, KapjiOBO, ConoT, KoTeji, Ila- HanopHme, Co(j)Ha, TtpHOBO, TpaBHa, CaMOKOB h pp. Hpe3 1846 r. HaíineH TepoB CMaaBa b KonpHBiHíina ntpBOTO caMOCToaTejiHO KjiacHO yiHjiHme. Hpe3 1847 r. noa pikoboactboto Ha H. IlonKOHCTaHTHHOB na3ap/CKHinKOTO yiHjiHme e npeycTpoeHO b KjiacHO. Ilpe3 1848 r. EoTbo TTctkob OTKpHBa KjiacHO yMHjnime b Kajio(j)ep, a npe3 1850 r. — H. TepoB b TTjiobahb. Ilpe3 1824 r. a-p IleTip EepoH H3/iaBa b EpainoB CBoa ByKeap c pasjiunnu noynemtR. Ta3H „ÔHÔJiHa Ha ôijirapcKOTO o6pa30BaHHe" ciflipaca oceM Aajia c npHMepH ot rpaMaTHKa h apiiTMeTHica, HCTopna h npHpoao3HaHHe, leTeHe h nncaHe. EyicBapiT e HanncaH Ha roBopHM e3HK h e 6hji jiecHOflOCTtneH 3a ToraBainHHTe yíHTejiH h TexHHTe yieHHiiH. IlipBHaT 6yKBap e nocjie/iBaH ot ctothuh yieÖHHUH: „EojirapcKa rpaMaTHKa" Ha H. Phjickh (1835), „MaTeMaTHiecKa reorpa(J)Ha" h „Bceoôma reorpaijma" Ha H. EoropoB (1842,1843), „06mo 3eMeonHcaHHe" Ha K. «Pothhob (1843), „HcTopna" Ha H. CanyHOB (1844) h „LJapcTBeHHK" Ha Xp. IiaBjíOBHH (1844), „fl>H3HKa" Ha H. TepoB (1849) h ap. Baaaia pojia H3HrpaBaT neflarorHieciaiTe TpyaoBe Ha B. AnpnjiOB „Etji-rapcKHTe khhjkhhuh" (1841), ,„D,eHHHna Ha HOBOÔijirapcKOTO o6pa30BaHHe" (1841), „Mhcjih 3a ceraumoTO ôijirapcKO yHemie" (1847); b H3CJieflBaHHaTa ch toíí npH30BaBa 6i>jirapcKOTO o6pa30BaHHe h Kyjnypa m CKtcaT c ri>piiH3Ma. PaíÍHO nonoBHM b „XpHCTOHTHa" (1835) ce 3acTi>nBa 3a nporpmKa opneHTauna Ha otjirapcicaTa Kyjnypa. Ilpe3 40-Te roflHHH Ha XIX b. b pa3BHTHero Ha neflarorHiecicaTa JiHTepaTypa TpaíÍHH cjie/m ocTaBaT H. Eo3BejiH-l-, HßaH Ccjihmhhckh, H. EoropoB, K. íI>othhob h Ap. npe3 1842 r. K. Oothhob (1790—1858) H3aaßa b CMHpHa ntpBOTO 61.J1-rapcKO cnHcaHHe „JhoôocjiOBHe". Ilpe3 1846 r. b JlaňniiHr ce noaBaBa ntp-BHaT ôijirapcKH bccthhk „EtjirapcKH open" Ha H. EoropoB (1820—1892). nipBHaT ôijirapcKH bccthhk b EBponeňcKa Typuna e „LI,apHrpaflCKH Be-cthhk" (1848) c peaaKTop H. EoropoB. B ntpBHTe flecerajierna Ha XVIII b. 3anoMBa h npexofliT kim HOBaTa 6i>ji-rapcKa KHHjKHHHa h jiHTepaTypa. B côopHHiíHTe cic CMeceHO ciflipjicaHHe h b t. Hap. „aaMacKHHapcKa JiHTepaTypa" ce noBHinaBa HHTepeciT kim HCTopHMecKOTO MHHajio, noaBaBaT ce TeHaeHHHH Ha naTpHOTH3i>M h oci>3-HaBaHe Ha npHHamie>KHOCTTa kim öuirapcioia eraoc h xpncTHaHCKaTa Bapa. 3acHjiBaT ce npoMeHHTe ot cpeflHoötjirapcKH kim HOBOôijirapcKH e3HK. 3anoMBa h ci>3flaBaHeTO Ha CBeTCiai khhjkobhh uempoBe h3bi>h Ma-HacTHpHTe — KoTeji, Bpaua, TaôpoBO, Kajio(J)ep h ap. npe3 XVII-XVIII B. H3T"bKHaTH KaTOJIHMeCKH KHHJKOBHHIIH OT ^HnpOB- CKaTa, Co(j)HÍicKaTa, HHKonojiCKaTa h njiOB/iHBCKaTa enapxna oôoraTaBaT c TBopnecTBOTO ch ôijirapcKaTa Kyjnypa h jiHTepaTypa: IleTip Eor/iaH EaKiHHH-1 (1601—1674), fl>HjiHn GraHHCJiaBOB (1610—1674), H3/iaji b Phm ntpBaTa HOBOĎijirapcica neMaraa KHHra Aůazap (1651), IleTip nap-MeBHM (1612—1674), TeoprH neaMeBHM (onncaji bib (j)aMHjiHa xpoHHKa MfflipoBCKOTO BtCTaHHe ot 1688 r.), KptCTbo neíÍKHM (1667—1731), H3aaji KHHraTe OzjiedciJio..., MoxaMedaHuwbm h Cbzjíacue..., äkob IleaMeBHM, fl>paHii IleaMeBHM, ITaBeji /JyBaHjiHÍicKH (1730—1804), ctCTaBHji hjikojiko côopHHKa cic CMeceHO CbfltpacaHHe, BKjiMMBamH HeroBH opnrH- ßrV IleTtp BepoH (1800—1871) PnSeH óyKisap (1824) n&jaroriiHecKa jiHTepaTypa n nepHOJIHMHH ni lamin JIHTEPATyPEH nPOUEC ľlpc ii!i,ipa>Kiaiic KaTOJIHMeCKH KHH2KOBHHIJH Hanajio Ha Bi>3paHíflaHeTO llpOtllC'IHC'llllC JlHTepaTypHH McaHpoBe ABTOPHH TBOPBH Henp Bor^aH EaKHIHH (1601—1674) XpncTO(|iop >Ke(|iapoBHH (icpaa Ha XVII B. -1753) HajUffl CTHXOTBOpeHIIH, B KOHTO 3a m>pBH TOT Ce HyBCTBa BJIIIHHHeTO Ha (J)OJiKjiopa, IleTtp KoBaneB (1746—1795), emiCKon Ahtoh Cre^aHOB h pp. IlpaBOCJiaBHH ÖMrapcioi khickobhhhh, paöoTiijm npeflHMHO b cptöcica cpefla, ca XpiiCTO<})op )Ke(|)apoBHH! ot ^oňpaH (aBTop Ha CmeMamozpa-tpuM, 1741) h napremrií naBjiOBiw! ot CnjniCTpa (nocTäBHji HanajiOTO Ha aBTo6Horpa(J)HHHHa acaHp); 3a Hanajio HaBwpaaíaaHeTO eflHHOflynmo ce irpneMa noaBara w&Hcmopusr cjiaeHHoôbJízapcKa (1762) Ha ITaHCHH XHjieiraapciai!, kohto npiiHazrjie;KH khm pHjiCKO-aTOHCKHH Kpw Ha KHHacoBHHHji ot K)ro3anaflHa EMrapiia, ocwne-CTBaBam npneMCTBeHOCT etc cpeflHOBeKOBinne Tpaznarini; kt>m to3h Kptr npHHafljieyKaT cmijo h aHOHHMHiiar aBTop Ha 3ozpcupcKama ucmopuM, Hoa-KHM KipnoBCKH or KiweBO h KiipHji neiÍHHHOBHH ot TeTOBO. Bmiinniero hm oöxBaina bcittkh ÖMrapcioi Tepirropmi: flejioro Ha ITancHH e npoflMaceHO ot Co(J)poHHH BpanaHCKH!, QrapHflOH raöpoBCioi, Mapro ToflopoBiw h pp. Ilpe3 20-TC roflinni Ha XIX b. b BpaniOB (Toraßa b ABcrpiia) ce oiJxipMH npoc-BeTiirejiCKH Kpw c Haň-BHfleH npeflCTaBirreji p-p rieTtp BepoH. IlpocBemeHHeTO e ymiBepcajnio eBponeňcKO KyjrrypHO ABiracemie, Koero npoHHKBa b ÖMrapcKirre 3eMH c nocpeflHiwecTBOTO Ha ctceflfflrre öaji-KäHCKH jTHTeparypH h ocBeH c Ejeire Ha painiOHajnoMa h xyMaHH3Ma ce xapaKTepH3Hpa etc cnjieH naTpHOTiweH naroc. To e CBoeo6pa3eH moct Meagry cpeflHOBeKOBHiia flrmaKnpieH ymiBepcajno™ h HainiOHajTHirre 3a-paw. Ha BwirapcKOTO BMpaawaHe. ©ymciniara Ha micarejxa Bee ome He e OTflejieHa or t33h Ha npocBeTirrejxa h KyjrrypHiia aeeii, xyfloacecTBeHaTa (jtymcinia Ha MOflepHaTa jnrrepaTypa He e oraejieHa ot no3HaBaTejTHaTa h Bi>3nHTaTejTHaTa. IlpocBemeHHeTO CKflaßa KyjrrypHOopraffloainiOHHaTa ocHOBa 3a Bi>3HHKBäHe Ha CMijHHCKa xyfloacecTBeHa JimepaTypa h npneM-CTBeH jTHTeparypeH nponec. JlHTepaTypaTa ce pa3BHBa rjiaBHO b CHmcpeTHHHiia acaHp Ha „nyöjniini-CTHHHaTa MOHO(J)opMa" (r. fl. TaneB) h b tidiittho npocBemeHCiai tfcaHpo-Be — 6acHH, npirnia, noyHinejrHO cjiobo, AiiflaKnpieH pa3Ka3, npocBemeH-CKO-KjiacHHHCTipma Ofla, AiiflaKTipieH flnajior, TpaKTaT. IloaBaBaT ce 06-pa3ini Ha aBTOÖHorpaiJHiH, mTemic h pp. Karo cnein«[)ipieH acaHp ce o(J)op-MH npeflroBopw, kohto necTO HMa nporpaMeH xapaicrep hjth ciflipaca xyfloacecTBeHH enEMErrra. PofleH b TírnrpoBini, ot 1642 r. e co(J)hhckh KaTOJiiPiecKH apxnemiCKon. ffoKJiadume My do Pum (1640,1653,1655) npeflCTaBjxaBar HCTopnorpaij)-CKO-rn>TemiCHH tbopöh c nemni CBeaeHiia 3a Hcropiiara, reorpa(|)iiaTa, cto-naHCTBOTO, KyjTrypaTa h AyxoBHiia ;khbot b ÖMrapcKirre 3eivni; aBTop e h Ha HenyöJTHKyBaHa McmopuM na Ewzapwi (1667). PofleH b JJpňpm, paöoTH rjiaBHO b cpiöcra cpeaa. Haň-H3BecTHaTa My KHHra e CmeMamozpatfiuM (1741), c BaacHO 3HaneHHe 3a npooy^KflaHeTO Ha HaijHOHajiHOTO caMonyBCTBHe Ha ÖMrapHHa. OcBeH ÖMrapcioiH rep6 c KopoHaTa b Hea ca noMecTemi jiHTorpa(J)CKH o6pa3H ci>c CTHXOTBOpHH nOCBeHjeHHH Ha CB. MeTOflHH, CB. KjTHMeHT H CB. HayM, Ha CB. Teopra Hobh Co(J)hhckh h ap. PofleH b CnjiHCTpa, ynn b nponyTaTa KHaacecKa aKafleMHa b Eyicypem, niTyBa h3 XipBaiiiH, CjiOBeHHH, HTajraa. YcTaHOBaBa ce b CpeMCiai Kap-jiOBijH (flyxoBeH h KyjrrypeH nenrap Ha cipÖHre), KifleTO e piKonojioaceH 3a CBemeHHK. Abtop e Ha iri>pKOBHO-6orocjTyyKe6HH CMraeHHa, flOKjiaflH h miCMa, aBTo6Horpa(J)HHHH TBopön h CTHxoTBopeHHa nwemiCH. HeroBaTa AemoôuozpatpuM (1758) ciflipaca KapTHHa Ha poöctboto, 3amHTa Ha H3TOHHorrpaBocjiaBHaTa ijipKBa, CTpeMeac kt>m flyxoBHO oöeflHHemie Ha roacHHTe cjiaBaHH; xapaKTepHH ca npeanoHHTaHHeTO kt>m flnajiora, nojie- MHHfflMT TOH H npOCBemeHCKHHT flyX. ripeflnojiara ce, ne e pofleH b BaHCKO h H3BecTHO BpeMe e 6hji b Phjickhh MaHacTHp. ITpe3 1745 r. othb3 b Atoh h ocTaßa b XHjieHflapciaiH MaHacrap npH no-rojieMHH ch 6paT JlaBpeHTirií. B CßeTa ropa ITancHH Bjrrca b flocer c (1722—1773) KyjTrypara Ha pa3jnwHH HapoflH h c Texra npeflCTaBHTejTH. ToBa ro noAnncBa pa 3anoHHe pa cr>6npa p&mni h 3a OMraprrre. OTHanano paöora b XnjreH^ap, nocjre ce npexBipjrfl b 3orpa(Jx;KHH MaHacrap. Ilpe3 1762 r. 3aBi>prnBa Hcmopím cjiaeeHoóojizapcKOH o napode u o uapeu u o ceemux ôojizapcKux... cbôpaHO u Hapejicdeno IlaucueM uepoMcmaxoM... ilancHH floöpe no3Haßa 3ana3eHHTe piKomicn h npemiCH Ha CTapo6r>jrrapcKaTa KHrcKHHHa, HHKOH rpaMOTH Ha ÖMrapcioi BnafleTejni, Kaicro h ciBpeMeHHrrre HeMy npoH3BefleHHH Karo „CTeMaTorpa(J)ríH" Ha Xp. )Ke(J)apoBr«T. B OHOJTHoreKara Ha Atoh naucnň ce 3ano3HaBa c rpy^a Ha L(e3ap Baporaň .^erana ijepKOBHHa h rpa/KnaHCKaa ot P. Xp." (1719, npeB. Ha pyciai) h c HCTopiwecKiiH Tpyfl Ha MaBpo OpÖHHH „Krara HCTopHorpa(J)ríH", (1722, Ha pyciai). Hcmopm cnaeMHoóhJizapcKa no CHUHOCTTa ch e nporpaMa 3a HaujiOHauHO eMaHnjimipaHe h ocBoöOyKiieHHe h ocHOBHO Macro b Hea 3aeMa HanHOHanHara upea. B 3HaMeHHToro oöpHijeHHe KbM CBOine cr>HapoflHHHji nancHH rcrtKBa: , Paaji Bania nojia h noxBana BaM Hamicax, koh jTOOrae cboh pofl h oreHecrBO 6ojirapcKoe h jnoôine 3HaTH 3a cboh pofl h e3HK!". B OTflejnni rjiaBH aBToptT ce crrapa Ha öturapcKaTa HCTopna; Ha cpr>6cKaTa HCTopna; Ha 3HäMeHHTHTe ÖMrapcioi nape; Ha fleiÍHOCTTa Ha Knpnji n MeTOflnn n TexHrne yneHnun; Ha 6m-rapcKHTe CBernii, Karo HaRpanco ormcBa yKUBora ra no-FaBecrame or Tax. B no-cjiecjiOBHero ce CMtrmar Haň-Bene aBTOÔHorpa^FHHH (xpsmai, SBy^anni hck-peHO h ronoBeflHO, Karo Hanpraiep:, ^e ynnx ce hh rpaMaiiiKa, hh nojnmiica HHKaKo"; „Karo npocT ÖMrapini, npocTO h Hamicax" h t. h. B HCTopiiaTa apKO H3m>KBa jnwHOCTTa Ha aBTopa h — HCKpeH, oÖJiaiiaH ot orpoMHa jhoôob h Bapa b ÖMemeTO na CBoa Hapofl; HaOJnoaarejieH h npo3opjiHB, njHMeHeH 3anniTHHK Ha MHHana cjiaßa, Bapa, e3HK h pofl. PofleH b Kotcji c KpbinejiHO hmě Ctohko BjiaajicjiaBOB. OcraBa cripaic, poflrni-HH pa3rpaÖBaT HacjieacTBOTO ot 6ama My. Ha 23 roflinni e piKonojioaceH 3a CBemernnc; npoaBaBa flearejiHa npeflripHeMHHBOCT, oömecTBeria aHraaaipaHOCT h JH060B kt>m 3HäHHeTO. Haň-BaacHa 3a Hero CTaßa cpemaTa c nancHH XnjieH-flapcKiiTnpe3 1765 r., Koraro npenHCBa„HcTopHacjiaBaHo6MrapcKa...". Ilo-KaaTejTHa e riprnnicicaTa kt>m Hea: „H koh a ycBOH hjih OTKpaflHe, pa e aijxipe-caH, h or CBenne othii, h ot nenipH eBaHrejnícni. H Tyn, h aceiDBO, h KaMHK^a ce CTomi, Toň — hh bo Beioi!". Cjiefl 1794 r. e piKonojioaceH 3a emiCKon (c raie Co(J)poHHH) Ha eflHa or HaH-pa3MHpHHTe enapxmi, Bpa^HHCKara. Brapeioi onacHOCTHTe oônicajia CBoeTO nacTBO, noynaßa h nponoBaflBa Ha ÖMrapcioi HapTCHHÍÍ HaBjíOBHH (1695 1760) llaiiciiii XnjieHflapcKH C0(J)p0HHH BpanaHCKH (1739—1813) ntpBHHT Iii,J|HI>K leilC'KII SejieTpHCT CaiviocwHaHHe h caiviopa3KpH-BaHe Ha repon. PeHecaHCOBH HepTH Heo(|)HT Bdiisc. in (1785—1848) e3HK. /ItpacaH nacHjia bib BnanH ot cenaparacTa na3BaHTorjiy, Co(j)poHHii ycnaBa aa H36ara b PyMiHiia, Ktaero npeicapßa aecer njioaoTBopHH roanmi ao Kpaa Ha aaiBOTa ch (1803—1813). Biß BnanH Cbcraßa Th>peuR euduncKu cöop-huk (1802) (79 noyHHTejiHH cjiOBa h pa3ica3H, npeßeaeHH ot HepKOBHOCJiaßaH- CKH Ha „ÖOJirapCKHH KpaTKHH H npOCTHH 33HK") H BlflOpUR buöuhcku CÖopHUK (1802), cbaipJKam npeßoaHH TBopön cic cßercKO ciatp^KaHne (noyHirrejrHH pa3ica3H, „MHTOjiorna CHHTHna fl>Hjioco(j)a", E3onoßH 6acHH, „Hjio-co(})CKHe MyapocTH1', Me>Kay kohto HMa h opnrnHajiHH TeKCTOße Ha Co(j)po-l hhh). B PyMtHHa ci>3aaBa öescMipmara ch meop6a)Kumue u cmpadcmuR zpeui-uazo CocjjpoHUR, KaKTO h RupuaKodpoMuoH, cupen HedejiHUK (1806) — cöopmtK c HeaejiHH noyneHna, nipßaTa neiaraa HOßOÖtjirapcKa KHHra, FpaMcdau-cKoe nosopiiiife — npeßoa ot rptnicH Ha icmtraTa Ha nancKiia KaHOHHK Ambpo-chh MapjntaH „TLeanrjm poHncinn" (1631, opnrnHajTbT e Ha jiantHCKH). Hsanra ce h Karo Boaai, OTnpaBanKn njiaMeHeH flosiie (1810) kim bchhkh öiarapn aa noiwaraT Ha pycKirre bohckh. TKumue u cmpadamtR zpeuinazo CocppoHiix anec ce CMjrra 3a ntpßaTa 6e-aerpHCTHMHa Tßopöa Ha HOBaTa öurrapcica jnrrepaTypa. FuicaHa b PyMiHiia, Ta e iryöJiHKyBaHa eaßa npe3 1861 r. ot r C. PaKOBCKH-1 bib b. ,„DyHaßCKH jieöea". B Hea ueHTpaaHO MacTO 3aeMa o6pa3i>T Ha pa3ica3BaHa; 3aeano c to-Ba H3m>KBa h TpariiHHara Hapoana ci>a6a npe3 CMyTHHTe aecenuieTHa b Kpaa Ha XVIII b. BinpeitH TparaHHHTe oöcToaTejiCTßa b pa3ica3a He ca Majnco h KOMHMHHTe HHiOHauHH npH TaxHOio omicaHHe. Co(j)poHHH npoaBaßa npoHHa h Kim caMHa ceöe ch, He ce cpaMyßa aa pa3ica3Ba cayiiai, b kohto ce Kpne, npe6pa>Kaa ce Karo aceHa, npeacTaßa ce 3a aeicap, 6opn ce OTiaaHO 3a jhihho-to ch oueaaßaHe. TKumue u cmpadauuR... e Baaaio h neHHO CBitaeTejiCTBO 3a enoxaTa, 3a Heitmta ayx Ha npejiOMa Messay XVIII h XIX b. EmiCKon Co(j)po-hhh BpanaHCKH ce pa3KpHBa b cbocto TKumue Karo hcthhckh ayxoßeH na-crap, roTOB h Ha HaH-acecroKH H3mtTaHiia, Karo yHirreji h HacraBHHK Ha Hapo-aa. TßopöaTa My e eaiia ot Haü-HCKpeHirre H3noßeaH b HOBaTa hh jnrrepaTy-pa, opHraHaima no ciatp^KaHHe, 3aMHCi>ji h H3ni>jiHeHHe. PoaeH b KoTeji, ynemtK Ha Co(J>pohhhT, npneMa MOHaineciai caH, noBene ot 20 r. e ynitTeji b Cbhihpb. C noMOiirra Ha EMairyHji BacKHaoBi« ctCTaBa Cjia-eenoöojizapcKoe demoeodcmeo (1835), npocipaHeH yneömtK, ctaip^Kam hjuioto HeoöxoaHMO 3Hamte 3a ToraßaiiiHOTO öiarapcKO yMHjnime (öyitßap, xphctoMaTHa ot pa3HOo6pa3HH TeKCTOße, rpaMaTHKa, apHTMeraKa, reorpa(])iia, hhcmobhhk). FIpe3 1839 r. b IJapnipaa 3acTaßa Haneno Ha 6op6aTa 3a irtpKOBHa He3aBHCHM0cr. HaKjießeraBaH ot rpmKHTe CBemeHHHii h aßa ntra 3aT0MßaH b Cßera ropa, Ktaero yMHpa. B MHoroöpoHHirre My nncMa ce orapHBar cthxotbophh otkich, b kohto c ÖHÖJieHCica CTHjiH3auHa ce H3rpa>Kaa o6pa3i>T Ha jinpHiecKH repon, kohto cipaaa 3a CBoaTa „ßceoKaaHHaa Eoara-piia" h ropemo Bapßa b npocßeraTa Karo ni>T 3a ocßo6o>KaeHHe Ha HOßeica h OrenecTBOTO. Haii-o(])opMeHHTe b >KaHpoBO OTHomeHHe tckctobc Ha Eo3Bejnt ca aHaji03irre: IlpoceeujeHuü eeponeeu, nojiyjuepuiaR Mamu BomapuR u cum Eojizapuu, Oöujocoöopno Mcajiocmuuü coeemoeamejiHuü paszoeop na juoöopoÖHume, JljoöonumHonpocmuü paszoeop (1841—1844) h HaH-3HaMHMOTO My ctMHHeHHe Tlnan öednux Mamu Eojizapuu (1845—1848). B Taxca-THpHHHO-H3o6jniHHTejTHHTe MOMeHra ce peayßaT c npocBemeHCKO-poMaH-THMHH BH3HH, OTMaaHHero, OKaHBaHeTO h caMooicaHBaHeTO ce npenjniTaT c poaoinoÖHBH HaaeJKan h npH3HBH 3a 6op6a. JIMTEPATYPA HA B"bJirAPCKOTO B"b3PA>KflAHE (ot cpeflaia Ha XIX b. ro OcBo6o>KAeHiieTo) Cnefl KpnMCKaTa Boinia (1853—1856) 6op6ara 3a HaijHOHajTHO ocboöcmk-fleHne HaMiipa H3pa3 b nocraraHeTO Ha ijipKOBHa HG3äBHCHMOCT (H. B03-BejraT, H. MaKapnonojiCKH, fl-p Ct. MßMaKOB, H. TepoB, T. BypMOB, n. P. CjiaBeiiKOB! h ap., 1860—1870), b tt>pcghgto Ha noflKpena ot nyacÖHHa (T C. PaKOBCKH-1, /JoöpofleTejTHaTa apy^oiHa, OaecicoTO HacToaTejiCTBo) h b noflroTOBKaTa Ha BiCTamie (r. C. PaKOBCKH-1-; JI. KapaBejiOBl, Xp. BoTeß! h BPLI,K, BacHji JleBCKH h BwpeniHaTa peBOJnouHOHHa opraHH3aijiiH, anocTOJnrre ot TiopreBCKHa KOMirreT, noflroTBHjra AnpnjiCKOTO BiCTaHne). PycKO-TypcKaTa ocBOÖOflirrejiHa Boräa (1877—1878)cjiara Kpaü Ha neTBeKOBHOTO OCMaHCKO BJiaflHHeCTBO. Cjiefl 1856 r. Pycna ryön h3kjhohhtgjthoto noKpoBirrejiCTBO Hafl xpncTH-aHCKoro HacejieHne b OcMäHCKaTa HMnepua h e npinryaeHa fla ce ci>CTe3aBa 3a TOBa c apyrirre BejniKH chjih. OpaHiina noflKpena KaTOjniHecKaTa nponaraima h yHiiaTCKOTO flBicKeHne (flparaH LJaHKOß); c (J)peHCKa noMom e ci>3flafleH Koneacw b BeöeK h jiHijeaT TanaTa capaii b LI,apHrpafl. AHTjnwaHH h aMepiiKäHUH opraHH3iipaT npeBeyi^aHeTO Ha BHÖjniirra (fl-p JloHr, n. P. CjiaBeiiKOB!) h OTKpiiBaT npoTecTaHTCKH yHHjiHina (HanpiiMep fleBiMecKirre b IljiOBflHB, Ct. 3aropa, Bhtojih h flp.), KaKTO h Haä-npecTiciCHOTO yneÖHO 3aBefleHHe b OcMäHCKaTa HMnepua — Poöipr kojic^k b LI,apHrpafl. Pyciia OTroBapa Ha npeaiOBHKaTejiCTBOTO, KaTO OTirycKa 3HaHHTejTHH cpeflCTBa 3a oöyneHHe Ha toacHH cjebühh b pyciai yneÖHH 3aBefleHHa; ot 1856 pß 1878 r. b Pycna ce oöynaBaT Hafl 700 öurrapn. Ilpe3 1869 r. b Bpanjia (PyittHiia) e ocHOBaHO BwirapcKOTO khh>kobho apyyKecTBO, öiflenjaTa AKafleMHa Ha HayKirre. CTpoirrejiCTBOTO Ha oönjecTBeHH crpaan boah po pa3BHTHe Ha apxirreK-TypaTa (c Haii-H3n>KHaT npeflCTaBirreji MaäcTop Kojibo OnneTo). B TBop-necTBOTO Ha xyflOyKHHiiirre (CTaHHCJiaß /JocneBCiai, XpHcro LI,OKeB, Teopra JlfOnoB, HnKOJiaii ITübjiobhh h ap.) HacTtiiBa npexofl or ijipKOBHa ktm CBeTCKa aaiBonHC. Ilpe3 40-Te roflHHH b Ofleca ynaT HaiiaeH TepoB, j\. ^IiiHTyjiOB!, Hb. EoropoB, E. MyreBa h ap. TyK ce noaBmaT nipBrne o6pa3ijH Ha HOBaTa 6m-rapcra noe3na. B cpeflaTa Ha 40-Te roaioni b IJapHrpaji Heo(J)HT Bo3Be-jniT nocTaßa HanajiOTO Ha 6op6aTa 3a He3aBHCHMa ijipKBa. CTOjnmaTa e mjicto Ha oönjecTBeHH h ayxoBHH 6op6n, HaijHOHajTHH CTpacra, jiirrepaTypeH yKHBOT (II. P. CjiaBeiiKOB!, H. MiixaüjiOBCKH, T. BypMOB, T. Hkohomob). OcoöeHO pa3BHTHe nojrynaBa ijapHrpaflCKHHT nepnoflHHeH nenar (cn. „JTioöocjiOBHe", cn. „BijirapcKH khh;khhh", b. „MaKeflOHHa", cn. „^torajinme", b. „raiifla", „LI,apHrpaflCKH BecTHHK"). B CTOJiimara ca H3aafleHH okojio 540 ÖMrapcKii khhth: neflaroripiecKa h oönjecTBeHa jra-TepaTypa, xy^oacecTBeHH TBopön. Ilpe3 1859 r. b MocKBa JlroöeH Kapa- BejIOß!, KOHCTäHTHH MnjiaflHHOB, PaÜKO )KH3HH(J)OB, Bacnji IlOnOBHH h flp. ocHOBaßaT BwrrapcKaTa apyaaiHa h cn. „EparcKH Tpyfl". B mockobckhh Kpw npoaMHcaBa pa3BHTneTO Ha noeTHnecKaTa TpaflniiHa n ce nocTaßa HanajiOTO Ha HOBara öwrrapcKa öejieTpncTHKa. IIIyivieH CTaßa m>p- MCTOPMMECK CBBMTMH KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE JIHTEPATyPEH nPOIIEC JIiucp aTypHii cpeflHma ii Kptroße POMilimUI.M PeajiH3i>M IlaTpHOTHHHa JlHTepaTypHa KpilTHKa BOCTeneHeH KyjnypeH neirop npe3 50-Te h 60-Te i-oahhh, 3a KoeTO 3acjry-ra HM3T h eMHrpaHTHTe ym-apini, nojiHini h flp. Caßa /JoöponjioflHH h He-roBirre yneHHini Jlpöpa Bohhhkob, Bacnji JlpyueB h Hjthh Ejteckob nojiaraT ocHOBirre Ha HOBaTa ÖMrapcKa flpaMa h rrpOAMacaBar pa3BirraeTO Ha 6ejieTpHCTHKaTa. B ByKypem, icaKTO h b flpyrn pyMMCKH rpaflOBe (Epanjia, rajiaii) TBopaT npeflCTaBHTejiH Ha pa3jniHHH HanpaBjieiniH, ho cjiefl ycTäHOBüBaHeTO Ha JIioöeH KapaBejiOB! (1869) e xapaKrepm rrpH-| ciCTBHeTO Ha peBOJnoHHOHHOTO KpHjio Ha eMHrpaiiiiaTa h no-HaTaraii-HOTO pa3BHTHe Ha npo3aTa, nyoJiHiniCTHKara h noe3iwTa b TBopnecTBOTO Ha KapaBejiOß! h XpncTO EoTeB-. PoMaHTH3MT>T e HanpaBjíeHHe, o6mp 3a eBponenciarre h oajncaHcioiTe jíHTepaTypn; 3a pa3JiHKa ot eBponeňcKHa poMairra3i>M b öwirapcKaTa jíHTepaTypa HHflHBHAyajniCTipiHaTa „6aňpoHOBCKa" jthhiw, Maicap h aa npHCiCTBa y MHoro aBTopn, OTCTwiBa rrpea HanHOHajTHO-poMaHTHHHHa h (J)OJTKjiopHO-poMaHTHHHHa naTOC. B nepnofla Ha npeoÖJiaflaBaiinia po-MaHTH3T>M (40-Te — 60-Te toahhh Ha XIX b.) b ÖMrapcKara jurrepa-Typa ce o(J)opMH MOflepHa acaHpoBa cncTeivia h npneMCTBeH jnrrepaTyp-HO-xyfloacecTBeH nponec. OnepTaBaT ce h ce yTBip^KflaBaT ocHOBHHTe acaHpoBe — noe3iw, npo3a h flpaMa. IloaBaBaT ce nweiracw h jnrrepa-TypHaTa KpnTHKa, nepHOflirriniaT nenaT 3anoHBa aa OTflejia noBene mh-cto Ha xyfloacecTBeHaTa jnrrepaTypa h Heifflirre npoÖJieMH, Ha khhi-oh3-AaBaHeTO h KyjnypaTa. B ÖMrapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa npexoflw ot pom3hth3t>m kbm peajnotM MHHaBa npe3 B3anMHOTO hm npoHHKBäHe h eflHOBpeMemio CMjecTByBaHe b eflHO h cmho flecerajierae h npn eflini h čim nncareji. ITpe3 70-Te roanini peajnoMbT B3eMa Bptx b noBecnne Ha KapaBejiOB4-(cjiefl mockobckiw My nepnoa), b HeroBaTa KpnTHKa h nyoJimniCTHKa, b YnenuK u ôjiazodemem Ha Bacnji JlpyueB-l, b caTHpaTa h ny6jnmncTHKaTa Ha n. P. CjiaBeŕÍKOB h Xp. EoTeB4- h b carapipiHaTa KOMefliw. HannoHajmaTa n^ea h naTpnoTHHHnaT naroc ca H3HanajTHO npncwini Ha Hflea BKpoýKfleHCicaTa jnrrepaTypa; ot 40-Te ro^nmi Ha XIX b. Hacerae Te ce H3pa3aBaT bt>b (jropMirre h ct>c cpeacTBaTa Ha poMaHTH3Ma. HfleaTa 3a cboöoahoto OTenecTBO h repoaT 6yirroBHHK (K)HaK, xaňflyTHH, xii) ctneTaBam pom3hthhhoto mpaHOĎopnecTBO c HaijHOHajTHOOCBo6oflHTeji-HHa Hfleaji Ha enoxaTa, xapaKrepronpaT jiHTepaTypaTa Ha peBOjnonnoHHHa pom3hth3t>m, nneTO Hanajio h Kpan öejieacaT flBe H3KjnoHHTejthh jthhhocth — r. C. PaKOBCKH-1 h Xp. EoreB. B Kpaa Ha 70-Te ro^nmi, b HaBenepneTO Ha PycKO-TypcKaTa BOHHa, ÖMrapcKaTa BMpojKfleHCica jnrrepaTypa nprneacaBa rorpaaeHa acaHpoBa CHCTeMa c icjiacnHecioi o6pa3nn bt>b Bceiai acaHp (6e3 poMaHa). JTHTepaTypHaTa KpnTHKa npe3 70-Te roflinni npeaaiBaBa pa3HBeT. IlyöJiHKyBaT ce CTaran, peneronn, ot3hbh, 6ejie;KKH, boast ce pa3ropemeHH cnopoBe. Karo KpnTnnn ce roaBaBaT Haií-H3Ti>KHaTHTe nncaTejín: ľl. P. CjiaBeiÍKOB--, B. JlpyusBHl, J\. Bohhhkob-1, JI. KapaBejiOBl, Xp. Eotcb! ... OTKpoaBaT ce h iryonHKaHinrre Ha mpBHa npo(J)ecHOHajieH jimepaTypeH kphthkHerno EoHneB (1839—1878). Jlp 40-Te roflHHH bt>b Bi>3pOyKfleHCKaTa jimepaTypa ce irpaBaT noeTHHHH OnHTH, äBTOpHTe HM Ca H3BeCTHH KaTO „nipBH CTHXOTBOpHH1''. JJflMWTVp rioncKH (Oda sa CocppoHuü, 1813), Heo(J)HT Phjickh, Heo(J)HT Eo3Bejni, TeoprH rieniaKOB (Oda, 1837, h Pudanue na cmepmu, 1839, sa lOpuü Benejiun), HoBaH Ctoíihobhh, HaňfleH HoBaHOBHH, XpncTOflyji Koctobhh CHHäH-HHKOJlOB, ÜBaH EOTOpOB, KOHCTäHTHH OrHaHOBHH, AHaCTaC Kh- nHjiOBCKH h flp. ripe3 50-Te roflHHH no CTpaHniinre Ha nenara ce noaBaBa t. Hap. „flacKajiCKa noe3na": HopflaH Xa/r>KHKOHCTaHTHHOB — Jimmor, CTe(J)aH H3BopcKH, HHKOJia Kacanciai, Amcmc rpaHHTCKH, no-Ki>CHO KpiCTBO riHrnypKa, Ahtoh OpaHra h flp. Hcthhckoto Hanajio Ha HOBOÖMrapcKaTa noe3Ha ce nocTaßa b Ofleciaia Kpw c noeM3Ta Ha HaňfleH TepoB (1823—1900) Cmoxn u Pada (1845), H3flT>pyKaHa b öajiaflHHeH caHTHMeHTaimo-poMaHTHHeH ayx, h c mpBHTe CTHXOTBOpeHHa Ha /lOÖpH M^HHTyjIOB, nOCTaBHJl OCHOBHTe Ha peBOJTfO- ijHOHHO-npH3HBHOTO HanpaBjíeHHe b ÖMrapcKHH poMäHTH3T>M. KaTO pe-BOjnoijHOHHO OTKpoBeHHe e nocpeniHaTa noeMaTa Ha T. C. PaKOBCKHH 1 ľopcKu mníHUK (1858). E noe3iiHTa HaBjni3aT PaňKO )Khh3h([)ob (1839— 1867) c HoeoóhJizapcKa côupxa (1863) h noeMaTa Kbpeaea Koiuy-jiM (1870); Tpnrop IlipjiHHeB (1830—1893) c noeMHTe Cepda-pum (1860) h CKendepôeu (1861), HamicaHH Ha rpiirKH; HnKOJia Ko3-jieB (1824—1902) c noeMaTa Hepen apart u xaüdym Cudep (1868); JI. KapaBejiOB4-, J\. BejniKcnH, öpara MnjiaflHHOBn n flp. BipxoBeTe Ha BMpOyKfleHCKaTa noe3na ca b TBopnecTBOTO Ha ľl. P. CjiaBenKOBA n Ha Xp. EoreB4-. ľlpe3 nocjieflHnre roflnra npefln OcBOÖOyK/ieHHeTO Bee noBene ce Hajiara hmcto Ha eflHH Mjiafl noeT — HBaH Ba30B-l. CraxocönpioiTe Ilpsmopeif u zycjia (1876) h Thzume Ha EhJizapuM (1877) HOCaT 6ejie3H Ha CBeaco h opHrHHajTHO flapoBaHHe, oijeHeHO h noflKpeneHO ot Bacnji J^pyMeB-1 h JI. KapaBejiOB-1- ^iHTaTejiCKHaT BKyc b cpeaaTa Ha XIX b. ce (J)opMHpa ÖJiaroflapeHne Ha npeBOflHaTa öeneTpHCTinca, BnocjieflCTBHe h npe3 „noÔMrapaBaHe" Ha caH-THMeHrajiHH h poMairraHHH neTHBa. 3a jnojiKa Ha HOBaTa öwrrapcKa 6e-jieTpncTHKa ce CMirra mockobcioiht jnrrepaTypeH Kptr: OmpueoK uspac-CKasoe Moeü mamepu. EloesOKa e euHozpadnuK (ôojizapcKaM no-eecrm,) (1859) ot BacHjiaKH ľlonoBHH (1832—1897), pa3Ka3w Elpouiem-6a (1860) ot PaňKO )Khh3h(|)ob, pa3Ka3w AmaMOH ôojizapcKux pasôou-HUKoe (1860), no-Ki>CHO H3flafleH Ha ÖMrapcioi nofl 3arjiaBHe Boüeoda, ot JIioöeH KapaBejiOBX. 3a pa3jniKa ot Te3H tbop6h, HamicaHH Ha pyciai h npeflHafflaHeHH 3a pycKa nyojimca, noeecmma Hemacmna cfiaMUJiun ot Bacnji JIpyMee-1, noaBHjia ce npe3 cimaTa 1860 r. b HapirrpaflCKOTO cnncaHne „EwrrapcKH RHraomn", e HaconeHa kt>m ÖMrapcKaTa nyöjniKa, nocpernHaTa e MHoro floöpe h OKa3Ba Haň-rojiHMO BjinaHne Bipxy jniTepaTypHHH npoijec; TOBa e rrpHHHHara hmchho Ta fla 6i>fle CMirraHa 3a Hanajio Ha HOBaTa ÖMrapcKa öejieTpHCTHKa. Ha noflOÖeH ycnex no-KT>CHO ce pa/jBa HszyóeHa CmaHKa (1865) Ha Hjnia Ejn>CKOB4. B pa3BirraeTO ch oejieTpncTHKaTa ce flBraai ot caHTHMeHrajiHO-poMaHTHHHO noBecTBOBaHHe c (J)parMeHTapeH crpoexc h eTHorpat|)CKH OTMOHeraa kt>m peajnicraHHa h coijHajiHO-KpHTHHHa npo3a, HHHTO m>pBH KjiacHHecKH o6pa3Hji ca b TBopnecTBoro Ha JIioöeH KapaBejiOB. Hanajio h pa3BiiTiie Ha BuirapcKaTa llOC'illil Hanajio Ha xyflOHcecTBeHaTa npo3a ABTOPH HTBOPEH Teoprii Ctohkob PaKOBCKH (1821—1867) Cii3flaBaHe Ha ritpBHTe TeaTpanHH npeflCTaBjieHM ce H3Hacjrr ot noncKH h yHrapciai HauHOHaiiHaTa eMnrpaHTH. yHHTenjrr CaBa ^oSponnoflHH opraHH3npa b LUyMeH npe3 flpaivia 1856 r. ntpBOTO 6i>jirapcKO TeaTpajiHO npeflCTaBjieHne (nnecaTa „MHxaji MnniKoefl"). HeroBHTe yHeHnnn JlpQ^a BohhhkobX h Bacnn ,DpyMeBA CTaBaT poflOHaHajiHHiiH Ha opHrHHajmara 6i>jirapcKa flpawa, Kara Bohhh-Koe-1 e ocHOBonojioaojHK Ha TeaTpanHOTO fleno, peaaicbop, TeoperaK h KpirrHK, aBTop Ha mpBaTa xyfloacecTBeHO ntjiHoneHHa 6i>jirapcKa KOMe-flM, a B. ,DpyMeBA cMflaBa HaH-flo6para spaMa ot npefloCBo6o>KfleHCKM nepnofl — MeauKy, ydueutm uaAceuM I (1872). Q>6n (Cam) Ctohkob nonoBira, pofleH b KoTen, ynn b KapnoBO h b LLapHr-pafl. JKhbotkt My e H3ni>jiHeH c npnKjnoHeHM h TpecKaBa peBomonnoHHa fleraocT. PaKOBCKH nocTaBJi HanajiOTO Ha opraHH3np3hoto peBomonnoHHO flBiraceHHe h rnefla Ha jniTepaTypHOTO TBopnecTBO Karo Ha optacne b 6op6aTa c nopo6HTejw. TaKtB e noflxoflw My h b HapoflOBeflCKara flenHOcr. GrpeMn ce fla flOKaace flpeBHOcrra h 6oraTCTBOTO Ha 6i>jirapcKOTO HCTopiraecKO h KyjrrypHO MHHajio. Ci>3flaBa h»koh ot HaH-3HaHHMHTe Bi>3po>KfleHCKH ne-pnoflHHHH H3flHHa: „Bi>jirapcKa flHeBHHiia" (1857), „,DyHaBCKH ne6efl" (1860—1961), „ByflyniHOCT" (1864) h „BpaHHTeji" (1864). Ciamme My HMaT eTanHO 3HaHeHne 3a GtnrapcKara >KypHajiHCTHKa h nyGnnnncTHKa h nepTaaT njuiocTHa HannoHajma imeonorM. B MeMoapHaTa TBop6a HenoeuneH dtjizapuu onncBa npeaaiBjmaHHjrra ch b napnrpaflCKHTe ti>m-Hnnn. IloeTHHHOTO My TBopnecTBO BKjnoHBa IJocmtn (juaptu) dtjizap-ckuu (1855), HanpaaHO omnwue omffaKUM 10-zo johum 1956z., cthxotbo-peHHjrra ot cdopuuxa IlpedeecmHUK Fopcxazo ntmuuKa (1856) —Omjiwue om EtJizapuM eduazo paanajieuazo podomo6uu dtjizapuua e nem 1853, CnoMen MecmopojtcdeHiie h flp. Han-rojraMaTa noeTir-ma TBop6a Ha PaKOBCKH e noeMHTa Fopcmi ntmuuK (1857) — nnipoKa enmecKa KapraHa Ha GtnrapcKiw >khbot ot cpe^gra Ha XIX b., b flyxa Ha HaiiHOHajmara peBomonnoHHa poMaHTHKa, mpBara 6i>jirapcKa peBomonnoHHa noeMa. BwipeKn apxainnnw ch e3HK, pe3y]rraT ot poMamrr-fflara (JwiojiorHHecKa KOHnennra Ha aKropa, noeMaTa e BMnpneMaHa BMTopaceHO ot cbBpeMeHHHinrre My. PofleH b CjiHBeH, ynn b TtpHOBO h ByKypenj, nocne b Ofleca, KtfleTO e nacT ot Kptra flapoBirrn 6i>jirapcKH cryfleHTH. Pa6o™ Kara yHirreji b Cjih-BeH. Abtop e Ha flBafleceTHHa craxoTBopeHM: ejiernn (Cmapa mcmkci ce npoupea etc cuua cu, ManpoeodsiK ua eduozo dtjizapuua us Odeca, Kumxa om BanKciHa, HCTopnHecKH (BtanoMUHaHue, fleciMa npusimejiu) h peBO-jiK>HHOHHO-npH3HBHH (Cmauu, cmcmu, joHctK 6cijikcihcku, K~bde cu, esipua mu mo6oe uapodua, Bsimtp euu, Eojikgh cmeue). CraxoTBopeHHirra My ctfltpacaT o6pa3H h mothbh, eM6neMaTHHHn 3a BMpaacflaHeTO, h ca no-nynapHH Kara peBOjnonnoHHn necHH. PofleH b LUyMeH, yneHHK Ha H3BecTHM yHirreji h khh>kobhhk CaBa J\o6-BacHji 3,pyivieB ponnoflHn. H3nHTan e BjinaHne h ot r. C. PaKOBCKH?. Ilpe3 1860 r. b (1841—1901) cn. „Bt]irapcKH khh>khiih" ny6nHKyBa ntpBaTa opnrHHajiHa 6i>]irapcKa noBecT Heuiacmua (fioMunux, H3o6pa3Jmama TparnnHHa >khbot Ha 6i>]i-rapHHa. noBecrra cneflBa H3BecTHH o6pa3iiH ga ToraBaniHaTa eBponencKa ceH3ainiOHHO-caHTHMeHTajTHa jniTepaTypa — HoaceH Cio („Ckhthhki>t eB-penH"), BepHapfleH abo Ceirr rinep („riaBe]i h BHpraHra"), KaKTO h hjocoh 3,o6pn HHHTyjlOB (1823—1886) pycKH o6pa3iiH — Kara noBecrra „PanHa, KoponeBa 6onrapcKaa" Ha Bejrr-MaH. Ilpe3 1864 r. ny6nHKyBa Hacrn ot BTopaTa ch TBop6a Yneuux u 6nazodemenu, kojtto ocraBa HeflOBtpnieHa. B. 3PYMeB HMa 3acnyrH h 3a pa3BHTneTO Ha KpHTHKaTa npe3 Bi>3pa>KflaHeTO. Ton e eflHH ot ocHOBaTejnrre h peflaKTopnTe Ha „riepHOflHHecKOTO cnncaHHe" (1870), opraH Ha CMflafleHOTO roflHHa npeflH TOBa BtnrapcKO khmcobho flpyacecTBO (flHec BAH). HanycKa paro jiHTepaTypHOTO none n ce OTflaBa Ha iitpKOBHa n nonHTHnecKa fleiraocT Kara enncKon (KjniMeHT). nnecara Ha B. .DpyMeB MeauKy, ydueutm uaAcem I (1872) e ntpBaTa xy-floacecTBeHO 3pajia 6i>]irapcKa flpaMa. Cnopefl hjocoh cnoMeHn ra e HanncaHa Karo npeflH3BHKaTejiCTBO ki>m HCTopnHecKHTe flpaMn Ha J\. BohhhkobT b fleHCTBHjrra Ha HBaHKO. 30JiaB)I ce H3BecTHO Bnnmne ot A. C. IlyniKHH („Bopnc ToflyHOB") n LUeKcnnp („OTejio"). IlnecaTa e npneia BMTopaceHO ot BMproKfleHCKara nHTeparypHa KpnTHKa (n. P. Cna-BenKOB4-, JI. KapaBenoBHl). Te BiDKflar b Hea hcthhcko Hanano Ha 6i>jirapcKOTO xyfloacecTBeHO cjiobo, „6yKBaTa A" b 6i>]irapcKaTa nnTepaTypa. PofleH b Kjnicypa, cues 1860 r. ynn n pa6oTn b LUyMeH. Eahh ot poflOHa- Hjihh Bjiickob HajTHHinrre Ha opnrnHajiHaTa 6i>]irapcKa 6eneTpncTHKa. LIoBecTn: Mazydeua (1839_1913) Cmauxa (1864), 3jionecma KptcmuuKa (1870), IIumh 6au{a, ydueu ua deuama cu (1879—1880) n flp. Mazydeua Cmauxa e oco6eHO nonynapHa npe3 Bi>3pa>KflaHeTO. LIoBecTByBarenHnaT MaHnep e cairrHMeHTaji-HO-poMaHTHHeH, c yBjieKaTeneH pa3Ka3, >khb e3HK n kojiophthh 6htobh h npnpOflHH KapTHHH. OcHOBononoacHHK Ha 6i>jirapcKM TeaTtp n flpaMa. PofleH b LUyMeH. Pa6oTn ^oSpn b LUyMeH, Bpanna n flp. HcropnHecKH flpaMn: Cmosm eoiieoda (1866), Patina Bohhhkob Khmzuhm (1866), noKptuieuue ua YlpecjiaecKuti deop (1868), Benucnaea, (1833_1878) dhjizapcxa khmzuhm (1870), BhsuapMeanemo Ha KpyAia Cmpaui-nuti (1871) n Ap. BwipeKH flpaMaTyprHHHHTe cn HeflOCTarhnn Te ca npnera BMTopaceHO ot ny6nHKaTa n nocTaBjrr ocHOBaTa Ha 6i>]irapcKaTa HCTopnHecKa flpaMaTyprna. BnTOBO-peajincTHHHa flpaMa ffuMauKa, uuu BMpna npteuuHCKa juodoe (b ptKonnc). KoMeflnn: JPop6adjKUMma, noeepo-netiueaue ua mypnuua (1876, no PaKOBCKH), 77o ueeojiM doxmop (1862, 1884, no Monnep), 0aHmaKcaHutiyueH (1870, He e 3ana3eHa). Ha npn3HaHne n fltntr ciieHnneH >khbot ce paflBa Kpueopaadpauama uueujiuaaum (1871), ntpBaTa ApaMaTyprnHHO 3pajia 6i>]irapcKa KOMeflM. 06njaTa 3a 6ajncaHCKHTe KOMeflnorpa(|)HH TeMa 3a noflpaacaHneTO Ha ny>KflOTO n MOflHirre yBjieHeHra e HHTepnpeTnpaHa opnrnHajiHO b eflHa carnpHHHa KOMeflna Ha HpaBHTe c xapaKTepHn TnnoBe, 3pejinniHn CHTyannH n ocTpoyMeH flnanor, b kojtto e ocraiecTBeH npexofl ot poMaHTHHHa ki>m peajincTHHHa noeTHKa. J\. Bohhhkob e n ni>pBM,T 6i>]irapcKH TeaTpaneH TeoperaK n kphthk etc co6cTBeHn cxBanjaHM 3a HaiinoHajiHM TeaTtp. PofleH b Ti>phobo, ynn b poflHiw cn rpafl n b Cbhiiiob, caMOo6pa30Ba ce. UeTKO PanoB ynirren b Ti>phobo, CeBjnieBO, JIOBen, Bpaija, BepKOBnija, TpaBHa, Ttpro- CjiaBeiiKOB Bnnje. Ot 1864 r. e b U,apnrpafl, KifleTO H3flaBa b. „ranfla" (1863—1867), b. (1828_1895) „MaKeflOHHa" (1866—1872), ntpBOTO aceHCKO cnncaHne „Py>KH- ua" (1871), mpBOTO AeTCKO cnncaHne „rfaejnma" (1871), cn. „MHTanH-me" (1872—1873), ,.3BMHaTHH rjTyivwo" (1873), „IIJyToni" (1873— 1874), „KocTypKa" (1874). y^iacTBa b npeBOfla Ha BHĎjniirra. Aktubch ^eeii Ha L(apHrpaflCKHa Kptr h irbpkobHaTa 6op6a. Ilpe3 1874 r. b Oaphh oc-HOBaBaĎMrapcKaniMHa3iw, HaioieBeTeHeiie apecryBaH; CTaBayHHTeji b Crapa 3aropa, ynacTBa b OcBOĎOflHTejiHaTa Boinia (1877—1878). Cjiea OcBOĎCMKfleHiieTO e flenyraT b yHpeflirrejiHOTO ctĎpamie (1879), H3pa6o-. thjio TipHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTyniiH, flenyTar bIh IIOHC h bm BHC (1887),' npeflceflaTen Ha II OHC (1880), Mionicrap Ha npocBeTaTa h Ha Bwpeni-Hirre paĎora (1880—1881, 1884—1885). H3flaTeji h peaaKrop Ha opra-Hirre Ha JMÍepajiHaTa napraa „IJ,ejiOKynHa EMrapna" (1879), „He3aBH-chmoct" (1880—1883), „TipHOBCKa KOHCTHTyniia" (1884), „HcTHHa" (1886), „npaBfla" (1888). CjiaBGÍÍKOB e micareji, (])Hjiojior, (JiojiKjiopiíCT, eTHorpaiJ), connojior, >Kyp-HajníCT, peflaKTop h H3flaTeji. Toň e emm ot CTpoirrejiHTe Ha crapeMeHHiw SijirapcKii £3hk, yHHBepcanHa jthhhoct, TBopii bbb bcittkh aampoBe u oim-ueTBopaBa HHjiaTa Bi>3po>KAeHCKa enoxa — ot naHCiriíT h CoKHiiK e Ha ĎuirapcKaTa carapa, Ha fleTCKO-MHOine-CKaTa jnrrepaTypa, Ha jnoĎOBHaTa h neň3a>KHaTa noe3iia. Ilo3HaBa CTapaTa ĎMrapcKa rancKHHHa; hcthhckh flyxoBeH npeBpaT y Hero npeflH3BHKBa „HcTopna cjiaBaHOĎMrapcKa". HsnirrBa bjthíihhgto h Ha (J)OJiKjiopa, hhhto pGBHOCTGH ClĎHpaH H KOMeHTaTOp e flO KpaH Ha yKHBOTa CH. ilipBHTe My tbop6h ca npeBOflHH h noflpaacaTejiHn; mime h poMaHTirTHH HCTopímecKii h peBomoHHOHHH CTHxoTBopeHHH h noeMii. LLIirpoKO nonyjiapeH e c jnoĎOBHiue CTHxoTBopefflia, kohto 3aMecTBaT rp-binarre epoTHHHH necHH. Bce no-HyBCTBirrejieH CTaBa h tom coinrajrHirre npoĎJieMH h HenpaBflH. CaTHpnHHH CTHxoTBopeHHH, KaTO IJecen na napmícama mu, OnctK cenin, MoMne, yjua cu cbóepii, K3KT0 h peflHija 6acHH h emrrpaMii, npe3 peajniCTHHHOTO H3o6pa>KeHHe Ha oĎmecTBeHiw ;khbot yrBi>p;KziaBaT peajniCTHHHaTa jihhiw bt>b Bi>3po>K3eHCKaTa jnrreparypa. Bptx b jnipnicaTa Ha CjiaBGÍÍKOB, CBip3aHa c yHacraeTO h pa30iapoBaHHaTa My ot oĎmecTBeHirre 6op6n, ca ejiermiTe He neu.mi ce (1870) viMe-cmoKocmma mu ce cjiomu (1873). B thx HaMiipa H3pa3 BMpeuiHaTa Apa-Ma Ha oĎiijecTBeHHKa b c6jn.ci.Ka My c He3aHHTepecoBaHOCTra h jrpeĎHa-BaTa KopncT Ha mho3hhctboto. Marap h pasonapoBaH, toh HaMirpa chjth fla npeBMMorHe ce6e ch npeji, jnmeTO Ha CTpaAamieTO Ha CBoa Hapofl. B yKecmoKocmma mu ce cjiomu e nocTHraaTO eflHHCTBO Ha npeflejmaTa H3-noBeflHOCT c xyflOJKecTBeHara npocTOTa Ha noeTimecKiia H3K33. Haň-HeHeHa h ao flHec e noeMaTa Ha CjiaBeňKOB Hseop^m na Eenonoza-ma (1873), B KOHTO Ca BIIJICTCHH B OpraHHHHO nOCTHHCCKO eflHHCTBO HapOflHOTO npeflamie, (J)ojikjiophhht jthph3i>m, Haň-HHCT narpHora3i>M h BMTopr ot HenpeKjiOHHaTa ĎwirapcKa bojm. Pa3JiHHHH HHTepnpeTaTopn npeflCTaBHT OCHOBHHH KOH(J)JIHKT KaTO CĎjTbClK MKKfly pOflHO H HyyKflO, Me^Ty naT- pnapxajiHO-poflOBO h MOflepHO, mokjtn' jnpmocTra c Heifflara CBOĎOflHa bojw H TpaflimHHTa Ha nOAHHHCHHCTO, H B nO-HIIipOK (J)HJIOCO(|)CKH CMHCM — Mea^jry „cBeTjiaTa" crpaHa Ha HHflHBim>ajiHOTO ďhthc ck crpeMeaca kt>m jho6ob h macTHC h „TtMHaTa" ciflĎa c HeiÍHaTa noryĎBama hch3b£cthoct. PoaeH b KonpHBiujma. Yhh b poahim ch rpaa h b rpi.iiKaTa rHMHa3iw b JIioSeH IljiOBflHB. Oř 1857 r. e b MocKBa, kiacto 6i.p30 ce c6jra>KaBa c bhahh hh- KapaBcnoB TejieKTyajniH h nojnramH, KaKTO 11 c ĎMrapcKirre CTyfleHTH H. BoHneB, K. (1834—1879) MHjiaAHHOB,?. )Khh3h([)ob, B. nonoBira 11 flp.; 3aeflHO ci>3flaBaT MocKOBCKa ĎMrapcKa flpyaaiHa, kohto H3flaBa cn. „BpaTCKii Tpyfl" (1860). B MocKBa ny6jiiiKyBa mpBirre ch ĎejieTpiCTiMHH tbop6h, craxoTBopeHiia, (J)ojikjiophh MaTepiiajni (nanummuKu uapoduozo 6uma áojizap). Ylo BpeMe Ha npecToa ch b CípĎiia (1867—1869) oĎinyBa c HaniiOHajiHOTO flBicKeHiie OMjiaflinia, mnne pa3Ka3ii, noBecra 11 craTini Ha cptí)CKn e3HK, apecTyBaH e 11 jieaai cefleM Meceija b 3aTBop. Ot eceirra Ha 1869 r. ce ycTaHOBaBa b Byicypem; c6jncicaBa ce c B. JleBCKii, orjiaBaBa peBOjnoiniOHHOTO Kpiijio Ha ĎMrapcicaTa eMurpaiiiia (BPLI,K), H3flaBa b. „CBOĎOfla" (1869—1873) 11 „He3aBHCiiMOCT" (1873—1874), b cniiCBaHeTO Ha kohto ynacraa 11 Xp. BoTeBl. B Kpaa Ha 1874 r. ce orrerjiH ot peBOjnoijHOHHOTO flBioKeHiie: ot 1875 r. H3aaBa cn. „3HaHiie": cjiea OcBOĎoayjeHHeTO npoflijrasiBa K>jrnpHaTa ch aeiÍHOCT, npeK-bCHaTa ot npe>KfleBpeMeHHaTa My cmt>pt. JlioĎeH KapaBejiOB e eflHa ot eMQjieMaTHMHHTe (piirypu Ha Bi>3pa>KaaHeTO c bchmkh h3hbh Ha CBOírra jniHHOCT KaTO peBOjnoijHOHep 11 o6mecTBeHHK, peaaKTop, nyĎjniniíCT, HWTeji; c ijajiocTHaTa ch TBopnecica AeňHOCT Káro noeT, ĎejieTpiicr, jnírepaTypeH kphthk, (J)ojikjiophct, eTHOJior, MeMoapiiCT. noe3HHTa My (naTpHOTipma, caTHpipma, ejierirTOO-HOCTajinpma) He ĎJiecra c nocTicKeHHHTa Ha ĎejieTpiiCTiiKaTa 11 n>'6jiHiiHCTHKaTa. Haň-nonyjiapHOTO My CTiixoTBopemie eAy6aBa cu, mor zopo..., nopiceHO c poMaHTHKa 11 Ttra no OTMHHajiaTa MjiaflOCT. TBopnecTBOTO My ce pa3nie;Kfla cnopefl nepnoflin-e, b kohto e ci>3flafleHO (pycKH, cpiĎCKH, pyMbHCKH), hjth cnopefl acaHpa H TeMaraKara Ha npoH3BefleHiiHTa: tbopďh, CBT>p3aHH c poĎCKirre roflimn Ha ĎMrapine — Boůeoda, ffouno, MbneuuK, Heda, Typem nauia, Cupomo ce.Meucmeo, lilo e zpsa, UJe nu My ce 6hpne. Heno; ďhtobh noBecra h pa3Ka3ii — EhJizapu om emapo epeMe, Cnaea. Číňana, MctMunomo demenue, r.iaevo; npoH3BefleHiia eic conjiajmii mothbh —Ile mu xpuea cydóuna, HaKasao ue 6oz, Xadotcu Hmo, H3 Mpmeoz do.wa. Eozamumi cupoMax, JJeuama ne npiuiimam na 6au{ume cu, Ha nyjKÓ zpoó 6e3 cun3u tijiauam; HCTopiinecKH noBecTH — TpiijToriiaTa OmMtmenue, Hocne omMbiifeHue, TyKa My e Kpanm. Pa3rpaHipiaBaHeT0 Me>Ksy rpyniiTe e ycjiOBHO, b Tax ca BKJIÍOHeHH KaKTO ĎejieTpHCTHHHH, TaKa H MeMOapHH TBOpĎH. OĎlHflTa TeHfleHiina e ot npeBec Ha ĎirrooniicaTejiCKaTa h Hapo-flOBeflCKaTa CTpya b MOCKOBCKHH nepHOfl KIM 3aCHJieHa COUIiajTHa KpíITHHHOCT B CpiĎCKHH H pyM-bHCKHH. C ĎejieTpncTHHHOTO TBopnecTBo Ha KapaBejiOB b ĎMrapcicaTa jnrrepaTypa ce yrBipyKflaBa peajiH3MbT b KjiacHHecioiTe My (|)opMn, no3H3TH ot eBponeňcKaTa h pycicaTa jnrrepaTypa. KapaBejiOB e mpBOMaňcTop Ha ĎMrapcKara nojnrrHHecKa nyĎjniijHCTHKa, epyflirpaH h njioflOBirr jnírepaTypeH Kpirnnc, (J)ojikjiophct h HapoflOBefl (SanucKu sa Ebjízapux u ób.izapume): c npoH3BefleHH)rra ot „cpiĎCKim" ch nepnofl flonpnHaca 3a pa3BirraeTO Ha peajiHCTipmoTO HanpaBjíeHiie b cpiĎCKara jniTepaTypa. Cpea ĎejieTpHCTHHHirre tbopďh Ha KapaBejiOB 6e3cnopHO nipBO mjicto 3aeMa noBecira Ebjízapu om emapo epeMe (Ha pvckh — 1867, Ha 6i>ji-rapcKii — 1872). B Hea Haň-m>jiHO h BflixHOBeHO, c MHoro noe3na h XpiiCTO BoTeB (1847/48—1876) H36yxBaHe Ha ßuirapcKHH remiü HOCTajiriiH ca H3o6pa3eHH ÖMrapcKiiHT 6ht, poflHOTO orHHme, rrpHpo-flaTa, HapoflHirre necHH h npeflamia, naTpiiapxajiHiLaT ;khbot b CTapaTa KorrpHBinjina. OcHOBHine repon flüflo JlnöeH h xaflaai reino, oöpHcyBami c flOÖpoflynieH xyMop, ca ce npeBtpHajiH b nocjiOBipnni jiHTepaTypHH o6pa3H. nepHneTHirre Ha tuxhoto CKapBaHe h cfloöpaßaHe, poMaH-Tipmara jhoöob Ha flenara hm riaBjiHH h Jlnjia h 6HTOBO-eTHorpa(|)CKHHT (J)OH o6pa3yBaT noBecTByBaTejiHaTa TtKäH Ha eflHa ot ntpBHTe KjiacHne-CKH TBopÖH Ha ÖMrapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa, c tojihmo BjinaHHe Btpxy 6e- JlGTpHCTHHHaTa TpaflHHIia. flpyraTa CMirraHa 3a KjiaciwecKa KapaBejiOBa noBecT MamuHomo dememje (1875) e nacT ot TpHjioriiaTa Tpu xapmimu om ôhJizapcKUM otcueom (3aeflHO c H38~bHpedeH podojuoôeif ullpozpecucm). B Hea He3Jio6jiHBHaT xyMop OTCTMBa npefl campirrHOTO rpoTecKOBO H3o6paaceHHe. ITponafla- HeTO Ha HOpÖaflyKHHCKHH CHH Hhkojiho H3pa3HBa KapaBejIOBHH BMrjiefl 3a Bpeflara ot 6e3flyxoBHOTO ctmecTByBaHe, 3a napa3HTH3Ma h coiniajTHaTa 6e3nepcneKTHBHOCT Ha HopöaflmrncTBoro. PofleH b Kajio(J)ep, chh Ha h3B6Cthhh ywreji h khiekobhhk Eotbo IIgtkob. Yhh b KapjiOBO h Kajio(J)ep, ot 1863 r. b rHMHa3Ha b Ofleca, OTKbfleTO e H3KjTfOHGH. CaMOo6pa30Ba ce, noAilipaca bpkkh c pycKH peBOjrtOHHOHepH. Hhkojiko Mečena e ywreji b ÖMrapcKoro ceno 3aflyHaeBKa (Eecapaöiia). ripe3 1867 r. ce 3aBpT>ma b Kajio(J)ep, 3a fla 3aMecTH b yHnjinmeTO öojthhh ch 6ama; b fleHa Ha KiipHji h MeTOflnň irpoH3Haca öynroBHa pen h e rrpHHyaeH fla eMHrpnpa b PyMiHiia. )KHBee cpefl xwnoBeTe b Bpan-jia (1867—1868), b ByKypem, (1868—1869) ce c6jncKaBa c JleBCKH. Ilpe3 1869—1872 r. e ynmeji b pa3JnrTHH rpaflOBe, noMara Ha pycioi pe-BOJTfoiiHOHepH, H3flaBa b. „JiyMa Ha ÖMrapciorre eMHrpairra", ot kohto H3JiH3aT 5 6p. Ot iohh 1872 r. ce ycTaHOBaBa b ByKypem, 6jih3t>k ct>t-pyflHHK e Ha JI. KapaBejiOBT h b. „Cßoöofla" h „He3aBHCHMOCT", H3flaBa b. „ByflHjiHHK" (1873,H3JiH3aT3 6p.)HB. „3HaMe" (1874—1875). C ny6-jiHHHCTHKaTa ch 3aeMa BOflenjo MHCTO cpefl paflHKajTHOTO Kpnjio Ha ejvnir-paijHHTa; HjieH e Ha BPIJK (1874—1875). Ilpe3 1875 r. rojnoa KHraocaTa IlecHU u cmuxomeopeHUM om Eom~boea u CmaMÔojioea. Cjiefl H3ÔyxBäHeTO Ha AnpHjiCKOTO BtCTamie opraHH3npa neTa ot 200 flynni, kohto ce KaHBaT Ha Kopaöa „PafleHiai" ot pasrnrnni irpHCTaHHma, 3aBjiaflHBar Kopaöa h cjTH3aT Ha ÖMrapcKHH 6par npn Ko3JiOflyň Ha 17 Maň 1876 r. Hukojtko flHH neTara boah TeaacH cpaaceHiiH c TypcKaTa BoňcKa h ce npiiflBicKBa kbm BpanaHCKHa BajrecaH. Ha 20 Maň (2 kihh) 1876 r. BoTeB 3arHBa nofl Bptx KaMapaTa b MecTHOcrca HojTKOBHna. Cnopefl KjiacHHecKOTO onpeflejiemie Ha Teo MnjieB! Xp. BoTeB e „ITbp-BOTO cnoHTäHHO H30yxBaHe, npojieTHHirr bhxt>p Ha npenHcreHiia b ropHH-jiOTO Ha poöcTBOTO ÖMrapcKH flyx. Toň e HenocpeflHO OTpaaceHHe na pa-coeuM zemiií... BipxoBHa eMaHaijHa Ha ÖMrapcioia Hapofl Karo paca." BoTeB e aBTop Ha flBafleceT craxoTBopeHHa, kohto H3flnraT ÖMrapcKaTa jrtrpHKa flo paBHHmeTO Ha CBeTOBHirre o6pa3ijH. JlaiŕrMOTHBw h Haň-flM-60KOTO HyBCTBO b noe3H)rra Ha BoreB e KonHeacbT no CBOÖOfla. H 3aeflHO c TOBa — HeroflyBaHHeTO h acecTOKOTO CTpaflarae ot poöcKaTa ynacT Ha Hapofla. /JoKaTO o6pa3w Ha poflHHaTa e eflH03HanHO H3BHceH h HeHaKi>p- HHM, Hapoflw npH BoTeB e aMÖHBajieHTeH o6pa3; ot eflHa CTpaHa, toh e „poöcKO njieMe" h o6eKT Ha npespemie, ot flpyra — bhchi MopajieH ct>/Xhhk h HOCHTeji Ha HCTopiwecKa naMeT (,,^a Kaace Hmra HapofliT"). BaacHO mhcto 3aeM3T MOTHBHTe 3a CBeTOCTTa Ha ceMeHHOTO orHHHje, poflHHaTa Maňra, BjieneHHeTO kt>m CMiprca KaTO totobhoct 3a caMoacepTBa b hmcto Ha CBOÖOflaTa Ha OTenecTBOTO. 3a BoTeBaTa noe3na e xapaKrepHa h flHajiorHHHOCTTa; jiHpHHecKHaT roBopmeji ce oöpwija kt>m MaňraTa, 6paTa, jTHÖeTO, öanjaTa, poflHHaTa, Hapofla, H3rpa»3aHKH apaMaranHa xyflo-acecTBeHa CTpyKTypa. B H3noBeflHHTe ejieran Mauife cu (1867), KbM ôpama cu (1868), EjiezuM (1870), ffenóa (1870), B Mexanama (1873) jTHpHHeciaiaT repoH e 3aTBopeH b npocTpaHCTBOTO Ha CBoa BiTpenieH cbíit, b kohto nopHBHTe Ha Mjiaflocira ce c6jn>CKBaT ci>c „CKOTCKaTa" flencTBHTejiHOCT, a narpHonrqHHHT Hfleaji cpema HapoflHOTO OBneflynme h TipneHne. B Jlp Moemo rrbpeo mióe (1871), Ha npomaecme (1868, 1871), Xaüdymu (1871) AHajiorHHHaTa KOHcrpyKniia ce 3ana3Ba, ho cbctm Ha jinpHnecioiH repoň npHfloÖHBa HOBH npocrpäHCTBeHH H3MepeHHa — BiBe^Kiia ce „TaM", BHCOKOTO POM3HTHHHO npocTpaHCTBO Ha noflBHra h repoHHHaTa CMtpT. Bpix b eBOJTfoiiHaTa Ha noeTHHHHa cbíit Ha BoTeB e HeroBHHT nieflbOBip öajiaflaTa Xadotcu ffuMunľbp (1873). yMiipanriiHT 3a CBOÖOflaTa repoň e bt>b bhcokoto chmbojiho npocTpaHCTBO „TaM Ha BajTKaHa", cpeflOTonne Ha (J)OjTKjiopHa h xaňflynnca poMaHTHKa; rpme KaprHHH (njiaflHe, hohj, cyrpHH), b kohto Toň yMHpa, ho Bce ocTaßa aaiB, npaBirr ecTecTBeH h noHTH HeflOJiOBHM npexofla ot CMipTTa kt>m 6e3CMi>pTHeTO, 3aaBeH c KpHjiaTaTa (J)pa3a: „To3, Koňro naflHe b 6oň 3a CBOÖOfla, Toň He yMHpa." CMbprra Ha repoa e tcmh h Ha nocjieflHOTO BoTeBO craxoTBopeHHe Oóececmemo na Bacuji JleecKu (1876), noKbpTHTejieH peKBHeM 3a Haň-Bejniiaia chh Ha Bijirapna; b Hero npocTpaHCTBOTO „TaM" He e noeTirrmiaT öajiaflHHHO H3BHceH cbüt Ha BajTKaHa, a CMpa3aBamaTa AymaTa 3HMHa KaprHHa Ha 6e3yTeHma CKpi>6 h noKpyca. JlnncBa (|)H3HHecKH noprpeT Ha repoa; TOBa yjiecHma acoijHHpaHeTO Ha yBHCHajnia Ha öecmioro „eflHH chh" Ha Bwirapna c yBHCHajTHH Ha KpKTa BOyKH CHH. XpncTO BoreB e He caMO reHnajieH noeT, ho h njHMeHeH nyöJTHiiHCT, no3-HaBärn (J)Hjioco(J)CKHTe, nojTHTHHecKHTe h KyjrrypHHTe Hflen Ha CBoeTO BpeMe, äBTOp Ha npOHHKHOBeHH nOJTHTHHeCKH äHajTH3H, Ha 6jieCTarL(H (JjeňjieTOHH H nojíHTHHecKa caTHpa: Hapod^m. Bnepa, dnec u ympe, Cmemen mím, IlpuMepu om mypcKomo npaeocbdue, IJojiumunecKa suma, Ľtempy-iuaH, Peiuen mi e lepKoemtnm ehnpoc? h flp. EoTeBara nyöJTHHHCTHKa ce OTjniHaBa c 6oraTa o6pa3HOCT, ocTpoyMHe h msibnea capKa3i>M, c 6e3no-maflHH XapäKTepHCTHKH H BepHH irpHCT>flH. C yKHBOTa, TBopnecTBOTO ch h CMipTTa ch BoTeB e CTaHaji HeoTMeHHa nacT ot öwrrapcKaTa HaniiOHajTHa MHTOJiorna, „aaiBaTa BOfla Ha öwrrapcKaTa noe3Ha" (B. IleHeB). IleHHO CjiaBenKOß! CHHre3HpaHO (J)opMyjiHpa CMíHOCTra Ha BoTeBaTa noe3Ha: „/JoKaTO KapaBejiOB h CnaBeňKOB ca ce BflixHOBaBajTH H3KjrfOHHTejTHO ot cjryaceHe pofly ch, BoTbOB H3JTH3a flauen npefl Tax, h ot cjryaceHe pofly ce npeMHHaBa npaKO Ha cjryacoa H3o6mo — y pofla HejiOBenecKaro." HCTOPIWECKH CBBHTHfl Bi.itiaiioiiiiiiiuic Ha SuirapcKaTa ii.p>Kaiia CteflHHeHHeTO h SypHHTe ci>6hthh cjiefl Hero KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE JTHTEPATyPEH IIPOIIEC C naToca Ha Bi,3paacaaHeTo J1MTEPATYPATA OT OCBOBO>KflEHMETO flO KPAfl HA XIX b. Ha 3 MapT 1878 r. ĎMrapirre nojrynaBaT CBOĎoaa, ho paflocira oř Ocbo-ĎOyKflefflieTO e noMpaneHa ot penieHHirra Ha BepjniHCKHH KOHrpec (1878), kohto 3anepKBaT CaHCTe(J)aHCKa Bijirapna. CTpaHaTa e pajzjejieHa Ha Ba- CajTHO KHiCKeCTBO (CT>C CTOJIHna Co(|)HH) H aBTOHOMHa OĎjiaCT H3TOHHa! PyiviejniH (ci>c CTOjrnna IIjiobahb). MaKeflOHHH, lO^KHHTe Poflonn h Ofl-Phhcko ca BipHaTH Ha Typnna. Ilpe3 1879 r. e rjiacyBaHa TipHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTyiiHa h 3a KHa3 e H3ĎpaH AjieKcaHfltp BaTeHĎepr. ITpe3 m>pBHre roflHHH Haň-rojraMO BHHMaHHe ce orflejra Ha fli>p;KaBHOTO CTpoHTejiCTBO. H ot flBeTe CTpaHH Ha BajncaHa 3pee naema 3a cteanHeHneTO Ha pa3no-KicaHOTO OTenecTBO. Haněno Ha ABicKemieTO b H3TOHHa PyMejina 3acra-BaT ďhbihh yHacTHHHji b HauHOHajiHOOCBOĎOflHTejiHaTa 6op6a, Káro 3. Cto-aHOBA, Hb. Ahaohob, 6an HBaH ApaĎaflyKHHTa, Hb. Ctoíihobhh h flp. Ha 6 cemeMBpH 1885 r. e npoBMrjiaceHO CteanHeHneTO Ha H3TOHHa Pyivie-jnia c KffiCKecTBO BijTrapna noa CKnimpa Ha khío AjieKcaHflip I. Cjiea-BaT 6ypHH MeceijH h i-oahhh ot HOBaTa ĎwrrapcKa ncTopna: Cpi>6cKO-ĎMrapcKaTa BoiÍHa (1885), AeTpoHnpaHeTO Ha khíb AjieKcaHfltp I (1886), 0(})HHepcKHTe ĎymoBe (1886—1887), H36npaHeTO Ha ©epAHHaim CaKCKO-ĎyprroTCKH 3a Kam Ha Bijirapna. ynpaBjíemieTO Ha Ct. CTaMĎo-jiob (1887—1894) h nojTHTHKaTa Ha cjieflBaiHHTe KaĎHHeTH CTa6njTH3n-paT HHCTirryHHHTe h boaíit ao HKOHOMHHecKH pacTeac; b nojiHTHHecKHH aoiBOT ce cĎjTbCKBar pa3jniHHH rjieflHma 3a opnem-annaTa h ĎiflemeTO Ha Bijirapna (pyco(J)HjiH — pycofjroĎn) b aTMOC(J)epa Ha napTH3aHinnHa h CTpeMeac kt>m oĎjiarofleTejiCTBaHe. IlpeflH CieflHHeHHeTO KyjrrypHHirr ;khbot ce pa3BHBa b abctc ctojmhh, Káro ocoĎeHO 6orar e toh b íIjiobakb, HapeneH „HoBa Arima" (Hyn Jleace). TyK TBopaT HBaH Ba30B-]-, KoHcraHraH BejnpncoB, n. P. CjiaBeňKOB?, 3axapirií CrOflHOB-1, BWpOyKfleHCKHTe KHFDKOBHHHH H. TepOB, H. TpyeB H flp. H3JM3aT flBa BecTHHKa („Mapíma" h „HapoflHnn rjiac"), cn. „HayKa" (1881—1884)h cn. „3opa" (1885);BnjiOBflHBpa6oTaTHH3BecTHHTeH3flaTejiHXp.r .HaHOB h Jlp. MaHHOB. Cjiefl CteanHeHneTO Coijhih CTaBa a/aMrnnicrparnBeH h isyji-TypeH neim>p Ha CTpaHaTa; TyK HflBar h noBeneTO jnrrepaTypHH TBopnn. npe3 1888 r. e ocHOBaHO BncnieTO yHHjnirne (no-KKHO —Co(J)hhckh ymi-BepcHTeT). npe3 1896 r. e CT>3flafleHO ^i>p>KaBHOTO pHcyBajmo yHHjnnne. Cpefl mpBHTe cjieflOCBOĎOyKfleHCKH xyAOýKHnnn ca HBaH MbpKBirrKa, Ah-toh Mhtob, ilpocjiaB BenniH, HBaH AHrejiOB, neTKO KjnicypoB h flp. Kom-no3HTopirre EMaHynji MaHOJiOB, AHreji ByKopenijnieB, naHanoT Hhhkob, JJp6pn Xphctob ci>3flaBaT ĎMrapcKa My3HKajrHa KjiacHKa. ntpBOTO onep-ho npeflCTaBjíeHHe e nocTaBeHO npe3 1892 r. OcBOĎOyKfleHHeTO oĎHKHOBeHO ce BMnpHeivia h Káro rpaHHija Me^mry bt>3-poaí/jeHCKaTa h HOBaTa ĎMrapcKa jurrepaTypa. noBeneTO jniTepaTypHH HCTopHHji o6ane pa3rjieyKflar nipBoro cjieflOCBOĎOyKfleHCKO flecerajieTne KaTO npexoflHO, flopn CMirraT, ne to npHHaziJieyKH noBene Ha BMpOyKfleH-CKaTa enoxa — KaKTO TeiviaTHHHO, ram h c ochobhfih naroc Ha xy^oacecT- BeHHTe npoH3BefleHHa. Haň-flo6pHTe tbopďh ot to3h nepnofl, Káro 3anucKu no ówzapcKume e^cmamm Ha3. Ctoíihob!, Mimcmomo (1884—1888) Ha Crom 3aHMOB (1853—1932), HeMUJiu-nedpazu, Enonen na saópaeeHume, Ilod uzomo Ha Hb. Ba30B! npeflCTaBjíHBaT ĎJiecrarn 3aBT>pnieK Ha BMpOyKfleHCKHH nepHOfl ot jiHTepaTypHaTa hctopfih. Hobfiht momcht e npoTHBonocraBaHeTO MeyKfly „MaTepnajmoTo" HacTOame h Hfleajni3Ma ot Bhcokoto Bi>3pam Kpaa Ha 80-Te roflHHH Ha XIX b. nocTeneHHO 3arjn>xBaT TeivniTe h Horjiefl kim MOTHBHTe, CBT>p3aHH C HaiJHOHajTHOOCBOĎOflHTejTHHTe ĎOpĎH. KapTHHaTa Ha CbBpeiVKHHOCTTa oĎmecTBeHHH h nojiHTHHecKHH aoTBOT npHfloĎHBa no-acHH OHepTaHHa; Hobo Bpeivie — BT>3Topri>T h oniiHHeHHeTO ot CBOĎOflaTa OTCTMBaT mhcto Ha BceKHflHeBHHTe hobh repoH rpnaoi, HfleajniTe — Ha rpyĎHTe nojiHTHHecKH cmctkh h KapnepH-CTHHHH CTpeMeaai. Ha cijeHaTa H3jni3a hobh)it repoň Ha enoxaTa — 3a6oraTejniirr napBeHK), nojnrrHKaHbT, caMOflOBOJieH h acafleH 3a „noflBH3H". 06pa3w Ha to3h repoň HaBjTH3a b jiHTepaTypaTa npe3 TBopnecTBOTO Ha H. Ba30B! h Haň-Bene Ha A. KoHCTanraHOBL BaacHO aBjíeHne b jiHTeparypaTa ot 90-Te roflHHH, 3a Koaro ca xapaKTepHH OTKpHBaHC Ha COHJiajIHOKpHTHHHHTe TCMH H MOTHBH, e OTKpHBaHeTO Ha ĎMTapCKOTO CejIO CCJIOTO 3a ot ĎejieTpHCTHTe MHxanaKH TeopraeB (1854—1916),Toflopr. Bjiaň-KOB jiHTepaTypaTa (1865—1945) (ffsidoeama Cnaenoea ynyxa, 1889, Jlem Tena, 1890, Kocm, 1890 h flp.), XpncTO MaKCHMOB —Mapno (1867—1902) (cďophhkw TbMeH csíím, 1895), oř noeTa H,aHKO H,epKOBCKH (1869—1926) (HaKOjnco Lfanmeu cmuxomeopeHUM..., 1892, nenajmu nacoee, 1895, IIojicku necmi, 1905), Hflp. „CejiCKara" Teivia npeMHHaBa npe3 pa3jn«HH Hfleň-HO-xyflOyKecTBeHH HHBa: 6htobh3t>m, eTHorpa(J)CKa onncaTejTHOCT, Hapofl-HiwecKH h coijHajniCTHHecKH TCHfleHiiHH. npe3 AeceTHjieTHero Haň-floĎip no3HaBan h TMKyBaTeji Ha CBeTa Ha ĎMrapcKHH cejraHHH e Ahtoh CTpa-niHMHpoB!. 3aBi>pHaji ce ot eMHrpaijHa, Hb. Ba30B! 3anoHBa fla H3flaBa cn. „,I[eHHH-na" (1890—1891), b KoeTO ciTpyflHHHn ijejniHT jnrrepaTypeH ejnrr: KoHCTam-HH JlnTepaTypHH BejiHHKOB (1855—1907) (LfapuzpadcKU conemu, 1899), T. Y. BjiařhcoB, H3flamiH h n. n. CjiaBeíÍKOB!, Ct. MHxaííjiOBCKH!, M. reoprneB, fl-p KpiCTeB, Hb. KptroBe UJhhimíihob h flp. Cjiefl cnnpaHeTO Ha „.ZJemnina" jnrrepaTypHHTe chjih ce nperpynHpaT, noaBaBar ce hobh cnncaHna: „Mhcm" — 1892 r., „BijirapcKH nperjiefl" — 1893, h „BurrapcKa cĎnpKa" — 1894 r. Boflemo mhcto b jnrrepaTypHHH ^oibot npe3 flecerajieTHeTO h HanajiOTO Ha XX b. 3aeMa cn. „Mhcm", peflaKTnpaHO ot fl-p KpiCTto KpiCTeB (1866—1919), m>pBHH MOflepeH ĎMrapcioi kphthk c najiocTHa jniTepaTypHa nporpaMa, iiejiama MOflepmoanna n eBponen3aijHa Ha ĎMrapcKaTa jniTepaTypa. B „Mhcm" npe3 pa3JinHHHTe roflHHH ciTpyflHHHaT: T. Y. BjianKOB, M. TeopmeB, K. BejinnKOB, Aji. KoHCTanraHOB!, Y. CTaMaTOB!, n. K). ToflopoBl, n. n. CjiaBeňKOB!, Ct. MnxanjiOBCKH!, K. Xphctob!, n. K. ÍIbopob!. ABTOPH H TBOPBH 3axapiiü Ctohhob (1850—1889) H iiai i Ba30B (1850—1921) /tKeHflo CroaHOB .ZJacefleB, pofleH b c. MeflBeH, KoTjieHCKO, ynn b poflHO-TO ch ceno, npe3 1866—1870 r. e OBnap b /Joöpyflata, ot 1871 r. paöora b Pyce, caMOo6pa30Ba ce. MjieH e Ha pyceHCKna peBOjnonnoHeH komhtbt, anocTOJi h ynacTHHK b Crapo3aropcKOTO BtcraHne (1875), anocTOJi b IV peBOjnoHHOHeH OKpw, ynacTBa b ctopamieTO b Oöopnme h b AnpnjiCKO-To BT>CTäHHe, 3ajiOBeH e h jiexcn b 3aTBopa. Cjiefl OcBOĎOyKfleHHeTO paöo-TH b TipHOBO h Pyce, b H3TOHHa PyiviejníH orjiaßaBa ETUPK, kohto opra-HH3Hpa CieflHHefflieTO. CtparanK Ha CraMÖojiOB, peflaKTop Ha b. „Cb6-6ofla", HapofleH npeflCTaBirreji (1886), npeflceflaTeji Ha HapoflHOTO cr>6-paHHe (1888—1889). Yivinpa b IlapiEK npn Hen3acHeHn oöcroaTejiCTBa. Jlpec 3anucKU no ôwzapcKume ehcmauuM (1884—1892) ce BKnpneMar Ka-TO HaijHOHajieH enoc, Karo HCTopiprecKa h flyxoBHa Mrn-ojiorna Ha eraoca. Jihstro Bpeivie He hm ce rrproHaBaT floCToiŕHCTBara Ha jnrrepaTypa. EflBa b Kpaa Ha 20-tc roflrnrn rra XX b. Aji. BajiaöaHOB oncprrBa 3a hob ;khbot nnca-Tejia, HapHHaíÍKH ro „6r>jrrapcKHirr TyKHflHfl". Kaicro Ľtod uzomo, 3äMHCJieH Karo poM3H, rrpHfloÖHBa xapaicrep Ha CBiifleTejiCTBO 3a enoxaTa, Tara 3anu-cKume, 3aMHCJieHH Karo CBrmerejiCTBO rra oneBHfleii, ÖJiaroflapeHne rra Monrra rra emraecKOTO rooopaacernie irpnfloönBaT xapaKrep rra poMaH enonea. 3. Ctouhob e aBTop h Ha BfltxHOBeHn 6Horpa(J)HH rra Xp. BotcbT (1888) h Ha B. JleBCKH (1883); Ha flOKyMeHrajmaTa KHnra Hemume e EhJizapuM (1885) u Ha eflHH onrrr 3a poMaH Hapdatpou Bejiuxu (1887). B njia-MeHHara ch nyojninncraKa h b MeMoapHrrre ch tbopöh cjieflBa TpaflnnnaTa Ha KapaBejiOBT h BotcbT; toh e h m>pBnaT H3flaTeji Ha ciHHHeHHirra hm cjiefl OcBo6oa<3eHHeTO. PofleH b ConoT b ceMeňcTBO Ha TtproBeii, 3aBr>pniBa MecraoTO yHiurnme, ynn b Kajio(J)ep (1865) npn Botbo IleTKOB h b IljiOBflHBCKaTa rnMHa3HH (1867—1868). Paöora npn 6ama ch h nmne CTHxoBe; H3npaTeH npn HHHO ch b OjrreHnna, 3a fla cnennajnonpa b TtproBHHTa, irpofltjEKaBa fla nHHie h iryöJiHKyBa CTHxoBe. H36arBa b Epanjia, aaiBee 2-3 Mecéna cpefl xiniOBeTe b Kpr>HMaTa Ha H. CrpaHflacara. 3aBpr>ma ce b EMrapna h paöora Karo yHHTeji h rrpeBOflan. Ilpe3 1875 r. ce spuna B ConoT h ynacraa B MeCTHHa peBOJTfOHHOHeH KOMHTeT. Cjiefl H3ÔyXBäHeTO Ha AnpHJICKOTO BiíCTäHHe eMHrprrpa b Pycna h PyMbHiia. IÍ3flaBa craxocönpioiTe Ilpsino-peifu zycjia (1876), Thzume na EwzapuM (1877) u HsóaejieHue (1878). Cjiefl OcBOÖOyKflefflieTO e hhhobhhk h ct>ahh b EepKOBnna, ot 1880 flo 1886 r. e b CTOjninara Ha H3TOHHa PyMejnia IljiOBflHB, KbfleTO e fleiryraT, nyöJTHiiHCT h peflaKTop (cn. „HayKa", cn. „3opa"). IijiOBflHBCKHHT My ne-pnofl e njioflOTBopeH; ToraBa cr>3flaBa nnKbjía Enonen na saópaeeHume, noBecTirre HeMUJiu-uedpazu n Hmoeuu, pa3Ka3a Hde m?, craxoTBope-HHirra Hoeomo zpo6uu{e nad Cjiuemiua, EhJizapcKusim esuK, He ce zacu myü, mo ne zacue n flp., CTnxocönpKHTe Eycjia (1881) n 77a/w u zopu (1884). Cjiefl pycoiJHijiCKHH npeBpaT n nocjieflBajmre ro ciöhthh eMnr-pnpa b Ofleca, K-bfleTO npe3 1887—1888 r. HanncBa poMaHa nod uzomo. Or 1889 r. aaiBee b Co(J)na, mßaaa cn. „.ZJemnina" (1890—1891), flBa to-Ma pa3K33n/^pacKU u uiapKU (1893—1895). PoMaHW Hoea seMH (1896), npoflWBKeHne Ha nod uzomo, e nocpennraT OTpHnarejiHO ot KpnraKaTa. Ilpe3 1897—1898 r. e mhhhcti>p Ha npocBeTaTa b npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha K. Ctohjiob. Ilpe3 cjieflBarnnTe roflHHH H3flaßa flBa poMaHa - Ka3anapcxama uapuua (1903) n Ceemocjiae Tepmep (1907), noBecrare Heau AjieKcaudhp (1907) n Hopa (1908), apaMnre Eopucnae (1909), Kkm nponacm (1910), Heaüjio (1913) n flp., KOMeflnnTe Becmuuxap jiu? (1900), Kaududamu ua cjiaeama (1901), ffeyóoů (1902), CjiysicôozoHuu (1903), CTnxocönpKHTe CxumHuuiKU menu (1899), nod uauiemo ue6e (1900), coopHHnnre c pa3Ka3H Budeuo u nyrno (1901), n~bcm~bp cenm (1902), Ympo e Eühku (1905). nocBemaBa Ha BonHnre Tpn cthxocöhpkh: nod zhpjua ua noôedume (1914), necHU 3a MaKedoHUM (1916), Hoeu exoee. ffucouaucu (1917). B Kpaa Ha yKHBOTa cn npeacHBaBa hob jrnpnHecKH nofleM c Jlmnexa mu saMupuca (1919). HßaH Ba30B cr>3flaBa KjiacnHecKH npon3BefleHna bi>b bchhkh jmrepaTypHn iloe3na acaHpoBe; c naTpnoTipreH BMpOyKfleHCKn naroc toh nocTaBa b neirn>pa Ha CBOirra xyfloacecTBeHa BcejieHa OTenecTBOTO, BMrapna, Karo CBaT ojrrap, npefl kohto ÖJiaroroBee n ce npeicjiaHa. Iloe3HaTa Ha Ba30B (Hafl 2000 CTHxoTBopeHHa) e jieTonnc Ha ncTopHHecKna äoibot Ha HaiinaTa ot EoMm Hacmaua..., Tux 6mji JHyuae..., numam jiu Me de sopama... (npsinopeu u zycjia) flo noKpycaTa b He u{e sazuue (1920). C nnKbjia Enonen ua saópaeeHume noeTw H3rpa»ífla HaijHOHajieH nameoH; reponre Ha Br>3payKflaHeTO ocTaBaT b naMeira Ha noKOJieHnaTa TaraBa, KaKBnro rn e npecMflaji Ba30B. naTpnoTH3Mi>T My HaMnpa H3pa3 k3kto b anojiornaTa Ha poflHna e3HK (EhJizapcKUMm esux) n cjniBaHeTO c poflHaTa npnpofla (npu Pujickum Mauacmup, KbM npupodama), Tara n b CKpiÖHHTe aKopfln Ha cth-xoTBopeHHaTa ot CjiueHuua (1885) n b cnoKOHHOTO CKHamie 3a H3nr>jiHeH flijir n eflHHefflie c Hapofla n poflHHaTa (Moume necuu). B noe3HHTa Ha Ba30B npncKTBaT coiinajiHaTa TeMa (Ename hu euotcme), HCTopnHecKara npoHna (Jluuee uauimo noKOJieuue, Jleaücemuü eex), ocTpaTa carnpa (npaKmuuecKUMm nenoeex, Cpedcmeomo da Hsuiaui epazoee). Abtop e Ha oceM noeMH, ot kohto Han-nonyjiapHa e Epamada (1880), a caMiiHT toh Han-MHoro ijeHn B uapcmeomo na caModueume (1884). ITpo3aTa Ha Ba30B ce paajrrapcKn o6pa3H. Ot CjniBaHeTO rra Te3n flBe jmhhh — reponHHara nareTHKa b H3o6paaceHneTO Ha ocBOÖOflHTejTHOTO ABicKemie n aorBonncHaTa KapraHa Ha BceKHflHeBHHH yKHBOT, noBjniHHH or eBponencKaTa n pycKara poMaHOBa TpaflnnHH n CMeTaini c eflHa (J)Hjioco(J)Ha Ha HCTopnirra, ce paa^aa rojieMHHT CHHre3 Ha poMaHa enonea nod uzomo (1889), Han-H3BecTHOTO b Bwrrapna n HyyKÖHHa npoH3BefleHne Ha Ba30B, npeBefleHO Ha aeceTKH e3rmn. Pa3Ka3nre Ha nHcarejiH, Hocenjn cjieflnre rra HensKHBaH AOKyMeHrajnoHvi, rra „bhaühoto h HyroTo", MoraT fla ce rpynnpaT okojio flBa TeMaTHHHn ijeHTipa — yTBipyKflaBaHe Ha TpaflnnnoHHHTe flOÖpofleTejrn Ha 6r>jrrapnHa (Hde ^.paiviaTyprHH Ctohh MHxaitnoBCKH (1856—1927) AjieKo KOHCTaHTHHOB (1863—1897) m?, ffndo Éoifo zneda, Edua ôwzapKa), h RpirnneH cÔjrbCHC c noKBapaTa Ha HOBaTa (rpaflCKa) oômecTBeHa fleHCTBHTejrHOCT (Enoxa — KbpManxa na eenuKU xopa, ThMeu zepou, Tpaeuama, Kcmdudam sa xamajua, OiadKody-Men zocm na d^potcaeHama mpanesa h flp.). Ba30BHTe jrpaMH (hctophh£ckh, KOMeflHH, flpaM3TH3anHH) oĎoraraBar pe-neproapa Ha ÔMrapcKiia Tearap; hhkoh ot Tax ce HrpaaT h flHec (Xhiuo-ee, Elod uzomo, noBeneTO KOMeflmi). HcTopiiHecKin-e flpaMH npofli>jraca-A Bar TpaflHíriiaTa ot BMpaacflaHeTo; b HanajiOTO Ha XX b. Ba30B tt>pch'» OTroBop Ha Bwrpoca 3a HCTopHnecKaTa ctflôa Ha EMrapna h ÔMrapirre, TpeTnpa crapeMemni conHajrHH h HairHOHajTHH npoôjieMH. HBaH Ba30B ome rcpnaoiBe e HapinaH „HapofleH noeT" h „naTpnapx" Ha ÔMrapcKaTa jniTepaTypa; 6e3cnopHO e yHHKajrHOTO My cpeflHnmo mhcto b ÔMrapcKaTa HanHOHajTHa jniTepaTypa h MHTOJioriia. PofleH b EjieHa, noroMHc Ha CTap BMpoacfleHCKH pofl; ynn b Tt>phobo, 3a-BipniBa jiHiiea „ranaTa capaň" b IJapHrpafl (1872). YnKTeji b /Joh-paH (1872—1874), cjieflBa npaBO bt>b ©paHniia (1875—1883, c npeKbc-BäHe). Paôora Káro aflBOKar h cmhh, b Mhh. Ha BMnirHHTe paôora, b Mhh. Ha irpaBOCMHero, npenoflaBaTeji no (J)peHCKH e3. b PyceHCKaTa Mbaaca raM-Haaia (1889), b KDpHflHHecKiia (1892—1894) h HcTopHKO-(J)HjiojiorHHe-ckhh (J)aKyjrreT (1897—1899) Ha Co(J)hhckiih yHHBepcHTeT, floneirr no oô-ina jríTrepaTypHa HCTopna (1895—1899),fleňcTB. HjieH Ha BAH ot 1898 r. npeflceflareji Ha Bt>pxobhhh MäKeflOHO-OflpHHCKH komhiei (1901—1903), HapojjeH npeACTaBHTeji (1886—1887, 1894—1896, 1903—1908). Očiach ycjiOBHO 3a crama cpenry khío ©epflHHaiffl, (1904). Ilpe3 1905 r. ce OTTerjra ot aicraBHa oômecTBeHa fleiÍHOCT. HapHnaT ro „HeirpHcnocoÔHMHaT", „ncHxojioraHecKa eHHrMa", „oômecT-BeH (JieHOMeH, kohto He ce nofluaBa Ha KjiacH^HKaniis1', „HaH-MpaHmiaT (J)hjioco(J)" h t. h. Cnopefl J\ noflBi>p3aHOB TBopnecTBOTO My e „chm(J)o- hhh OT rplMOTeBHIIH". ABTOp e Ha CaTHpHHHO-nyÔjTHIIHCTHHHH h MOpajTH- cthhhh TBopôn: enHrpaMH, 6acHH (Open u oxmoe, Cexupa u m^pnoKon, Eyxcm u ceemyjiKa), napoflmi, noeMH, jrpaMH. EHÔJieHCKin-e h (J)hjioco(J)-CKHTe mothbh h CKKKeTH b noeMHTe 5iupma Jlepzo/uncHs (1884) h Iloe-Ma na sjiomo (1889) ctoíit BCTpaHH ot ochobhhh noTOK b jnrrepaTypaTa ToraBa (H3o6paaceHHe Ha 6jth3koto repoiwHO MHHajio), ho ca flaneHHH npefl-BecTHHijH Ha noaBHjTHTe ce neTHajjeceT roflHHH no-Ki>CHO MOflepmi Ttpce-hhh Ha TBopnirre ot Kpwa „Mkch". Ilpe3 90-Te roflHHH Ct. MnxaHjiOB-ckh HjaäBa 0imoco(pmecKU u camupmecKU cementu (1895), MHOroôpoinni 6acHH h enHrpaMH, noeMara Kuuza sa ôwzapcKUM uapod (1897) c nocBe-mernie: „Ha bchhkh CTpaflajrnH, Ha bchhkh yHracemi, OHenpaBflaHH n yr-HeTeHH nocBemaBaM Taa carapipnia cônpKa, b koíito hm noKa3BaM KäKBH cpeflCTBaynoTpeôaBaT flecnoTirre, 3afla yBeKOBenaT BjiacTTa ch. C. M." PofleH b Cbiuhob, ynn b poflHHa ch rpafl h b AnpHjiOBCKaTa rHMHa3Ha b TaôpoBO. 3aBT>pnrBa cpeflHO o6pa30BaHHe b rp. HnKOJiaeB h npaBO b Ofle-ca, Pycna (1885). Cbfliia (1885—1886) h irpOKypop (1886) b Co(J)HHCKHa ORptaceH cifl, noMoniHHK-npoKypop (1886—1888) h ct>ahh (1890—1892) b Co(J)HHCKHa anejiaTHBeH ci>fl, ropHCKOHcyjrr (1896), aflBOKar Ha cboôoa-Ha npaKTHKa. nocenjaBa BceMHpHOTO H3Jio>KeHHe b naprac (1889), 3eM- ckoto HHjrycTpHajTHO H3Jio>KeHHe b npara (1891) h KojryMÔOBOTO h3jio-aceHne b M^HKaro (1893). OcHOBaTen Ha opraHH3HpaHOTO TypHCTHnecKO ABmKeHHe (1895). ^LieHHa /JeMOKpaTHHecKaTa napTna Ha n. KapaBejiOB, cwpyflHHHH Ha b. „3HaMe". CTaBa yKeprBa Ha nojTHTHHecKO yônňcTBO. A. KOHCTaHTHHOB CMflaBa 3pejTHTe CH TBOpÔH CaMO 3a 5-6 rOflHHH — 4>eHjieTOHHTe, nMennca Jlp Hukozo u na3ad (1894), Eau Eanbo (1895). 3a (J)eHjieTOHHTe My e xapaKrepHO pa^KOTO cineTaHHe Meacfly ÔHHyBama, yHHniOyKHTejTHa carapa h tbhko nyBCTBO 3a xyMop. niTenHCw Jlp Hukozo u Ha3ad e CBoeo6pa3eH flHajior Ha nHcaTejis c Hobhji cbíit, H3m>CTpeH c mhoto BepHH HaÔjrfOfleHHa, npoHHKHOBeHH H3BOJIH h HCKpanj xyMop. Eau Eaubo ce CT>CTOH OT ľ(HKJTH3HpaHH pa3Ka3H h e OnpeflejTHH KaTO „OTBOpeH" pOMaH, kt>m kohto ce AOÔaBaT Bce hobh h hobh nacra. )KHTeHCKHTe (J)aKTH nHcaTejraT e HaÔjrfOflaBaji caM, HayHHji rn e ot npHirrejrH, Haň-Bene b Kpira „Becena EMrapna", a cnopefl n. n. CjraBeincoB! — h ot pa3Ka3H Ha 6ama ch. repoaT Ha TBopôara e HHTepnpeTnpaH ot KpnTHKaTa Káro HaniioHajieH, Káro conjiajieH, KaTO iiHBHjrH3anHOHeH h KaTO oôniOHOBenncn THn; Bonca ot Te3H HHrepnpeTaijHH hmh ocHOBamie. Cnopefl Ct. EjieBTepoB npe3 80-tc h HanajiOTO Ha 90-Te roflHHH Ha XIX b. ĎejieTpHCTHTe ca pHcyBajm noBene ot HaTypa, npeflnoHHTajiH ca fla B3eM3T ot aoiBOTa totobh THnoBe h CHTyaijHH, BMeCTO C3MH fla Hl ct>3flaBaT. A. KOHCTaHTHHOB e pa3BHJI Ta3H H3o6pa3HTejrHa CHCTeMa flo bt>3mo>khhíi npefleji. Eau Eaubo Moace fla ce BKirpHeMe KaTO Haň-flo6poTO nocTraceHHe Ha „HaTypajrao peajniCTHHHHa MeTOfl" (Ct. EjieBTepoB), KoeTO H3nepnBa BMMOyKHOCTHTe Ha niKOJiaTa. PofleH b Ct. 3aropa, ym b poahhh ch rpafl, b CaMOKOB, Tt>phobo h Co(J)Ha. npe3 1895 r. ynn b MopcKOTO yHHjTHine B TpnecT, 3ano3HaBa ce c TBopne-ctboto Ha KjiacHHecKH h MOflepHH HTajTHaHCKH noeTH. npe3 1897—1898 r. acHBee b Heanoji h JlaHmiHr. ynifreji b HlyMeH (1900); npe3 1901 r. e npe-MecTeH b Co(J)Ha h KOMäHflHpoBäH b ÔHÔjTHOTeKaTa Ha yHHBepcHTeTa. 3aeflHO c A. CTpanrHMHpoBX peflaKTHpa cn. „Ham >khbot". npe3 BOHHHTe e KopecnoHfleHT h COTpyflHínc Ha b. „BoeHHH H3Becnia". Ot 1922 flo 193 8 r. paĎOTH h3bt>h Bi>jirapHa (JlaňniiHr, npara). KirpHji Xphctob e Haň-apKOTO flapoBamie b noe3H)rra ot nocjieflHoro fle-ceTHjieTHe Ha XIX b. KoraTO H3JiH3a mpBaTa My CTHxocônpKa IlecHu u 6h3duuiKu (1896), fl-p KpiCTeB a npHBeTCTBa Bi>3Top>Keho h noacejiaBa Ha noeTa fla oôorara yMa h cipijeTO ch, fla bt>pbh npaB h ct>c CBerao nejio h fla ôifle xapaKiep. 3a BTopaTa CTHxocônpKa Tpenemu (1897), BrapeKH oômaTa BHCOKa oijeHKa, e noflHepTaHa HeoôxoflHMOCTTa or conHajrHa nyBCT-BHTejrHOCT, ot noBene 3HaHHMH mhcjth h np. k. XpncTOB npra otkphto h flpMKO 3amiBa 3a cbohtc jrfoôoBHH TpenerH h Tep3aHHH, 3a npaBoro Ha HOBera fla ce Hacjia»cflaBa Ha mmna: }Keuu u suhoI Buho u jiceHul OrxBipjTa npeflH3BHKaTejTHO TeroôaTa Ha oômecTBOTO, Ha pofleH Kpaií h poflHHa: Ilpocmu, jwbpmewio, podeu xpau, npocmul Toh e MaHcrop Ha noeTHnecKHH neň3a»c, npHTeyKaBa tíhbk yceT 3a rcpoMeinne b npHpoflara. k. Xphctob e aBTop h Ha noeMH h ôajiaflH (pycaiiKa, Empzn), Ha flpaMirre Eomh MazecHUKbm (1914), Cmapunm ecniu (1914), Oxpudcxa deeouxa (1928) h flp., Ha poMäHHTe ThMHU šopu (1920) h Meumamejiu (1925), Ha enoneirra Heda na EanKOHa (1928), Ha MeMoapHara rancra 3ampynaHa Cocpun (1944). KlipiKI XpHCTCOB (1875—1944) Ahtoh CTpaillHMIipOB TeoprH II. CTaiviaTOB Ponětí bib BapHa, 13-roflHnieH 3anoHBa na CKirra h3 /Joopyflaca, paöora, cjryry Ba, yMii b Pa3rpaa n b 3eMe,nejiCKOTO yinjinine b CaaoBO, KoeTO HanycKa. (1872 _1937) npe3 1890—1894 r. e HanajieH yHirreji b cena iö BapHeHCKO n EypracKO. y b juna ce ot HapoAHiriecKHa couiiajnoiM. Cjiyma neicnini no jnrrepaTypa n reo rpaiJHiH b EepH, IUBennapna (1895); npe3 1898—1899 r. e yMirreji bib Bhahh, H3fl3Ba cn., řlpar". YBOjnieH ot neflaroriiHecKOTO ynnjinme b Ka3aHjir>K (1900) 6e3 npaBO na 6t>ne yHirreji. YnacTBa b MaKeaoHCKOTO ocBOOOflnrejiHO ABiDKe-Hiie, peaaKTiipa b. „PeijropMn", cn. „3Be3fla", cn. „KyjrrypHO efliniCTBo". Eahh ot ocHOBaTejinre n peflaicTop Ha cn. ./JeMOKpamHecKH nperjiea". HapoaeH upen CTaBHTeji (1902, 1911, 1929). Or 1901 r. H3aaBa cn. „Ham jkhbot". YnacTBa bib BOHHHTe Karo peamiK n Karo BoeHeH KopecnoaneiiT. PeaaKTiipa cn.„Hamn ami" (1921), „EijirapcKa oomoflOCT-hmia ĎnôJinoTeKa" (1922—1923). Cjiea CenreMBpnncKOTO BtCTamie (1923) nnuie no3HBa Knaxct napoda mciKci, kcik mo mypHUH ne zo e kjicui; 3aiHHTaBa acepTBirre Ha UamcoBna Tepop, ctTpyflHHMn Hacn., /JjiaMiK1' Ha TeoMnjieB, peaaKTnpa b. „BeapnHa" (1926). CÔOpHHKlT C pa3Ka3H Ha GrpaiHHMHpOB CmRX u CbJl3U (1897), pOMaHIT EceHHu dnu (1902) n noBecTHTe 3jueü (1900) n Kpbcmorľbm (1904) npe cr>3ziaBaT connajiHn n öhtobh apaMn, jik>6obhh cipacra n nojnrrnHecKn koh (j)jiHKTH, c xyflOJKecTBeHa yĎeanrejTHOCT HaBjnnaT b ncnxojiornjrra Ha cena HHHa, npocjieaaBaT HeroBHTe paapcTHn OHaKBamia n ropMHBn pa30MapoBaHna. A. CTpauiHMnpoB ynacTBa ntjiHoneHHO b Tpn enoxn ot jinTepaTypHaTa ncTopna. no BpeMe Ha BOHHHTe (1912—1918) H3aaBa HapoaoBeacKHTe TpyaOBe Bouhu u OceoôoMcdenue (1916) n Knuza sa óbjízapume (1917). npe3 1922 r. H3Jin3a poMaHtT xpoHHKa Biix^p, HanncaH oine npe3 Eaji KaHCKaTa BOHHa. Cjiea CenTeMBpnncKOTO BtCTaHne (1923) ce paacaa po MaHtT Xopo (1926), H3rpaflHji b ayxa Ha eKcnpecnoHHCTHMHaTa noeTHKa eflHH „npeoôtpHaT 6r>jirapcKH kocmoc" (P. Kojiapoß), b kohto KtpBaBOTO xopo CHMBOJiH3npa pa3naaaHeTO Ha bckobhh ycTon Ha poaa n o6mHOCTTa. PoaeH b Tnpacnoji, Pycna, b ceMencTBO Ha 6r>jirapnH lopncT. Ymh b IOjk-HOCJiaBaHCKna naHcnoH b rp. HnKOJiaeB 3aeaHO c A. Kohct3hthhob?, bib (1869—1942) BoeHHOTO ynnnnme b Co(j)na (1882—1888), cnyacn Karo 0(J)nuep (no 1890). CjieaBa npaBO b Co(J)na (1893—1895) n 3CeHeBa (1895—1900). PaöoTH Karo lopncT n ciana b Co(J)na, KiocTeHanji, TptH n ap. He noanncBa CMtpran npncban. PeaaKTnpa cn. „Pa3cr>MBaHe" (1891) n „Ham jkhbot" (3aeflHO c A. CTpamnMnpoBT n flp.). CiTpyaHnHn Ha cn. „Mhciji", „EtjirapcKa cônpKa", „CtBpeMeHHHK" n ap. XapaKTepHn acaHpoBe 3a 3pajiOTO My TBopnecTBO ca pa3Ka3r>T n KpaTKaTa noBecT — Pa3Ka3H (1905, 1929, 1930), Ckuuu (1915), Jlajiadunu (1924), FlpaiuuHKu (1934) n ap. Oôihhjit 3a 90-Te roniimi Ha XIX b. KpirrnneH h H3o6jiHMHTejieH naTOC HaMnpa H3pa3 b tcmh h repon ot rpaflCKna jkhbot — Ka3apMaTa (BecmoeoüffuMo, IlcUJJl), ciaa (PasKas na ediin doKmop, Cma-pumn npoKypop n ap.), JKypHajincTHKaTa n ap. JIioöoBTa, 6paKiT, ceMencT-BOTO ca 6ejia3aHH c (j)ajim, jinneMepne n rpyôa MepicaHTnjiHOCT (Hsuenada, MujiKoe u CjiaeuH, 3a edno Kbmne na dymama, Hapsanoeu), neCTO Btnjľh-TeHH b o6pa3H Ha noKBapeHH n xjiaflHOKptBHO-nopoMHn aceHn. Cjiefl I cb. BOHHa, Hapefl c KpnraKaTa Ha hobhtc oômecTBeHn HpaBn (BupRuoe, Mojiku-mn CodoM n flp.), ce 3acnjiBa nmepectT My kim BtTpemHna cb3t Ha TBopena (ľlajiadumt). npo3aTa Ha CTaMaTOB e necTejinBa Ha ennnecKn noflpoô-HOCTH, pa3Ka3r>T noHaKora CTaBa (j)parMeHTapeH, HaconeH kim cjiyMKaTa, CTHjiiT My e HapnnaH „Tejierpa(j)eH", 6jih3í>k ao čapicacthhhhü a(j)opn3i>M. JIMTEPATYPATA OT KP A3 HA XIX b. flO BOMHMTE npe3 1903 r. b MaKeflOHna n Oaphhcko H3ÔyxBa HjmHfleHCKO-npeoôpaaceH-CKOTO BtCTamie, noiymeHO c MHoro icpiBonpojíHTHa. JlnncaTa Ha e(j)nicacHa HaMeca Ha Bejiniorre cnjm noica3Ba, ne HaunoHajniOTO oĎeflíiHemie ipaÔBa fla ce Tipcn ipe3 BoeHHH cpeflCTBa. Ha 22. IX. 1908 r. e npoBMrjiaceHa He3aBn-CHMOCTTa Ha Etjirapna n Ta CTaBa uapcTBO. Ilpe3 1912 r. e CKjnoieH Eaji-KaHCKnaT CK03 Meatfly Etnrapna, Cipôna n Tipuna n 3anoMBa EamcaHCicaTa BOHHa, b K03TO 6i>jirapcKOTO opiJKne yflipaca ÔJiecTainn noôefln. npe3 1904 r. CTOJiniHaTa Tpyna „Ci>ji3a n CMax" ce npenMeHyBa b „Ha-pofleH TeaTtp"; b TpynaTa ynacTBaT apracTHTe HßaH IionoB, AupnaHa EyfleBCKa, KptCTbo Capa(j)OB, CaBa OraaHOB n flp. ľlpe3 1907 r. e 3aBi,pmeHa crpaaara Ha TeaTtpa; npn OTKpnBaHeTO n ciyaeiiTH ocBnpKBaT kh33 fl>epflHHaHfl, nopaon TOBa yHHBepcnTeTiT e 3aTBopeH 3a eaHa roflHHa. ľlpe3 1904—1911 r. e nocipoeH xpaMtT naMerHHK „Cb. AjieKcaantp HeBCKn". npe3 1912 r. e HanncaHa ntpBaTa öijirapcKa cnM(j)OHna. ľlpe3 1908 r. e OTKpnT ntpBnaT KHHOcajiOH, npe3 1915 r. e npeMnepaTa Ha ntpBna 6i>jirapcKH nrpajieH (J)hjim. Cnopefl Cb. HroB 6i>jirapcKHaT MOflepHH3i>M MHHaBa npe3 Tpn eTana: hh-flHBHflyajiH3Mi>T Ha Kptra „Mhciji", chmbojih3mi>t, Han-apKO H3pa3eH b Kptra „3BeHo", n aBaHrapaiBMiT Ha TBopunTe okojio cn. „Be3Hn" Ha Teo MnjieB, noBjmaHH ot eßponencKna eKcnpecnoHH3i>M. Ha rpaHHuaTa Meacay XIX n XX b. b ötjirapcKaTa jinTepaiypa HacTtnBa npejiOM, npn kohto KOJieKTHBHHTe n HannoHajiHH ueHHOCTn ce 3aMeH3T c HHflHBHflyajIHHTe XyMaHHCTHMHH UeHHOCTH Ha JIHMHOCTTa. upejIOMlT e (j)op- MyjinpaH ot CBoa TeoperaK n-p KptCTeB Karo 6op6a Meacay CTapn n Mjiaan, npn Koaro TBopuHTe ot Ea30Bna „ontjiMeHCKn" Kptr TpaÔBa na OTCTtnaT BoaemoTO Macro Ha ctMnrnjieHniiHTe Ha IleHMO CjiaBenKOBA, Hocnrejín Ha MO/iepHOTO eBponencKO Hanajio. B öuirapcKna nanHBHflyajin3i>M He-H3>KHBeHHaT peHecaHCOBO-xyMaHHCTHMeH naToc ce ciieTaBa c MoaepHOTO npoTHBonocTaBaHe Ha caMoraaTa jihmhoct Ha HaunoHajiHna kojickthb. KptrbT „Mnciiji" ce 3apa>Kaa b nocjieaiorre roaiiHH Ha XIX b., Koraro IleHMO CjiaBenKOB ce 3aBpr>ma ot TepMaHna, n OKOHiaTejiHO ce o(j)opMa b HaiajiOTO Ha XX b. n. n. CjiaBenKOB, n. K. ÜBopoB, n. K). ToappoB n peflaKTopiT Ha cn. „Mnciiji" fl-p K. KptCTeB npneMaT Karo ocHOBHa ueHHOCT 3a H3KycTBOTO He connajTHaTa aHraaoipaHOCT, a ayxoBHaTa aBTOHOMna Ha jiniHOCTTa. HHTepeciT Ha TBopunre e HacoieH kim HpaBCTBeHnre npoÔJieMn Ha HHflHBiifla, kim ncnxojiornMecKOTO n ernnecKOTO. OcoôeHO BHHMaHne ce OTflejia Ha (j)OJncjiopa Karo H3Bop Ha tcmh h CMaceTH, Karo xpaHnimnua Ha „KapAHHajiHH Meprn ot xapaKTepa Ha ourrapHHa" (n. n. CjiaBenKOB). HacoMBaHeTO kim HHflHBHflyajiHn n yHHBepcajiHn HOBemiai ueHHoera, xa-paKTepHO 3a HHflHBHflyajm3Ma n cnMBOJin3Ma, OKa3Ba BjinaHne n Btpxy flpyrnTe Tpn ochobhh TeMaTHMHn jihhhh b 6i>jirapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa — H3rpaataaHeTO n oöeanHeHneTO Ha HannoHajniaTa oôuihoct (H. Ba30B, A. CTpaiHHMnpoBT, n. K. Reopoe), pa3naaaHeTO Ha poaoBna cb3t (T. T. BjianKOB, A. CTpamnMnpoB, Ejihh ElejinH-) n connajimiTe koh(J)jihk- HCTOPHHECKH CBBHTHfl KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE JTHTEPATyPEH nPOIIEC TpHTe eTana Ha BuirapcKHH MOJiepHH31>M Mu úniu iya.in{i.\i KpiriT ,JVIhci»ji" Honu xyjioHcecT nenn H eCTeTH- necKH ijejiH. CipCMOK K"l.\l cnpoiiciuauiiii 3apaacjiaHe i ncHxojiorHHe-tKiiii peajiH3i>M ChMB0JIH3I>M CHMB0JIH31Vn>T B SuirapcicaTa jiHTepaTypa IIi miniu h npeflCTaBHTejni Ha n aptiiiiii CHMBOJIH31.M 3HaneHHe Ha CHMB0JIH3Ma 3a pa3BHTHCT0 Ha noe3HHTa TH Ha HOBaTa enoxa (Ba30ßT, ÜBopoß!, Ejihh IlejníH!, npojieTapcKHTe noe™). B nenrtpa Ha peajincranHOTO H3o6paaceHHe Bene He e ÖMrap-CKOTO, a HOBeniKOTo; 3acnjiBa ce HHrepecw kbm AymeBHna cbüt Ha re-poHTe, kbm TexHirre nyBCTBa, CTpacra, CTpeMeacn h mehth. B HanajiOTO Ha XX b. b ÖMrapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa HaBjiH3a chmbojho-MbT, 3apoflHji ce b Eßpona b Kpaa Ha XIX b. 3a HanpaBjieHneTO e xapaK-TepeH OTKa3w ot connajma npoÖJieMaraica h aHraaorpaHOCT, H3pa3aBa- 4 Hero Ha HpaBCTBeHH nocjiaHiia, Ha flynieBHH ABracemra h ctCToamia npe3 CBoeo6pa3eH, chmbojtho HaTOBapeH e3HK, eic3oraHHa o6pa3HOCT h ct>-BipnieH MejiOflHHeH cthx. Kpr>n>T „Mech" e „poflnjrHHaT aom Ha 6m-rapcKHa chmbojth3i>m" (r. IJaHeB); ecTeTHHecKirre BMrjiean Ha ľleHHO CjiaBeiÍKOB! opraHnnecKn npeflxoyKflar hoboto TeneHne. KaTO Hanajio Ha CHMBOjni3Ma ce npneMaT CTHxoTBopeHHeTO Ha ľl. K. übopob! IJecen na neceuma mu (en. „Mhcm", 1906) n BTopaTa My craxocönpica Eescb-Huifu (1907). 3a Hero noBene ce roBopn Karo 3a „npeflCHMBOJincT", ynn-Teji Ha HflBanjOTO noKOJieHne noera chmbojthcth. Cnopea HßaH PaflO-cjiaBOB n rieTKO PoceH Teoflop TpaaHOB (1882—1945) etc craxoTBope-HHeTO en Hoe mm e hcthhckimt poflOHanajmnK Ha cnMBOJin3Ma. Hero-BaTa craxocönpica Ke§ma mollua (1909) ce onpeaejra KaTO nporpaMa Ha HanpaBjíeHneTO. TpaaHOB e aBTop n Ha cönpKHTe Xumhu u ôajiadu (1912) n EhJizapcKU ôanadu (1921) c TBopön Karo Taümime hü Cmpyrna, Cwbpm e paeHUHume n flp. ITpe3 nipBHTe flecerajieraa Ha XX b., cjiea cnnpaHeTO Ha en. „Mhcm" (1907), TpnöyHa 3a KpirrannTe n noeTnre chmbojihcth craBar cnn-caHHaTa „XyfloacHHK" (1905—1909), „CbBpeMeHHa mhcm" (1910— 1920), „3BeH0" (1914), „XnnepnoH" (1922—1931). B en. „H3 hob mi" (1907—1910) ce npeflcraBa rjiaBHO (J)peHCKHaT chmbojth3i>m; b cöop-HHKa „lOacHH ijBeTOBe" (1907) /Jhmo KbopneB (1884—1928) nyöjniKyBa eceTO Thzume hu, eflHH or MafflKpecnrre Ha chmbojth3míi y Hac, onnr 3a HeroBa oöocHOBica b ayxa Ha (|)Hjioco(|)HaTa Ha Hnnnie. OcBeH OTKpoaBanjHTe ce HMeHa Ha H. JTnjrneB! n J\. ,I[eöejiaHOB! KaTO ÖMrapcKH chmbojihcth oÖHKHOBeHO ce nocoHBaT: T. TpaaHOB, EMaHy-Hji rionflHMHTpoB (1885—1943), aBTop Ha craxoTBopeHna c HMeHa Ha acemi: Jlaypa, Hpen, Emu, Jlucxeu, Ecppocuua, Knapa n t. h., h Ha npo-HHKHOBeHH naHTencTHHHH TBopön; JIioflMHji Ctouhob (1888—1973), XpncTO üceHOB (1889—1925) — c eanHCTBeHaTa ranira PuuapcKu 3a- MbK (1921), HHHTO CTHXOTBOpHH irHKjrH Ca H3nMHeHH CT>C CBeTJIHHa, Befl- pnHa n yKH3HepaflOCT; HnKOJian PanHOB (1889—1954), CMflaji aeKopa- THBHO-CTHJIH3HpäHa np03a C HCTOpHHeCKH, eK30THHHH H ÖHÖjieHCKH CK)- aceTH — Eozomujicku Jiezeudu (1912), BudeuuM U3 dpeeua EhJiza-puM (1918), Kuuza sa uapeme (1918) n flp. rioeTHTe chmbojihcth H3pa3aBar Heno3HaTH flOToraBa ABracemra n ct>cto-amia Ha HOBenncara flyma, CMflaBaT CBar Ha nncTOTa n rrpaBCTBeHa h3bh-ceHOCT, flOBe^KflaT ao ciBipmeHCTBO e3HKa, CTpoeaca n MejioflHKaTa Ha ÖMrapcKiia CTHX. PofleH b TpaBHa, chh Ha ľl. P. CjiaBeiÍKOB, ynn b pa3jnwHH rpaflOBe, ra^ero paöoTH öanja My. Ot 1881 r. e b IIjiobahb, ynacTBa bi>b (pojrKjiopHHTe npoyHBaHna Ha 6ama en. ľlpe3 1884 r. 3a6ojiaBa Teaaco c nopaaceHna 3a nají yKHBOT — flBHyKH ce c 6acTyH, roBopn n nnnie TpyflHO. ľlpe3 1892— 1898 r. cjieflBa b Jlanniinr, kmcto pa3ninpaBa Kpr>ro3opa en n oönryBa c ijBeTa Ha HeMCicaTa ecTemnecKa n (J)njioco(|)CKa mhcm. PaöoTH b HapoflHara önDJinoTCKa n HapoflHHH Tearap. Ltempajnia (J)nrypa e b Kpr>ra „Mhcm". Cjiefl KOHtpjniKT c irpocBeTHiia mhhhcti>p Hanycica CTpaHaTa (1911). YMnpa b cejinnjeTO BpyHaTe flo e3epoTO Komo (HTajina). ľleHHO CjiaBenKOB craBa BOflan Ha ÖMrapcicaTa jirrrepaTypa kt>m hobh xopn30HTH, HenH „^Rpeii n bohh" (J\. /leöejiHHOB). IlipBHTe en cthxotbophh onnrn H3flaBa b cöirpKara Momuhu cbji3u (1888), KoaTO no-Ki>CHO H3rapa. ľlo BpeMe Ha npecToa en b repMHHna ce 3ano3HaBa c HeMCicaTa JirrrepaTypa, c ecTeTHKara Ha H. OojrKejrr, ncnxojiorrDrra Ha B. ByHfl, OexHep n ap. BMnpneMa nfleirra noe3Hirra fla craHe H3pa3 Ha flyniaTa Ha HHflHBiifla, a He Ha „jnixaTa Bpma Ha Aeira"; cnopefl Hero Hpe3 HHflHBHflyajrHaTa CMfía Moace fla ce pa3Kpne n HannoHajiHaTa, fla ce oöxBaHe n irpeci>3Aafle HannoHajrHHaT aoiBOT b HeroBna ncTopmecKn pa3Bon npe3 BeKOBeTe. JlrrpHKara Ha ľl. ľl. CjiaBeiÍKOB e (JHijiocotpcica n ncnxojiorHHecKa, c poMäHTHHHn n peajMCTHHHH HacoKH, Ta e MOflepHa, 3amoTO o6pr>ma norjie^a ki>m „BiTpenrnna HOBeK", CTpeManj ce ki>m flyxoBHO H3BncaBäHe h hob iTpäBCTBeH Hfleaji. BoraTa e Ha mothbh h croaceTn, nacT or Komo Heprrn ot HapoflHoro TBopnecTBO. (Panuifa, Eoüko, Kamyuapu, Hyjuaeu, 3MeüH06o mo6e n flp.). ľloeTHHecKOTO TBopnecTBO Ha ľleHHO CjiaBenKOB e ci>6paHO b Tpn cthxocöhpkh — EnmecKU necnu (1896, 1898), ChH sa u{acmue (1906) u. Ha Ocmpoea na ônaotcenume (1910). Bcaica ot Tax xapaKTepn3npa onpeaejieHa ocHOBHa jniHna or pa3BirraeTO My: b nipBaTa npeoÖJiaflaBaT TBopön c rpaamaHCKn n (J)hjioco(|)ckh mothbh, KaKTO n CTHxoTBopeHna, BHymeHH ot (pojTKjiopHH cioaceTH (OpucuM, Kojiedapu, HepasdejiHU, Pajiuua, Mu-KenAnotceno, 0puua). ChH sa u{acmue e najiocTeH jrnpnHecKn flHeBHHK, H3nMHeH c 6jiaH n cwepnaHHe, c nyBCTBO 3a caMOTHOCT, c jno6oB h CTpaflaHHe. Ha Ocmpoea na ônaMcenume e H3pa3 Ha caMOHyBCTBneTO n caMOCMHaHneTO Ha noeTa, ne e flyxoBeH BOflan Ha CBoeTO BpeMe, ne e npn3BäH fla 6r>fle HeroB cmhhk h Mecna, npopoK Ha hahoto, TBopeii, kohto Moace fla ojrnneTBopaBa najia eflHa JirrrepaTypa. B to3h cöopHHK e n noeTHHHaTa paBHOCMeTica 3aBemaHne Ha CjiaBenKOB neonom na noema. Ueno ToTeB KpanojiOB, pofleH b ^tnpnaH, ynn b IIjiobahb, paöora b Tejier-pa(J)o-nonieHCKHTe craHnim b ^tnpnaH, Ct. 3aropa, CjinBeH, CTpajiflyKa, AHxnajio, Cotpna. ľlpe3 1902—1903 r. e c pa3JinHHH nera b MaKeflOHna, cjiefl HjiHHfleHCKO-npeoöpaaceHCKOTO BicraHne e pe^aKTop Ha b. „Hjthh-fleH1'. Ot 1904 r. paöora b HapoflHaTa onojniOTeica, KOMaHflnpoBaH e b HaHcn (1906—1907) n b ÄeHeBa, BneHa n napn>K (1909). Ot 1908 flo 1913 r. e ApaMmypr Ha HapoflHna Tearap. ľlpe3 1910 r. e KOMaHflirpOBaH b naprac, TaM yMnpa jnoönMaTa My MnHa K). ToflopoBa. ľlpe3 1912 r. ce BeHHäBa 3a Jlopa KapaBejiOBa. Ilpe3 HoeMBpn 1913 r. Jlopa ce 3acTpejrßa. ÜBopoB rrpaBH onnr fla ce caMoyöne, ocTaßa aaiB, ho nojrycjian. OÖBinieH 3a CMipira Ha Jlopa, noeTw npeaaiBaBa eflHa roflHHa Ha aynieBHH n ABTOPH H TBOPBH IleHHO CjiaBeiÍKOB (1866—1912) B I i.ptc'iic Ha HOB iipaiif i neu- Hfleaji Heňo KpanojiOB ÄBopoB (1878— 1914) Kl.M noflCTMHie Ha CHMBOJIH3Ma IleTKo K). ToflOpOB (1879—1916) (J)H3HHecKH CTpaflaHHa; BMipeioi noflKpenaTa Ha fl-p KptCTeB BOJiirra My 3a aoiBOT e cjiOMeHa h toh B3eMa rojiHMa A03a OTpoBa h ce 3acTpejrßa. Ha CTpaHHHjrre Ha „Mhcm" öeflHHHT h Hen3BecTeH nomeHCKn hhhobhhk ot AHxnajio rieňo KpanojiOB nojrynaBa nceBflomiMa ÜBopoB h 3a KpaTKO BpeMe flOCTHra BtpxoBeTe Ha ÖMrapcKaTa noe3na: öoraTCTBO ot reua h mothbh, noeTHHecKO MaňcTopcTBO, oÖHOBaBaHe h npenpaBaHe Ha hobh m>THHia. Teo MnjieB! BmKfla y Hero „eflHa BTopa eMaHaiina Ha pacoBna , remní"; „efliiH KOMnjieKT ot eHeprna", H3nMHeH cr>c CKtpön, mt>kh, yaca-t ch h CTpaflaHHH ot neTBeKOBHOTO poöctbo; CTpaflaHHeTO b noe3Hirra Ha n. k. ÜBopoB He e HeroBO jihhho CTpaaaHne, a „KOjieKTHBHOTO BceHapoflHO CTpaflaHHe Ha MHHajiOTo". B CmuxomeopeHUM (1901) ÜBopoB ÖJiacBa Karo BflixHOBeH neßeii Ha ceji-CKaTa HeBOJia h 6op6ara 3a CBOÖoaa c TBopön Karo Ha Hueama, Epadyui-Ka, Mau 1900, 3amoueHuuu, ApMeuuu... 3bt>hkhht cthx Ha Kanuona, OBjiaAaHaTa (jrojucjiopHa crajnoanna b noeMaTa roBopaT 3a HeoÖHKHOBeHa noeTipma flapöa. Hou( noKa3Ba apyroTO jnme Ha noeTa, nofloÖHO Ha HeocBeTeHaTa CTpaHa Ha jryHaTa. Cjiefl pa3rpoMa Ha HjrnHfleHCKOTO BtcraHne (1903) ÜBopoB npeaaiBaBa HfleiiHO-ecTeTHHecKa Kpn3a h npejiOM. Toh nocTeneHHO ce onca3Ba or cboh- Te MJiafleyKKH „COnnajTHH BKpeHHa", „naTpHOTHHeCKH MeHTH" h He 6e3 BwpeniHa cwrpoTHBa MHHaBa „MOCTa Ha AeKaaeHTCTBOTo". TIporpaMHO 3a HOBara CHMBOjniCTirTHa HacoKa Ha noe3iiHTa My craBa craxoTBopemie-to neceu na neceuma mu (1906). Bene He „ľpyacemiKM", a „3Be3Zffln bh-coth" h „nponacTHTe amöokh" Ha ayxa TpeBoacaT noeTa. Bojie3HeHn ca-MoaHajnöH pa3nr>BaT OTnaaHaTa aynia, cpeAHonnrn Bnxpn rorürr ot Hea xapMOHHirra n cnoKoncTBneTO. Ckokw ot connajrHaTa noe3na aXaüdyui-Ku neonu kt>m cyöeKTHBHHTe FßyKHBaBaHna b neceu na neceuma mu e He-BepoaTeH — ot connajmoTO CMyBCTBne n narpnoTirTHin-e HacTpoemia kim CKenraniOMa, flynieBHna KoniMap n HeBepneTo; ot CBeranHaTa Ha cjTbHneTO kbm TiMHHHaTa n noMeTeHHH öjihcmc Ha jryHaTa — crpaHeH n flajieneH. TBopönre ot Eescbnuiju (1907) n or nincMa npospeHun b nodup ceuKume na oôjiauume (1910) BMeayiaT b ÖMrapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa TeMa-Ta 3a flBOHCTBeHOCTTa Ha HOBenncaTa flynia, Hocema eflHOBpeMeHHO CBeran-Ha n MpaK, floöpo n 3JIO, yKHBOT n CMtpr (Jledeua cmeua, He cu euHoeua mu, KbM ehpxa, CeuKU, Macxa, ffee dyuiu, neceuma na uoeexa n flp.) Karo cnaceroie oř KomMapine Ha ayxa e jnoöoBHara jrapmca Ha noeTa, Bwipe-kh ne n Ta e ApaManrrHO pajzrßoeHa — ÍZ|e ôhdeui e 6wo, ffee xyôaeu onu, BhJiweÔHUua, Cmou, npbcmeH c onan, npoKJinmue n t. h. C nnecine B no-jiumeHaBumouia (191 l)KKozamozpbMydapu, kok exomo 3aznvxea (1912) ÜBopoB craBa eflHH ot CTpoHTejnrre Ha ÖMrapcKna Tearap b HanajiOTO Ha XX b. MeTCyKCH flyx, TparnHHO pa3m>BaH ot ciMHeHna n HesacjryaceHn o6n-fln, toh caM HaMnpa ycnoKoeHne 3a H3Tep3aHaTa cn aynia. PofleH b rp. EjieHa b 3äMO>kho HopDaflaoincKO ceMencTBo; poflHHHa Ha Ct. MnxanjiOBCKnT. Yhh b rnMHa3HH b Ti>phobo (1894—1895) n b Tyjry-3a, flJpaHiina (1896—1897). Ilpe3 1897 r. b Pyce n3flaßa b. „3aKOHHOCT" 3aeflHO c Hb. BejniHOB. CjieflBa npaBO b BepH, LUBennapiiH, jnrrepaTypa b BepjníH n JTannnnr, 3aBi>pniBa npe3 1904 r. npe3 Mapr 1912 r. 3aMHHaßa fla ce jieKyBa ot Ty6epKyji03a Ha o. Kanpn; yMnpa b IU,BeHnapna. n. K). ToflopoB e npneT b Kpr>ra „Mhcm" mhoto no-TpyflHO ot ÍTbopobT. B Kpaa Ha 90-Te roflHHn Ha XIX b. toh nocreneHHO 3aMerrH HapoflHHne-CKO-coiinajMCTHHecKHTe rmen c nfleajia 3a BiTpenma CBOÖOfla Ha jnwHOCTTa. CaM 3aaBaBa, ne Bene ncKa fla paöoTn „3a hhctoto H3KycTBo", KaTO cirpafln „eflHH Mnp ot KpacoTH n eMonnn". B HanajiOTO Ha XX b. n. K). ToflopoB cr>3flaBa udujiunma Karo opnrnHajieH acaHp, CMeTaBanj (jrojncjiopHaTa Tpaflnnna n MOflepHrrre HHflHBHflya-jMCTHHHH BMrjieflH. TepoHTe Ha HflHjnni Karo Menxap, Had nepmea, CeuKu, HecpeniHUK, ľycjiapeea Mauxa ca MenTaTejm HecpeTHimn, hhííto 6yHT cpenry oönjecTBOTO HMa TparnHHn nocjieflniin. Cthjiw e poMaHrnneH, c pHTMH3npäH e3HK h crpeMexc ki>m opHaMeHTaijHa h CTHjni3annH b flyxa Ha HapOflHOTO TBOpneCTBO. Ome c nipBaTa cn nneca Sudapu (cn. „Mhcm", 1902) n. K). ToflopoB onepTaBa eflHa flpaMaTyprnHHa HacoKa, npn koüto TpaMmnoHHHTe (6htobh, (J)OJTKjiopHH, HCTopnHecKn) TeMH nojTynaBaT MOflepHa ncnxojiornHecKa TpaKTOBKa. B croaceTa, BflixHaT ot CTapna mht 3a BrpayKflaHeTO, e BnjieTeHa MOflepHaTa rmea Ha HHflHBHflyajncMa, ne „jmHHOCTTa e no-Baaora ot oömecTBOTo" (c. KnpKerop). BrpaamaHeTO (nOyKeprBaHeTo) Ha Pa/ja or MancTopnTe 3Fraapn pa3pyniaBa macmeTO Ha roflernnca n XpncTO, BHaca CMyr b flyníHTe n Ha flpyrrrre repon, nocTaßa nofl cr>MHeHne 3aMncjieHOTO „HapoflHO eflHHeHne". n. K). ToflopoB e aBTop n Ha flpaMHTe CaModuea — onpeflejieHa ot Kpn-THKaTa Karo „neceH 3a bojih h Mjia/jocT" c o6pa3n n mothbh ot HapoflHara neceH; n^peume (1907) — BMurbmaBama rmeajia 3a HpaBCTBeHO H3BnceHna nncaTeji n HHTejnireHT; Cmpaxuji cmpauieu xaüdymuH (1905), Heencma Eopsma (1910). B apaMaTa 3Meuoea ceamôa (1910) 3MeaT n I],eHa, H3flnrHajin ce bhcoko Hafl flpyrnTe c HpaBCTBeHara cn nncTOTa, CTaBaT acepTBa Ha eron3Ma n 6e3cr>pfleHneTO Ha yöorirre flyxoM. ^HMHTT>p HßäHOB CtOUHOB, pOfleH b C. BaHJIOBO, Co(J)HHCKO. YhH b pOflHOTO ch cejio, b naHanopnme n Co(J)na, npe3 1895 r. CTaBa ynirreji. Othobo ynn b I co(J). Miaoca raMHa3HH (1896—1897), ho He ycmma fla 3aBr>pnin V (ah. IX) Kjiac. Karo yneHHK nnnie CTnxoBe n pa3Ka3n, 3a m>pBH nw nyöjniKyBa npe3 1895 r. npe3 1898—1899 r. aoiBee b poflHOTO cn ceno, HanncBa mpBHTe cn 3pejm pa3Ka3n (Bempenama Memuua, Hanacm ôojkum, Eocm, HsKyuieHue, nponemua u3MOMa). Ot 1899 r. e b Co(J)hh h ce OTflaßa H3najio Ha jnirepaTypeH Tpyfl. Paöora b „TiproBCKH BecranK1' n b. „^HeBHHK", npe3 1902—1903 r. H3flaBa 4 6p. ot cn. „CejiCKa pa3ro-BopKa" b HapoflHHHecKO-npocBeTHTejiCKH flyx c rojraM ycnex cpefl ynmejinTe. Or 1903 r. paöora b YHHBepcHTeTCKara n HapoflHara 6n6jinoTeKa, KOMaHflnpoBaH e bi>b ©pairflHH (1906—1907), npe3 I cb. BoiÍHa e Mo6njni3npaH Karo BoeHeH nncaTeji ki>m b. „Boemni H3BecTna" n cn. „Ch-enecTBo". npe3 1926—1944 r. e ypeflHHK Ha My3ea „HBaH Ba30B". YnacTBa b peflaKTnpaHeTO Ha xyMopncTHHHna b. „BMrapaH" (1908—1909) n jnrrepaTypHOTO cnncaHne „CjiiHHorjiefl", peaaKTop Ha b. „Pa3Bn-rop" (1921—1924), Ha fleTCKH cnncarnia n Becrannn. Pa3Ka3HTe Ha Ejihh nejníH (t. L, 1904; t. 2., 1911) irpeflCTaBjraBaT naHopaMa Ha cejiCKna aoiBOT — conHajma, ncnxojiornHecKa, ymiBepcajiHa. nn- OOJIKJIOPHH MOTHBH h MOflepHH u ich HHflHBHflyajni3- Ml.l h oömecTBOTo Ejihh IlejiHH (1877—1949) y iiii.p>k laiiaiie Ha peajiH3ivia Hobcctiitc Ha EjTHH nejiHH Hiiko. mil JlHjineB (1885—1960) caTejiHT e noBene ckgiithk, otkojikoto poManraK; peajniCT e3HHHHK c nofl-HepraHa HaKjiOHHOCT kbm irpoHiiHTa, ktm ropHHBiia cmhx. Ka3Ba, ne ce CMeeji „Hafl ce6e ch h Hafl bchhko b CBeTa" hjih ome: „A3 cim no-MajiKO Beceji h noBene 311". HeroBiiHT peajno™ e opraHiweH, KjiacHHeciai; pa3-KasBanw e oögkthbgh Haöjnoflareji, ho ctnyBCTBa Ha crpaflaHiiaTa Ha cboh-Te repoH. IJeHTpajiHO mhcto b tbophgctboto My 3aeMa TeMaTa 3a ceji-ckiih Tpyfl — Karo Haním 3a onejiHBaHe, Karo Bweji ot coiniajniH npoTii-BopeHHa h KaTO BtpxoBeH CMHflaTejieH aKT, npe3 koííto ce ycBoaBa h npe- * noflpeama cbctbt. B pa3Ka3H KaTO Bempenama Memuua, Hanacm ôojkum, Menmamenu, Ko-cmu, Kpaü eodeHuifama, 3adyuiHuifa, Ha ohm cenm, Cnacoea Mozujia, Tlponemna usmomcl, Xumpeu, IlpecmhnjieHue, AndpeiuKO, KyMoeu zocmu, HsKyiuemie, CaModuecKume ckcuiu ce pa3rpi>ma b najiaTa ch cnjia pa3-Ka3BaHecKiiHT h ii3o6pa3HTejieH TajiaHT Ha Ejihh IrejniH — MeTatpopiw- HOCT H JiaKOHH3I>M Ha H3Ka3a, CTpeMHTejIHOCT H JieKOTa Ha H3JIOyKeHHeTO, yceT KbM coiiiiajiHiTre KOHtpjniKra, BHyiiieHiiH Ha neň3aaca. HiiKE>jn>T pa3- K33H IJoÔ MQHQClllUpCKQlllQ j103ü (1936) e XHMH Ha 3CMH0T0, HOBeiUKOTO, Ha jnoöoBTa h Miflpocira, H3pa3eHH HeHarpaiFniBO c KjiaciwecKa npocTO-Ta h ecTecTBeHOCT. KaKTO OTÖejiiOBaT HeroBH H3CJieflOBaTejiH h HeHirrejni (Hb. MeineKOB, H. naHOBa, P. KojiapoB), Ejhih nejníH e H3o6pa3HTeji Ha ÖMrapcKiia flyx, a He npocTO Ha 6irra. npn Hero bchhko e b xapMomia, bchhko e b Hepa3fle-jniMO eflHHCTBO h B3aiiMH0 npejiHBaHe: e3HK, neH3aac, cthji, jnrpH3i>M, cr>- HyBCTBHe (HO He CäHTHMeHTajTHO-HapOflHHHeCKO) KbM repOHTe H flg. EjTIIH nejníH e BceHapoflHO, efljiHOflynmo npn3HaT (Hapefl c Hb. Ba30BT, H. Hob-kobhI) 3a MaňcTop Ha 6r>jrrapcKHH pa3ica3. noBecTHTe repaifume (1911) h 3eMM (1922) cr>c 3aBjiaflaBama cnjia Ha H3o6pa3HTejTHaTa cthxiih HHrepnpeTHpaT coiniajma, HpaBCTBeHa h oömoHOBeimca npoOJieManiica. repaifume e BejniKOJienHa xyfloacecTBeHa KapTHHa Ha pa3naflaHeT0 Ha ÖMrapcKiia poflOB kocmoc JJmo HopflaH H3pa3aBa ruKHara npoMHHa: „JIioöoBTa 6ara ot HOBerniaiTe cr>pna, xopaTa He ca Bene 6paTa". napirre, 3jioto, pa3Bpan>T nporoHBaT oÖHHra ot 061HJIH flOM. CrapraT TepaK e ctcnnaH ot HecwjiacneTO h pa3flopHTe Me^Kfly CHHOBeTe; ot 6e3pa3jiHHHeT0 Ha naBeji kt>m Tpyfla h KpacoTaTa Ha cejiCKHa ;khbot; ot ajriHOCTTa Ha BoacaH. Toň floaaiBaBa flHirre ch caMOTeH h oropneH, H3Ma\ieH b Haň-flo6pHTe ch mchth. noBecira 3eMM npecKflaBa TMKHara HCTopiia Ha Em>o, noryöeH ot npeKOMepHaTa ajriHOCT, ot 6e3yMHaTa aca-Kfla 3a coöctbchoct. 3aMeHHji jnoöoBTa ch ki>m HBeTa c MHoro hmôt, toh pa3pyrnaBa jniHHOCTTa ch h 3aniBa. HHKOjiaň MnxanjioB nonHBaHOB, pofleH b Ct. 3aropa, paHO ocTaBa ch- paK. Yhh b poflHHa ch rpafl, 3aBr>pniBa raproBCKa rHMHa3na b Cbhhjob (1903). PaöoTH b CTapo3aropcicaTa 3eMeflejicica 6aHica, npe3 1905— 1906 r. cjieflBa TpH ceMecnpa jiHTepaTypa b JIo3aHa, HlBeňiiapna. npe3 1907 r. e hhhobhhk b Jípima 6aHH, cpeina ce c Bji. BacHjieB h B. neHeB. CjieflBa raproBCKH Hayiai b naprac (1909—1912). PaöoTH Karo yHHTeji b Hjiobahb h Cbhhjob, ynacTBa b cmicainieTO Ha J\. noflBi>p3aHOB „3BeHo" (1914). npe3 I cb. Boinia e peflmiK h KopecnoHfleHT, öojieflyBa flBa Mečena ot Tiitp. npe3 1919 r. H3jni3a nipBaTa My cnixocöirpica IJmuifu e uoufma; CTaßa cwpyflmiK Ha en. „3jiaTopor", ot 1920 r. — ctpeflaKrop. npe3 1921—1924 r. e bib BneHa h MiOHxeH, KbfleTO ctöirpa MaTepnajni 3a CTonaHCKaTa HCTopiia Ha EtjirapiiH. npe3 1924—1928 r. h ot 1934 r. flo Kpaa Ha aaiBOTa ch e flpaMarypr b Hapoflmia TeaTtp; npeBeacfla MHoro KjiacHHeciai flpaMH h HM3 TOJieMH 3acjTyrH 3a pa3BirraeTO Ha 6r>jrrapciaiH Teanp. Cjiefl noeMaTa Podima (1925) npecTaBa fla nyöjniicyBa hobh cth-xoBe flo 1934 r., KoraTO H3jni3a hhkmw Ilpu Mopemo — nocjieflHHTe CTHxoBe, koííto noeTw OTnenaTBa npraoiBe. HapHHaH „aHrejiorjiacHiiHT" (Cb. HroB), H. JlnjineB flOBeacfla flo cr>Bi>p-HieHCTBO 6r>jirapcKHH cthx b CMeTamieTO Meacfly o6pa3HOCT h MejioflHica: Ceemnoympo, mu npoxydu..., Tuximm nponemen d'botcd..., ChMHa e cbHHume zpaduHu..., Kpbzo3opu Hadeecemi... h flp. noe3iiHTa My e icnoBefl Ha caMOTa, Tira h npHMnpemie, Ha eflpo pa3flBoeHO Meacfly ojunia h cnoMeHa CMHame, ^acflo Ha rpyöaTa flencTBHTejiHOCT h H36arBamo flocera c Hea. CepatpHHHaTa MopajiHa HHCTOTa h HeHaKipHHMOCT He ca CMymaBaHH ot 3eMHa JH060B; eflHHCTBeHaTa jnoÖHMa ce Hapnna Hhhhji HnKora. npmiaiBe JlHjiHeB H3flaBa Tpn khoth: IJmuifu e nomma (1919), JlyHHU nemna (1922) h CmuxomeopeHUM (1931). OcMHaßa npoMeHirre b Harjiacirre Ha oömecTBOTO b nepHOfla Meacfly bohhhtc, ho ocTaBa BepeH Ha CBoa enweH h ecTeTHHecKH Hfleaji, KaTO nonni npecTaBa fla nnrne noe3HH. („Bt>b Toa BeK Ha xHiflHO H3Tpe6jieinie / 0, TocnoflH, hhm3 ct>m a3 3a TaM?") Ton e h eflHH ot Haň-flo6pHTe öwirapcKH npeBOflann Ha TBopön ot TbOTe, XaňHe, nyniKHH, BepxapH, XotpMaHCTaji, PnjiKe, YnTMaH, X. Xece, n. Bajiepn Hflp. PofleH b KonpHBiflHiia, ynn b Hjiobahb h b Cotpiia. PaöoTH b MeTpojionpi-HaTa CTaHHiia, bib b. „Jlßa", „BajncaHCKa TpHÖyHa", CTeHorpatp e b Ha-poflHOTO cioparae, CotpHHCicaTa oöiflHHa h flp. CjieflBa npaßo, nocjie jni-TepaTypa, ho He 3aBr>pniBa. npe3 1910 r. 3aeflHO c fl. noflBi>p3aHOB h3-flaBa „BijirapcKa aHTOJiorna. HarnaTa noe3na ot Ba30B HacaM". npe3 1913—1914 r. cjryaai b UI30, cipeflaKTop e (3aeflH0 c fl. noflBip-3anoB) Ha en. „3BeHo". npe3 1916 r. 3aMHHaBa KaTO flOÖpoBOJieij Ha KJacHna (ppoHT, KtfleTO npoflbjBicaBa fla tboph h cr>3flaBa eflHH ot HaH-3pejnrre ch CTiixoTBopeHiiH. 3arHBa Kpaň /JeMapxacap. /leöejiHHOB e HaH-HeacHHaT h ejiernneH jnipmc b HOBaTa 6r>jirapcica noe3Ha, HeÜHHirr Haň-ciKpoBeHO H3noBefleH TBopeij. Cr>BpeMeHHHK h 6jih3t>k npHirreji Ha H. JThjihcbT, toh ce BMxnmaBa ot ÜBopoB? h neHHO Cjia-bchkobT. no3HaBa MHoro floöpe (ppeHCiaiTe chmbojihcth, npeBeacfla rn. H3ipaacfla cboh noeTHHeciai cbüt h CMflaßa TBopön, nponrnH c MHoro HacTpoeHHe h CBeraa rara. HeroBme jdoöobhh ejiernn (A3 uckom da me noMHM ece maxa, üomhuui jiu, homhuiu jiu, Tu cwbrnno ce MMpxaiu u3 Mopnama namem), KaKTO h H3noBeflHiTre npoH3BefleHiiH Karo Jla ce sa-sbpnem e 6au{UHama Kbu{a, coHeTw Tlnoedue, ca rneflbOBpn b owrrapcicaTa noe3iiH. B CTHxoTBopeHHaTa, nncaHH Ha (pponra, HacTtnBa noBpaT ki>m hob nin o6pa3HOCT, ki>m ncHxojiorHHecica jnipnica, H3m>jiHeHa c xyMaHH3i>M h TparHHHH npefl'iyBCTBiiH 3a rnöeji. nocjieflHaTa My ejierna Cupomna necen ce OKa3Ba h HeroBa npeflCMbprHa neceH. /l,IJ\ľlO .HeßejiHHOB (1887—1916) MCTOPMMECKH CtBMTHH MCTOPMMECKM CtBMTMH JIMTEPATyPA no BPEME HA BOMHMTE (1912—1918) JIMTEPATYPATA ME>Kfly flBETE CBETOBHM BOMHM JIHTEPATyPEH IIPOIDÍC Hobii n Mci i a n I ISdpÓll B jiHTepaTypaTa npe3 BOHHHTe Tpirre bohhh 3a oöeflHHemieTO Ha ÖMrapcKna Hapofl — BajiKaHCKaTa (1912—1913), Mea?irycwo3HHHecKaTa (1913), ITbpBaTa CBeTOBHa (1915— 1918) — He nocraraT nejrra ch. OcBOÖOflHTejTHHHT naTOC Ha BajucaHCKara BoiÍHa e npaxocan b Me;KzrycM03HHHecKaTa, 3aBi>piiiHjia c Karacrpo^a. Y^h-craeTO b rtbpBara CBeTOBHa BoiÍHa Ha CTpaHara Ha Tpoinnia cho3, BMipeioi 4 repoH3Ma Ha apivniaTa h xnjiaaine acepTBH, boah po BTopa HanHOHajma ica-TacTpo(J)a (HboňcKHaT floroBop, 1919). Maicap h no-orpaHHHeH, jTHTeparypHHHT ;kiibot He 3aMHpa. noaBaBar ce H3AaHFMTa „3BeH0" (1914), „Bop6a" (1913—1920), „BwapaH" (1916— 1924), „OTenecTBo" (1914—1918) h pp. OcHOBaH e Cho3w Ha öwrrap-CKHTe nncaTejiH (1913). rojiHMa nacT ot cwBopeHoro b Tiuia e c (J)ajrmHB naTOC, niaÖJiOHHO h Hexy-MaHHO —„inaÖHaTa noe3na" Ha K. XpncTOB? (Ha homc, 1913), Xp. I],. Jlß-pracaH, Ct. ^tnjniHrHpoB, cthxotbopctboto Ha JI. EoöeBCKH h flp. IÍBaH Ba30BT nocBeinaBa Ha BOHHirre Tpn cthxocöhpkh: Ilod zbpma na noôedume (1914), Ilecmi sa MaKedomin (1916), Hoeu exoee. ffucoHcm-cu (1917). B Tax HaMirpa H3pa3 narpnoTirTHiiHT BWTopr ot noöefline Ha ÖMrapcKOTO opiaoie. Ha (J)poHTa J\. /leöejiHHOBT HanncBa craxoTBopeHiia c npeflMeTHO-Beme-CTBeHa o6pa3HOCT h H3noBeflHa flMÖOHHHa (Hom KbM Cojiyn, Cmapimm ôueaK, IIpuuMcdam, epvu{am ce); Meagry Tax ca xyMäHHCTirrHara enema EduH yôum h 3äBeTHOTO craxoTBopeHne Cupomna necen. A. T. CTpaniHMiipoBT, aoöpoBOJieii b BajiKaHCKara BOHHa, OTpa3aBa Bne-HaTjieHHirra h npeaaiBaBaHHirra ch b poMHHa xpomnca Buxhp (1922) c nofl3arjiaBHe C uionume KbM U,apuzpad. HapoflOBeflCKirre My TpyaoBe Boühu u OceoôojicdeHue (1916) h Khuzü sa ôwzapume (1917) ca opnrHHajTHO Brjie;KflaHe „b ncnxipiecKaTa ncTopna Ha ÖMrapnHa" (Cn. Ka3aHflyKHeB), pa3MHCJTH 3a HeroBiia xapaKiep. Bt>b BOHHHTe 3arHBaT nncaTejiHTe CTpamHMHp KpHHHeB, fl. ,I[e6ejiHHOBT, Bji. MycaKOB, Anöepr TeneB, Hjih HBäHOB — MspeH, Bji. IIonaTaHacoB — Ueno, apracra, xyflOyKHiinii, yKypHajnicra. EjiaroflapeHne Ha ycHjniirra Ha p-p K. KpicTeB peflHna TBopnn ca BtpHarn ot (J)poHTa. no BpeMe Ha Boninne, b kohto ynacTBa Karo oiJHinep, Hop/agH Hobkoba Ha-miCBa noBecTTa 3eMJuufu, ppa TOMa c pa3Ka3H, Me^Kiry kohto Eojikoh, Eemmm ecKadpoH h pp. BjiaanMnp MycaKOB (1887—1916) e aßrop Ha paäcaai, cthxo-Be b npo3a, npiiKa3KH h HMnpecHH, Ha ppmsa?dJ,amma h ApaManiHHaTa noeMa Camcmaui. HamiCBa Ha (J)poHTa Han-3HaHHTejiHaTa ch TBopöa Kbpeaeu nemna (1921) — miCMa h jupeh flHeBHHK, OTjnnaBamH ce c aHTHBoeHeH xyMainobM h eiccnpecHBeH cthji. Xyno;KecTBeHO-flOKyMeHTaiiHaTa noBecr Ha Mnxaiui KpeMeH (1884—1964) Epezcumuua (1921) CMtpaca CBHfleTejiCTBa h cnoMeroi or Boinnne. Cjea BpeMe KpHTHKw HßaH MenieKOB (1891—1970) BKjnoHBa 3anHCKHTe ch ot OKomne b KHHraTa Jlneo nomnemie. Om zmmasmma do OKonume — 1907—1917 (1934). ITpeyKHBaHOTO npe3 BOHHHHTe BflixHOBma TBopön Karo noBecn-a MbHUHbK cemn (1919)tuE. PaiHeB, poMamne Mopaea 3ee3Ôa Kbpeaea (1934) HaK. IleTKäHOB vúĹonapci (1935) Ha JI. Ctouhob. Cjiefl BOHHHTe h HaijHOHajTHaTa KaracTpo(|)a ÖMrapcKOTO oönjecTBO H3na^a b flMÖOKa nojTHTHHecKa KpH3a. riopaflH flHCKpeflHTnpaHeTO Ha Tpa-flHijHOHHHTe napTHH Ha BjiacT HflBa 3eMeflejiCKHHT cho3. IIInpH ce pa3ÖH-paHeTO, ne MHoronapTmÍHaTa fleMOKpainia e HeroflHa h H3HepnaHa, h TOBa npojTHHaBa ot npeBpaTa Ha 9 iohh 1923 r. (HapofleH croBop), CenTeM-BpHHCKOTO BiCTaHHe (EKIT), npeBpaTa Ha 19 Man 1934 r. (Kpww „3BeHo"). TepoptT, yönncTBaTa n penpecnme CTaßaT nacT ot nojiHTHnecKOTO BceKHflHeBne (aTeHraTw b nipKBaTa „Cb. Heflejra", 1925 r., nojnrraHecKHTe yönncTBa n Tepopw npe3 1924—1925 r.). TojniMa nacT ot oönjecTBOTO ce paflHKajiFßnpa n Tipcn H3xofl b nojmrnKaTa Ha „TBipaaTa piKa", b cjieflBaHeTO Ha TOTajniTapHH MOflejín (HaijncTKa repMaHna, CMeTCKa Pycna). Cjiefl 1934 r. nojnrrnHecKHTe napinn ca 3a6paHeHn, HapacTBa pojnira Ha MOHapxa. ilpe3 1941 r. nofl 3anjiaxaTa ot HeMCKa OKynanna BMrapna ce npncteflHHaBa kt>m IpncrpamníH naicr c Hafleama 3a peBH3npaHe Ha HbOHCKna floroBop n HannoHajrHO oöeflHHeHne. Cjiefl HanajiOTO Ha BOHHara Meagry repMaHna n CiBeTCKna cwo3 KOMyHHCTHHecKaTa naprna opraHH3npa crapoTHBHTejTHO flBiEKeHHe. Ha 9 cenreMBpn 1944 r. cjiea 6e3Kpi>BeH BoeHeH npeBpaT Bjiacira e noeTa ot OTenecTBeHna (J)poHT. BypHHTe nojnrnwecKH ct>6hthh cpefl Kpaa Ha ilipBara CBeroBHa BoiÍHa (pa3-naiiaHeTO Ha PycKara n ABcrpo-yHrapcKara HMnepna, peBomonHHTa b ľleT-porpaii, BKTaHHirra b BepjníH n Ey^gnenia, BOHrnnincnTe oymoBe y Hac) npo-MeHjrr HfleHHO-(J)Hjioco(Jx;KaTa n flyxoBHaTa Harjiaca Ha CTapna KOHTHHeHT. BoiÍHaTa e onpoBeprana njií03HHTe, ^ CBen>T e eflHO xapMOHHHHO najio. Kpax Tipmi n HfleaTa 3a cnimaTa, ropaa n caMOTHa jihhhoct, no HiinnieaHCKH n HÖceHOBCKH MOfleji, koítto Moace p& ce npoTHBonocTäBn Ha oönjecTBoro n pa HaMepn b coöcTBeHara en flynia npncTaH Ha xapMOHna n KpacoTa. B H3KycTBOTO h jmTepaTypaTa Ha Eßpona ce pampar hobh TeneHna, HapnHaHn oönjo „MOflepHH3i>M" n „aBaHrapflH3T>M". ToBa ca eKcnpecnoinoMbT, HMa2CHHH3MI>T, CIOppeajTn3MI>T, aKMen3MBT, flaflaH3MI>T H T. H. iIoe3naTa, yMopeHa ot BiifleHiíHTa Ha cnMBOjniCTHTe n TexHiia CTpeMeac kt>m npannoHajTHOTO, ce ycTpeMHBa kt>m npeflMeTHOTO, peajmoTO, oce3a-eMOTO. B jmrepaTypaTa, b H3o6pa3HTejrHOTO H3KycTBO HaBjni3aT yjnmaTa, TMnnre, Macnre. Te CTaBaT chhohhm Ha npooy^KflaHeTO n CMejnrre flencTBna Ha reponre Ha hoboto BpeMe (öyHTOBe, CTanioi, öapnicaflHH 6o-eBe). ToBa ca xopara, kohto CMflaBaT MaTepnajiHme öjiara, 6opaT ce 3a cbohtc coiinajTHH h rpa/KflaHCKH rrpaßa, CTpaflaT n 3arnBar. IIoaBaBaT ce hob jnipHHecKH repon n hob ecTeTHHecioi nfleaji. Cjiefl BOHHHTe ce CT>3flaBar ycjiOBna 3a pa3BirraeTO Ha npojieTapcKO-peBO-jnoijHOHHaTa jnirepaTypa, koüto flororaßa hm3 nponaraHflHO-fleKjiaMaiiHO-HeH xapaicrep. IIoaBaBaT ce hobh nj/jaHna (ocBeH napranHHTe oprarni „Hobo BpeMe" n „PaöoTHiwecKH BecranK") — cn. „Mpapem", cn. „MepBeH cmhx", jinrepaTypHaTa npnrypica Ha b. „PaĎorannecKn BecranK1' n pp. Ha Texmrre CTpaHnnii Bekají CTaßa CMnpHeHCioi-l, H3pacTBa or 6e3o6rmeH n ocTpoyMeH xyMopncT po noeT c mhcto b HannoHajiHaTa jnneparypa. KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE Hobhht flyxo- BeH K.IIINiai B ĽBpona JIHTEPATYPEH nPOIIEC Hob jnipiiHCCKii repoň IIpojieTapcKO- peBOJIIOUHOHHa HOC'illil ĽKCIipeCIIOIHUl.M CcnTCMBpiiíi-CKaTa jíHTepaTypa — 113,5 amiH, npejjCTaBHTCJiH IltpBHTe KHliril Ha TBOpUHTC OT „Hob ni>T" JlHTep aTypHHHT Kpír „CTpejieii" (1927) EKcnpecHOHH3MbT ce 3apa/Kiia b repMamra cjiefl ntpBara CBeTOBHa BOHHa. 3a Hero e xapaicrepHa BH3iwTa 3a CBeTa KaTO KaTacrpotpa, anoKajnrncHC, oöhjh MecTa ca TOTajraoTO OTpHnafflre, rrpH3HBrrre 3a TOTajraa rrpoMHHa, KOHTpacTw h cÖJTbciKw Ha BipxoBHO HanperHaTH chjth, THnHHHH o6pa3H ca 6yHTw, crMKHOBemreTO, bhkw. EKcrrpecHOHH3ivn>T e no-CKopo MHporjieflHO, OTKOjiKOTO CTHjioBO aBjíemre; 3a (J)Hjioco(J)CKa ocHOBa ce COTOT Hnirnie h BeprcoH. B Bwirapna Haň-apiK npeflcraBirreji Ha HarrpaB-jieHHeTO e Teo Mruieß!, kbm Hero ce oraaca h pamraTa noe3ira Ha Jlaiviap h HHKOJiaň MapaHro30B, npo3aTa Ha ^laBflap MyTa(J)OB, pa3Ka3rrre rra JJp-MHTip XaflyKHjnreB (Kawbuume zoeopnm, 1929), TBopÖH rra Teopni Paiŕ-neB, Ahtoh CTpamHMHpoBT, HincojiaH PaňHOB, CßeTOCJiaB Mhhkob h flp., Ha xyfloacHHiíHTe /JenKO Y3yHOB, Bacnji 3axapneB, yKopac Ilana30B. upra nponarairflarop Ha aBaHrapflH3Ma y Hac e cn. „Be3ini" (1919—1922) Ha Teo MnjieBl. B Hero toh rryöjniKyBa TeopeTHHHH h KpirrHHeckh TeKCTOBe, yTBipBKaaBa HOBara eKcnpecHOHHCnwHa KO^eirujia: @pazMeHm~bm, Ilpomue pecmusMCL h flp. Cnopefl Teo Mruieß! hoboto H3KycTBO e „(J)par-MeHrapHo", to e „cyöeKTHBHO jnrpipiecKo", HMa „ajiorrMHO-acoiniaraBeH, CHHTeTHHeH1' h np. xapaKTep. Cjiefl CenreMBpHHCKOTO BtCTamre (1923) 3anoHBaT fla H3jni3aT cn. „Hob iih" (1923—1925), b KoeTO ce yrBi>p;KflaBa neTBopraTa Ha AceH Pa3n-BeTHHKOB, AHreji KapajTHHHeB, Hhkojh ©ypiraflaareB h r. UaHeB; cn. „Hjia-mbk" (1924—1925) Ha Teo MirjieB!\ cn. „3Braap" (1924—1925), cefl-MHHHOTO jTHTepaTypHO roflamre „Hannr flinr" (1924—1925)irflp.Ha crpa-HHnrrre Ha Te3H cmrcaHira ce noarjHBar TBopÖH, Hapenemr Toraßa or r. Ba-KajiOB „cerrreMBpHHCKa jnrrepaTypa". riHcaTejirrre pearrrpaT rra rpaa^aH-CKHH c6jn>ci>K c öojnca h noKpyca. nonreflirre hm BicKflar rran-Bene KtpBa-BaTa BaKxaHajnra; Hafl poflHHaTa Birrae yacacw Ha npecrrajieHiraTa. Ilpe3 rrpojieTTa h jistoto rra 1924 r. eflrra cjiefl flpyra H3JM3aT rn>pBirre khhth Ha „HOBonwirir"—jKepmeemi Kiiadu, CTHxoTBopeHiw or A. Pa3UBeTHH-KOB\ cöopHHKw c pa3Ka3H Ha A. KapajTHHHeB P~botc h craxocöirpKara Tlponemen esmibp Ha H. ©ypiraflaaieB. Te3H khhth He ca caMO npaK ot3hb Ha npeMHHajHTa Hafl crpaHara onycTonnrrejrHa 6ypa rra rpaaíflaHCKara BoiÍHa. Te ca h npoTHBOfleňcTBHe Ha noBexHajiaTa h CTaHajia 6e3KpraHa jnrpHKa rra CHMBOjnrcTme. H. OypHaflaoreB orrpeflejia TBopnecTBOTO Ha „HOBorrbTirir" h CBOÄTa cerrreMBpHHCKa jnrpHKa Karo otkjthk rra „rparrflH03HHa pirn>M rra enoxara", Ha CTpeMeaca hm kbm peajnroTO, KOHKpeTHoro, 3eMHOTO. 3HaHH-TejTHH ca nocTicKeHHaTa h b oöjiacTra Ha öajiaflaTa (A. Pa3HBeTHHKOB), Ha jnrpiwecKaTa HMrrpecira (A. KapajnripieB). B jnrrepaTypHaTa KpHTHKa ce BKjnoHBaT r BaicajiOB, r IJaHeB, Hb. MenieKOB. Karo npoflWBKHTeji Ha jnnnraTa nerrro CjiaBeňKOBT — reo Mhjkb! npe3 20-Te roflHHH ce yrBi>p;KflaBa ATarac /JajrreB!. Ton e He caMO noeT, ho h KpHTHK h ecencT, cr>c ckjiohhoct ktm MeTa(J)H3HHHOCT h (J)hjioco(J)ckh 0606-nieHira. ITpe3 1923 r. ynacTBa b cöopmiica „Moct" (3aeflHO c JI,. nairrejie-eB h r. KapanBaHOB). CTaBa eflirH or ctsflarejurre Ha jnrreparypHHa Kptr „Crpejien" (1927) Hapefl c K. Tmiöob, MyTatpOB, Hb. MrrpneB, Cb. Mhhkob h flp. B nopeflHíra ot CTaTHH KaTO PasMuuuemm ebpxy ôw- zapcxama mipuxa meotcdy eoüHume, Iloesim u deücmeumemocm h flp. ce 3acTMiBa 3a npeoflOjraBaHe noeraicaTa Ha chmbojih3míi h yTBipyKflaBaHeTO Ha npeflMeTHO-BenjecTBeHaTa o6pa3HOCT. B rrpo3ara Meagxy BOÍŕHHTe HacrraBa npexofl ot jrapm™ h (J)parMeHTap-HOCT npe3 20-Te roflHHH ki>m ennnecica CTa6Hjnr3aiiHa npe3 30-Te h 40-Te, nocTHTHaTa npes iriiKjnßHpaHe Ha KpaTKii (JxipMH (H. Hobkob!) h c nomaTa Ha HCTopiprecKirre pomehh Ha Ctouh 3aropHHHOB!, ira Oairn IlonoBa-My-Ta(J)OBa, ira poMaHrae Ha Teopni KapacjiaBOB, flrrMHn>p /Itimob!, KoHCTäHTHH IleTKaHOB. flpyro aBjieiare b npo3aTa e MOflepmiaT ncHxojiorH3i>M b TBopnecTBOTO HarPairreB, H. Hobkob!, K. KoHCTäHTHHOB, M. MyTatpOB. npe3 20-Te roflHHH Ha cneHaTa Ha HapoflHHa Tearap c ycnex ce nrpaaT flpaMHTe Ha H. Hobkob! Ajiôena h Eopnua. Hcthhcko OTKpHTHe 3a flpa-MarypraaTa npe3 Te3H roflHHH e nuecama Maücmopu (1927) Ha Pano Ctouhob (1883—1951). Ct. JI. Koctob (1879—1939) H3flnra Ha HOBa bhcot3 KOMeflHHHHH acaHp b 6i>jrrapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa ßnanmama Mima, 1926, Bpasicajieu, 1933). B ľcmeMaHoe (1927) KOMeflHorpa(J)i>T H3rpa/Kfla Ha-pnijaTejieH o6pa3 Ha nojnrTHK — fleMaror h ijhhhk. XpncTO ^HMHTpoB H3MHpjTHeB, pofleH b KyKyni, yHH b poflHHa ch rpafl H B Cotpira. HanycKa BoeHHOTO yHHjnniie cjiefl noTyniaßaHeTO Ha BOHHHnncoTO BřCTamre (1918). Paöora 3a KpaTKO Ha mhoto MecTa, ciTpyflHHHH ira xyMopncTHHHH h jieBH H3flaHHa („Kbo fla e", „CaTip", „MepBeH CMax", „HapoflHa apMira" h flp.), ynacTBa b peflaKrapaHeTO Ha xyMopncTHHHOTO cn. „Cmhxhcm3h" (1917),cn. „BwapaH" (1918—1922),cn. „MacKapafl" (1922—1923). YMirpa ot Ty6epKyji03a, HeHaBipniHji 25 roflHHH. B cn. „MspBeH cmhx" (1919—1923) CMHpHeHCKír noMecTBa hjtkoh ot HaH-floopiTre ch CTHxoTBopeHHa: MoxaH, BbzjíeKonau h flp. CMflaBa h flpyrn chjihh TBopÖH, KaTO BJHOtua, ripes ôypsima, Ylponemno nucmo, MHOro xyMopncTHHHH CTHxoTBopeHiw, caTHpH (Ha zocmu y dsieojia) H3BecTHirre iIHKjnr 3umhu eeuepu, ffeuama na zpada, KaKTO h npoponecKara npuxasKa sa cnľbjíôama. TpirBaniar or noeTHKaTa Ha CHMBOjnr3Ma, Xp. CMHpHeHCKír CTaBa „noeT ira orHeHme rpHBH" (T BaicajiOB), Ha coiinajiiraTa nyB-CTBHTejiHOCT h Tonjia o6hh kbm H3Tep3aHHTe „flena na rpafla", rcaro ce BKJTfOHBa OpräHHHHO B HaiTHOHajmaTa nOe3Ha C HOBH TeMH, 06pa3H H HfleH, c hob jnrpipiecKH repoň. Abtop e ira craxocÖHprcara J1& 6bde den (1922). TeoprH MirjieB KacaöoB, pofleH b PaflHeBO, 3aBi>pniBa CTapo3aropcicaTa rHMHa3Ha (1911), cjieflBa poMaHCica (pHjiojiorna b CotpHHCiora yHHBepcirreT (1911—1912), cjrynia jieKUHH no (pHjiocotpna h TeaTpajnro H3KycTBO b JlanrmHr (1912—1914). npe3 1913 r. b cn. „JTrrcTonafl" ce noaBaBaT mpBHTe My nyÖJiHKanHH — JlumepamypHO-xydootcecmeeHU nucma om repjuamiM. npe3 1916 r. e H3npaTeH Ha (J)poHTa npn ^oňpaH, npe3 1917 r. e paHeH h 3aryÖBa ahchoto ch oko. /JOKaTO ce jieicyBa b repMamra, ce 3ano3HaBa c hobhtc aBjíeHHa b HeMCicaTa jnrTepaTypa h e CBirfleTeji Ha peBOjnoiiHOHHHH Kirnen. B Co(J)hh H3flaBa cn. „Be3HH" (1919—1922), TpnöyHa Ha aBaHrapflH3Ma b Bijirapna. Ot 1924 r. 3anoHBa fla H3flaBa cn. „njiaMMc", cnpaHO npe3 1925 r. 3apaflH noeMaTa Cenmemepu. ApecTyBaH e h e yÖHT b flHirre Ha Tepopa npe3 1925 r. nOflCTMIH K1>M CniIHHOTO ^.paiviaTyprHHTa Meatijy bohhhtc ABTOPH H TBOPBH XpiICTO CivnipHeHCKH (1898—1923) Teo Mu.ich (1895—1925) OeH0Mem>T Teo ManeB TBopnecKH iipi.x h rpaac-flaHCKH noflBHr ATaHac J,aiiHeB (1904—1978) Teo MnjieB e H3KjrfOHHTejTHO tíuiíihtjthbs h pa3HOCTpaHHO HaflapeHa TBop-necKa jthhhoct, OTflafleHa Ha AHTepaTypara h H3KycTBOTO. J\. /JeĎejiaHOBT cnoflejia c H. JlHínieBT, ne r. MnneB „roBopn cic CBemeHa BMTopýKe-hoct 3a noe3HHTa Ha Jlpuesm, ÍÍKOÔcoHa...". ľlpe3 1920 r. H3flaBa cthxoc-ÔHpKaTa )KecmoKUHm npbcmeH, e Koaro ce OTKpoaBar H3noBeflHH cth-xoTBopeHHH Káro Ejiaeama mu — Kbpeae tpeuep... a/^meHUK. Cineji onm 3a MOflepHO npeci>3flaBaHe Ha mothbh ot HapoflHOTO TBopnecTBO e cth-* xocônpKaTa HKOHume cnnm (1922), BKjrfOHBaina „neT BapnaniiH Ha Ha-* poflHH necHH1'. B rax HMa rcpejniBäHe ot eflHa Bapnaniis b flpyra, CTeneHy- BaHe H CHMBOJIHH BHyiIieHHH Ha nOflCMHaTejTHH H HHTyHTHBHH CfcCTOaHHH h npeaaiBaBaHHa. B cn. „rijiaivn>K" (1924—1925) nyôJTHKyBa nopeAnna ot nyÔjrHiiHCTHHHH h jTHTepaTypoBeflCKH CTaTHH (H ceem eo mme ceemum-cm, ĽtojiuueucKa KpumuKa). H3flnra ji03yHra, ne „BurrapcKaTa noe3iis HMa HyyKfla ot OBapBapaBaHe. Ot cypoBH coKOBe, b kohto hmh mpBOÔHTeH yKHBOT — 3a fla h flaBaT aoiBor". ľloeMaTa Cenmemepu (cn. „rijiaMbK", 1924) e Haň-rojrsMOTO noeTHHe-cko flejio Ha Teo MnjieB, eflHO ot Haň-3HaHHTejrHHTe aBAeHiia b ôtjrrap-CKaTa noe3iis. HeňmiaT eKcnpecHBeH cthji, AHHaMHKaTa Ha H3Ka3a, Tpa- TH3MBT Ha H30Ôpa3eHHTe CfcÔHTHH, MHTOJIOrHHeCKHTe h KyjrrypHH aconii- anini H3rpayKflaT HenoBTopnMO h apKO BT>3AeňcTBamp eflHHCTBO. 3a TBop-necKaTa ch h rpa/KAaHCKa CMejiocr noeTM 3anjiama c aoiBOTa ch. Teo MnneB HMa opHrHHajTHH BicK/jamia 3a 3apa»(AaHeTO h pa3BHTHeTO Ha ÔMrapcKara noe3Ha. Ilpe3 1924 r. H3flaBa AumojiozuM na ôwzapcKama noesun, c npeflroBop — Kpamxa ucmopuM na ôwzapcKama noesuM. B He-ro toh H3Ka3Ba mkoh cnopHH, ho CMejiH onemoi, flaBa h onpeAefleinia-(J)opMyjiH 3a Xp. BoTeBT, ľl. K. ÍIbopobT, ľleHHO CjiaBeňKOB? h flp. PofleH b CojryH, 3aBi>pniBa rHMHa3HH b Co(J)hh (1922) h (Jhiaocoijhis h ne-flarorHKa b CofJHiňcKHH yHHBepcHTeT (1927). MjieHyBa b jíHTepaTypHHH Kpw „dpeflen," (1926—1927). Cjrynia jieicnHH no HCTopna Ha H3KycTBO-to b Krajnia (1927), b napiEKKíia yHHBepcirreT (1928—1929), 3aBi>pniBa Kypc 3a npenoflaBaTejiH no (J)peHCKH ct>m CopĎOHara (1936). Paôora Káro yHHTeji h yHHjiHnjeH HHcneKTop (1930—1936, 1938—1941), flnpeKTop Ha ITbpBa nporaMHa3HH b Co(J)hh, HaHajiHHK-OTfleji b MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha HH^opManiisTa h Ha H3KycTBaTa (1944—1947), peflaKTop h 3aM.-rjiaBeH peflaKTop b cn. „rijiaMbHe" (1952—1965). At. /lajneB e aBTop Ha CTHxocÔHpKHTe nposopeu (1926), Cmuxomeope-huíi (1928), YlapuMC (1930) h Auzemm HaLUapnľbp (1943). ITpe3 1923 r. yHacraa b côopHinca „Moct" c fleceT craxoTBopeHHH, Me;KAy kohto Cma-pume momu, Eojmuua, Xiotcu, ffbDKd h flp. /JajneB e noeT Ha (J)hjioco(J)ckh h HHTejieKTyajTHH BHynieHHa, Ha MeTa(J)H3HHecKa CKepnareAHOCT. XapaK-TepHO 3a jTnpHKaTa My e npo3an3HpaHeTO Ha craxa, Brae;KAaHeTO Ha fleji- HHHHOTO, OÔHKHOBeHOTO, 3aeflHO C HyfleCHOTO, HeOÔHKHOBeHOTO. ľlocTe- neHHO irpeoflOJXflBa hhkoh flHaôojiHHHH bahhhhh h mhcthhhh ejieMemH h yTBipyKflaBa HeoôxoflHMOCTra ot npncKJTBHe Ha HOBenncoTO h conHajiHO-to. J\ojis&5i ce h KonHeac no HeH3>KHBeHH nyBCTBa (Mojiumea, Kmizume, Humuu dyxoM). noe3H)rra My e 6oraTa Ha (J)Hjioco(J)CKa npoÔJieMaTHKa (MemacpusunecKu conem, Kom^k). At. /JajrieB e irpH3Har MancTOp Ha ece-to h (J)parMeHTa, H3aBaBa ce KaTO kphthk h MHCJíHTeji c opHrHHajTHH h noHaKora napaflOKcajreni oiiemoi 3a ÔMrapcKara jnirepaTypa h HeňHH npefl- CTaBHTejTH. EjTHcaBeTa JlioôoMHpoBa BerneBa, pofleHa b Cot|)Ha, Riflero 3aBi>pnrBa oc-hobho o6pa30BaHHe h raMHa3HH. yHHTejrKa b c. A(J)TaHe (1910—1911), cjieflBa cjiaBaHCKa (jmjiojiorHa b Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBepcHTeT (1911—1915). ITpe3 1915 r. 3a nipBH ni>T ca OTnenaTaHH HeňHH CTHxoTBopeHHa. Ilpe3 1915—1919 r. e rHMHa3HajTHa ynmejiKa bt>b Bpaija h KrocTeHflHji. Ot 1921 r. ynacTBa b jíHTepaTypHHa aoiBOT; ci>Tpyahhhh Ha „BecraHK Ha aceHaTa", b. „JThk", cn. „CrapeMemniK", cn. „3jiaTopor"Hflp. Ilpe3 1927 r. H3jni3a mpBaTa ň CTHxoc6HpKa5e4Hama u cesimama. H3aBaBa ce Káro fleTCKa nncaTejTKa h npeBOflanKa. CiTpyflHHHH Ha B.,.JTnTepaTypeH (J)poht", Ha cnHcaHHirra „H3KycTBo", „CenreMBpH", „rijiaMbK" h flp. B Kpaa Ha 20-tc roflHHH, cjiefl 6jth30 fleceiujieTHa Ha ciMHeHHH h caMoy-ciBipnieHCTBaHe, ÔJiHCBa 3Be3flaTa Ha EjmcaBeTa BarpaHa. Onje c nipBaTa ch CTHxocônpKa Bennama u cenmama (1927) MjiaflaTa noeTeca pa3KpHBa 3peji0CTTa h CBeacecTTa Ha CBoa TanaHT. B jinpHKaTa ň niecTBaT BOjiHOCTTa, MjiaAOCTra, BHTajTHOCTTa, nipBHHHHTe nOpHBH. B CTHXOTBOpeHHH KaTO AmC&OHKCI, Cmuxuu, IlomoMKa 6ne nyjicw Ha aorBOTa. JTnpHHecKaTa repoHHa Ha BarpaHa e 3flpaBO CBi>p3aHa h c HaijHOHajiHaTa flynieBHOCT (ľepzboedeH, Mosima necen), c Hapoflffli noBepna h npeflaHHa (KyKyeuua, Cenmama). Pa3KpHTH h noeTHHecKH npeci>3flafleHH ca KaKTO jrfoôoBHHTe ň mbkh h Tep3ainia (Buk, 3oe), TaKa h nMHOTaTa Ha paflOCTHme h uiíictjthbh MHroBe. Ilpe3 30-Te roflHHH Eji. BarpaHa H3flaBa cÔHpiaiTe 3ee3da na MopMKa (1932) h Chpue noeeuiKo (1936), b kohto nyjicnpa TpeBorara Ha npeflBoeHHirre roflHHH, npeflycenjaHeTO Ha onacHOCira 3a xyMäHHCTHHHHTe ijeHHOCTH Ha enoxara (Ceu3Mozpacp na cbpuemo, Xepxynec uaXXeex). Ilpe3 60-Te h 70-Te roflHHH Ha XX b. BarpaHa H3yKHBaBa KaTO ne jih „BTopa TBopnecKa MjiaflOCT1'. Cthxocôhpkh KaTO Om 6pnz do 6pnz (1963), KoumpariyuKmu (1972) noTBipyKflaBaT ome BeflHtyK HeňmiH Beflip norjiefl Bipxy aoiBOTa h fleňcTBHTejrHOCTTa, oôoraTeH c Miflpo BrjieyKflaHe b npoTHHanjoTO BpeMe. C noe3H)rra ch ot 20-Te h 30-Te toahhh Ha XX b. BarpaHa yTBipyKflaBa ncHxojiorHHHO-peajiHCTHHHaTa jiHHHa b jurrepaTypaTa, b HHňTO ijeHTip 3acTaBa HOBenncara jthhhoct. PofleH b )KepaBHa, ynn b mccthoto yHHjrnnie, 3aBi>pniBa rHMHaaia b Co(J)Ha (1900). YHHTeji b flo6pyfl>KaHCKH cena (1900—1902, 1904—1912). B pa3JTHHHH nepnoflHHHH H3flaHHa nyôJTHKyBa CTHxoBe h mpBaTa ch 6e-jieTpncTHHHa TBopôa Oenapoea otccmôa (1910). YnacTBa b BajrecaHCKaTa h Me»flycH03HHHecKaTa BoňHa Káro KOMäHflHp Ha pora, paHeH e Kpaň JJpä-paH. ITpe3 1915 r. e Mo6HjrH3HpaH othobo, dryacH b peflaKujiaTa Ha b. „Bo-eHHH H3BecTHa". Ilpe3 1920—1927 r. paĎora b fleraniisTa b ByKypem, cjiefl TOBa e npeBOflan b MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha BwnimHTe paĎora. HopflaH Hobkob ynacTBa b BajrecaHCKaTa BoňHa KaTO 0(})Hnep, ono3HaBa b rojieMHre H3nHTaHHa flyniaTa Ha ôwrrapcKHH cejraHHH h ce Bpraja b ijhbhjthhh aoiBOT KaTO micaTeji. noBecira 3eMmiju, pa3Ka3HTe Ecuikoh, Eenunm ecxadpoH h flp. BKBecTaBar noaBaTa Ha ĎejieTpHCT, ijeHeH h ot HBäH Ba30BT, h ot BoaH ľleHeB. H. Hobkob H3flnra ôijrrapcKOTO xyflOyKecTBeHO cjiobo ao paBHHineTO na Haň-Ao6poTO ot eBponeňcKaTa AmepaTypa. EjiHcaBeTa BarpaHa (1893—1991) Aivia30HKaTa Ha BtjirapcKaTa HOC'illil HopjjaH Hobkob (1880—1937) KpacoTa, XapMOHHH H HOBeíHKH Cl>Jl6H B npo3aTa Ha Hop uui Hobkob Ctohh 3aropHHHOB (1889—1969) ToBa npH3HaßaT flBaMa HoöejiOBH jiaypeara: ToMac MaH h Hbo AHflpHH—no pa3JiHHHH noBOflH h He3aBHCHMO eflHH OT apyr. B npoflMHceHHe Ha flBafleceT roanini toh HamiCBa h ii3flaBa npicKroe Hafl neTHafleceT ranirn: cöopmiini c pa3Ka3H, poMami, noBecra h flpaMH. Cpefl Tax ca HieflbOBpii Karo lJecenma na Konenemama (1925), CmaponnanuH-CKU nezenou (1927), Benepu e AnmuMoecKUM xan (1929), Ako Mootcexa da zoeopnm (1936). B rax H. Hobkob e noeT Ha MiiHanoTO, kohto MenTae 3a noryöeHara KpacoTa h xapMomia. Ton e amöoko, opramwHO CBi>p-3aH c TOBa MHHajio, omiaHaBa ce ot Hero h hm3 cjryx 3a „repoipmara CHM(J)OHHa Ha BeKOBeTe" (Hb. MenieKOB). OcoöeHO chjtho ce npoaBaBa to3h „cjryx" b CmaponnanuHCKU nezenou — b Tax ce npenjiirraT jtk)6ob h CMtpT, rpax h pa3KaaHiie, rpax h BKMeaznie, Maraara Ha jnoöoBTa, e3HHecrai noBepna h HapoflHH 3aKjniHaHHa. Hobkob e h xyflOyKHHK h noeT Ha Tpyaa, Ha cejiOTO, kohto TtpcH h npecKflaßa HpaBCTBemia CTOHino™, KpacoTaTa Ha npHpoflara h Ha HOBenreaTa flynia. B pa3Ka3HTe My ce nyBCTBa 6ojnca no Hemp OTMHHano h 3aeflHO c TOBa TtpceHe Ha CMncwia Ha aaiBOTa. JTk)6hmh h nonyjiapHH ca HeroBHTe repon Cajra üniap h Cepa(J)HM, hhho Mnjryni h JTfoincaH, IUhöhji h ÜHflace, CapaHflOBnna h AjiöeHa... XyflOyKecTBeHHar CBar Ha H. Hobkob e xapMOHiweH, H3m>jiHeH c BHCOKa HpaBCTBeHOCT, c ycTäHOBeHH h npoBepeHH ot BgeMeTO npeflCTaBH 3a aoöpo h 3JIO, rpax h noKaaHne. C npo3aTa Ha Hobkob ncHxojiorHHecraiar peajni3i>M flocrara CBOirre KjiacHHecrai BtpxoBe. PofleH b rijiOBflHB, 3aBi>pniBa rHMHa3Ha b CoiJHia, cjieflBa HCTopna b Co-(JHiňcKiia yHHBepcirreT (1908—1910), HCTopna Ha (JHijiocoiJHiaTa h (JHijiojioraa b )KeHeBa h HioniaTeji, LUBeňiiapna (1910—1912), 3aBi>pniBa HCTopna h (J)peHCKa (JHijiojiorna b Co(J)HHcraia yHHBepcHTeT (1915). YnacTBa bt>b BOHHirre (1912—1918). BaHKOB hhhobhhk bt>b BapHa (1918—1919), npenoflaBaTeji no HCTopna b MMY bt>b BapHa (1920— 1925) h no (J)peHCKH e3HK bt>b BoeHHOTO ynnjinme b CoiJHia (1925— 1949). CwpyflHHHH Ha cnHcaHnara „CrapeMemia mhcm", „EMrapcKa mhcm", „XnnepHOH", „Ctflöa", „H3KycTBO h KpirraKa", „H3KycTBo". CToaH 3aropHHHOB e micaTeji c öoraTa ncropiwecKa h (JHijiocoijíCKa Kyjrrypa. rioBecTTa my Jlezenda sa Ceema Cocpun (1926) ce OTjnwaßa c amöoko npoHHKBäHe b flyxa Ha cpeflHOBeKOBHara enoxa. B Hea ce ocHnecrBaBa cpema Ha flBe iniBHjncaniiH — BH3aHTHHCKO-xpHCTHaHCKara (npHHneca CoiJHia) h cjiaBaHCKO-e3HHecKaTa (Xasmyp). noBecira pa3KpnBa no-CKopo flynieBHH TaiÍHH, MHCTHKaTa Ha jnoöoBTa, a He conjiajTHH h eTHorpa(Jx;rai KapraHH. TojiaMOTO npeflH3Binb (J)OjnpniBa nporaMHa3Ha b BaHCKO (1924), flBa Kjiaca b rHMHa3Hara b Pa3Jior (1926) h MopcKOTO ManniHHO yHHjTnme bt>b BapHa (1932). Karo yneraK nyöJimcyBa craxoBe b Mnafleacraia h yHeHnneciaia nenar. Ot 1932 flo 1940 r. paöora Ha pa3JiHHHH MecTa Karo ManniHeH tcxhhk h orHap. riyöJiHKyBa bt>b b. „Kopmhjio", „HoBa KaMÖaHa", „CBeTjio-CTpyň", „Co(J)Ha", en. „3aHaaTHHHCKa 6eceaa" h pp., peflaKTnpa b. „JTjrrepaTypeH kphthk" (1941). EflHHCTBeHaTa My H3Jia3Jia npicraiBe CTHxocönpKa e Momopnu necnu (1940). Ot 1941 r. e b LleirrpajTHaTa BoeHHa KOMucna Ha BPľl (k). ApecTyBaH e, octfleH e Ha cuvpr h e pa3CTpejiaH b rapHH30HHOTO CTpenömne b Co(J)Ha. -TurrepaTypHOHCTopHHecKaTa Hayra TpyflHO Havnipa hcthhckoto Macro Ha HnKOJia BanijapoB b öwrrapcKaTa noe3na. Or cflipaoHine npiBKHBe oijeHrai 3a eflHHCTBeHaTa My CTHxocönpKa no-KT>CHO ce crara flo BeHijexBajie-HHa, flo npeBpMiiaHeTO My b ofJHiiniajieH mht. Tara ce ry6n npeflCTaBaTa 3a 3HaHHMOCTTa Ha HeroBaTa jrapHKa, 3a HOBaTopcTBOTO ň, 3a cipfleHHara ň „OTBopeHOCT" kt>m HHTaTejia. TIpe3 nocjieflHírre roflHHH jiirrepaTypHaTa KpirraKa ce Brjieagaa othobo b noe3Hara Ha H. BarmapoB h oneHaBa HCTHHcrarre H flOCTOHHCTBa. 3apa3eH bt>b BoeHHO-MopcKoro yHHjrame c moöoBTa kt>m ManiHHine, BarmapoB npiB b ÖMrapcKara noe3na rn CBi>p3Ba c poMairraKaTa, Koaro Hapefl c Bapara e ochobho noeTHHecKO noHarae b TBopnecTBOTO My. BapaTa, MeHTirre, MOTopirre, MopeTO, peBOJTK)iiHOHH3HpaiiiaTa neceH, cďjucikm h 6op6aTa c aaiBOTa ca rjiaBHH TeMH b jinpHKaTa Ha BannapoB. TBopön KaTO Bnpa, Tlecen sa Hoeexa, PoMonmuKa, IIucmo, He 6oüme ce, deifa h flp., hhkmm Tlecnu sa edna empana onepTaßaT npoiJHijia Ha eflHH MOflepeH noeT c rpaflCKa HyBCTBirrejTHOCT h KOCMonojiirreH norjiefl, CTpeManj ce kt>m hob xyMamoiM. HHTepecyBa ro TpaňHO h ctflöaTa Ha TBopeija, OTHonieraeTO Meayry xyfloacecTBeHa TBopöa h fleňcTBHTejiHOCT (ľopKu, Eomee, Kuno, PuôapcKu otcueom); He npneMa „rarannipaHaTa" Bapa b öiflemeTO, npeflnowra cypoBaTa peanHOCT, coiinanHna naroc, TonjiOTO ^t/bctbo kt>m aoiBOTa. B noe3nara My e ocrajecTBeH noeTiweH CHHre3 MeyKfly jihphhho h aejTHipmo b nocToaHeH flnajior c Hmarejia; HaMiipa H3pa3 h CTpeMeacw Ha noeTa kt>m hob ecTeTHHecrai naeaji. Hob e h jinpHnecraiar repon b noe3nara My — cipaeneH, OTKpOBeH, pOMäHTHHeH, C Bapa B flOÖpOTO, OKpnjieH H acepTBOrOTOBeH. HiiKOjia BanijapoB (1907—1942) Hcthhckoto „OTKpHBaHe" Ha BanuapoB PoiviaHTHKaTa Ha MOpeTO H MaillHHHTC MCTOPMMECKH CtBMTMH KyjiTypHO PA3BHTHE JIHTEPATyPEH IIPOIIEC IIoeTH Ha 40-Te rOflHHH J1MTEPATYPATA HA 40-TE M 50-TE TOflUHM HA XX b. Cjiefl BTopaTa CBeTOBHa Boinia Etjrrapna nonafla b 30HaTa, flOMHHirpaHa ot CiBeTCKHa CW03. Cjiefl npexofleH nepnofl (1944—1948), npe3 koííto e OTCTpaH£h cTapHirr nojTHTHHecKH ejTHT, irpoMeHeHa e (popMaTa Ha ynpaB-jieHHe h e H3Bi>piiieHa HannoHajncaniiH, b crpaHara ce ycTaHOBma TOTa-jnrrapHa cncreMa ot craeTCKH THn, no3HaTa h b flpyra H3xoHHoeBponeH-ckh CTpaHH KaTO „HapoflHa fleMOKpanna". Ilo craeTCKH MOfleji ce h3-rpaaciia Teaaca npoMHinjieHOCT h ce H3Bi>piirBa HacHjiCTBeHa kojickthbh-3anna b cejiCKOTO CTonaHCTBO. ynpaBjíeHneTO e chjiho neHrpajnonpaHo; bm BCHHKH OÖjiaCTH H Ha BCHHKH paBHHIHa ptKOBOflCTBOTO Ce OCT>- mecTBaBa ot KOMyHHCTHHecicaTa napraa, Hnaro BOflema pojia no-KtCHO ce nocTaHOBaBa h b KOHCTirryniiHTa. KyjnypaTa h jnirepaTypaTa ca 3azrbjMceHH fla icrrbjniaBaT naprainni h iifleinni nopMKH. BwnpneMa ce cr>3flafleHara no-paHO b CraeTCKiia cho3 Teopna 3a „coijHajniCTHHecKHH peajnoW KaTO bhchi xyfloacecTBeH MeTOfl, npn koííto peajniCTHHHHaT THn H3o6paaceHHe ce ctneTaBa c KOMymiCTiHecica HfleÜHOCT h napTHHHOCT. Mpes TBopnecKHTe cmo3h (Ha nncaTejTH, xyflOyKHHHji, KOMno3HTopH h t. h.) ynpaBjiHBamaTa napnia ce omiTBa fla pmoBOflH KyjrrypHHH aaiBOT h TBopnecKine nponecn. Cjiefl HannoHajnca-HiiHTa h 3äKpHBäHeT0 Ha CTapHTe H3flaTejiCTBa ce ci>3flaBaT hobh; He3aßH- CHMO OT TeXHHH CTaTyT (flipyKaBHH, napTHHHH, cm03hh) H3flaTejICKaTa hm nojniTHKa e nofljioaceHa Ha CTpor napTHeH KOHTpoji. B Kpaa Ha 30-Te h HanajiOTO Ha 40-Te roflHHH b ÖMrapcKara jiirreparypa HäBjTH3a hobo noKOJiefflie noe™ — BoroMHji PaÜHOB!, Bajiepn IleTpOB4, AjieKcaHflip Tepoß!, AjieKcaHflip ByrHMCiai!, BecejiHH XaineB!, HßaH rieHHeß!. noBeneTO ot Tax ynaT b CTOJiHHHirre rHMHa3HH (B. PaHHOß!, Aji. Tepoß!, Aji. ByTHMCiai!), cwpyflHHnaT Ha en. „yHemiHecKn nofleM" h ynacTBaT b jiirreparypHHH kpkkok „XpncTO CMirpHeHCKn". Hükoh no-cemaBaT h icatpeHe „Cpeflen,", H3BecTH0 Karo „)iko6hhckh Kjry6" Ha jiHBara HHrejnireHiiHa b Cotpna. Hcthhckoto hm jiirreparypHO Rptmeinie oöane CTaBa b cnHcaHHeTO Ha H3BecTHHa jiHTepaTypeH kphthk Teoprn IJaHeB (1895—1986)„H3KycTB0HKpHTHKa"(1938—1943). PeflaKTopw yMee fla OTKpHBa h HacipnaBa Mjiaflji TanaHTH: Em. CraHeB!, Hji. BojieH, n. Be-acHHOB, B. PaÜHOB, B. IleTpoB, Aji. TepoB. IloKOJieHHeTO Ha noeTirre ot 40-Te roflnrni ce H3rpaacfla KaTO Tiinipmo rpaflCKO no TeMaTnica, HyBCTBHTejrHOCT, BwnpneMaHe Ha CBeTa, aaiTencica (pnjiocotpna. JlnnieHO ot naTpnapxajiHa caHrnMeHTajmocT, nofljioaceHO Ha acecTOKH icnin-amia — yKHTencKH, MopajrHH, HflenHH n np.,-TO CiyMÜBa (b noBeneTO cjrynan) fla HaMepn 6pofl kim hobh ;KH3HeyTBi>pyK-flaBaiiin X0pH30HTH. HCTHHCKHTe CH TBOpneCKH CHJM H nOTeHHIiajI TOBa nOKOJieHHe pa3rpr>ina npe3 60-Te n 70-Te roflHHH, KoraTO ycjiOBiiHTa no3BOJiHBaT no-nijma H3aBa Ha noenpiecKO BflixHOBeHne n BioöpaaceHne. Ilpe3 40-Te roflHHH noeTirre oöoraraBaT TeHfleHnHine, 3ajKMKeHH b jnipincara Ha At. JlßmeBT, pa3nnrpaBaT (piuiocotpCKirre n MeTatpißiwecKHTe TtpceHna, npaßaT no-pejietpHH connajiHHTe HioaHcn. BinpeKH peBOjnoijHOHHHTe cwpeceHiia b oömecTBOTO, b jniTepaTypaTa npoflMHcaBaT fla ce pa3BHBaT nponecn, 3anoHHajni ome b rofljiHHTe npefln BOHHaTa. OcoöeHO xapaKTepHa e TeHfleHijHHTa kbm no-KpynHn >KäHpoBn (j)opMH b npo3aTa, onepTajia ce npe3 30-Te toahhh b TBopnecTBOTO Ha H. HobkobT, KoHCTäHTHH IleTKäHOB, OäHH ilonoBa-MyratpOBa, Crom 3a-ropHHHOBT. C poMäHHTe en Tctmyji (1938) n Cnaxa (1942) Teopm Kapa-cjiaßOB (1904—1980) HaBjnra 'b ncnxojiornHecKaTa flpaMa Ha reponre, 0Ö3eTH ot narojioripnia ajrmocT 3a 3eMH. B. HiweB Bracfla b Te3n TBopön CBoeo6pa3eH chhtc3 Meacfly „ejniHnejniHOBCKOTO H3o6pa3HTejrHO Hanajio n HoBKOBna ncnxojiorn3i>m". B HanajiOTO Ha 50-Te roflHHH npoijecw Ha ABiEKeinie ki>m rojieMn noBecTByBaTejiHH (popMn KyjrMHHnpa b t. Hap. „po-MaHOB 6yM". Cpefl flecenarre poMami Karo BipxoBn nocTraceHna Ha 6m-rapcKaTa xyfloacecTBeHa npo3a npe3 XX b. ce OTRpomaT TBopönre Ha Jlp-MHTip /Jhmob!, JiauwTVp Tajieß! n Emhjihíih CTaHeß!. AjieKcaHflip KoneB ByroB, pofleH b Cßore, Ha 10 roflHHH 3ary6Ba Manica cn, öanja en n flBaMa öpara, nonnHajin ot Ty6epKyji03a, OTrjieflaH e ot cecrpa en n 6par en b Cotpna. 3aBi>pniBa ITbpBa cotpnncica Mbacica rnMHa3HH (1937). Ot 1938 r. cjieflBa KjiacnHecica (pnjiojiorna b CotpnncKna yHHBepcHTeT, ho cjiefl eflpa roflHHa npeK-bCBa, 3ani0T0 3a6ojiHBa ot Ty6epKyji03a. JleicyBa ce 6e3pe3yjrraTH0 b pa3jnpiHH caHaTopnyMn; yMnpa Ha 24 r., 6e3 fla H3flafle KHnra. Iloe3HaTa Ha ByTHMCKH e „rpaflcica" KaTO o6pa3HOCT n HacTpoemie; c npeflnoHHTaHne kim MpaHHrne TOHOBe n tpHrypn ot coiinajmoTO flrao — Mhjmcuiueeifbm, CaMommiKbm, IluMHUuama, HsepameHunm, Jlydunm (niiKbjrbT Oe pzo/unaMs). Mothbm 3a oöpeneHOCTTa n CTpeMeacw kbm caMopa3pynieHne ce peflyBaT c noeniHHn öarcTBa cpefl npnpoflaTa hjih b ycjiOBHM CBaT Ha eflHa CTapnHHa Bwirapna. 3anoMHanjn ce o6pa3n 3arjiaBiiH ca Eepona xuufHuua (cBoeo6pa3HO pa3HHCTBaHe Ha CMenaiTe c enoxaTa), CuHbomo momhq („MajncnaT npnHij Ha ÖMrapcKara noe3na" — Cb. HroB) n flp. PofleH b IljioflHB, chh Ha micaTejiH, H3KycTB0Befla n xyflOyKHHica HnKOJian PaÜHOB; 3aBi>pniBa rnMHa3na b Cotpiia (193 8) n (pnjiocotpna b CotpnncKna yHHBepcHTeT (1943). Paöora bib b. „PaöoTHnnecKO flejio", Paflno Cotpna n flp. XoHopyBäH n peflOBeH floijeHT (1947, 1951), npotpecop no ecTeTnica (1954—1986) BM BHHH. KyjrrypeH aTanie b napn>k (1953—1960). 3aM.-rji.peflaKTop (1960—1963)nrji.peflaKTop (1966—1970)HaB. „JTnTepaTypeH <}>POht", Hji.-Kop. Ha BAH (1974). B fleöiOTHHTe en Cmuxoee (1941), n b noemama Jlmooeen Kcmendap (1942) B. PaÜHOB MaHHtpecTirpa HOBa HyBCTBirrejiHOCT, CBi>p3aHa c tcibtií n o6pa3irre Ha rpafla — Bmpw, yjinnirre, flipBeTaTa, onynieHHTe crpafln, CKyicaTa. JIirpiwecKiiHT repon ce pa3rpaHHHaBa ot cejidcara nacTopajmocT n 3amnTaBa CTporaTa KpacoTa Ha rpaflCiaiH nen3aac (Aemoôuozpatpwi}. C Jlmooeen KcmeHÔap aßTopw Hajiara eflHa orpyöeHa, HejinnieHa ot caMon-poHna MKKíca H3noBeflHOCT, npncmja Ha noKOJieHneTO, BMMbyicajio no BpeMe Ha BOHHaTa. noe3iiHTa Ha B. PanHOB ot HanajiOTO Ha 40-Te roflHHH CMeTaßa ecTenpiecKHH Qywr c flnpeHe Ha hobh aooHeffli n flyxoBHn ijeHHOCTH. Mpes Hea — cjiefl At. JlpsneB — b jnipnicaTa HaxjryBaT ome no- POMaHOBHHT 6yivi npe3 50-Te rOJJHHH ABTOPH H TBOPBH AjieKcaHfltp ByTHMCKH (1919—1943) BoroMHji PaÜHOB (1919) POMaHOBHHT 6yivi npe3 50-Te ro/niHHÜBaH neÖHeB (1916—1976) CBKKH n irpeflHaMepeHO orpyöeHn o6pa3H, noBiniieHa eKcnpecna Ha nyB-CTBOTO, HarrperHarocT Ha jnrpnHecKHH repon, acaacija 3a ABicKeinie h tot. AjieKcaHfltp PofleH b Coijhw, 3aBi>piirßa npaßo b Co<})hhckiih yHHBepcnreT (1942). B Ha pep0B najiOTO Ha 1944 r. e apecTyBaH 3a KOHcnnpaTHBHa fleÜHOCT, H3jni3a ot 3aT (1919_1997) Bopa Ha 9. IX. 1944 r. PeaaKTop b Paano Coijhih (1944—1952), b cn. „Kh HOH3KycTBo" (1953—1955), b pe^arcnna „OoKyc" kbm EtjrrapcKa khhe MaTorpa(J)Ha h b H3flaTejiCTBO „Er>jrrapcKH nncaTeji". | B paHHara jnipHKa Ha TepoB (Hue, xopama, 1942) AOMnmrpaT TpeBoraTa h öojiKaTa, rrpOTecTw cpenry acecTOKOTO BpeMe, b KoeTO aaiBee. ľloeTw pa3KpHBa TpaíÍHHTe ch npeflnoHHTaHna kbm BeHHirre HOBenncn Bwrpocn: 3a CMtpiTa h npeMHHäBäHeTO „OTrarac"; 3a jnoöoBTa, pa3AaJiara h caMO TaTa; 3a MenTaTa, KonHeaca h TtraTa; 3a anjieMaTa npexoflHOCT — Ben HOCT h t. h. AHTOJIOrHHHH, XpHCTOM3THHHH Ca CTHXOTBOpeHIW KaTO Koľl ueotc, Hyecmeo, ľjiac, Yjiuifa „Ulunxa ", 06m h np. Cjiefl Kpaa Ha Boiŕna Ta h npe3 50-Te ro^nmi noeTw ocTaßa HerrpH3HaT ot AorMaTipmaTa Kpn THKa. IJo-KtCHO toh Ce BpMHa KbM JDOÖHMHTe CH TeMH h MOTHBH, CT>3fla BaHKH o6pa3nn Ha (J)hjioco(|)ckh Brjn>6eHaTa jnipHKa — Haií-xyôaeo mo (1958), npuMmejiu (1965), 3namuu naumocpKU (1966), CeoôodeH cmux (1967) h flp. b&nepii IleTpoB P°AeH B CoiJHia, 3aBT>pniBa HTajniaHCKO ynnjinme (1939) h MeannnHa b (1920) Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBepcHTeT (1944). Eahh ot ocHOBarejiine Ha b. „Crapmejr" peflaKTop, 3aM.-rji. peflaicrop, hjkh m peflKOJieraaTa (1945—1962). ATanie no nenaTa b Phm (1947—1950), peaaKTop b CTyanaTa 3a nrpajiHn (J)hjimh (1955—1968, 1977—1980) n b H3flaTejiCTBO „BwirapcKH nnca-Teji" (1961—1962). HapofleH npeflCTaBmeji b VIIBHC. Ome k^to yneHHK B. IJeTpOB nyöjniKyBa CTHxoBe b cn. „yHemiHecKH noaeM"; TajiaHTw My ÖJiacBa b cn. „H3KycTBO n KpnTHKa", KbfleTO npe3 1943 r. ca orneHaraHH nincjiH craxoTBopemw n noeMnre nanenxo, ^uVene5 clum 3umu3, Ha mm. ľloeT Ha npnKa3HOTO, Ha 3arafli>HHOTO n BeapoTO, B. IleTpoB nocrara H3KjnoHHTejrHa BnpTyo3HOCT Ha craxa. IJoKopaBar He-yMopnMaTa HaxoflHHBOCT h apTHCTHHHOCTTa Ha noeTa, BapnaTHBHOCTra Ha HeroBHH noeTHHecKn cjior, TonjiOTO nyBCTBO kbm oönKHOBeinw hobck, HOCTajrrnaTa no H3iy6eHaTa npocTOTa. KoraTO H3jrn3a ntpBaTa My najio-CTHa noeTHHecKa ranra CmuxomeopeuuM (1949), b koüto ochobho mhcto 3aeMaT noeMHTe ot 1943 r., aorMaTiwHara KpnTHKa ro nocnnaacecTOKO c oÖBHHeHna ot pofla Ha: „caMonejmn jryTaHna", „fleKafleHTCKH HacTpoe-hm", „(j)opMajiHCTHHHH yBjieneHna" n np. B noeMaTa B mexama .eceu (1961) othobo npnciCTBa no3HanraT or MnafleacicHTe TBopön noeT — HyBCTBHTejieH kbm HäH-He3a6ejie>KHMHTe flBraceHna Ha HOBemKara flynia, HaÖjnoflaTejieH, caMOKpHTHHeH, H3noBeaeH, njiacmHeH n nacrejieH b toct-prrre Kaprami Ha eceirra. íIo-kbcho B. IJeTpOB HMa bt>pxobh h3hbh b aeT-CKaTa jniTepaTypa —nem npuK03Ku (1977—1986), Karo apaMaTypr — Kozamo posume mcmuyeam (1961), Chmz (1968), ksto (J)hjimob cnem-pncT — Ha MajiKUM ocmpoe (1958), CjrbHuemo u CMHKama (1962), Pu-uap 6e3 ôpoHM (1966). CBoeo6pa3eH KyjrrypeH noflBnr e npeBOflw My Ha TBopnecTBOTO Ha YnjinaM UJeKcmrp. PofleH b IIJyMeH, H3KjnoHeH ot rnMHa3naTa Karo HjieH Ha CTaneH komhtct, npe3 1939 r. nflBa b Co(J)Ha n oönryBa c jieBirre nrrrepaTypHn cpefln. B3e- Ma ynacTne b npeBpaTa Ha 9 cenreMBpn; npe3 1949 r. e Ha CTpoeacnTe b /iHMHTpoBrpafl. )KHBee n paöoTH b IIJyMeH n Kajioijíep (1950—1964), ot 1964 r. e b Coijma; flpaMaTypr e Ha Carapirarna TeaTip (1968). H. ilenneB e opnrnHajieH n caMOÖnreH noeT, npn kototo HpaBCTBeHnaT naroc n BecejiHH XaHneB rpaacflaHCKaTa no3niina HanperHaTO ce cineTaBaT c jnrpirTHa Harjiaca n (1919—1966) poMaHTHHeH nopnB (CmuxomeopeHUM, 1948, Hananomo na denn, 1955). JIioöoBTa, MopeTO, CBOÖOflaTa ca npeoÖJiaflaBanin TeMH b noe3naTa My; no- kt>cho b 3pejiHH My nepHOfl Bpix B3eM3T HHTejieKTyajrHO-(J)Hjio-co(J)CKaTa pe3nrHannH n TparnnHaTa H3noBeflHOCT (JJajieuHo rmaeaue, 1962, JIokohuhmo ue6e, 1964 n flp.) ünecnTe Ha H. nenneB (Bcmkü eceuua eenep, 1955, IJeunm cjied Haü-KpamKama hou(, 1959 n flp.), b kohto HacnreHnaT ncnxojiorn3T>m H3MecTBa BiHniHaTa ct>6hthhhoct, ce npneMaT 3a Hanajio Ha „jnrpHHecKaTa Bijma" b ÖMrapcKaTa flpaMa ot 60-Te roflHHH. PofleH b Ct. 3aropa, 3aBi>pniBa rnMHa3na b poflHna cn rpafl n npaBO b Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBepcHTeT (1941). YnacTBa bt>b BropaTa cb. BOHHa; paöo-THBiBB. .ÜHTepaTypeH rjiac" (1938—1943), b Paflno Co(J)Ha (1945),apa- ^hmht^p Jjhmob MaTypr b HapoflHaTa onepa (1949—1951), b CarapHHHHH Tearap, peflaKTop (1909_1966) (ot 1958) b cn. „IljiaMMc" n b BwirapcKa KHHeMaTorpa(J)Ha; KyjrrypeH ciBeTHHK b nocojiCTBaTa bib BapniaBa (1962—1964) n b Ilapnac (1964—1966). BecejiHH XaHneB TpwBa c noeTirre ot 40-Te roflHHn, onje npe3 1937 r. H3flaßa CTnxocönpKaTa HcnauuM ua Kpbcm, ho hcthhckhíit My fleÖKJT b noe3H)rra nflBa cr>c Cmuxoee e nanacxume (1954). Cr>c CTHxocönpKHTe JlupuKa n Posa hü eempoeeme (1960) toh ce yrBipyKflaBa KaTO noeT Ha (J)Hjioco(J)CKaTa Brjn>6eHOcr n jinpHnecKna pa3Mncr>ji. JTnpnKaTa My e H3m>jmeHa CK CBerao yKH3Hejno6ne, MopajieH ctohiih3i>m, irpeBMMorBaHe Ha CTpaflaHiwTa n ocMHaßaHe Ha 6jrn3Kna Kpan. OcoöeHO CHjTHH ca Te3n noeTHHecKn BHynieHna b H3BecTHna iinKMÄae cww. PofleH b JIoBen, ynn b .ZfynHnna n b Co(J)Ha, KifleTO 3aBi>pniBa rnMHa-3Ha (1928) n BeTepnHapHa MeflnijHHa (1934). PaöoTH KaTO BeTepnHapeH jieKap n MHKpoönojior, ot 1939 r. e acncTem no aHaTOMiia bi>b BeTepn-HapHOMeflnnHHCKHa (J)aKyjiTeT rra Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBepcHTeT. CnennajiH3Hpa b Maflpnfl (1943—1944). /JoijeHT b ArpOHOMHHecKna (J)aKyjiTeT b IIjiobahb (1946), b CejiCKOCTonaHCKaTa aKafleMna (1949), npo(J)ecop no aHaTOMna, eMÖpnojiorna n xncTOJiorna Ha rpiÖHanHHTe >khbothh bt>b BCCH (1953); npeflceflaTeji Ha CBI1 (1964).^. /Jhmob fleörorapa b HaBenepneTO Ha BOHHaTa c poMaHa nopynuK Eeuif (1938), b kohto jthhh nirrepec ki>m ncnxojiorríHTa Ha MOflepmia HOBeK, pa3Kpnra Ha (J)OHa Ha ApaMaTiporn HCTopnHecKH ciÖHTHH, h irpeflnoHHTaHHe ki>m o6pa3a Ha fleMOHHHHaTa, „(^arajiHara" aceHa — neprn, kohto no-Ki>CHO CTaBaT oönjn MOMeHrn b poMäHirre Ha nncaTejm. PoMaHw Ocbdeuu dymu (1945) CBHfleTejiCTBa 3a o(J)opMeHHa noBecTByBarejieH MaHnep Ha aBTopa: ncHxojiornHecKH aHajrrc, BKyc ki>m TparnHHHTe CTpacTH, KOJioprrraa H3o6pa3HTejrHa njiacTHKa n eKcnpecHBHa (J)njioco(|)CKO-eceH-CTHHHa (J)pa3a. C H3JTH3aHeTO Ha TjomjoH (1951) 3anoHBaT öypHii oöctacflaHM h „CTporn onemcn", b pe3yjrraT ot kohto aBTopw npepaöoTBa poMaHa, BKmoHBaiiKH flontjiHHTenHH rnaBH h repon paöoTHnnn Karo aHTnnoflH Ha Eopnc Mo-peB h HpHHa. BrapeKH h»koh HeocoöeHO opraHir-nm HaMecn b HanajiHM BapnaHT TmrmoH e ronmo nocraaceHHe Ha ötnrapcKM poMaH. J\. ^hmob ce flOKa3Ba raro MaňcTop Ha npoHHKHOBeHaTa ncnxonormecKa npo3a; oc-BeH Btpxy xapaicrepHHTe 3a aBTopa repon, kohto nponnjMBaT 3ajio>KeHH-, Te b Tax cnocoÖHOCTH h H3rapjrr b nnaMtinrre Ha jnpnmTe ch aMÖHHHH* noBecTByBaHHeTO ce (|)OKycHpa Btpxy Tparir-iHM pa3pro Meacay HOBera h HCTopiiara, Meacay HHflHBirzryanHO h coinianHO, Btpxy Tpani3Ma Ha Haini-OHanHOTO ötjirapcKO omne. 3.HMHT1.P TajieB PofleH b Ilpnnen b ceMeňcTBO Ha MaňcTop acene3ap h KOBan. Yhh b Ilpn- (1898_1966) ConyH, CKonne, Ct. 3aropa, 3aBi>pniBa niMHa3M b Bhtojm (1920). CneflBa no eflHH ceMecTtp MeflHHHHa h (|)h]ioco(|)m b 3arpe6 h BneHa, 3aBi>pniBa cnaBJíHCKa (jmnonorna b Co(J)m (1925). Paöora b peflaKnnara Ha b. „MaKeflOHM" (1927—1934), opraH Ha ajichoto Kpnno b MaKe-flOHCKOTO flBHaceHHe (Hb. MnxannoB), h BtB b. „3opa" (1935—1944). Ilpe3 OKTOMBpn 1944 r. e apecTyBaH 6e3 oijttiHHanHO oÖBHHeHne, neaoi b 3aTBopa, H3npaTeH e b narep b Boöob flon (1945) h b pyflmiK „Kyini-jih" (1947—1948). JIp 1952 r. e H3ceneH b JlyKOBHT, KhfleTO flopaöoTBa poMaHa sKexeaHUMm ceemujiHUK, CMflaBa IlpecnaHCKume kcimôcihu u MjiuHÔeH. Ot 1953 r. othobo ynacTBa b jiirrepaTypHM >khbot; Hap. npefl-CTaBHTeji b V HC. BMnHTaBaH b 3flpaBa ötnrapcKa TpaflHHM, J\. TajieB onje Karo lOHonia ce oöpnna fla cnyaai Ha nopoöeHM pofleH Kpaň, Ha kohto nocBenjaBa MHoro ot paHHHTe ch TBopÖH. C HeTHpHnornara sKexeaHusim ceemuji-HUK (1952), IlpecnaHCKume komôohu (1954), Hjiuudeu (1953) h ľnaco-eeme eu nyeaM (1966) toh octmecTBaBa MeHTaTa ch „fla Hannnie Henjo roneMO 3a MaKeflOHna" h ce BnncBa opraHHHHO bi>b Ba30BCKaTa noBecT-ByBaTenHa TpaflHnna, KaTO a oôoraTaBa c nocTmceHnara Ha pa3Ka3BanH KaTO Ejihh IlejiHHT h HopflaH HobkobT; 3a pa3HHKa ot Ba30ßT, kohto cneflBa MOflena Ha aBaHTiopHM poMaH, npn TaneB noBecTBOBaHneTO e nnaBHO, c ycnoacHeH ncHxonorH3i>m; nocrara ce ctHeTaHne Meacfly ce-MeřÍHa cara h HannoHanHa enonea. *ípe3 3anoMHannrre ce o6pa3H Ha Cyn-TaHa, JIa3ap, Hm, Bopnc TnaynieB, PaňKO BapflapcKH h flp. HCTopnHe-CKHTe cbÖHTM ce npeflaBaT c ApaMara3Ma Ha B3aHMOOTHonieHMTa Meac^y jiHHHOCT h pofl, Meacfly HHflHBHflyairao h HaiiHOHajiHO ÖHTHe; Ha 6yHTa cpemy naTpnapxanHHTe h ecTeTHnecKHTe hopmh (KaTepnHa h Pa(J)e KjiHHHe). J\. TaneB e aBTop h Ha HCTopnHecKaTa Tpnnorna CaMyuji (1958—1960), jieTonnc Ha TparnHHM 3ajie3 Ha ötnrapcKaTa fltpacaBa b HanaiiOTO Ha XI b., Ha noBecTTa Epamsima om Cmpyza (1962) h poMaHa XujiendapcKusim mohox (1962), nocneaHH o6pa3HH Ha „BMpoacaeHCKaTa" TpaflHííM b enoxa, Koraro b HCTopmecKaTa npo3a HaBjiH3aT hobh noBecTByBaTejiHH MOflenn. JIMTEPATVPATA HA 60-TE M 70-TE POflMHH HA XX B. B 3aBHCiiM0CT ot HaKOH BMpeniHH npoiiecH (rnaBHO b CbBercKM chtoi) h Meac-ayHapoflHaTa oöcraHOBKa no Bpeiwe Ha CryfleHaia BOHHa peacHMtT Ha Bceoöm aflMHHHcrpaTHBeH Kompou h penpecHH ce 3aTara (cneflyHrapcKKre cböhtm h ripasKKara nponer) hjih nacrmHO ce jMÖepajnräipa (cjkb XX KOHipec Ha KTICC h AnpHjiCKHa nneHyM, 1956, y Hac). OnHTHTe 3a hkohomhh6Ckh pe(J)opMH ca nojiOBHHHarH h HeycneniHH; ynpaacHaBaHeTO Ha ejieMemapHH rpasKnaHCKH CBOÖoaji ce CMjrra 3a npecn>njieHHe h ce HaKa3Ba etc 3aTBop hjih narep. B Kpaa Ha 50-Te roajiHH Ha XX b. b oömecTBeHra >khbot Hacn>nBaT npoMeHH, H3BecTHH Kaio „npeoflonsBaHe Ha Kynra kim nrnHoerra", „anpnncKa nponeT", „ayxoBHO pa3Mpa3JmaHe" h np. — CBi>p3BaHH c AnpHncKiw nneHyM ot 1956 r. Pa3BeflpjmaHeT0 Ha nyxoBHaTa aTMOCiJtepa ce 0ipa3aBa onaronpnaTHO Ha KynrypaTa. ^cthhho ca OTMaxHara CKOBaBamHTe paMKH Ha florMaTir-nraTa KpHTHKa h CMpa3aBamHTe HfleiÍHH nocrynaTH Ha napTHtmaTa npaBna. rioeTHTe mpBH OTKmiKBaT Ha npoMjmaTa. B noe3H)rra HaBnn3aT mhoto Mnanii TanaHTH: JTkiöomhp JleBneB (1935), BnaniiMHp BanieB (1935—1967), Gre(j)aH UaHeB (1936), Kohct3hthh ľlaBnoB (1932), Jlpuxn .HaMJiHOB (1935— 1999), AHflpeň TepMaHOB (1932—1981), nemo IleHeB (1930—1959). HapmaT rn „anpnncKO noKoneHne"; Mnaflocna h Tanaim>t hm smi caMOHyBCTBHeTO, ne ca MecHH Ha HOBOTO. ľloeTHHecKHTe hm fleöiOTH ca oöemaBamn: 3eesdume ca mou (1957)hoJ1. JleBHeB; TpeeojtcHu anmenu (1957) HaBn. BanieB; Camupu (1960) Ha K. ľlaBnoB; Hacoee (1960) Ha Ct. L[aHeB; Ako HMMauie ozbH (1958) Ha J\. .HaMjmoB... ripe3 cneflBamHTe fleceinneTM Bee noBene noera npeTeHflnpaT 3a npecTHacHOTO 3BaHne „anpnnuH", MaKap h ot BTopaTa h TpeTaTa BtnHa. ToBa 3aTpyflHHBa onHTHTe fla 6i>fle onepTaHa noeTiraecKaTa (|)h3hohomh)i Ha noKoneHHeTO Karo mneHne b mrrepaTypaTa. 3anoHHann c oöemaßam MnafleacKH nopnB Ha rpaHHijaTa Meacny 50-Te h 60-Te roflHHH, anpHncKirre TanaHTH npoflinaßaT Hanpefl h Harope. JI. JleBneB H3flaBa cÖHpiarre Iloauum (1962), Ho npedu da ocmapesi (1964), üpucmpacmusi (1966), kohto ro yTBtpacflaBaT Karo nnflep Ha noKoneHHeTO — flipstK, flnanornHeH, aBTop c ninpoKa KynTypa. Cpefl MnaflHTe ce Hanara h rpyna ot „cene™ noera c rpaflCKO aoiTencTBo" (Cn. Xp. Kapacna-bob, n. CTeiJtaHOB, A. TepMaHOB, n. AnnnneB, En. 3HMHTPOB)- TexHHjrr naTpnapxaneH cbjtt e CMyTeH ot CTyfleHHHaTa h 6e3pa3nHHneT0 Ha roneMM rpafl. rioe3H)rra hm 0Tpa3Jma KonH3H)rra „ceno — rpafl", noüBojia ce b roflHHHTe Ha HHflycTpHanH3Hnjrra. rioeTHHeH H3pa3 nonynaBaT h caTH-pHKO-rpoTecKOBHjrr Tanam Ha k. ľlaBnoB, nioöoBHaTa enernnHOCT Ha Xp. í>0TeB, MHcnoBHOcrra h MHoro3HaHHOCTTa Ha o6pa3HTe npn H. KuneB, MeTa(J)opHHHOcrra h aKBapenHaTa BespocT Ha Hb. ^bhakob. npe3 60-Te roflHHH H3nn3aT h cthxocöhpkh Ha noera, Bene yTBtpfleHH, ho MtjHanH fltnro. B. XaHneßT H3flaBa moMJlupjtca (1960), kohto ro Hanara Karo noer Ha HenpexoflHH eioHcreHinianHH h ecreTmecKH ijeHHOCTH. 3a hob TBopnecKH 2CHB0T ce npoöyacflaT ,3oPa Taöe (IJouaKaü, cxtHue, 1963), En. EarpjiHaT (Om ôpsiz do ôpsiz, 1963), H. cDypHaflaoieB (Hau-mpyÔHomo, 1964), An. TepoßT (Hue, xopama, 1962) h flp. 3anoHHana fla nyönnKyBa ome b Kpaa Ha 30-Te roflHHH, Enara ^HMHTpoBa (1922) no- MCTOPMMECKH CtBMTHH KyjrrypHO PA3BHTHE HaMajio Ha flyXOBHO pa3Kpeno-ci miaue JIHTEPATyPEH IIPOU.ĽC Hiiiiaia iii,.ina b iKiťiiiiii a — flI.p30CT H CaMOHyBCTBHC Bepiiii Ha nOCTHHCCKOTO iipiiiiiaiiiic MiacecTBemi \io iviauiin ii JIWÖOBHH Tpene™ HoBa noeTHnecKa in,, nia llpoMiina Ha H306pa3HTejTHHH MOfl&ii b npo3aTa CTeneHHO HaMitpa ceöe ch Karo noeTeca Ha jnoöoBTa h ciKpoßeHO MOBein-koto y aceHaTa (Oöpamno epejue, 1965; Ocbdenu na juoöoe, 1967). Cjiea ycnexa c Moume necmi (1954) reoprit 3>KarapoB (1925—1995) ce oxna-Ba Ha apaiwaTa. GntxoBe H3aaBa npe3 70-Te to,hhhh, nocßeTeHH Hait-Bene Ha poflHHaTa, MaMaTa h jnoöoBTa. FIpe3 flßeTe fleceTHjienta c jnoöoBHa jntpHKa h couitajiHO-nojiHTHHecKa ca-rapa ce Hanara /Joöpn 3CoTeß (1921—2000). HeroBHTe noeMH Ha zocmiij y dxeojia (1962) ca npoaßa Ha rpaaviaHCKa CMenocT h bhcok TBopnecKH Mopan. Ctc coöcTBeHa noeranecKa (J)h3hohomh3 b jiHTepaTypaTa ce yT-BtpjKflaBaT naßeji MaTeß (1924), HßaH Paaoeß (1927), CraHica neHMeßa (1929), HHKOJia Hh/pkob (1935), HßaH ^hhkob (1932). B Kpaa Ha 60-Te h HanajiOTO Ha 70-Te roAHim 3anoMßa aa ce roßopH 3a HOßa BuiHa b noe3H3Ta, 3a hobo noKOJiemte. Toraßa nonm eAHOBpeMemio psövyni-paT JItMe3ap Ejichkob, r KoHCTaHTHHOß, Hb. HaHeB, nerKO EpaTaHOß, Khphji ToHMeß, Ctohmo CroitHeB, Xp. B3hkobckh, BaHH nerKOBa, MaTeit ffloniatH h Ap. CneABaT ra Eopnc XpHCTOB, TaHbo KjnicypoB, EKaTepinia HocnijjOBa, Mh-paHa Eaineßa, Kajnnia KoßaneBa, HßaH Mero/nteB, T EopncoB, T. PynneB. Cjiea rojiaMaTa „poiwaHOBa BtjiHa" Ha npeflHiimoTO aeceTHjieTHe b npo-3aTa HacTMiBaT hobh npouecn. Hait-o6mo MoraT aa ce onpeaejiaT Karo „jiHpH3auHa" h yTBtpjKflaBaHe Ha pchhoto. PeaÖHjiirrapaHa e jiMMHOcira Ha repoa c HeitHHa /ryxoBeH h HHTHMeH cb3t. B CTpyiaypHO OTHOineHHe npaBH BnenaTneHHe o6e,HHHaBaHeTO Ha pa3Ka3H h hobcjih b uhkjih, pa3-rjie>KflaHH Karo npexoa kim poiwaHa. OzeAHedocmoeepen cjiynaü (1957) Ha Emiiji MaHOB (1919—1982), Hecnpa-BefljniBO OTXBtpjieHa ot KpHTHKaTa noßecT, xy/KMcecTBeHaTa npo3a 3anoMBa no-CMeno p& n>pcH h pa3KpHBa cjiroiaiaTa h npoTHBopenHBa cmdhoct Ha cib-peMeHHHKa, a He caiwo m Jiaiaipa h 3axapocßa. PoMaHtT Ha HßaHjio neTpoß (1923) Mbpmeo sbimemte (1961) HanpHMep pncyßa HacHjicrßeHaTa KOJieK-THßH3aujia Ha 3eMHTa, KaKTO h npoMeHirre, HacrbnHjni b Mopana h MHCJieHero Ha ötjirapcKHa cejunntH. B noßecTra n'bmuma sa HiiKbäe (1966) E. PaHHOßT npecMflaßa OCTpna cöjiicik Ha repoa TBopeu c floriwaTa. naßeji BeaaiHOß (nceßfl. Ha HHKOJia Tyroß, 1914—1983) Haßjnöa ß 3pejnia ch nepnofl c oÖHOßeH cthji, c (j)Hjioco(j)ckh h HpaßCTBeHO-iichxojioriiHecKH aHajno h HaconeHOCT kim oömoHOßeuiKH npoÖJieMH — cöopHHKtT MciHHero c ijiizyjiKama (1963), TßopÖH c TeMa ot cinpoTHßaTa ßeesdiime nad nac, 1966), (j)aHTacrHKa (Cirnume nenepydu, 1968), npoH3BeaeHHa Ha rpamtuaTa Ha (J)aHTacTHHHHa aoHp (Ea-puepama, 1976, Eenumn zyufep, 1977), noßecra h poMamt Ha ctßpeMeHHa TeMa (HoufeM c öejiume Kerne 1975, Mojiku cejueünu xponuKU (1978). Chjiho e h npHciCTBHeTO Ha TeoprH MapKOß (1929—1978) c poMaHa Ha ciBpeMemia TeMa Maate (1966) h cöopffliuirre c HOßejniHopmpem homor deoünuK (1966) h /Kemme na Bapmaea (1968). Teopra Mnuieß (1935) H3o6pa3aßa MiirpaniiOH-Hirre npouecH ot cejiOTO kim rpaaa, pa3pyinaßaHeTO Ha TpaznmitOHHHa Mopan (Hampuapxam, 1967). Baciuinonoß (1930—1980)ßc6opHHKa7pcH KpacoraTa Ha nipBiiHHOTO, HeaoceraaTO ot rpaACKOTO OpHrHHajiHO h caMOÖHTHO aßjieHHe b npo3aTa e HopaaH Pa/iHMKOB (1929). Cjiea ntpBHTe cöophhuh c pa3Ka3H, noßjiHaHH ot TpaAHUHirre Ha H. Hob-kobT, ci>c Ceupeno Hacmpoenue (1965), KosMina öpada (1967) u Eapyrnen öyKeap (1969) toh pa3BHBa h oöoraTaßa napoflHHHO-rpoTecKOßOTO Hanano b ötjirapcKaTa npo3a (Himoeuii Ha Hb. Ba30ßT, Ejihh nejiHHT, Cb. Mhhkob). Hb. neTpoß etmo npoaBaßa tihik yceT kim to3h HeonaKBaHO CBeac H3o6pa3HTejieH mo/ieji h ct3flaBa CBOirre „cnoMeHH" — Hpedu da ce podx. H cjied moea (1968, 1969). HopaaH BuweB (1924—1999) etc cöopmiKa Poduxjue ce sjueüoee (1969) napoflnpa mothbh ot e3HMecKaTa MirronorHa. B HaMajiOTO Ha 60-Te to,hhhh ce noaBaßaT nocneflHHTe poMaHH ot BtjiHaTa, 3anoMHajia npe3 50-Te: kh. 2, h. 3 Ha Hean Kondapee (1964) ot Emh-jih3h CTaHeßA, XuneuäapcKURm Monax (1962) h Enacoeeme eu nyeaju (1966) ot J\. TajießT, h. 3 h 4 Ha OöuKHoeenu xopa (1963, 1966) ot T KapacjiaßOß, n^mMin ktjm CocpiiM (1962) ot CTe(j)aH JSjineB h ap. npe3 60-Te ro/iHHH ce C13flaßaT HCTOpHMeCKH pOMaHH, KOHTO Ce pa3JIHMaßaT ot npeflHHIHHTe enHMecKH noßecTßyßaHHa — MHoroTOMHH h MHorocjiOßHH. B ueHTtpa Ha HOßHTe tbop6h e nocTaßeH MOHorepoaT c HeroßaTa cyöeKTHBHa oueHKa Ha ynacTHHK h cßnneTan 3a npoTeKjiHTe HCTOpHMeCKH ctÖHTHa. TaKHßa ca poMaHHTe Bpejue pasdenno (1964) Ha Ahtoh /JoHMeß; Ueuama na sjiamomo (1965) Ha TeHMO Croeß; CnynaRm ffxceM (1967) Ha Bepa MyTa(j)MHeBa; Aumuxpucm Ha Em. GraHeB4-h ap. B Kpaa Ha 50-Te h npe3 60-Te ro/iHHH b ApaMaTyprnaTa HaßjiH3aT yTßtp-aeHH noera KaTO T. /Jacarapoß (Bpamume ce sameapjan, 1961, FlpoKypo-p'bm, 1965); HßaH Pazioeß (Ceenrbin e mojikk, 1957); HßaH neSneB (Bcrko ecenna eeuep, 1955); B. neTpoßT (Kozamoposume maHuyeam, 1961) h pp. BMecTO ocTpoApaMaTHMHH CHTyauHH „jiHpHMHaTa ApaMa" necTO npeacTaßa ApaMaTH3HpajiH noeTHMHH pa3MHCjiH h H3noßeflH Ha repoHTe. XapaKTepHH 3a flpaMaTyprnaTa CTaßaT TeMHTe ot BceKnnHeßHeTO c nne-CHTe Ha /IparoMHp AceHOß (1926—1981) PosicdeH den (1965), Hazpa-dama (1981) h pp, MoaepHOTO HHTepnpeTHpaHe Ha HCTOpHMeCKH CMaceTH c TßopÖHTe Ha CTe(j)aH LJaHeß (1936) HcmuHCKuxm Heaüjio (1962), Eynm'bm na cmamyume (1967), Flpouecbm npomue öozoMUJiume (1969), flo-cjiednama nouf na CoKpam (1986) h Ha HHKOJia Pyceß (1932—1990) Cmapnemo u empejiama (1968), Ceoöoda hjih cjwbpm (1975). HaH-3Ha-MHTejiHOTO oÖHOßjieHHe Ha flpaMaTyprnaTa Karo cthji h noxBara HacTtnßa c nnecHTe Ha H. PaAHMKOß Cyjuamoxa (1965), Rnyapu (1974), Jlasa-puua (1978), Onum 3a Jiemene (1979), KouiHiiuii (1982), Oöpas u nodoöue (1986). B Tax pa3MHCtjiiT 3a TpaÜHHTe nepra b HauHOHajiHHa xapaKTep h etflöa e H3pa3eH npe3 MHTOjiorHMHH o6pa3H h aöcyp/iHH auaiiow. CTaHHCJiaß CTparaeß (1941—2000) cm/iaßa OTKpoaßamH ce komczihh h caTHpHMHH ApaMH: PiiMCKa 6aHR (1974), CaKo om eejiyp (1976), Peüc (1980), MaKcujuajiucm'bm (1984), MaMym (1990), EbJizapcKiiMin Moden (1992). B o6pa3HTe h CHTyauHHTe etmo npHctCTßaT aöcypatT h caTHpHMHaTa rpoTecKa, ho TyK Te ca b no-rojiaMa creneH cßtp3aHH etc ctßpeMeHHaTa aeit- CTBHTejlHOCT h fllJIJKaT MHOrO Ha a(j)OpHCTHMHHa e3HK h OCTpOyMHHa AHajior. Pa3BiiTiic Ha napoflHHHO- rpOTeCKOBHH noflxofl b npo3aTa TepOHT — CBHfleTCJI 11 C'l> IIIIIK' Ha HCTOpilHTa „JIiipiriHaTa Apaivia" TeiviaTHHHO h CTHJIOBO OÖHOBJieHHe b ApaiviaTyprHHTa Ot eceiicTHKaTa kbm apTHCTHH- na i a KpiiTiiKa ABTOPHH TBOPBH Emhjihhh CTaHeB (1907—1979) HflBa hobo noKOJieHHe h b oÖJiacTra Ha eceHcraraTa h jniTepaTypHaTa KpHTHKa. Hapefl c E(J)peM KapaHtpHjiOB (1915—1999), cwaflaji h3B£ct-hhtg eceHCTHHHH TpHjiorHH Eepou u xapaKmepu (1962—1967) h Ebnzapu (1968—1980), CBoe mhcto 3aeinaT I],BeTaH Ctouhob (1930—1971), Mhhko Hhkojiob (1929—1966), KpiCTbO KyiOMflaoieB (1933—1988), 3ApaBKO IferpoB (1928—2001), EoaH HmeB (1930—1997), Ctojth HjnieB (1932), MraeHa U,aHeBa (1930) h flp. KaTO jíHTepaTypeH hctophk h KpHTHK, (J)hjioco(J) Ha KyjTiypaTa h ecencr ce H3aBaBa Tohho jKeneB (1929-A 2000). Haň-rojraMa h sacjryaceHa h3bgcthoct nojrynaBa KHHraTa My Ew-zapcKunm Benuxden unu cmpacmume ôbJízapcKU (1975), nocBeTCHa Ha ITbpKOBHHTe h OÖHIGCTBGHHTG ÖOpÖH npe3 BTOpaTa nOJIOBHHa Ha XIX b., o6pa3eii Ha KyjrrypHO-HCTopHHecra h eceHCTHHHO-tpHjiocotpcra rrpo3a. HHKOJia Ctouhob CTaHeB, pofleH b TtpHOBO, yna b EjieHa flo VI (X) kji. ; Ha Marypa ce maBa bib Bpaira (1928). Yhh aoiBonnc b Xy^oacecTBeHaTa aKafleMiiH, cjieflrsa (JHiHaHCH h Kpeflirr b Cboöoahhh yHHBepcHTeT b Cotpna. PaöoTH Karo hhhobhhk b CrojTHHHaTa oöiiTHHa (1932— 1944), ynpaBHTeji Ha jiobhoto CTonaHCTBO b EyKOBen, (1945), 3aBeyKfla OTfleji „EejieTpHcra-Ka" bib b. „JíHTepaTypeH (ppom-" (1950—1955). Hap. npeflCTaBHTeji b VI h VIIHC, aKaAeMHK (1974). KoraTO b Kpaa Ha 50-Te rofljoni Emhjtíihh CTaHeB 3anoHBa aMÖHirH03HaTa peajTH3airaa Ha poMäHOBaTa ch enonea Mean Kondapee, toh Bene e H3Be-CTeH Karo TajiäHTjiHB pa3ra3Ban h noBecTBOBaTeji. HeroBirre cĎopmiini c pa3Ka3H ripuMOMJiueu ôjwcbuu (1938), Camu (1940) h flp. ce xapaKrepn-3HpaT c npoHHKHOBeHO npeci>3flaBaHe Ha CBeTa Ha ^khbothhtc h xopaTa. OcoöeHO BnenaTjiaBam e ycnexw Ha micarejra c noBecira Kpadeubm na npacKoeu (1948), nproHara 3a eflHO ot rojieMHTe nocTHýKemia Ha 6m-rapcKaTa xy^oacecTBeHa npo3a. Em. CTaHeB 3anoHBa paöoTa Hafl poMäHa HeanKondapee (1958—1964) irpe3 1950 r. Omicainne b Hero ctöirnia oöxBainaT nepnofla or noflroroBKaTa Ha CenTeMBpHHCKOTO BKTaHHe (1923) flo HeroBHa pa3rpOM. Bcmhhoct po-MäHT»t pncyBa oornecTBeinia h nojTHTHHecKHa yKHBOT npe3 rrbpBHTe flBe fle-ceTHjieTHa Ha XX b. h e cepno3eH xyfloacecTBeH omrr 3a ocMHCjraHe Ha 6h-THeTO h xapaKTepa Ha ÖMrapraa b rpaHirrHH HcropiwecKH cmyainni. Oc-BeH HBaH KoHflapeB, ycnex 3a aBTopa xyflo;khhk e h o6pa3w Ha KocraflHH /tKynyHa, KaKTO h aBTOÖnorpaiJHPrHiiHT o6pa3 Ha Kojibo Panmca. ITpe3 60-Te h 70-Te roflHHH Em. CTaHeB ce oöpwira kbm flajieHHara ÖMrapcra HCTopna c poMäHirre JlereHfla sa Cuôun, npecnaecKUM khm3 (1968) h AHmuxpucm (1970). B nipBiiH poMaH e npeci>3flafleH HanajiHHaT eTan Ha 6oroMHjiCTBOTO h c6jTbci>KbT My c o^HimajiHaTa xpHCTHaHCKa pejnrraa. rjiaBHHaT repoH khh3 Ch6hh e flajienHa H3flMrra Ha npaÖMrapcKii pofl, y KoroTO e yKHB MHTiT 3a TaHrpa. B c6jn>ci>ra Meayry e3HnecTBO h xpHCTHaHCTBO Ch6hh 3arHBa, 3aiflOTO He pa36npa xofla Ha HCTopiwecKOTO pa3BHTHe. B flpyrna poMaH — AHmuxpucm — ocHOBeH e koh(J)jthkti>t Me^Kfly Ebthmhh, Hfleojior Ha 0(|)HnHajTHaTa ÖMrapcKa ntpKBa, h Teo-(J)hji — HOCHTeji Ha hoboto, npeflpeHecaHCOBO nyBCTBO or Kpaa Ha XIV b. ÜHTepaTypHaTa Kpirrara noflnepTaBa aKTyajmocTTa Ha hjikoh ot nocjra-HHaTa Ha micarejra — 3a HcropHnecrara npeflonpeflejieHOCT Ha hoboto, KoeTO ce paaífla b HeflpaTa Ha oömecTBOTO h He Moace fla 6i>fle BwnpaHO. To TpaÖBa fla ce pa3Bne h fla flafle njiofl. JIMTEPATyPATA HA 80-TE M 90-TE TOflUHM HA XX b. OceMflecerre roflHHH Ha XX b. ca rrpejiOMHH 3a CBeTa h 3a Bwirapna. B Kpaa hm cräBar ctöirnia, 3a kohto b flpyro BpeMe e 6hjio HeoöxoflHMO iiajio CTOjieTHe: naflaHeTO Ha EepjTHHCKara CTeHa h oöefljiHaBaHeTO Ha repMamia; pa3naflaHeTO Ha CiBeTCioia cmo3 h Ha iiejnia coijHajTHCTHHecKH jiarep; pyxBaHeTO Ha TOTajnrrapHaTa CHCTeMa. Cbbtbt h3B6ahkk pa3KO ce npoMeHa. Bene hhhio ne H3rjieyKfla Tara cnrypHO h HenoKjiaTHMO, KaKTO npeflH fleceTHHa roflinni. B BwrrapHa ciÖHTHara cmijo ce pa3BHBar ycKopeHo: Ha 10. 11. 1989 r. e cjKBKeHO HanajiOTO Ha fleMOKpaTHHHaTa npoMaHa. Toraßa onje hhkoh He rrpeflnojiara, ne Ta me 6i>fle flwrra, MiHraejTHa h c MHoroöpoHHH HeacejiaHH CTpäHH; oöeflHaBaHe, 6e3pa6oTHua, KopynijHa, npecTMHOCT. Onje Ha rrpexofla Meayry 70-Te h 80-Te roflHHH noe3Hara ce OTKa3Ba ot nareTHHHHTe (J)pa3H, rpiMKHTe 3aKjniHaHHa h repoHHrnrre no3H. Bib bm-flyxa ce hoch npefl'ryBCTBHe hjth acejiaHne 3a npoMaHa. OTny^KfleHHeTO h caMoraTa CTaßaT HacTpoeHne h TeMa b crirxoBeTe Ha MHoro noera. r. Koh-CTäHTHHOB 03arjiaBaBa eflHa ot craxocÖHpiorre ch 06u(umejieH camomnuK (1982). A. Teopra BejieB (1945), noeT c npeflnoHHTaHHe ktm npoHHHHHTe aKiieHTH, H3noji3Ba no-npoBOKirpam HaflCJiOB: TIsctK meotcdy sbóume. HpoHuu, jKcuiôu, ôajiadu (1985). B jnipmcaTa Ha Tamo KjiHcy-poB (1944) HaxjryBaT tcmh, CBi>p3aHH c flexyMaHH3airaaTa, HapKOMaHHara, rjio6ajTH3aijHaTa (MuHupauo none, 1882; Pesepeen usxod, 1988). ľleTbp BejrieB (1944) ce yrBipyKflaBa Karo noeT Ha HHTejieKTyajTHara cicpe-flOToneHOCT h KyjrrypHHTe HHBeHniiH, MaňcTop Ha coHeTa b cthxocöhpkh Karo OcKbdno cnbnue (1989), Anzemm na sdpana (1992), Jlupuxa (1995). HHKOJiaň MiijneB (1958) Tipcn HpaBCTBeHme HioaHCH Ha ciBpeMiieTO (Cnynauno onpedeneno, 1994; Tlemaotcu cJlonuma, 1997). IlopaflH rjiaBOJiOMHHTe irpoMemi b oönjecTBOTO nocjieflHHTe flBe flecera-jieTHa Ha XX b. HOcaT rojiaMO npeflH3BHKaTejiCTBO h 3a npo3aHijHTe. Te oöane He pearnpaT Tara HyBCTBHTejmo raro noeTme, ocoöeHO npe3 80-Te roflHHH. ToraBa cpeflnrnHO Macro 3aeMa noKOJieHneTO Ha mpacjíHTe cjiefl BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa h 3aBOK)BajiH mjicto b oejieTpncTHraTa npe3 70-Te roflHHH. TeoprH BejnprKOB (1938) Tipcn npnHHHHTe 3a cjio>KHHTe flynieBHH npeacHBaBaHHa Ha ciBpeMeHHHra, HXJieflBa rjiBÖHHHH ncnxiinecKii ciCTOaHHa (Enboeden. Eloeecmu, 1986; Panna eenep. Ceenepn-ea ce. PasKasu u noeenu, 1988). EBreHHH Ky3M3H0B (1941) ci>3flaBa (Jbh-TacTHHHO-ajieropHHHa npo3a, eKcnpecHBHa h rpoTecKOBa (Haůxu danen om ópeza, 1983). /]jrMHn>p ilpiMOB (1942) irpoflbjBKaBa fla H3rpayKfla npo-hhhho-napoflHHHH o6pa3H, a 3aeflHO c TOBa 3acHjrßa coiinajiHaTa ocTpoTa Ha CKKKeTine (CMeuienpoMan, 1988). ühko CTäHoeB (1944) TtpcH hcthhckoto jnme Ha CBoa abohhhk (JleounuKbm, 1985). Hjnia BorflaHOB (1939) H3flaBa napoflHHHHa poMäH Kypopmno cenuu{e (1985), carapa 3a rpaHflOMaHHaTa Ha ToraBaniHHTe Mecran piKOBOflHTejni, a cjiefl BpeMe — h eflHH ot mpBHTe poMäHH c H3o6paacefflie Ha TOTajnrrapH3Ma'. B~b3Kpecenunma na Enuua (1992). Cepno3HH ca h nocTroKemiaTa Ha ATaHac TeoflO- HCTOPHHECKl CBBHTHfl KpaxtT Ha HJlK)3HHTe JIHTEPATyPEH nPOIlEC IIoGTHTe Hacaivie etc ce6e ch IICHXOJlOrHHeCKH TtpCeHHH b npo3aTa PoMamiCTiT KaTO XyflOHCHHK — i LiKviiaici h ci>.[linu" Ha BpeivieTO H3HeHaflHTe Ha pa3BHTHCTO OTBopeH i poB (1941) b cöopmiHirre c hobějih Kyxyeuue, Maxau (1980) h Mootcem da ne ymupame (1986). Cjiefl cöopHHijHTe c pa3ica3H h HOBejni Teoprn MapKOBCKH (1941—2000) TipcH no-oÔGMHH noBGCTByBSTGjTHH (J)opMH. ITpe3 1978 T. H3flaßa poMa-HaXunľbp riemhp, KtfleTO — npe3 npeoopaaíeHHirra Ha HaHHOHajnnia (J)oji-KjiopeH repoň — pa3KpHBa HCTHHCKirre flyxoBHH roMepemia Ha eraoca. Káro Haň-flo6po nocTicKemie Ha nncaTejra e oneHeH poiviaHw Pa3xa3ea-. Hbm u cMhpmma (1985), nocBeTeH Ha CMHCMa Ha xyfloxcecTBeHOTO TBop-' necTBO. T. MapKOBCKH ctöirpa h CBOirre ,,(J)parMeHTH" b opHrHHajma^YpM-cmoMamuM sa deama (1996). BjiaflHMirp 3apeB (1947) cmjo npeMHHaBa ot pa3Ka3a h HOBejiaTa khvi emiHHH POM3HOBH nuama (nHjiorairraA]wiaMeHio, 1978 u Hsxodbm, 1983), b kohto ce noTana b HCTopiiara, 3a fla oncpne TaM oöacHemia 3a flHeirmiia h yrpenmiia fleH. Ilpe3 80-TC rofljiHH rojraiviaTa KaMßaHa Ha poiviaHa yupa HBaňjio IleTpoB c XaüKa sa ewuu (1984). TBopöara npeflH3BHKBa flHCKyciia b nenara h e onpeflejieHa ot KpHTHicaTa Karo „o6i>pHaT kocmoc". KaKTO h b M^pmeo ewnenue ocHOBHa Teivia e HacmiCTBeHOTO KOonepirpaHe Ha 3eMirra. To e npeflCTaBeHO Karo Tpareflna, Koaro 3aBT>pniBa c yÖHHCTBO, pa3ÖHTH ho- BeiHKH ClflÖH h CTíCHnäHH CeMeHCTBa. OCBeH C npOHHKHOBeHOTO TWTKyBa- He Ha TeMprre 3a HOBeica h Bjiacrra, xyivramoivra h HacHjnieTO, OMpa3aTa h OTMMfleHHeTO h flp. poMäHi>t ce OTjiHHäBa h c xyfloxcecTBeHa njiaCTHH-HOCT h 3aBjiaflHBarna H3o6pa3HTejmocT. B Kpaa Ha ctojicthcto JJfiuwrvp KpajieB (1933) H3flaBa opHrHHajmaTa npHTHOBa TBopöa Mazapemo na Xurm>p IIem~bp (1999). Ta ciflipaca BepHH HaÖjnofleHHa h xyfloxcecTBeHH o6o6meHHa 3a Hapofloncnxojio-rnaTa h nocjiaHHara Ha ciBpeMeHHOCira. riocTHaceHHe 3a npo3aTa e h xyfloacecTBeHO-cnoMeHHaTa KHHra Ha EopncjiaB BoňneB (1933) Mom-nemo u jiucuuama, cmjo ot nocjieflHOTO fleceTHjieTHe. OöarpeHa ot MeicaTa npoHHa Ha cjiaflKOflyMHHa pa3Ka3Ban, t33h ranra Bpinja HHTa-Tejra kt>m H3BopHTe Ha aaiBOTa, kt>m čním Ha ctpneTO fleTCKH cno- MeHH. ripe3 nocjieflHOTO flecerajierae Ha XX b. noeTirre h 6ejieTpncTHTe 6axa „yjiHcaHH b TeivinoBe h bt>b arHTiai" (H. BannapoB). Mhoto chjth 6axa H3Xa6eHH b CnOpOBe h b nOJIHTHHeCKH flHCKyCHH, bt>b B3aHMHH OÖBHHe- HHa. Mhoto TajiaHTjiHBH nepa 6axa noToneHH b 3jit>h h oivrpa3a, bměcto fla H3irpamaT HpaBCtbqhh nocjiaHHa kbm xopaTa. MwHaTa BOfla KaTO ne jni nocTeneHHO ce OTTHna h Bce no-acHO ce OHepraBar KonrypHTe Ha eflHO hobo oönjecTBO. To Moace fla He hh xapecBa, ho cnrypHO me HMa CBOirre „noeTH BfltxHOBeHH h neBini", 3amoTO HHKoe Bpeivie He Moace 6e3 Tax.