PoMaH Xa^HKOceB JleKiíHH no ôtJirapcKa jiHTeparypa (1918-1944) YHHBepcHTeTCKO H3^aTencTBO b ByKypem 2004 Ha Kmcara, Czjhh roTHH o6pa3 HaKpaTKO HCTopHHTa Ha E-bjírapira .................................... 7 06m, nomefl Btpxy jnrrepaTypHHTe npouecH..................... 18 XPHCTO CMHPHEHCKH .............................................. 31 rEO MHJ1EB ................................................................... 58 HHKOJIA ct>yPHA/T,>KHFB .............................................. 83 ATA H AC ßAJMEB .......................................................... 103 H A B/l, A P MYTAOOB.......................................................... 127 EJIHCABETA EATPHHA.................................................... 147 CBETOCJIAB MHHKOB.................................................... 169 HOPAAH HOBKOB............................................................ 191 rEOPra KAPACJIABOB.................................................... 223 HHKOJIA BAni IAPOB........................................................ 248 HaKpamKO ucmopunma na E-bJizapun 7 HAKPATKO HCTOPHJITA HA EtJirAPHJI MEKpy flBETE CBETOBHH BOHHH ICaKTO Bene cnoMeHaxMe b HamaTa "Hctophh Ha G^jirapcicaTa jiHTepaTypa (1878-1918)", KpaaT Ha IlbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa npe^CTaBjiaBa H3KJlK)HHTejlHO flpaMaTHHCH MOMCHT OT HCTOpHJFTa Ha E'bJirapHJI, KOHTO flO rojMMa CTeneH npeflonpeflejia nojiHTHHecKara fi Cb^Ga npe3 cjieflBammi nepnofl. ^BeTe Hai;HOHajiHH KaracTpoc|)H, CB^psaHH Cbc 3ary6nTe Ha 6jih30 11 000 kb. km. TepHTopHH c G'bJirapcKO HaceneHHe, tc^kkhtc noHTH HenocnjiHH penapauHH, Hano>KeHH Ha CTpaHaTa ot BejiHKHTe chjih npe3 Hbohckhh MHpeH ^oroBop (27. 11. 1919), Kaicro h orpaHHHeHHHTa ^a npHTe>KaBa caMOCTOflTejma apMHH, ce B^snpneiviaT hskjuohhtcjiho 6ojie3HeHO ot 6bjirapcKHH Hapofl. BojiKaTa ot HecnpaBefljiHBHTe caHKHHH me ocTaHe b CbpuaTa He caMO Ha o6hkhob6hhh hobck, kohto Hafi-CHjiHO ycema e(J)eKTa ot orpaHHHeHHHTa, ho me onpczjejiH h noBefleHneTO Ha 6bjirapcKHTe hojihthhh h ^Tap^KaBhhhh. Cjie^BamHTe flBe ^eceTHjieTHH B^jirapna HejieHaconeHO ce H30jrapa ot cbohtc Cbce^H h nocTOHHHO HaMHpa noBOflH fla HaMeKBa hjih flnpeicTHO ^a H3pa3HBa cbocto HeflOBOJICTBO OT HajTCttKCHHTe H CaHKHHH. Ilo T03H HaHHH peBH3HOHHCTHHHara nojiHTHKa ce npeBp^ma b ueHTpajieH momcht 3a bchko G^jirapcKO npaBHTejiCTBO, He3aBHCHMO ot HeroBaTa napraHHa opHeHTauHa, b nepnofla MOKjiy flBeTe cb6tobhh bohhh. OcBeH TOBa b 6i»jirapCKHJi nojiHTHnecKH jkhbot Hacn>nBaT 3HaHHTejiHH npOMeHH, kohto cmiio ce OKa3BaT pemaBamH 3a Gi^emeTO Ha B^jirapna. Hafi-rojieMHTe h aBTopnTeTHH 6ypjtcoa3HU napmuu npe^H BOHHaTa ryG^T He caMO flOBepneTO Ha noHTH bchhkh G^jirapn, ho h Ha cbohtc npHB'bpjKeHHLiH. noBeneTO ot Tax hjih npeKparaBar CBOHTa flefiHOCT, hjih ce TpaHC(J)opMHpaT b pa3JiHHHH nojiHTHHecKH opraHH3auHH. TojiaMO 3HaneHHe B oGmecTBeHHH >khbot Ha CTpaHaTa H3HrpaBar h CbGnTHHTa b Pycna npe3 1917r Kaicro floGpe e h3bcctho, npe3 oktombph pycKHTe KOMyHHCTH Hanejio Cbc cboh BOflan h H^eojior BjiaflHMnp Hjihh JIchhh HSB'bpinBarT. h. BejiHKa oktombphh-CKa coiiHajiHCTHHecKa peBOJiiOHHfl h cjiefl KaTO y6HBar Hap HnKOJian II h uhjioto My ceMeficTBO ooaBflBar Pycna 3a n^pBara couHajracTHHecKa penyojiHKa b CBeTa. Ilo to3h HanHH TpyzjOBeTe Ha Kapji MapKC h Opn^pHx EHrenc H3BeflH'b>K npHflOGHBaT CbBCeM peajIHH H3MepeHHfl B OHHTe Ha BCHHKH KOMyHHCTH OT 8 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) nana Eßpona. Hafle^K^aTa, ne hkohommhcckhtc nponecH He caMO ca npeflBHflHMH, ho HancTHHa TjiacKar CBeTa lebM cztho no-flo6po, no-xyMaHHO h no-pa3BHTO oömecTBO, nenejiH Bee noBene npHB^p^KeHHUH h b pa3opeHa h yHH3eHa B^jirapna. KaKTO Bene HMaxMe noBOfl r& Ka>KeM, pyccxJMjiCTBOTO BHHarn e öhjio Cbc CHjiHH TpaflHijHH b crpaHara, a cjiefl BOÖHaTa to ce cbneTaBa c BapaTa, ne BijjirapHH Cbmo mo^kc ^a Tp^rae no rn^ra Ha "noöeflHjiHH oömecrBeH ctoh". üopaflH Ta3H npHHHHa e jiecHO pa3ÖHpaeMO 3amo Belara cjiefl Kpaa Ha rťbpBaTa CBüTOBHa BOÖHa jMBOopneHTHpaHaTa cejiCKa napraa - EtjirapCKHíiT 3eMe/;ejiCKH Hapo/jeH ci»K)3 (E3HC), npH^oÖHBa Haö-rojiHMa nonyjrapHoer cpefl Hapofla. Pa3Önpa ce, TOBa %o rojiHMa CTeneH ce ^jdích Kaicro Ha xapaKTepHaTa connajiHa 6a3a b erpaHara, Ki>,zjeTO Bce ome okojto 80 % or HacejieHHeTO e cejiCKO, Taxa h Ha xapH3MarHHHaTa jihhhoct Ha 3eMeflejiCKHH BOflan AjieKcaHfl-bp OraöojiHHCKH. Too cbHeTaBa b ceöe ch cneLtH(J)HHHHTe 6ejie3H Ha e^HH CHjieH HapofleH jin^ep - TB-bp^ocr b yöe>K1zi,eHHHTa, 6e3KOMnpoMHCHOCT b pemeHHHTa h nonyjiHS^M. Haivia flpyr nojiHTHHecKH fleeij b B^jirapna, KOHTO no BpeMe Ha bohhhtc TOJiKOBa KareropHHHO %a ce npoTHBonocraBii Ha nojiHTHKara Ha nap epflHHaHfl, nopain Koero He e ynyzrBamo, ne ome nbpBHTe cjieflBoeHHH n3Öopn npe3 1919 r. ca cneneneHH or B3HC, a AjieKcaHfl^p CTaMÖojiHHCKH CTaBa MHHHCT^p-npeflceflaTeji. Karo oöane 3eMeflejiCKHHT Cbi03 hxms aÖCOJlIOTHO MH03HHCTBO, npaBHTen- CTBOTO H3nHTBa pe^nna 3arpyflHeHHH npn B3HMaHero Ha cbohtc pemeHHH, KOeTO npHHpTOBa CTaMÖOJIHHCKH AjieKCHHflBp CTHMÖOJIHHCKH Ha cjieflBamaTa ro^HHa %a oöhbh ho- bh H36opn 3a HapoflHO CböpaHne. Ha rax B3HC nenejin 6jih30 40 %, a BTopa e napjiaMenrapHaTa rpyna Ha KOMyHHCTHTe c 15 %, dpawr kohto floerarbHHO KpacHopeHHBO roBopn 3a MOMeHTHHTe HacTpoeHHH cpefl ö^jirapcKOTO oömecTBO. He3aBHCHMO ot cepno3HaTa nozjicpena, 3eMea,ejinnTe oöane othobo HaKpamKO ucmopunma na E-bJizapuH 9 He ycnHBaT nojrynaT n^jmo napjiaMeHTapHO mho3hhctbo, kocto th npHHy>KflaBa ^a H3noji3BaT He flOTaM fleMOKpaTHHHH cpe^CTBa, 3a ^a ocbmecTBHT ijejiHTe ch - H3roHBaT OT HapoflHOTO cböpaHHe npeflcraBHTejiHTe Ha flBe OT nojiHTHHecKHTe naprHH h no to3h HanHH npH^oÖHBar npaBOTO %a CbCTaBHT caMOCTOírrejiHO npaB ht&jictb o . B npoflijjDKeHHe HaTpn roflHHH, oř 1920 ^,o 1923 r., 3eMeflejiCKHHT CbK)3 ocbmecTBHBa pe,o,HHa UKOHOMunecKU, adMUHUcmpamuenu u npaenupe(popMU, kokto HMar 3a ueji %a npoMeHírr h3uhjio couHajiHHíi crpoö b B^jirapna. B peflHua OTHomeHHH nojiHTHKaTa Ha 3eMe,o,ejmHTe ce ocHOBaßa Ha e^Ha caMOÖHTHa oömecTBeHa Teopna, rjiaßeH H^eojior Ha kohto e caMHHT AjieKcaHfl^p CTaMÖojiHHCKH. Eh modio %a ce Ka>Ke, ne TOBa e eKjieKTHHHa CMec OT pa3JiHHHH HfleojiorHHecKH nocTaHOBKH, KOHTO HMä 3a ueji fla npeB^pHe oÖHKHOBeHHH 3eMe,o,ejieLi He caMO b ochobch 4)aicrop b oömecTBOTO, ho h rsl My fla^e uiuiara BjiacT c bchhkh jiocTOBe 3a (JMHaHCOB h ^p^KaBeH kohtpoji. MHoro OT npoKapaHHTe 3aKOHH Ha B3HC HancTHHa HMaT nojio>KHTejieH e(J)eKT, 3amoro ca cbo6pa3eHH cbc cneuHc|)HHHHTe hjok^h Ha 3eMe,o,ejiCKHTe paöoraHUH. Ho b CbmoTO BpeMe npaBHTejiCTBoro h jihhho AjieKcaHfl^p CraMÖojiHHCKH flonycKaT mhojkcctbo rpeiiiKH h He3anHTaHe Ha npaBaTa Ha ocTaHajíHTe coijHajiHH npocjioÖKH b crpaHaTa, cpefl kohto tc3h Ha e^para h cpe^Hara 6yp>Koa3HH, a Cbmo Taxa h Ha HHTejiHreHHHírra. IIohth bchhkh hhhobhhhh h fl^p^KaBHH cjiy>KHTejiH ca CMeHeHH ot HHCKOo6pa30BaHH huh HanpaBO HerpaMOTHH 3eMe,o,ejmH, kohto arpecHBHO 3amHTaBaT nojíHTHKara Ha CBoeTO npaBHTejiCTBO. ITocTeneHHO Aji. OraMÖojiHHCKH Hajiara pe,o,HHa 3aKOHH h npoKapBa pemeHHH, kohto ce pa3MHHaBaT c ochobhhh 3aKOH b crpaHara -Ti>pHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTyuHíí. Karo Bp^x Ha aBTopnTapHHH HaHHH Ha ynpaBjíeHHe ce CHHTa opraHH3HpaHeTO Ha t. h. opanoiceeu nemu. HapeneHH TaKa 3apa,o,H opaH>KeBHH hbíit Ha 3HaMeTO Ha E3HC, Te3H B^opij^KeHH rpynn Ha npHB^p^KeHHiiH Ha CbK)3a ce caMopa3npaBHjiH c npeflCTaBHTejíHTe Ha On03HĽ(H5Fra, H3nOJI3BaHKH KaTO OpijJKHH pa3JlHHHH 3eMeflejlCKH HHCTpyMeHTH KaTO jionaTH, öpa^BH h rbpHOKonn. Cjiefl KaTO npe3 1923 r. B3HC nenejra nopeflHHTe H36opn npe3 KOHTpojia h HacHjraeTO, npnjio>KeHH ot tc3h nera, ono3HHHOHHHTe BOflaHH h oc|)HHepHTe OT c(J)opMHpaHHH ome npe3 1912 r. BoeHeH CbK)3 peiiiaBar, ne 3eMe,o,ejiCKHíFr BO^an e b^mo^kho ^a ö^e CBajieH eflHHCTBeHO npe3 BoeHeH npeBpar. H HancTHHa Ha 9 iohh 1923 r. apMHírra CBajia ot BjiacT npaBHTejictboto Ha B3HC. B npoBHHHHírra opaH>KeBHTe nera ce orarrBar ^a npoTHBOzjeHCTBar Ha BOÜCKara, ho THXHara CbnpoTHBa 6bp30 e jiHKBHflnpaHa. )KecTOKO e yÖHT AjieKcaHfl^p CTaMÖojiHHCKH BepoHTHO c ueji ^a ce npeK^pmaT 10 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) npHB-bp^KeHHijHTe Ha CbK)3a. 3a MHHHCTbp-npe,o,ce,zi,areji e HasHaneH npo^ecop AjieKcaHfltp IJaHKOB, kohto e 6hji npHeMjiHBa (JMrypa Kaicro 3a bochhhtc, Taxa h 3a jiH^epHTe Ha ono3nuHOHHHTe napran h öjiokobc Belara cjiefl BoeHHHH npeBpaT hoboto npaBHTejiCTBO 3anoHBa jkcctoko %a npecjie^Ba 3eMeflejiCKHTe ^eönn CbC Cbmara 6e3KOMnpoMHCHOCT Ha opaH>KaBHTe nera ot BpeMeTO, Koraro B3HC e Ha Bjiacx ITo to3h HanHH hojihthhcckhht >khbot Ha cpaHara HaBjiH3a b nepnozi,, Koraro Bjiacira c e nocTHra npe3 HacHjine, necTO wbTw ecKajinpamo b KpaÖHnre MepKH Ha 4)h3hhccko jíHKBHflnpaHe Ha npOTHBHHHHTe. J\o rojiHMa CTeneH nojiHTHKara Ha npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha An. UaHKOB, a h Ha cjieflBamHTe npaBHTejiCTBa, kohto H^BaT cjie^, Hero, e peaKnna Ha nojiHTHHecKOTO noBefleHHe Ha E^jirapcKara KOMyHHcranecKa napraa (BKIT) cjiefl BoeHHHH npeBpax IToflKpeneHH ot KoMyHHcranecKHii HHrepHanHOHaji h ot aBTopHTapHOTO npaBHTejiCTBO HaMocKBa, 6bJirapcKHTe KOMyHHcra peuiaBar, ne e Ha3paji MOMenrbT 3a roB'bpinBaHe Ha peBOJiionHOHeH npeBpaT ot rana Ha T03H b CaHKT IleTepöypr npe3 1917 r. B TepMaHHH Bene HMa ezjHH HeycnemeH OnHT 3a KOMyHHCTHHeCKa peBOJHOIJHH, HO 3a Hfl,eOJ103HTe Ha MapKC-JieHHHH3Ma CHTyaijHHTa b B^jirapna e H^eajiHa 3a npozjijjDKaBaHeTO Ha t. h. "cBeTOBHa CbBeTCKa peBOJUOIJHH". 3a Mecenn e nozjroTBeHO Bi>CTaHHe h npe3 cenTeMBpH 1923 r. BTjopi^eHHTe öyHTOBe cpemy BjiacTTa 3anoHBaT. Ha hhkojiko MecTa b npoBHHijHHTa BTaCTaHHUHTe ycroiBar fla oxynnpaT fl^p^KaBHHTe HHcraTyuHH, Hafl kohto pa3BHBaT nepBeHHTe 3HaMeHa h oöaBHBaT "CbBeTCKa penyôJinKa b B-bjírapna". 3a ce^MHija oöane BOÖCKara CMa3Ba onnTa 3a npeBpaT, cjiefl KoeTO nofljiara Ha >KecTOK Tepop ynacraHUHTe b Hero h TexHnre CbMHimieHHUH. HjiiocTpauHíi Ha ctojihmch bccthhk, npcucTaBínu noTyniaBaHeTO Ha BtCTaHHeTO HaKpamKO ucmopunma na E-bJizapun 11 JlHKBHflHpaHH ca ctothhh 3eMe,o,ejiHH h KOMyHHCTH, MHoro nojryHaBar tokkh npHCbflH h ocTaBaT no 3aTBopHTe, a raraMa nacr ot p'bKOBQo.HTejiHTe Ha Bi>CTaHHeTO, cpefl kohto raaBHHTe H,o,eoji03H TeoprH ^hmhtpob h BacHji KonapoB, eMHrpnpaT b Cijosa Ha CbBeTCKHTe couHajiHCTHHecKH penyGjiHKH (CCCP). IlpoBaji'bT Ha onnia 3a fl^piacaBeH npeBpaT, no3HaT KaTO CenmeMepuiicKO etcmanue, He npeK^puiBa komyhhcthtc b tcxhhtc onHTH ^a CMeHHT pe>KHMa b B^jirapna. Ilpe3 1924 r. npaBHTejiCTBOTO raacyBa 3aKOH 3a 3amHTa na fl^p^aBaTa (33,13,), kohto ce B^snpneMa ot noHTH bchhkh nojiHTHnecKH fl,eHi;H, b TOBa hhcjio h b Hy)K6HHa, 3a KpafiHO orpaHHnaBam npaBaTa Ha HOBeKa. *ipe3 Hero BjiacTra ce onHTBa %a jiHKBHflnpa G^emn onHTH 3a HejierajiHH h npoTHBOoGmecTBeHH achhocth KaTO 3a6paHHBa KOMyHHCTHnecKaTa napTHH h Hanara tc>kkh caHKHHH 3a aHTHfl'bp^KaBHa nponaraH^a. 3aKOH'bT oGane HMa oGpareH e(J)eKT - xmmp,wre npHB'bp^KeHHHH Ha KOMyHHCTHTe b CTpaHaTa, noflnoMaraHH ot HHTepHauHOHajiHOTO ^BH^KeHHe h TexHHTe CbBeTCKH flpyrapn, 3anoHBar e^Ha urapoKa TepopncTHHHa KaMnaHHH c ueji fla ce ,o,ecTa6HjiH3Hpa "(J)aiiiHCTKOTo" cnopefl tax npaBHTencTBO. "HepBeHHHT Tepop" KyjiMHHnpa c aTemaTa b cocfMHCKara Kare,a,pajia "CBeTa Heflejia" Ha 16 anpnji 1925 r., npn kohto 3arHBar 160 Ayiira, a noBene or 500 ca paHeHH. IlpaBHTejiCTBOTO H3noji3Ba hczjobojictboto cpefl oGmecTBoro or to3h Han-rojiHM aTeHTaT b HCTopnaTa Ha B^jirapna h 3anoHBa ome ot cjieflBamHH fleH MacoBO npecjie,a,BaHe h apecryBaHe Ha KOMyHHCTHnecKH ,o,eHHH h CHMnarH3aHTH. Be3 Cbfl h npncbfla bcckh ^eH ce jihkbH^npaT ctothhh KOMyHHCTH no cnncbLiH, kohto HaG^pso ce H3roTBHT Ilo to3h HaHHH ca yGHTH He caMO aKTHBHH ynacTHHiiH b 6op6aTa cpeury npaBHTejiCTBOTO, ho h MHoro HeBHHHH HHTejieKiyajiLiH npocTO 3apaflH TexHHTe jicbh H^en hjih flopn caMO 3apaflH jiHTepaTypHHTe hm npoH3Be,o,eHHfl, KaKbBTO e cjiynaaT c rojieMHH noeT reo MnjieB. C^GnTHHTa ot nepnofla 1923-1925 r. ocraBAT 3HanHMa flnpa b 6bJirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa. Cnefl Kpaa Ha ITbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa b MOHapxHHecicaTa HHCTHTyiiHJi Ha B-bjirapna ce HSB-bpuiBa npoMHHa. Cnefl aGflHKaijHjrra ot npecTOJia Ha nap epflHHaHfl Ha HeroBO mhcto H^Ba npecTOJiOHacjieflHHK'bT uap Eopnc III TtpHOBCKH. ilpoM^iHara HflMa npocTO K03MeTHneH e(J)eKT, 3amoro ce OKa3Ba, ne chh'b.t Ha flecnoTHHHHH h arpecHBeH ep,o,HHaH,zi, HMa He caMO no-pa3JiHHeH xapaKTep, ho h pa3JiHHHa 4dhjioco(J)hh 3a TOBa KaK TpaGBa js& ce bqzjh .zrbp^KaBara. Ot 6am a ch Bopnc III HacjieflHBa HHTepeca KbM GoraHHKara h e3HHHTe, ho 3a pa3JiHKa ot Hero, MjiaflHHT Hap npHTe>KaBa H30CTpeHa nyBCTBHTejiHOct KbM CbflGara Ha oGhkhobchha hobck, noBHineHO BHHMaHne KbM H^eojiorHne ckhtc npoTHBopenHH h npe^H bchhko npe,o,na3JiHBOCT npn B3HMaHeTO Ha Ba>KHH 12 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) fl'bp^KaBHHHecKH peiueHHa. Ilocjiefl-HHHT öejier TB^p^e necro ce komch-THpa OT HCTopHijHTe KaTO npoirea Ha cjiaöocT h jiHnca Ha xapaicrep, Koero, cnopefl MH03HHa, BnocjieflCTBHe flOBejio cpaHaTa %o öe^H. Ilpn bchko nojio>KeHHe uap Bopnc ocTaBa b HCTopHHTa Ha BijjirapHH Bee ome OIjeHHBaH C KpaÖHOCTHTe OT HbJIHOTO OTpHijaHHe flo 6e3ycjiOBHOTO My nOHHTaHC He3aBHCHMO OT TCbpBOHaHajl-HOTO OflOÖpeHHe, KOCTO HMäT MepKHTe Ha npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha npo(J). Aji. IJ^aHKOB cpemy flecTaÖHjiH3HpamHTe ^p^aBaTa peBOJHOIJHOHepH, CKOpO CTaBaT HenpneMjiHBH jkcctokhtc cpe^CTBa, KOHTO Ce H3nOJ13BaT npH THXHOTO npecjieflBaHe. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, AHflpeö JIíinneB U,ap BopHC III HaflBHCBa onacHOCTTa BoeHHHTe ^a ce BKonnarb^b Bjiacira a^aa 3affbp5Kar c ueHaTa Ha bchhko. H3HeHa,o,Bamo b HanajiOTO Ha 1926 r. Aji. IJaHKOB, pa3ÖHpam nojiHTHnecKaTa Kpn3a, b KOHTO e HaBJM3JIO npaBHTejiCTBOTO, noflaßa ocTaBKa h 3a mhhhct^p-npeflceflareji e HasHaneH yMepeHHHT AHflpeü JIíinneB. 3a nbpBH rn>T cjiefl BOÖHara ce roB^piiiBa npaBHTejiCTBeHa npoMHHa 6e3 npeßpaT, Hacnjine hjih HapymaBaHe Ha 3aKOHHTe Ha CTpaHaTa. IlocTeneHHO npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha JlanneB B^CTaHOBaBa fleMOKpaTHH-HOCTTa b BijjirapHH h no3BOJuiBa Ha ono3HHHírra fla 3amHTaBa otkphto H^eHTe ch, 6e3 TOBa %a bo^h ro nojra-THHecKH penpecHH. B npozjijjDKeHHe HaKpamKO ucmopunma na E-bJizapun 13 Ha 6jih30 e^HO fleceTHjierae, He3aBHCHMO ot pa3JinHHHTe chjih, kohto ce CMeHHT b^b BjiacTTa, b CTpaHaTa ce cna3Ba npaBOBn^T pefl b flyxa Ha T^pHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTynna. B HanajiOTO Ha 30-Te roflHHH b TepMaHHJi Ha BjiacT H^Ba Afl,oji(J) XnTjiep h HcroBHa HannoHajiconnajiH3'bM 3anoHBa ^a nenejin npHB'bpjKeHHLiH, ocoGeHO b CTpaHHTe ot H3TOHHa EBpona, K^eTO toh ce pa3rjie>Kfla KaTO ajiTepHaTHBa Ha KOMyHHCTHnecKHa CTajiHHH3rbM. B^jirapna b to3h nepnofl ce HaMHpa b cjio>khh bp^kh CbC CTpaHHTe ot EBpona. Ot e^Ha CTpaHa, ce npnfl'bpjKa k^m napjiaMeHTapHaTa fl,eMOKpai;HH, kocto a CB^psBa c nojiHTHKaTa Ha 3ana,o,HoeBponeHCKH fl'bp^KaBH KaTO AHrjiHH h c&paHHHH, a, ot flpyra cpaHa, b hkohomhhccko OTHomeHHe e 6e3ajiTepHaTHBHO oGB^psaHa c repiviaHHH. Cnefl HbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa e^HHCTBcho TepMaHHH npoHBHBa HHTepec k^m G^jirapcKaTa cejiCKOCTonaHCKa npcayKuna KaTO b 3aMHHa npeflOCTaBH Ha G^jirapcKHH na3ap HeoGxoflHMHTe HH^ycTpHajiHH h npoMHinjieHH ctokh. IlocTeneHHO rbproBCKaTa 3aBHCHMOCT ^o TaxaBa CTeneH ce 3acnjiBa, ne b cpe^aTa Ha 30-Te roflHHH b^hiuhkht bhoc Ha B^jirapna ot TepMaHHH flocrara 3acTpauiHTejiHHTe 85 % ot i;hjiocthhh rbproBCKH oGopoT. 3a bchhkh b CTpaHaTa e hcho, ne nofloGHa oGB^psaHOCT He bo^h k^m Hemo floGpo, ho MHoroGpoHHHTe onHTH Ha nap Eopnc h mhhhctphtc ot pa3JiHHHHTe npaBHTejiCTBa npe,o,H3BHKaT rbproBCKn HHTepec ot CTpaHa Ha roneMHTe HH^ycTpnajTHH ^p^KaBn KaTO AHrjina h paHunfl ocTaBaT 6e3 ycnex. Ilo to3h HannH b B^jirapna ce HaeraHflBaT He caMO hcmckhtc ctokh h KanHTan, ho CHjiHa nonyjiapHOCT npHfl,o6HBaT nojinTHnecKHTe h KyjlTypHH BJ1HHHHH OT TepMaHHa. Ha (J)OHa Ha TpaflHUHOHHO CHJ1HOTO B CTpaHaTa pycoc|)HjiCTBO b E-bjirapna 614)30 ce Hanara KOHc|)poHTanHflTa MeSfly npHB'bpjKeHHLlHTe Ha (j)aiIIHCTKHfl eKCnaH3HOHH3rbM H KOMyHHCTHnecKHH TepopHS^M. ^eMOKpaTHHHHTe npnHnnnn, 3ajierHajiH B T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTyUHfl, CTaBaT BCe nO-TpyflHO npHJTO)KHMH H CTpaHaTa GaBHO, ho cnrypHO ce HacoHBa k^m aBTopnTapeH HannH Ha ynpaBjieHne. B^jirapna b HanajiOTO Ha 1934 r. e b Teacica nojiHTHnecica Kpma -HaivmpamHTe ce Ha BjiacT napTHH Tpy^HO noernraT KOHceHcyc othocho HanHHa, no kohto CTpaHaTa MO)Ke H3Jie3e ot CTonaHCKaTa Kpn3a, kohto e 3aBjiaflHjia h nana EBpona. ToraBa BoeHHHTe othobo B3HMaT HemaTa b cboh p^ne. Ha 19 Man 1934 r. e nsB^pmeH fl'bp^KaBeH npeBpaT, cjiefl kohto MHHHCT'bp-npeflceflaTeji eraBa iiojikobhhk Khmoh reoprneB. 3a pa3JinKa 14 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ot npeflHiiiHHH npeBpaT, kohto BCbmHOCT B^CTaHOBaBa napTniraaTa fleMOKpauHH b CTpaHaTa, to3h hms Han^jiHO npoTHBonojio:>KHa neji-^aa jiHKBHflHpa. ITojiHTHHecKHTe napTHH ca 3a6paHeHH, Hapo^HOTO cbôpaHne e pa3nycHaTO, a Ha npecara e Hajio>KHa neroypa. Ilo TaicbB HannH b CTpaHaTa ce Hanara aBTOpHTapeH peauiM ôjihs^k Te3H b TepMaHHH h Hranna. 3a no-Majiko ot e^Ha ro^HHa oôane, CTaBa hcho, h e bochhhtc HHMaT hhto oômecTBeHa noflKpena, hhto c^hhomhcjihc 3a nojinTHKara, kohto TpaÔBa %a npoBe^Kfla CTpaHara. Cjiefl KaTO 3a hhkojiko Meceua ce cmchht fl.Be HeCTa6njihh npaBHTejictba, uap Bopnc III noeMa HHHUHaTHBara b cboh p^ue h Ha3HanaBa 3a MHHHCT'bp-npeflceflaTeji Teoprn KbOcenBaHOB - jioajieH MOHapxncT, kohto no TOBa BpeMe H3n,bjiH5iBa fljľb>KHOCTTa HanajiHHK Ha flBopuoBara KaHuejiapHJi. Ilo to3h HanHH ot HanajiOTO Ha 1936 r. BoeHHaTa jinra OKOHnaTejiHO e orcTpaHeHa ot Bjiacrra, a uapaT pa3nycKa nojiHTHne ckhtc opraHH3auHH h Hanara cboh aBTOpHTapeH 6e3napTneH peacHM. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, ne n^pBOHanajiHO Ta3H nojiHTHKa cpema oômecTBeHOTO o^oôpeHne, npouecHTe b EBpona He no3BOJisBaT Ha hobhh pe>KHM fl,a npofl'bJi^KH sanoHHarara nojiHTHKa Ha CTonaHCKO CTa6njiH3HpaHe. Ha 1 cenTeMBpn 1939 r. peBH3HOHHCTHHHaTa nojiHTHKa Ha TepMaHHH ot ,oyMH npeMHHaBa wbM ^ejia KaTO c^aiiracTKara apivraa Hanara nojima. ToBa ^aBa HanajiOTO Ha BoeHHHTe koh(J)jihkth, kohto no-K'bCHO npepacTBaT b^b BTopa CBeTOBHa BOOHa. J\o rojiHMa CTeneH BOfleHara ot TepMaHHH nojiHTHKa Ha peBH3HH Ha rpaHHijHTe, Hajio>KeHH cjiefl Kpaa Ha HbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÔHa, Han'bjiHO CbBna^a c HecbrjiacnaTa Ha B^jirapna ot Hajio>KeHHH ô orpaHHHHTejieH HboficKH ^oroBop npe3 1919 r. nopa^H Ta3H npnHHHa e pasônpaeMO 3amo b Cb3fl,ajiaTa ce KOHc|)jiHKTHa CHTyauHH Ha G^jirapcKHTe nojiHTHijH MHoro noBene flonaflar oôemaHHHTa, ^aBaHH hm ot TepMaHHH h Krajina, OTKOJiKOTO nojiHTHKara Ha AHrjina h c&paHUHa, kohto b o6mn jihhhh ce orpaHHnaBajia noBene jio 3anjiaxH, otkojikoto jio kohkpcthh CbBeTH. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, Bee noBene CTaBa acHO, ne HeyTpajiHTerbT, kohto B^jirapna oÔHBHBa npn 3anoHBaHeTO Ha CBeTOBHara BOOHa Tpy^HO me MO)Ke jj,a 6bfl,e cna3BaH, rbfi KaTO or bchhkh crpaHH HarncKbT KbM CTpaHaTa HapacTBa. Ot e^Ha CTpaHa, TepMaHHa Cb6jia3HaBa c jj,'bjiroro,zi,HiiiHa hkohomhhc CKa h BoeHHa noMom, KaKTO h c BT^craHOBaBaHe Ha 3ary5eHHTe TepHTopnH, ot flpyra, Ahluhh h AiviepHKa npe,zrynpe:>K,zi,aBaT 3a jkcctokh h CTpaniHH pa3pyineHHa, a or TpeTa, CCCP njiamn c Bee noBene nenejiemHa npHB'bp^KeHHLiH b CTpaHaTa 6ojimeBH3'bM. KoraTO BoeHHHTe fleficTBHa flOcraraT jj,o Cbce^HHTe Ha B^jirapna CTpaHH, CTaBa acHO ne nacHBHara nojiHTHKa Ha uap Bopnc Ha H3naKBaHe He mcme jj,a G^fle npojxtjDKeHa. HaKpamKO ucmopunma na B-bJízapun 15 ITpe3 Mapr 1941 r. Etjirapiin Bjuna b TpHCTpaHHHH naKT (TepMaHHH, HTajiHH h utiohhíi). MHHHCTijp-npeflceflaTeji no to Ba BpeMe e apxeojiortT Bor/;aH Ohjiob, kohto e KpaeH npHB^p^KeHHK Ha repMaHCKara nojiHTHKa. B CbmoTO BpeMe npe,o,na3JiHBHíiT nap Eopnc ycraiBa j\a. ce B^nojiSBa ot yBa^KeHHeTO, KoeTO e xpaHHji wbm Hero Aa,ojic|) XnTjiep, h c npoTaKaHna h 6e3KpaíiHH OTjiaraHHH Ha hcmckktc ncKaHna Taxa h He H3npama cboh bohckh Ha H3TOHHHH (J)poHT, KijfleTO e TpaÖBajio fla BOflHT cpa>KeHHa c pycKaTa apMna. He cjiefl flijjiro E^jirapna ycmiBa %a nocTnrae Taxa fl^jiro >KejiaHOTO Bb3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha o^jirapcKHTe 3Cmh b K)>KHa ,H,o6pyzi,:>Ka h H3npama cboh bohckh B'bB Bap,o,apcKa MaKeflOHHH h CojiyH, icaTO pe3yjiTaT ot hoboto TepHTopnajiHO pa3npe,a,ejieHHe Ha EajiKaHHTe, HanpaBeHO ot TepMaHHH. Hajia E^jirapna no TOBa BpeMe jiHKyBajia - oř e^Ha crpaHa, Han-cerae OMpa3HHHT HbOHCKH flOrOBOp ÖHJI SaXB^pjieH B HeÖHTHeTO H BCHHKH ÖbJirapn ÖHJIH OTHOBO b rpaHHUHTe Ha e^Ha fl^p^aBa, a, ot Apyra, Ha TepnTopnírra Ha crpaHaTa He ca Ce BOflejIH BOeHHH fleOCTBHH H 6bJirapCKHHT BOHHHK He ÖHJI npHHyZjeH fla BOIOBa cpemy KoroTO h ^a öhjio Ha ropemHTe (J)poHTOBe b najia Eßpona. Ho flopn cpefl nojiHTnnnTe öhjih MajiKO Te3H, kohto BíipBajin b ojiaronpnaTHHa h3xqzi, ot CbÖHTHHTa. 3a caMna nap Eopnc oOB^psaHOdra Ha E'bjírapHíi c TOTajiHTapHHTe chjih Ha HTajinaHO-HeMCKHíi c^auinsijM e npoflHKTyBaHa oř oöcTOirrejiCTBara h ,zrbjiroro,zi,HiiiHHTe hkohomkhcckh h nojiHTHHecKH oÖB^psaHoern Ha CTpaHaTa c TepMaHHii. B CbmoTO BpeMe 3a BCHHKH e öhjio HCHO, ne nojiHTHKara Ha XnTjiep e arpecHBHa h aHTHxyMaHHa h öe3 HHKaKBH inaHCOBe 3a ycnex. TaKa Morar rsl ce oöhchht pe^nna cbocbojihh pemeHHH Ha nap Eopnc Karo HanpnMep OTKa3a My ^a nczpcpenn HTajinaHCKara HHBa3HH b r-bpuMH h ocoöeHO 3üiifiiniüniü na (%ji?apciaime eepeu. KaKTO floöpe e h3bcctho, XnTjiep npoBe>Kfla HeBH^aHa no MamaÖHTe ch aHTHceMHTCKa Kaivinamiíi 3apa,o,H H^eaTa 3a HHCTOTara Ha apnncKaTa paca. 3a Ta3H nejí ot OKynnpaHHTe TepnTopnn eßpenTe öhjih ^enoprapaHH b cnennajiHO no^roTBeHH jiarepn b TepMaHHH h nojiiiia, K^eTO rn nczuiarajin Ha MacoBO yHHiiioseHHe. H,ap Eopnc Ha hhkojiko wbTw nojiynaßa MHoroKpaTHH CbBeTH, npenop^Kn h HaKpaa yjiTHMaTyM ^a npe^afle öjih30 50 000 eßpen or E^jirapna, ho b Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa ycTOHBa Ha 3anjiaxHTe. TaKa E-bmapun ce OKasea eôuucnweuama cmpana e Eepona, Koňmo m eKcnopmupa mimo echiu om ceoume ?pa.)icöami e jiazepume hü CMtpmma. Eh TpaÖBajio fla ce Ka>Ke, ne b cjrynaa napíiT H3pa3HBa KOJieKTHBHaTa bojih Ha öbjirapHHa, kohto HHKora He e CTpa^aji ot pacoBH hjih erannecKn KOMnjieKcn h BHHarn e 3annTaji, h npczrbJDKaBa j\a, 3annTa h yBa>KaBa npaBara Ha bchhkh MajiijHHCTBeHH rpynH b crpaHaTa. 16 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) J\o cpe^ara Ha 1941 r. b B^jirapna icaro híijio hms KOHceHcyc othocho npoBeoKflaHara nojiHTHKa Ha npaBHTejiCTBoro. J\o^w KOMyHHCTHTe BpeMeHHO ce OTKa3BaT ot KpaÖHHTe MepKH Ha 6op6a cpemy Bjiacira Haö-Bene 3apa,o,H CbmecTByBamHH ^oroBop 3a MHp h B3aHMonoMom Me>Kfly repMarora h CCCP. HemaTa ce npoMeHST Ha 22 iohh 1941 r, KoraTO hcmckhtc bohckh HapymaBaT npHMnpneTO h oÖHBHBaT BOÖHa Ha C^bctckhh Cbi03 c npeMHHaBaHeTO Ha HeÖHHTe rpaHHijH. To3h aicr HMa Ba>KHO 3HaneHHe He caMO 3a pa3Boa Ha BOÖHaTa, ho ce OTpa3HBa flpaiviaTHHHO Ha B^jirapna BbB BiaTpeiiiHonojiHTHHecKH njiaH. CaMO ppa ^eHa no-KbCHO napTHirra Ha KOMyHHCTHTe B3HMa pemeHne %a 3anoHHe e-bop-bJtcena öopöa cpetqy npaeumencmeomo. B CTpaHaTa c e OpraHH3HpaT BljOpij^KeHH napTH3aHCKH OTpaflH, KOHTO HMST 3a ueji fla caöoTHpaT fleÖHOCTTa Ha fl-bp^KaBHHTe opraHH, a Cbmo Taxa m HaHacirr yzjapn Bbpxy BOeHHH OÖeKTH, KOHTpOJIHpaHH OT repMaHCKHTe BOHCKH. Cjiefl KJ1IOHOBHH ycnex Ha C^BeTCKara apMHH npn CTajiHHrpafl, pa3BOirr Ha CbÖHTHirra b^b BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOÖHa npH^oÖHBa oöpax Ha bchhkh (J)poHTOBe repMaHCKHTe BbOpijJKeHH CHJ1H OTCTbnBaT, 2l HaCT^njlCHHCTO Ha CbBeTCKaTa apMHH KbM BajiKaHHTe h HempanHa Eßpona B.zrbXHOBíiBa aHTHXHTjiepncTKara ono3HUHíi BbB BCHHKH fl'bp^KaBH, B TOBa HHCJIO H B BljJirapHH. "Pa3níiTHe", xyfl. EiviaHyHji PaKapoB npe3 T03H nepnofl ce cjiynBa CbÖHTne, KoeTO npoMeHH BbTpeuiHonojiHTHHecKHTe peajiHOCTH. Ha 28 aBiycT 1943 r. BHe3aimo yMHpa ijap BopHC III. CivľbpTTa My H3HeHa,o,Ba aöcojiiOTHO bchhkh He caMO b B-bjirapHH. CjiaBemHHT ce c otjihhho 3flpaBe uap caMO ce^MHua no-paHO e OCbllieCTBHJl peflOBHOTO CH njiaHHHCKO H3KaHBaHe Ha HaO-BHCOKHH BpijX Ha BanKaHCKHH nojiyocTpoB - Bp^x Mycana (2924 m.), cjiefl KoeTO (J)H3HHecKO Hepa3nojio>KeHHe ro ocTaBH Ha nemo. JleKapnTe npaBHT pa3JiHHHH npeflnojio>KeHHH 3a Bce noBene BjiomaBamoTO My ce 3flpaBOCJiOBHO CbCTOHHne - oř HH(J)apKT flo b^mo^kho OTpaBHHe. BepcHírra 3a orpaBHHeTO Ha uap Bopnc HaKpamKO ucmopunma na B-bJízapun 17 .zrbjiro BpeMe ce B^npHeMa ot oömecTBeHoro mhchhc 3a Haö-flOCTOBepHaTa. CaMO HHKOJiKO fleHa npe^H ,o,a ce noHBHT npoÖJieMHTe uapíFr e 6hji Ha Ba>KHa cpema b repMaHHH c A^ojkJ) XnTjiep, Ha kohto (J)aiiiHCTKHH BQzjaH e H3pa3Hji HeflOBOJiCTBO ot nacHBHaTa no3HUHíi Ha B^jirapna bí.b BOÖHara. Bepoírmo nopain Ta3H npnHHHa Belara ce noHBHBaT cbMHeHna, ne ö^jirapcKHirr uap e 6hji OTpOBeH, 3a fla ce pa3HHcra noHBara 3a H^BaHeTO Ha BjiacT Ha hhkoh tb^pa nporepMaHCKH jin^ep. Pa30npa ce, CbMHeHHírra h ^oraflKHTe ocTaBaT HenoTBijpfleHH h b KpaÖHa CMenca 3a HcropHUHTe KaTO Haö-BepoHTHa ocraBa 0(J)HLiHajiHaTa Bepcna 3a CM-bpira Ha uapa, a hmchho HH(J)apKT. Cjiefl civľbprTa Ha Bopnc 3a uap e oöhbch HeroBHírr chh Chmcoh, ho nopain TOBa, ne toh e e^Ba neTro^HineH p^kobozjctboto Ha fl^p^aBaTa ce noeMa ot pereHTCKH cbbct. B^npeKH TOBa b crpaHaTa He MO)Ke ^a öi^e H36erHara nojiHTHHecKara Kpn3a. JlnncaTa Ha rojieMHa aBTopmeT Ha Bopnc, OTCbCTBHeTO Ha nojiHTHHecKH napTHH, Bb.opb.JKeHaTa CbnpoTHBa Ha KOMyHHCTHTe h 61^30 pa3BHBamnTe ce bočhhh CbÖHTHH b Eßpona npeflH3BHKBaT HOBHTe npaBHTejlCTBa J\?l TbpCflT pa3JIHHHH BapnaHTH 3a H3XQZ1, BbB Bce noBene 3anjiHTamaTa ce cuTyaijua. Ho BpeMero ce OKa3Ba HeflOCTarbHHO 3a noBene eKcnepHMeHTH. Ilpe3 Man 1944 r. CbBeTCKaTa apMHH Bene ce npnroTBH ,o,a HaBjie3e Ha BajiKaHCKHH nojiyocTpoB. EijjirapcKOTO npaBHTejiCTBO nojiynaBa ot MocKBa yjiTHMaTyM, b kohto ce HacTOHBa ^a h3hchh ^ajin npczrbJDKaBa ,o,a noflKpena xHTjiepncTKa TepMaHHH hjth me noflnoMara 3aHanpefl C^bctckhh Cbi03. Jlp rojMMa CTeneH ottobopijT Ha Co(J)hh oöane ce npeBp^ma b czjhh Han^jiHO (J)opMajieH aKT, 6e3 ocoöeHO tojihmo 3HaneHHe 3a HCTopHírra. AHrana h C^e^HHeHHTe aMepHKaHCKH mam Bene ca ce floroBopnjiH CbC C^bctckhh Cbi03 no KaKisB HaHHH me öi^aT pa3npe,a,ejieHH c(J)epHTe Ha BjiHímne b Eßpona. B-bjirapHH e ocraBeHa b opÖHTara Ha CCCP. Ha 8 cenTeMBpn 1944 r. CbBeTCKaTa apMHH HaBjiH3a b B^jirapna 6e3 ö^jirapcKara BOÖCKa %a OKa:>Ke KaKBaTO h ^a öhjio CbnporHBa. no^roTBeHH, oijjirapcKHTe KOMyHHCTH, napTH3aHCKHTe rpynnpoBKH, BKjiiOHHTejiHO h nacTH or BOÜCKara ome CbmaTa hoiii aTaKyBar fl^p^KaBHHTe HHCTHTyuHH h apecTyBaT HjieHOBeTe Ha npaBHTejiCTBOTO. Ha ppyrwi ^eH, 9 cenTeMBpn 1944 r., e oöhbcho hoboto npaBHTejiCTBO c mhhhct^p npeflceflaTeji Khmoh TeopmeB, KoeTO He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, ne HMa KoajiHijHOHeH xapaKTep, e KOHTponnpaHO ot KOMyHHCTHTe. B npoflijjDKeHHe Ha 45 roflHHH Ta3H ^aTa me ö^e necTBaHa b BijjirapHH KaTO HauHOHajieH npa3HHK. KaTO nojiHTHHeckhht, coHHajiHHirr H KyjITypHHHT )KHBOT, TaKa KaKTO H T03H Ha OÖHKHOBeHHH HOBCK B CIpaHaTa npe3 T03H nepnofl flpaMaraHHO ce h3mchh, ro^HHara 1944-Ta ce B^npneMa KaTO rpaHHHHa b HCTopHjrra Ha B^jirapna. 18 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) oeiij norjiE/j Ktpxy jihtepatyphhte iipoijech B ITEPHOflA MEKJ\Y flBETE CBETOBHH BOHHH ICpaaT Ha IlbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa npe,o,H3BHKBa rojieMH npoMeHH b^b BCHHKH 06jiaCTH Ha o6me CTBCHHH )KHBOT B B^JirapHH H CbBCeM eCTeCTBCHO jiHTepaTypaTa He ocraHa w$m>h Te3H nponecn. B nepnozja Ha TpnTe nope^HH bohhh KyjiTypHHHT >khbot b CTpaHaTa npaicrHHecKH e cnpaji. noBeneTO ot nncaTejiHTe ca H3npareHH no (J)poHTOBeTe, a hhkoh ot tax 3ary6BaT TaM >KHBOTa ch KaTO HanpHMep CTpaniHMHp KpHHneB, Hjihh HBaHOB-HepeH, Bjia^HMnp MycaKOB, Bjia^HMnp IlonaTaHacoB. 3a 6bJirapcKara jiHTepaTypa mqukq 6h Hafi-rojMMa e 3ary6ara Ha hskjuohhtcjiho TajiaHTjiHBHH noer ^hmho ^eGejiHHOB. JlHTeparypHHTe H3flaHHH npeKpaTABar cbocto CbmeerByBaHe, a MHoro ot nHcarejiHTe paGoraT KaTO KopecnoH^eHTH Ha pa3JiHHHH bochhh bccthhuh. Be^Hara cjiefl nozjnHCBaHeTO Ha Hbohckhh MHpeH ^oroBop KyjnypHHaT )KHBOT B B^JirapHH He CaMO BT>306HOBflBa CBOfl eCTeCTBCH XOfl, HO H HanbJIHO ce npeo6pa3HBa. Hafi-Ba>KHaTa ot npoivieHHTe HMa hhcto ncuxojiozuuecKU xapaxmep. Cnefl BH^HHaTa KacanHHna h npe>KHBeHHH y)Kac b OKonnTe 3a 6bJirapcKHH nncaTeji e hcho, ne Bene He MO)Ke ^a nrane no ebmna HannH. B^jirapcKHHT CHMBOJiH3'bM, kohto caMO npezjH hhkojiko rozjHHH ce Haivrapa B cboh anorefi, H3BeflH'b>K Karo nocjiaHne, ncHxojionra h e3HK ce OKa3Ba HanbjiHO pa3MHHaBam ce c HOBeKa, fl^piacaji nymica b p-bKa h crpejiaji cpemy flpyrn HOBeniKH CbmecTBa. IlopaflH Ta3H npnHHHa h caMHTe chmbojihcth ca e^HH ot n^pBHTe, kohto pa36npaT HeoGxoflHMOCTTa ot pa^HKajiHa npoMHHa b JiHTepaTypaTa. Ilpe3 1919 r. ezjHH ot eM6jieMaraHHHTe noera 3a 6bJirapcKHH CHMBOJiH3'bM EMaHyHji IlonflHMHTpoB nyGjiHKyBa b cnncaHHe "Osnuiife" "ITosue KbM 6-bmapcKun nucamejT, b kohto (J)opMyjiHpa pasGnpaHHHTa ch 3a hobo MHCJieHe Ha TBopena: "Th 6eme CBH^eTeji He Ha e^HO pa36HBaHe Ha oGmHTe hjik)3hh, He Ha e^HO na^eHHe Ha fl'bp^KaBHHKa, nojiHTHKa h HHTejiHrenra. Ho KbpBaBara 6ypa OTMHHa, ocraBHHKH He3ajiHHHMH cjie^n Ha pa3pymeHHeTo; th cera ch caM, Gponni CBonre paHH h rjiezjaiii ctohhcckh .ayxoBHara npoBajia Ha ohhh, kohto HaKora npHHafljie>Kaxa KbM tboh Kp^r." .Echo e >KejiaHHeTO npe3 ,o,paMaTH3Ma Ha CBeTOBHnre cbGhthh ^a ce onpezjejra hoboto xyflO>KecTBeHO Cb3HaHHe. Han^jiHO aHajiornnHH ca HarjiacnTe no CbmoTO TOBa BpeMe b najia EBpona. IIohth bcckh tckct b G^jirapcKHH jiHreparypeH nenaT or to3h nepnofl ce onnpa Ha HcropHnecKHTe npoMeHH. Oouj, nozneö e-bpxy Jiumepamypnume npoijecu 19 ,Hpyra erárna Ha He TOJiKOBa H3Be creH nucareji, HapeneHa "JIumepamypama na ympeiuHun den \ e no Bene or CHMnroMaraHHa 3a to3h npouec Ha chjiho oÖB^psBaHe Ha jiHTepaTypara c HCTopHHecKHTe h oömecTBeHHTe npouecH. rťbpBHTe jspe H3peHeHHH ca flOcrarbHHO icpacHopeHHBh; "IIojiHTHHecKHírr MHp b Eßpona Bene ce yctaHOBHBa. Ocbctch c pe^Hua Me>KflyHapoflHH aicroBe, too me fla^e e^HH hob oöjihk Ha b^hiiihhh >khbot Ha Hapo^HTe b Eßpona". 3a BCHHKH nncaTejiH h HHTejieKTyajiHH e hcho, ne e^Ba cjiefl KaTO c e ocb3HaaT HOBHTe peajiHOCTH, MO>Ke jydL ce mhcjih 3a jiHTeparypa. Kaicro h TOBa, ne jiHTeparypaTa Tpaößa %a OTpa3HBa hobhh ,zryx Ha hoboto BpeMe. "3eMeTpBCBT", xyn. Bopnc IeoprHeB (1928) Cjiefl HHKOJiKO roflHHH, KoraTO CbOHTHírra h npouecHTe flomjjiHHTejmo ca ocMHCJieHH, oijjirapcKHHT jiHTeparypeH kphthk Teoprn UaHeB b CBOHTa erárna "fleopoe dmď (1924) me fla^e e^Ha MHoro TOHHa xapaicrepHCTHKa 3a orpOMHaTa nponacT, pa3,o,ejiama TBopuHTe npe^H h cjiefl bohhhtc; "KoraTO HOBeK mhcjih 3a pa3JiHKara Meiayry ^HeuiHOTO noKOJieHne h noKOJieHmrra npe^H BOÖHHTe, oöxBama ro nyBCTBO caicaiii ctoh Ha^, 6e3flHa, KoeTO HHKora He me npeMHHC Pa3JIHHHH HpaBH, pa3JIHHHH HfleH H HaCTpOeHHH, flOpH pa3JIHHHH 20 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Him BE3HM TeMnepaivieHTH". ^on'bjiHHTejiHO 3HaneHHe 3a BajraflHoerra Ha oueHKara npn^aBa (j)aKTbT, ne E EfaHeB e e^Ha ot aKTHBHHTe (JMrypn b 6bJirapcKHH jiHTeparypeH >khbot Me>Kfly ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh. Pa3JiHHHHTe jiHTepaTypHH rpynn h Kptrose, CbmeerByBajra npezjH 3anoHBaHeTO Ha bohhhtc, He ce BT>3o6HOBflBar, a HjieHOBeTe hm tipcat hobh pa3JiHHHH nbTHma 3a oGeflHHeHHe. E^hh ot HaH-nonyjuipHHTe Kp^roBe -to3h Ha "3bcho" HanpHMep, npecTaBa opraHH3auHOHHO %a CbmeerByBa. noBeneTO ot hjichobc My icaro ^hmht^p E(oflB'bp3aHOB, HnKOJian JIhjihcb, Eeoprn PafineB, KoHCTaHTHH KoHCTaHTHHOB h ^p. npofl'bJi>KaBaT ^a nOflfl'bp>KaT npHHTejICKH OTHOIIieHHa, HO BCeKH CbTpyZJHHHH B pa3JIHHHH JiHTepaTypHH H3flaHHH. Hmchho ot Te3H pa3naflHajiH ce rpynn h GypeHOCHO Cb3flaBamH ce JiHTepaTypHH H3,o,aHHfl ce 0(J)opmht hobhtc Kp^roBe, no-MHoroGpoHHH h KpeaTHBHH b TBopnecKH njiaH. EfOBeHeTO ot tax HMaT noflnepTaH a(J)HHHTeT KtM ModepnucmuHHume xydoDtcecmeenu mtpcenufi, kohto b to3h nepHoa, HMaT MHoro npHB'bpjKeHHLiH b uajia EBpona. Ha n^pBO Macro cpeo, jiHTepaTypHHTe opraHH Ha hobhtc Kp^roBe TpaGBa %a cnoMeHeM cnHcaHmrra "Be3HH" (1919 - 1922) h "ILiaM'bK" (1924 - 1925), kohto H3JiH3ar nom p^KOBOflCTBoro Ha noeTa Eeo Mhjicb. ToBa ca n^pBHTe H3flaHHH Ha diyjizapcxun eKcnpecuoHU3tM, K^^eTO ce njie^npa 3a peBOjnouHOHHara npoMHHa Ha G^jirapcKOTO H3KycTBO. Te apocTHO ce npoTHBonocTaBHT Ha TpaflHiiHOHHHH peajiHS^M H GHTOOnHCarejI-ctboto Karo npe^jiaraT ezjHH (J)parMeHTapeH h MeTa(J)opHHeH xyflo>KecTBeH Mozjeji. Tbophhtc okojio Eeo Mhjicb ca e^HH ot Han-apocTHHTe 3acn>iiHHUH Ha aBaHrapflHOTO H3KycTBO. Okojio jiHTepaTypHO-xy,zi,0)Ke ctbchoto cnncaHHe "3jiaTOpor" (1920 - 1943) h HeroBHa pe^aKTop kphthk^t BjiaflHMHp BacHjieB n^K ce oGeflHHHBaT npHB'bpjKeHHLiHTe Ha ecmemu3Ma. Te ce fleKjiapnpaT 3a npoo.'bJDKHTejiH Ha Tpa,o,HHHflTa, Hajio>KeHa or cn. "Mncbji", h Cbiyo otkphto BOiOBar cpemy peajiH3Ma h npojieTapcKOTO TBopnecTBO. CnncaHHeTO iwMa npeuH3Ha TeopeTHnecKa njiar-(J)opMa h eKJieKTHHecKH npeflCTaBH pa3HOo6pa3HH ' ■.----- iruM • ■ Oouj, nozneö e-bpxy Jiumepamypnume npoijecu 21 aBaHrapjJHH rjiejiHH tohkh h xyjicmecTBeHH npoH3BejieHHH - ot caHTHMeHTajiH3Ma JJ.0 eKcnpecHOHH3Ma. He3aBHCHMO or TOBa, "3jiaropor" ce Hajiara KaTO ejj,HO ot HaH-cepH03HHTe h ejiHTapHH jiHTepaTypHH H3jj,aHHH b nepHOjia Me^Kjry jiBeTe cbctobhh bohhh. Ba>KHO MHCTO b JiHTepaTypHH^ >khbot b CTpaHaTa npe3 to3h nepHOji Hrpae h MeceHHOTO cnHcaHHe "XHnepHOH" (1922 - 1931), KoeTO ce P'b.kobojj.h ot KpHTHKa HßaH PajiocjiaBOB h noeTHTe Teojiop TpaaHOB h JTk)jj,mhji Ctohhob. Okojio Hero ce o6ejj,HHHBaT TBopuHTe, 3acrbnHHUH Ha 0(j)opMiifflHfl ce cjiejj, bohhhtc nocmcuMeojiusKM. Cnopejj, tax CHMBOJiH3]vľbT He caMO He ce e H3Hepnaji, ho npojj.'bJiJKaBa jj,a 6bjj,e Haö-e ctcthhhhíit jiHTepaTypeH mctojj,. KaTO hajio "xHnepHOHijHTe" ca jiocra no-yMepeHH b Hanajj,KHTe ch wbM cbohtc onoHeHTH, ho TOBa jio rojMMa CTeneH ce jj.'b.jdkh Ha 4)aicra, ne Te caMHTe flocra necTO ca ynpeKBaHH b ennroHCTBO h peTporpajj,HOCT. MajiKO no-icbCHO jiHTepaTyp-HHiiT Kptr "CTpejieij", kohto o6ejj,HHHBa ejj,HH ot Haří-rojieMHTe HHTejieKTyajiHH Ha B^jirapna, 3anoHBa H3JJ,aBaHeTO Ha CejXMHHHHHHTe "H3TOK" (1926 - 1927) h "Crpejieu" (1927). B rax "cTpejiL(HTe" 3amHTaBaT Hjj,eírra 3a pajj,HKajiHa oÖHOBa Ha ö^jirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa npe3 KyjiTypHOTO acHMHjiH-paHe Ha o6pa3UHTe ot 3anajj,HO-eBponeiiCKOTO H3KycTBO. Te BjiH3aT b HHTejieKTyajIHH nOJieMHKH c TBOpUHTe okojio "3jiaTopor" h "XHnepHOH", KaTO noHTH He OTjj,aBaT 3HaneHHe Ha npojieTapcKOTO H3KycTBO. Cjiejj, pa3najj,a-HeTO Ha icp^ra noBeneTO ot HjieHOBeTe My ce o6ejj,HHHBaT b ",ZIrjy:>KecTBO Ha ecencTHTe" h npojXBJDKaBar %a OTCTOírear bhcoko ecreTHHHHTe ch npHHUHnn. tTPl IUI h ■ rinn , 22 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ToBa ca HaH-3HaHHMHre Kp^roBe h H3flaHHH b G^jirapcKara aBaHrap^Ha jiHTepaTypa npe3 nepnozja Me>Kfly ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh. Pa36npa ce, CbmecTByBaT h pezrnna flpyrn, b no-rojiHMa hjih no-MajiKa CTeneH oc^opMamn oGjiHKa Ha MOflepHHCTHHHHTe T'bpceHHH Ha G^jirapcKHTe nncaTejiH. ToBa pa3HOo6pa3He h GorarcrBO Ha pa3HonocoHHH (J)opyMH noTB'bp^KflaBa mhchhcto, ne nepnofl'bT e e^HH ot HaH-HHTeH3HBHnre b HCTopnHTa Ha GixjirapcKara JiHTepaTypa. B cjio>KHHH nponec, npn kohto ce npenjiHTaT mho^kcctbo KOMnjieKCHH OTHOHieHHH OT COUHajIHO H XyflO^KeCTBCHO eCTCCTBO, aKTHBHO fleHCTBaT npOTHBOpeHHBH CHJIH Ha HeHTpOCTpeMHTejIHOCT H H,eHTpo6e)KHOCT, 6e3 HHKOfl fla HaflflejiHBa. B T-bpceHH^Ta, HaMnpamn ce Ha rpaHHuaTa Me)K,zry ecTeraHHOCTTa h aHTne creTHHHOCTTa, Ha (SbJirapcKHre tbophh ce OHepraBar flBa Ba>KHH xyfl,o>KecTBeHH npoGjieivia - to3h 3a podnomo u3Kycmeo h to3h 3a udeojiozunecKama amamupauocm e jiumepamypama.. npoSjieMtT 3a poahoto He e hob 3a G^jirapcicaTa jiHreparypa, ho 3a n^pBH nbT cjiefl Kpaa Ha ITbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa ce nocraBfl c TaicaBa ocTpoTa h peniHTejiHOCT Ilpe3 1919 r. ce Cb3,zjaBa dpyotcecmeomo "Podno u3Kycmed" or hhkojiko ejiHTHH GbjirapcKH xyo,o>KHHi;H, kohto ch nocTaBHT 3aflanaTa ^a npeoTKpHHT xapaicrepHHH GbjirapcKH ,zryx h ^a HaMepHT HaH-nozrxoa,flmaTa (J)opMa, c kohto fla ro H3o6pa3HT b cbohtc KapTHHH. IloBHK'bT wbM TbpceHe Ha 6bJirapcKOTO ocbmecTBHBa orpoMeH e creTHne ckh noBpaT b H3o6pa3HTejiHOTO H3KycTBO. Hpes noflnepTaBaHe Ha HauHOHajiHO cneuHc|)HHHOTO xy,o,o:>KHHHHTe ce CTpeMHT fla npefla^aT cjio^khha h necTO n^TH npoTHBopenHB cbht Ha oGhkhobchha cejiCKH hobck. B Te3H ycHjiHH ,o,a ce npeflafle yHHKajiHOCTTa Ha G^jirapHHa ce pa^K^aT e^HH ot Hafi-rojieMHTe hmch^ b G^jirapcKOTO H306pa3HTejIH0 H3KyCTBO KaTO BjiaflHMHp ^HMHTpOB-MaHCTOpa, HBaH MnjieB h BacHji 3axapneB. BceKH ezjHH ot Tax npe3 HH,o,HBH,zryajiHH xyoo:>KecTBeHH cpe^CTBa ycn^Ba ^a pa3Kpne xapaicrepHOTO jraue Ha H3o6pa3HBaHHH hhahbha, necTO nira 6e3HMeHeH, b kohto oGane ca craeHH o6pa3HTe Ha uejra noKOJieHHH 6bJirapH. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa ycHjrae Ha xy,oo:>KHHHHTe h b jiHTeparypHHTe cnei;HajiH3HpaHH H3flaHHH oGctohho ce pa3HCKBa B^npocbT ^ajiH TBopeirbT TpaGBa fla ce Cbo6pa3HBa noBene c HauHOHajmHTe ctohhocth hjih ^a Haojierae Ha yHHBepcajiHHTe rjeHHOCTH. IIohth HflMa H3BecreH 6bJirapcKH nncaTeji no TOBa BpeMe, kohto ^a He npeacTaBa MHeHHero en. TaKa npoGjieM^T 3a poflHoro H3KycTBO ce TpaHC(J)opMHpa b UHmejieumyajiHa ducxycun, craBa ejieMenr ot xyflO>KecTBeHHTe rbpceHHa Ha TBopuHTe, ot H3rpa>KflaHeTO Ha tcxhhh eCTCTHHeCKH cbht Oouj, nozneö e-bpxy Jiumepamypnume npoijecu 23 CHjieH TjiacbK 3a oöp^maHe icbM thhhhho HaijHOHajiHOTO oijjirapcKHTe nHcaTejiH nojiynaBaT ot H3CJieflBaHeTO Ha rojieMHH HeMCKH 4)HJ10CO(J) OCBajIfl LQneHrjiep. HbpBHírr tom Ha HeroBHH (J)yHfl,aMeHTajieH Tpya, '^ajiejbm na 3anada: onepiju no Mop(pojio2un na ceemoe-Homa ucmopuď, kokto rojiroa npe3 1918 r. (btophht - npe3 1922 r.) e nocpeniHaT c H3KjiK)HHTejieH HHTepec B UejTHÍI CJiaBHHCKH CBHT H ecTecTBeHO b B^jirapna. ITpHBIjpjKeHHK Ha HCTOpHHeC- KHH pejiaTHBHS^M, LQneHrjiep pa3BHBa H,zi,eírra 3a hhkjihh- HOCTTa Ha HCTOpHHTa KaTO CHHTa, ne oömecTBaTa h KyjiTypHTe cjieflBaT CbiiiHTe npHHijHnH Ha ecTecTBeHa eBOJiioijHa, kohto ca BajiHflHH h 3a opraHH3MHTe. Cnopefl Hero b HanajiOTO Ha 19 bck 3anaflHHHT cbht e HaBjrasijji b eTana Ha CBOH ynafl^K h npea,CKa3Ba, ne me ö^e KyjiTypHO npeoflOJiaH ot cjiaBAHCKara KyjiTypa h HHBHjiH3aH,Ha. Te3H Hflen npeflH3BHKBar Bi^jma ot eHTycnas^M cpefl 6bJirapcKHTe TBopun, kohto ce 0Cb3HaBaT KaTO ö^eniHTe HHTejieKTyajiHH jiHflepn Ha Eßpona. Ha 3anaflHOTO H3KycTBO npecTaBa fla ce me^a KaTO Ha MOfleji, kohto nHcarejrüT Tpaößa crano fla cjieflBa, a 3anoHBa fla ce mhcjih 3a HeroBOTO TBopnecKO ycBOHBaHe. Ei>jirapcKHflT 4)hjioco(J) h kphthk AraHac HjiHeB nnine npe3 1926 r "3anaflHoeBponeHCKara KyjiTypa Tpaößa fla 6bfl,e H3)KHBíiHa KaTO Hama coöcTBeHa; th Tpaößa fla ce npncnocoOHBa, npoflbJDKaBa h flOTBopHBa ot caMHTe Hac. H3TOHHOTO h 3anaflHoro TyK ca flafleHH KaTO fl.Be paBHOijeHHH Hanajia, kohto Tpaößa fla BjursaT b^b B3aHMOfl,eHCTBHe". noBeneTO ot rojieMHTe HMeHa b ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa npe3 to3h nepnofl, HaH-Bene npHB^p^KeHHHHTe Ha aBaHrapflHOTO H3KycTBO, ce oöaBHBaT 3a npomiwmmn napodnomo e usKycmeomo. Te ro B^npHeMaT KaTO (J)opMa Ha peaOHjiHTauHíi Ha peajiH3Ma. Cpefl tax mojkcm fla otocjiokitm Teo Mhjicb, 24 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HaBflap MyTa(J)OB, CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob, HnKOJian PanHOB, JIk),zi,mhji Ctohhob h flp. Te3H TBopnn CHHTar, ne oGp^maHeTO k^m KopeHHTe Ha HapoflHoerra BOflH flo 6HTOBH3HpaHe Ha jiHTepaTypaTa h no to3h HannH ^o hchhoto ejieMeHTapH3HpaHe h cxeMarH3HpaHe. HanpnMep noeraTe, kohto H3noji3BaT b CTHXOBCTe CH 06pa3H Ha flOMaiUHH )KHBOTHH Ca HpOHH3HpaHH, KaTO npHTe>KaBamH "chjiho h TparnnHO CKOTOB'bflHO B^oGpa^KeHne". Peflnna TBopnn CHHTaT, ne cjieflBaHeTO Ha bhcokhtc o6pa3nn Ha eBponeficKHJi MO/jepHH3i>M me noMorae MHoro noBene Ha GixJirapcKara jiHTepaTypa h me KOMneHcnpa HenHara H30CTaHajiocT. Pa3JinHHHTe nncaTejin, B 3aBHCHMOCT OT TOBa KaKBH Hy^KflH e3HUH BJiafleHT, KaKBH flyXOBHH HHTepeCH npoHBHBaT h KaKBa e cnennc|)HKaTa Ha hh^hb n,zrya jiHna hm xyo,o:>KecTBeH nonepK, ce HacoHBaT icbM OHe3n TeneHHH Ha eBponencKna aBaHrapfl, kohto Han-TOHHO orroBapHT Ha TexHHTe pasGnpaHHH. TaKa HanpnMep Teo Mujiee npnBHaca b G^jirapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa 4)Hjioco(J)HHTa h ecTeTHKaTa Ha hcmckur eKcnpecuoHU3,bM. Ton e ezjnH ot Han-apocTHHTe OTpnnaTejin Ha "Pqzjhoto H3KycTBo" KaTO b eflHOHMeHHara cboh CTaraa HeflBycMHCJieHO ro Ha30BaBa "M^bpTBa TpaflHLtHa". 3a Teo MnjieB TBopnecTBOTO 03HanaBa anojiorna Ha CBoGoflHHH HOBeK, Ha HeroBOTO npaBO ^a pyuin npaBnjiara, HanaraHH My ot oGmecTBOTO, Ha 6yHT cpemy connajmnTe h KjiacoBH npelzrpa3Cb,zi,'bnH. B oGjiacTTa Ha ecTeTHKaTa noeTbT Hanara b (SbJirapcKara jinpnKa cboGoahha cthx h ynorpeGara Ha (J)parMeHTa KaTO (J)opMa Ha TbpceHe Ha no-rojMMa ajiK)3HBHOCT h MeTa(J)opHHHa ycjiOBHOcr. ,Hpyr aBTop, kohto 3ajiara Ha eKcnepHMeHTajiHOTO H3KycTBO, e Haedap MymcKpoe. Ton e n^pBHOT G^jirapcKH nncaTeji, npHjiaram Te3HTe Ha eBponeficKHTe kohcmpyianuaucmu. B^Be^K^a He caMO TexHnnecKaTa TepMHHOJiorHH h TeMaTHKa, ho h 3amnTaBa TaKa HapeneHna ot Hero "TeXHHHeCKH CTHJl". MyTa(J)OB e H3KJIK)HHTejieH epyiTHT H HerOBHTe HOBaTOpCKH xyflO>KecTBeHH B'bsrjieflH necTO wbTw cpemajin n^jiHO Hepa36npaHe ot KOHcepBaTHBHaTa 6bJirapcKa nyojinKa. E^Ba jih HMa flpyr nncareji, kohto ^a CbneTaBa no TaKbB HHTepeceH HannH ecTeTHKara Ha KOHCTpyKTHBH3Ma c Ta3n Ha eKcnpecnoHH3Ma. H3KJIK)HHTejIHO njIOflOHOCHH Ca XyflO>KeCTBeHHTe T'bpceHHH n Ha CeemocjiaeMuHKoe b oGjiacTTa Ha dua6ojiu3Ma. Ton ce ocBo6o>KflaBa b cbohtc pa3Ka3n or MHCTHnn3Ma Ha hcmckhh fl,na6ojin3'bM KaTO no T03H HannH nocrnra jieKa npoHHH n ycMHBKa b HHane ctpaxobhthtc Harney cio^kcth. ITo-KbCHO toh Han^jiHO me npeoflOJiee BjinaHneTO Ha flna6ojin3Ma n me ce npeB^pHe b e^HH ot Han-flo6pnTe G^jirapcKn camp nun. ToBa caMO me noTB^pfln H^eHTa, ne noflpa^KaHneTO e enn30flHHHO HBjieHne b (SbJirapcKara jinTeparypa cjiefl Il'bpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa. Oouj, nozneö e-bpxy Jiumepamypnume npoijecu 25 H aKO TOBa ca nacr or KpaÜHirre OTpHuaTejin Ha peajiH3Ma, pe^Hija flpyrn TBopijH, Cbiifo maxa npuetpjicenuifu na Modepnomo u3Kycmeo, ycroiBar rsl nocTHraaT OHOBa npejiHBaHe Ha hjokahh eKcnepHMeHT b coöctbch onnr, 3a KoeTO roBopn AraHac Hjihcb. IToeTH KaTO AraHac „ZLajrreB, EjincaBeTa BarpaHa, HHKOJia ypHafl>KHeB, AceH Pa3UBeTHHKOB, HnKOJiao MapaHro30B h ,o,p., Kaicro h öejieTpHCTH Karo AHreji KapanHÖHeB, Ahtoh CrpaiiiHMHpoB, Hop^aH Hobkob cnoflejMT HanijjiHO pa3JiHHHH ectcthhcckh Bb>3rjie,zi,H, Tbprorr bjihhhhh necro nisTH OT npoTHBopeHHBH aBaHrap,o,HH TeneHHH, ho ycmiBaT b cbohtc npoH3BefleHHH j\a. bjicht 6b>jirapcKHíi ,zryx b eBponeöcKaTa (J)opMa. 3a Tax Hy>KflHTe o6pa3ijH ca caMO e^Ha b^mo^khoct 3a OTTjiacKBaHe KbM (J)opMajiHHH eKcnepHMeHT, kohto oöane e h3hhjio nozrrnHeH Ha e^Ha xy^o^KecTBeHa peanHOCT c yHHKajiHH HaijHOHajiHH xapaicrepHCTHKH. TaKa HanpHMep MHoro HHTepecHO h pa3JiHHHO ce OKa3Ba BjinaHHero Ha ükmqu3mü, B'bpxy jiHpHKaTa Ha e^HH OT Haíi-3HaHHMHTe noeTH npe3 T03H nepnofl - AraHac „ZLajrreB h EjracaBeTa BarpHHa. Amanac Jjamee e mo^kü 6h Haö-epyflHpaHHHT nncaTen b ijajiara 6bJirapcKa jíHTepaTypa. Toö HMa 4)hjioco(J)cko o6pa30BaHHe h híiji >khbot npoHBHBa rojwM HHTepec KbM TBopnecTBoro Ha CBeTOBHHTe noeTH, nncarejiH h 4)hjioco(J)h. Cbooo^ho noji3Ba ochobhhtc eBponeöcKH e3HUH h nopain Ta3H npnHHHa BHHarn e otjihhho opnenrapaH b xyflO>KecTBeHHTe nponecn, kohto npoTnnaT b eBponeöcKara JíHTepaTypa. Akmchsm^t e caMO e^HO ot jinpHne ckhtü TeneHHH, BjinaemH Bb.pxy HeroBHH noeTHHecKH cbht ITo hskjhohhtcjiho HHTepeceH HanHH (J)opMajiHCTHHHHTe TbpceHHíi b TBopnecTBOTO My ce npenjíHTar c tcmh h H^en ot pycKHH h cj)peHCKHa pejrarH03eH Mopajms^M h MeTa(J)H3HHHHH Heoxerejras'bM. Ot cboh CTpaHa Ejiucaeema Eazpnua ce c6jra:>KaBa c noeTHKaTa Ha aKMeH3Ma OJiaroflapeHne Ha HHTepeca ch KbM TBopnecrBoro Ha pycKaTa noereca AHHa AxMaTOBa. Earpíma B^Be^a pezjHna hobh tcmh b öbJirapcKara >KeHCKa jinpHKa h npoMeHH pa^HKajiHO CTaTyTa h HanHHa Ha npeflCTaBHHe Ha jiHpHHecKara repoHiw. MaKCHMajiHO ronncrBa cboh noernneH e3HK or khh>khh h HeacHH noHHTHH, 3a fla nozrrepTae CMncbJía Ha nocjiaHneTO, KoeTO >Kejiae rsl npe^afle Ha nuTaTejia. TBb.pfl,e HHTepecHO e BjinaHneTO Ha UMaoiCUHU3Ma Bb.pxy noe3Hírra Ha HuKOJia (^ypnadoicuee. ITpH Hero Bepoirrao Hao-CHjiHO c e ycema TeH,o,eHnHírra KbM nocTnraHe Ha po^HOTO. c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB eKcnjioaTnpa cneuHc|)HHHHTe TonoHHMH h o6pa3HH peajiHH, no3HarH ot noe3HHTa Ha XpncTO Botcb, ho hm npn^aBa pa3JiHHHa c|)yHKnHOHajiHOCT, nbcrpora n eKcnpe chbhoct c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB Cb3flaBa e^HH HyzjHOBar xyn,o>Kectbch cbht, kohto bcckh 6b.jirapHH MO)Ke 6e3ycjiOBHO ^a npnno3Hae KaTO cboíl 26 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TojieMHTe HMeHa b 6bJirapcKara jiHTepaTypa npe3 to3h nepHoa, ce pa:»yi,aT b noe3HHTa, ho 6ejieTpHCTHicaTa Cbmo HMa cbohtc 3HanHMH (JMrypn. Be3 CbMHeHHe Ha n^pBO Macro TyK Tpaößa %a nocTaBHM hmcto Ha Hopdan Hoeme aBTop^T, kohto ce (J)opMHpa KaTO rojMM pa3Ka3BaH b PyivľbHHH. Too e Hy^ Ha CbBpeMeHHHTe MQzjepHH jiHTepaTypHH TeneHHa. 3a Hero MHoro no-HHTepeceH e öorarHH c (J)ojikjiophh h MHTOJiorHHHH pe(J)jieKCHH pyivľbHCKH pa3Ka3, ot KOHTO Bb3npHeMa opraHHHHara HpaBCTBeHa pejiHrH03HOCT Hobkob npeB^pHa repoHTe ch b eflHH or HaH-cjio>KHHTe b MopajiCH acneKT nepcoHa>KH b ö^jirapcKara JiHTepaTypa. Too BHece e^Ha HOBa 3a öbJirapcKara JiHTepaTypa %o to3h momcht HpaBCTBeHa KpacoTa. 06pa3HTe My ca Ha np^B norjieo, yHHBepcajiHH, ho b tax MO)Ke fla ce OTKpne cneijH^HHHHHT (J)hjioco(J)ckh flyajiHS^M Ha öbJirapHHa. ^ocTa no-pa3JiHHeH e xyn,o>Ke ctbchhíit cbht Ha Ahyhoh CmpaiuuMupoe. ripeMHHaji npe3 mho^kcctbo bjihhhhh ot eBponeücKHa aBaHrap^,, nHcaTejurr nocTHra cboh TBopnecKH Bp^x b eKcnpecHOHHCTHHHHH poMaH "Xopo". CTpaniHMHpoB rorpa^a e^HH rpOTecKOB cbht, b kohto y>KacbT h CM^pira HanijjiHO Bjia^eHT bchhkh xy^o^KecTBeHH H3o6pa>KeHHa. EOiMa flpyra TBopöa b ÖbJirapcKara JiHTepaTypa ro to3h momcht, kohto b TaKaBa CTeneH rsl Bi^eHCTBa Hpe3 CBOH pa3KbCaH CHHTaKCHC H eKCnpeCHBeH e3HK. H aKO rojiHMa naer or TBOpiJHTe 0(J)OpMHT HOBOTO jiHue Ha 6bjirapcKHH MO^ep-mvsbM, eflHa He ManKa nacr ot Tax HSB^pniBaT HanijjiHO npoTHBonojio>KeH 3aBOÖ, a HMeHHO KbM HfleOJlOľHHeCKH aHra»CHpaHaTa JiHTepaTypa. BpeMeTO Ha TpnTe bohhh, b kohto B^jirapna ynacTBa, flOBe>Kfla flo paflHKajiHa npoMHHa bijB B^rjie^HTe h 4)HJIOCO(J)HHTa Ha fle30pHeHTH-paHHTe HJIH HHflH(J)epeHTHHTe B nOJIHTHHeCKH CMHCbJI TBOpiJH. KpHTHKl>T HßaH MemeKOB b CBOHTa CTy^na "JImomo noKOJienue" roBopn 3a TOBa KaK BOÖHaTa npoMeHa B^rjie^HTe Ha rojwMa nacr or KajieH^ap 3a 1923 n, H3,uafleH ot KOMyHHCTHHecKaTa napTHii Oduj, nozned e-bpxy Jiumepamypnume npoijecu 27 G^jirapcKHTe nHcarejra: "B OKonHTe Mjia,o,e:>KTa H3nHTa Ha cboh rp^G icaic CbBpeMeHHOTO OTenecTBO jkcctoko h Harao OTpHname Cb3HaTejiHaTa, HpaBCTBeHara jihhhoct h hchhhtc ^ejia, oGmonoBeiiiKHTe b. H^eajiH, >KHBOTa rb. KaK to OTpHHame 5KHBora h macrHeTO Ha xHjra,a,HTe Hecb3HaTejiHH chhobc Ha Hapofla, Ha Henna Tpyzjem ce Hapofl. H bh^h c ohhtc ch KaK CbmoTO "oreHecTBo" He OTpHnaine, ho 3amHmaBaine HHTepeCHTe h >KHBOTa Ha GoraTara Kjiaca, rojieMHTe "narpHOTH". Tax to ocraBfline b ,zrbji6oKHfl "thji" rsl GorareaT, Koraro Hapo,zrbT rHHeme..." Tohho no TOBa BpeMe b Pycna Bene ce e HSB'bpiiiHjia OKTOMBpHHCKara peBOJIIOHHfl, KOflTO OTBCflH'bJK B'b3Kp'bCBa B MHCbJITa Ha OyHTOBHHTe H flp^KH Mjiafle>KH Hafle>Kfl,aTa, ne HancTHHa e b^mo^kho rorpa^KflaHeTO Ha CbBbpmeHOTO oGmecTBO, kocto m dbj\e ynpaBjiaBaHO cnopefl 3aKOHHTe Ha HayKara h Ha pa3yMa. IToHHTHHTa couHajiH3'bM h KOMyHH3rbM no TOBa BpeMe He ca HMajin cbBpeMeHHHH flHCKpeflHTHpaH CMHCbji, a ca 03HanaB ajin Bapa, Hafle>Kfla h peBOJiK)i;HOHHa npoMHHa Ha 5KHBora. Hmchho nopa^H Ta3H npnHHHa MHoro or TajiaHTjiHBHTe nHcarejiH ce oGp^maT KbM nponeTapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa c Bapara, ne no to3h HannH ce flo6jin>KaBaT ^o npoojieMHTe Ha CbBpeMeHHiui HOBeK h flo HeroBHH e3HK. ITpojieTapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa npeTeH^Hpa 3a OTBOpeHOCT KbM HaH-HanpeflHHHaBHTe HayHHH H eCTCTHHeCKH flOCTJDKCHHa, 3amoTO ce 6a3npa Ha OHe3H TpyzjOBe, kohto npeflCKa3BaT noaBara Ha hobhh KOMyHHCTHHeCKH CTpOH, H B'b3npOH3Be>K1Zl,aT enOXajIHOCTTa Ha TOBa CbGHTHC OcBeH TOBa, 3a npojieTapcKHaT nncareji Bb^raiBaHeTO Ha CTpaflaHneTO h ropflOCTTa Ha paGoTHHnecKaTa Kjiaca e oh3h peBOJiiouHOHeH ckok h b ecTeTHnecKH cmhckji, kohto e eKBHBajieHTeH Ha pcbojiiohhohhoto Cb3flaBaHe Ha cbBeTCKara ,zrbp:>KaBa. EflHH ot HaH-TajiaHTjiHBHTe G^jirapcKH nncaTejiH KaTO XpncTO CMnpHeHCKH, JuoflMHji Ctohhob, XpHCTO Pa^eBCKH, reoprn KapacnaBOB h HnKOJia BanuapoB ce hhcjmt KbM nponeTapcKHTe tbophh. He3aBHCHMO or TOBa, ne nponeTapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa Karo bchko chjiho H,o,eojiorH3HpaHO H3KycTBO Hajiara pe,o,HHaycjiOBHH orpaHHHeHmi ot (J)opMajiHO h Cb,zrbp:>KaTejiHO ecTecTBO, BceKH ot roperoGpoeHHTe nncarejiH ce OTjinnaBa CbC caMoGnTeH cthji, c KoeTO ch 3ana3Ba Ba)KHO mjicto b HCTopmrra Ha GbjirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa. Xpucmo CMupmncKU e 6e3 CbMHeHne nHcarejurr, c hhcto TBopnecTBO BHHarn e 3anoHBajio pasrjie^KflaHeTO Ha nepnofla Me^iyry ^BeTe cb6tobhh bohhh. opMHpaji ce KaTO noeT BbB BpeMeTO Ha Haii-CHjiHHTe roflHHH Ha GbjirapcKHa CHMBOJiH3'bM, b HeroBaTa noe3HH no yHHKajieH HannH ce CbneTaBa noeTHKaTa Ha CHMBOJIH3Ma C HflCHTa Ha peBOJIK)i;HOHHOTO H3KyCTBO. B T03H CMHCbJI TOH CTaBa e^HH or n^pBHTe tbophh, kohto npeoflOJiflBar 3ary6HjiHH cbokcct h 28 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Mom CHMBOJiH3'bM. Ot Apyra CTpaHa, npe3 CBonre xyMopncTHHHn n carapHHHH CTHXOTBopeHHH too H3rpa,a,H e,o,Ha CBoeo6pa3Ha CMeuiHa ncropnii Ha B^jirapna, 3a Cb>KajieHHe 3a e^HH TB^p^e KparbK nepno,zj. E^Ba Ha ^BafleceT h neT roflHHH Cmhphchckh yMHpa ot >KecTOKaTa h (J)aTajiHa no TOBa BpeMe öojiecT -Ty6epKyjT03ara. "CBeTjiHHa", xyfl. ^enKO Y3yHOB ,Hpyr npojieTapcKH nncareji, ho to3h nb/r peajin3npam ce b oÖJiacTTa Ha oejieTpncTHKara, e ľeopzu Kapacjiaeoe. Ton e aBTop Ha pe^nija nocpe^CTBeHn npoH3BefleHHH, kohto BejinKOJienHO njnocTpnpar bchhkh OTpnnaTejiHH nepra Ha npojieTapcKaTa JinTepaTypa, ho ocbch TOBa nnnie mo^kü 6h Han-cnojryHjiHBHTe poMaHH b ö^jirapcKara JinTepaTypa jip BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOÖHa - "Tamyji" n "Cnaxď. C H3KjiiOHHTejieH yceT wbm ^eTanjia, wbm ncHxojiornirra Ha nepcoHa>Ka n KOMno3nijH5Fra Ha TBopöaTa, KapacjiaBOB npaßn rojwMa Kpanxa Hanpefl k^m ennnecKna poMaH, npeB^pHaji ce caMO hhkojiko roflHHn no-KbCHO b ocHOBeH jiHTeparypeH >KaHp. IToeTijT oöane, kohto npaßn Han-ecTecTBeHa Bp^KaTa MQiaajxy jiHTepaTypaTa OTnpefln BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOÖHa n Ta3n cjiefl HeÖHna Kpan, 6e3 CbMHeHne e Humna Banijapoe. ToBa e tojihmoto hmc Ha ö^jirapcKara npojieTapcKa noe3na, 3amoTO toh ycmiBa %a nocrarae b^b (J)opMajiHO 06u( nozned e-bpxy jiumepamypHume npoijecu 29 OTHOineHHe TOBa, kocto BjiaflHMHp MaaicoBCKH peajiH3Hpa b Pycna - Hanara ynoTpeGaTa Ha HanyneHHH cthx CbC coGctbch Bi^rpeiiieH pHTbM, npoa,HKryBaH oř jiorHKaTa Ha nocjiaHHeTO h Ha rbpceHOTO BHymeHHe. riopa^h Ta3H npnHHHa e^hh ot Haíi-HHTepecHHTe e(J)eKTH Ha BanuapoBaTa noe3HH e HeňHaTa KOMyHHKaTHBHOCT. Ocbch TOBa BanuapoB np^b b G^jirapcKara noe3HH nocraBíi ManiHHaTa b ueHTbpa Ha cboh xyn,o>KecTBeH cbht Taxa toh opraHHHHO cb^psBa npojieTapcKaTa TeMa He caMO c ivrbKara ot HenocHjiHHH paGorannecKH Tpyo,, ho h c "poMaHTHKara" Ha G^flemna hob hobck. 3arHHaji 3apa,o,h cbohtc oGmecTBeHH h^eanH, 3a BanuapoB e Ghjio HeB^MO^KHO fla npeflnojio>KH b KaKBa rpoTecKOBa (J)opMa me ce npeB^pHaT Te CaMO HHKOJIKO TOflHHH nO-KbCHO. HOBOTO oGmeCTBO, flOHIJIO c npeTeHijHHTa A,a ocBoGoflH HOBeKa ot okobhtc Ha KanHTajraerHHecKHTe aHTHxyMaHHH npHHijHnH, ce npeBpijma b e^hh TOTajiHTapeH cbht, Kb,o,eTO nocjieflHOTO b^mo^kho Heino e npaBOTO Ha cboGo^ho MHCJieHe. Cb.BceM jiorHHHO h jiHTepaTypaTa nona^a b KjionKaTa Ha ecreTHHecKHre orpaHHneHHH h MyraHHH. PoMaHTHKaTa, kohto BanuapoB bh^ame b MOTopnTe KaTO chmboji Ha hobhh CBoGo^eH jsyx Ha HOBeica, H3Bea,hk>k flerpaflnpa b t h. npoH3BOflCTBeHa noeraKa, kohto eneMeHTapHO h cxeMarHHHO b'b3npoH3Be>k1zi,a nojiHTHHecKara flnpeKTHBa JiHTepaTypaTa %a ce ao6jih>kh ^o HOBeica Ha Tpyzja. IIhjioto GoraTCTBO, kocto 6bjirapcKara jiHTepaTypa nocTHra b nepnozja Me>Kfly flBeTe cbctobhh bohhh, ce 3ajiHnaBa h ce TpaHC(J)opMHpa b HfleojiorHHecKH KjiHineTa caMO 3a flecerHHa rozumí. Ome b niapBHTe ahh cjiefl 9 cenTeMBpn 1944 r. 3anoHBar He caMO nojiHTHHecKOTO npecjie^BaHe h hhctkh, ho h HacHjineTO b^pxy HHTejiHreHHHírra h nncaTejiHTe. H,o,eoji03HTe Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKHH npeBpaT npnjiaraT h b oDJiacrra Ha KyjnypaTa ejieMeHrapHHa npHHijHn - kokto He e c Hac, e npoTHB Hac. nncaTejiHTe BezjHara ca pa3flejieHH Ha nporpecHBHH, Te3H kohto HjieHyBaT b KOMyHHCTHHecKara napra, h Ha (J)aiiiHCTH, b hmoto rpyna nonaflar o6mo B3eTO bchhkh ocTaHajin. CaMO hhkojiko fleHa cjiefl npeBpaTa b oc|)HHHajiHHíi opraH Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara napraa BecTHHK "PaúomHunecKO denó" H3JiH3a crarHírra "(Daiuusiwbm e íiauiama jiumepamypď\ b kohto ^npeicrHO 3a (J)aiiiHCTKH nncaTejin ca Ha30BaHH tbophh KaTO AHreji KapajiniÍHeB, HaB^ap MyTac|)ob, ^mhtbp TajieB, aHH IlonoBa-MyTa(J)OBa, Mnxanji ApHayzjOB, Cthjihhh ^ÍHjiHHrHpoB, CjiaBno KpacHHCKH h peflHija flpyrn. ITo to3h HanHH ce flaBa crapTbT Ha (J)H3HHecKOTO h .zryxoBHO yHHiiiO)KeHHe na G^jirapcKaTa HHTejrareHHHíi. IIo-KbCHO peflHua ot Te3H nncaTejiH me BjuoaT b 3arBopHTe h jiarepnre, a ocraBeHHTe Ha CBoGo^a me Gb.flar CMa3aHH ot ueH3ypaTa h HfleojiorHHecKHH Tepop. 3a flijjiro BpeMe JiHTepaTypaTa me 3anpnjiHHa Ha CTeHBecthhk, o6cjry>KBam caMO 6e3flapHH 30 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KapnepHCTH h napraÖHH cj)yHKnnoHepH. CuynaaT c poMaHa "TiomiOH" (1951) Ha ^HMHTbp J^HMOB CaM TOBOpH 3a HaHHHa, nO KOHTO e TpeTHpaHO H3KyCTBOTO npe3 HbpBOTO fleceTHjieTHe Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKHii pe>KHM b B^jirapna. Cjiefl H3JiH3aHeTO Ha TBopöaTa napraÖHara BjiacT, He^OBOJiHa ot HanHHa, no kohto e npeflCTaBeH npea,BoeHHHirr nepnofl, 3acTaBH MjiaflHH nncaTeji ^a a npeHannme KaTO flOÖaBH nojio>KHTejiHH nepcoHa>KH komyhhcth. Cera flBaTa BapnaHTa Ha "7/OW/Oh", BCeKH eflHH C pa3JIHHHa KOMn03HL(HH h Hflea, npeflCTaBJIHBaT flOKyMeHTajiHO CBn^erejiCTBO 3a ayxobhhh Tepop, ocbmecTBHBaH B^pxy TBopena npe3 TOBa BpeMe. BpeMe, KoeTO npeicbCBa ecTecTBeHOTO pa3BHTne Ha 6bjirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa 3a e^HH jxbjvhv, jxbjvhv nepnofl. Xpucmo CMupnencKU 31 XPHCTO CMHPHEHCKH 1898, 29 ceirreMBpH 1905-1908 1908, HoeMBpH 1911 1913, K)J1H 1915 B rpa^; KyKyni (up. MaKe^OHHa) ce pa^zja XpncTO H3MHpjiHeB. Yhh b pqzpnia ch rpa^;. 3aMHHaBa rrpn jspjsp ch b Co(J)Ha, Kt^eiD npo^tJi^caBa CBoeTO o6pa30BaHHe. 3aBpi>iiia ce b KyKyni h 3aBijpniBa nporHMHa3Ha. Ilo BpeMe Ha Meac/iy-Cbi03HiiHecKaTa BoiiHa KyKyni e onccKapeH ot rptiiKHTe BOHCKH, KoeTO npHHy^c^aBa ceMeiiCTBOTO My Ra. ce npecejin b Cocjdhíi. XpHCTO ce 3anncBa ynemiK b TexHHHecKDTO yHHjiHHie. IloMara Ha 6ama ch b cjia^KapHHiiaTa h 3ae^HO c TOBa npcmaBa 32 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) BecTHHijH c 6paT ch, 3a rsl no^noMorHe CeMeilCTBOTO CH. IltpBH XyMOpHCTHHHH nyOJimcauHH. 1916 CtTpy^HHHH Ha xyMO-pHCTHHHHTe cnHcaHM "Bt jirapaH", "BapaöaH" H^p. 1917 3a js,a He 6t^;e H3npaTeH Ha oporná, HanycKa TexHHHecKOTO ynnjinme h CTaBa K)HKep bt>b Bochhoto ynnjiHiiie. OpraHH3Hpa h pe^aKTHpa jiHTepaTypHO-XyMOpHCTHHHOTO CnHCaHHe "CmíTX H CBJ13H". 3a ntpBH whT ce no^nncBa c nceB^OHHMa Cmhphchckh. 1918 IÍ3^;aBa ntpBaTa ch KHHra "Pa3HOKajlHÖpeHH BT^HHIKH B CTHXOBe H npo3a" - c nceB^OHHMa Bemoan. YnacTBa b pe^aKUiHOHHara KOJieraa Ha cn. "BtjirapaH" H CbTpyzpiHHH Ha XyMOpHCTHHHHTC cnHcamia "Cartp" h "HepBeH CMax". 1918, ceirreMBpH ApecTyBaH ot BtCTaHHuirre no BpeMe Ha Bjia^aiicKOTO BtcTaHHe, ho Be^Hara cjie^; TOBa e ocboöo^ch. HanycKa npe^cpoHHO BoeHHOTO ynnjinme cjie^; Kpaa Ha HbpBara CBcroBHa Boinia Karo njianja 1000 jib. o6e3Hi;eTeHHe. CTaBa CTyjjeHT no npaBO b C0(J)HHCKHa yHHBepCHTeT. 1919 Akthbho ynacTBa b MaHH(J)ecTau;HH, opraHH3HpaHH ot KOMyHHCTHHecKara napraa. 1920 PaöoTH Karo penopTep bt>b BecTHHK "3apa". Xpucmo CMupnencKU 33 1921 CTaBa HjieH Ha KOMyHHC- THHecKaranapTHa. Pa3ÖojiaBa ce ot napáraj, kohto Bnocjie^CTBHe npuHHHaBa noaßara Ha Ty6epKyji03ara. 1922 H3JiH3a CTHxo cönpKaTa "fla 6t^;e ^eHl". H3>a;aBa 3ae^HO c 6paT ch ToMa H3MHpjlHeB XyMOpHCTHHHOTO cnHcaHHe "MacKapa^". 1923, 18 K)HH XpHCTO CMHpHeHCKH YMHpa OT Ty6epKyji03a. ^CpHCTO CMHpHeHCKH e n^pBHHT npojieTapcKn noeT b OTjjirapcKara jiHTeparypa, kohto ycroiBa %a H3Jie3e ot maÖJiOHa Ha HopMarHBHara ecreraKa h fla nocTHrHe bhcokh xy^o^KecTBeHH pe3yjiTaTH. He caMO flOCTOHHCTBara Ha HeroBaTa noe3HH oöane, ca npHHHHa 3a bhcokoto mhcto, kocto 3aeMa b öepapxHHTa Ha öbJirapcKHTe nHcarejiH. Pojdi 3a H3rpa>KflaHeTO Ha MHTa okojio HMeTO Ha TBopeija H3HrpaBa HeroBaTa paHHa CM^pr - yMnpa e^Ba Ha 25 roflHHH ot Ty6epKyji03a, KaKTO h (JjaKTiaT, ne MajiKO npe^H TOBa CTaBa HjieH Ha BijjirapcKaTa KOMyHHCTHnecKa napraa. 3a npeflCTaBHTejiHTe Ha juiBara HHTejiHreHijHH Te3H Tpn (J)aKTopa nocTeneHHO 0(J)opMHT jiereHflapHHa o6pa3 Ha noeTa, kohto He caMO TBopn 3a npojieTapnaTa, ho cnopefl títx h 3aryÖBa )KHBOTa ch eflBa jih He Karo >KepTBa Ha KanHTajiH3Ma b B^jirapna no OHOBa BpeMe. OcoöeHO ycbp^HO c e yTB^p^KflaBa to3h mht npe3 ro^nHHTe Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKHH pe>KHM b E^jirapHíi (1944-1989), Han-Bene ot KomoHKiypHH Cbo6pa>KeHHH, necTO rn>Tn HHMamn hhiho oömo c xyn,o>KecTBeHHTe ctohhocth Ha HeroBoro TBopnecTBO. Ta3n CHjiHa H/jeojiormaijHii b TBopnecTBOTO Ha Cmhphchckh BHHarn e nopa^K^ajia KpaÖHH n npoTHBopennBn ohchkh Ha KpnTHKara. Ot CTpaHa Ha juiBara KpnTHKa ome npn>KHBe TBopeirbT 6hji 3acnnBaH CbC cynepjiarnBn n bhcokh oijeHKH 3apa,o,H HfleojiornHecKHH n peBOJuoijHOHeH xapaKTep Ha nacr or jinpnKaTa My flOKaro b CbmoTO BpeMe bi^b (J)opMajieH acneicr He c e rjie^ajio ocoöeHO öJiarocKJiOHHO Ha HeimaTa no^nepTaHa 0ÖBbp3aH0CT CbC cnMBOJin3Ma. Ot flpyra CTpaHa, KpnTHKara, kohto fl^p^Kajia Ha xy^o^KecTBeHna ecreTHSiaM, 34 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) OTKpHTO OÖHBHJia CMHpHCHCKH 3a "ceKTaHT" H "flCMarOr", OTpHHaOKH HaHbJIHO HaHHHisT, no KOHTO too arpecHBHO eKcnjioarnpaji no jinrnneckhtü n^en. 3a jiHTeparypHHa kphthk Bjia^nMnp BacnjieB o6pa3HOCTTa Ha noeTa "e Berníma, TexHHHecKa, aTpnoyr Ha e^Ha npnjio>KHa noe3Ha". He3aBHCHMO or tc3h B3anMOOTpnHamn ce oneHKn, kohto npozrbJDKaBar fla CbnisTCTBaT noe3HHTa Ha XpncTO Cmhphchckh h ^o fleH-^HeineH th hms CBoeTO míicto b ncTopnirra Ha ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa nopain dee eaotCHU npuuuHU. Ha nbpBO Macro, npe3 HeroBaTa jinpnKa ce H3BbpniBa nocreneHHHirr npexofl KbM npeoflOJMBaHeTO Ha flOMHHHpamna ^,o to3h momcht b jiHTeparypara chmbojihsijM. Cboh TB^p^e pa3JiHHHH nbTnma b Ta3H HacoKa npezrnpneMar h reo MnjieB, AraHac ^ajineB, HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB, EjincaBeTa EarpaHa h ,zrp. Ha BTopo Macro, TpaÖBa fla KdoaaoM, ne Cmhphchckh CTaBa H3pa3HTeji Ha MHCJiHTe h Hafle>KflHTe Ha rojraMa nacr ot ö^jirapcKara Mjia,o,e:>K h objirapcKnre HHTejieKryajmn b roflnHnre cjiefl HbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÖHa. Bene HMaxMe noBOo, fla Ka>KeM, ne cjiefl flBeTe HannoHajmn KaTacTpo(J)H Ha CTpaHaTa, HKOHOMHHecKaTa h connajiHa Kpn3a ecTe ctb üho npepacTBa b eK3ncTeHnnajiHa. Ee3nbranaTa, OTHaaHneTO n crpaxbT ce CbneTaBar c jinncaTa Ha KaKBaro h ^a ÖHjio nepcneKTHBa, kohto pa3opeHoro oömecTBO %a npezjjiara Ha xopaTa. B CbmoTO BpeMe nonra najia Eßpona noBene ot flecerajierae e pa3flnpaHa ot npoTecTH h CTaHKH Ha paöoTHHijH cpemy HeHOBeiHKnre ycnoBna Ha Tpyo, h jinncaTa Ha ejieMenrapHn hobcihkh npaBa. B E^jirapna, K^eTO CbmecTByBa ocoöeHO 6ojie3HeHa HyBCTBHTejiHOcr KbM connajmoTO HepaBeHCTBO, nenejin Bee noBene npHB^p^KeHnnn jiaBara nfleojiorna, kohto njiezjnpa, ne najiOTO connajiHO HemacTne n CTpa^aHne ca npnHHHeHn ot HenpaBnjiHOTO pa3npeflejieHne Ha Kannrajia. OjieBaBaHeTO Ha oömecTBoro oöxBama He caMO Han-OHenpaBflaHHTe hhcluh cjioeBe, ho h rojiaMa naer ot G^jirapcKaTa HHTejinreHLiHH. ToBa ce .ztkjdkh Ha (j)aKTa, h e b E^jirapna HHKora He e CbmecTByBajia Hacjie^CTBeHa apncTOKpanna, a noBeneTO ot TBopnnTe npOH3XO>KflaT OT OÖHKHOBeHH rpaflCKH HJIH CejICKH (J)aMHJIHH. He no pa3JiHHeH e n npOH3xo/;i»T Ha XpncTO Cmhphchckh. Bama My e 6hji oÖHKHOBeH cjia,o,Kap b MaKeflOHCKHH rpafl Kyicyiii, K^eTO n H3pacTBa 6bfl,emnHT noeT. no BpeMe Ha EanKaHCKara BOÖHa oöane rpa,zrbT e ono)KapeH or rp^uKHTe BoncKH h ceMencTBoro e npHHy^eHO fla noTbpcn cnaceHne b Co(J)hh. He3aBhchmo ot TOBa, ne öamaTa othobo OTBapa MajiKa cjia^KapcKa paöoTHjiHHLia, jkhbotkt b CTOJinnaTa Ha E^jirapna e H3KJiK)HHTejiHO tokkk. ToBa npHHy^KflaBa XpncTO ome KaTO yneHHK ,o,a noMara Ha ceMencTBOTO en KaTO npoflaBa BecTHnnn h3 KpanHnre co(J)hhckh KBapTajin. TaKa ome ot paHHa B^pacT tou nona^a b CBeTa Ha fleKjiacnpaHHTe, Ha HeflOBOJiHHTe ot Xpucmo CMupnencKU 35 CbmecTByBamHTe coijuanHn nopain. Bb^rarraBa b ceöe ch nyBCTBHTejiHOct h cbCTpa^aHHe wbM oe^HHTe h OHenpaB^aHHTe. H3HeHaflBamo noerbT iwMa fla aKyMyjiHpa arpecna h HeHaBHCT, a flopn HanpoTHB - me (J)opMHpa b ceöe ch e^HO BejíHKOJienHO nyBCTBO 3a xyMop h yceT KbM HpoHHírra, kohto no-icbCHO me peajiH3Hpa b no-rojraMara nacr ot cbocto TBopnecTBO. BpeMeTO e H3KJIK)HHTejIHO HHT6H3HBH0 OTKb>m CbÖHTHH h HHKOH He npeflnojiara 30 icaicBa CTeneH Te me hobjihhht He caMO Ha >KHBöra Ha mhjihohh xopa b HHjia Eßpona, ho h Ha caMoro H3KycTBO h jíHTeparypa. OKTOMBpHHCKara peBOJnoijHH b PycHa npe3 1917 r., kohto npeTeH^npa, ne h3mchíi npHHUHnHTe, npe3 kohto ce pijKOBOflH h CbmecTByBa oömecTBOTO, ce b^npneMa b E^jirapmi c emycHas'bM h Hafle>KflH. TaKa hoboto oömecTBO, KoeTO TpaÖBa %a Bb>3uapH cnpaBefljiHBOCTTa b CBeTa, ot 6jmh h yronna ce npeBp^ma b caMara peajiHOCT H^eaTa, ne 3jioto, kocto BbJijrbmaBa KanHTajľbT c öesn^THuaTa, HenocHjiHHírr Tpya, h 6e3KpaÖHaTa noBeiima MH3epna, mows %a 6b,a,e npeycTaHOBeHO, oöceößa MjiaflHTe xopa, kohto cnoHTaHHO pearnpaT Ha couHajiHHTe HenpaB^h. B T03H CMHCbJi peBOJnoLtHOHHara jinpHKa Ha XpncTO Cmhphchckh, kohto Bb3naBa ôyHTa Ha noracHaraTe Hapo^hh MacH, HMnyjiCHBho 3aBjia#5iBa Cbpijara Ha HeflOBOJiHHTe xopa b HanajiOTO Ha 20-Te roflHHH b B^jirapna h 6bp30 npHflOÖHBa innpoKa nonyjiapHOCT. CTHxoBeTe My ce peuHTHpaT no xyflO>KecTBeHH BenepHHKH h napTHÖHH cböpaHna, npe3 BpeMe Ha ooe^HHTe noHHBKH b 3aBOflHTe. A CTHxocÖHpKara, b kohto th Cbönpa, ce pa3rpaÖBa 3a öpoeHH flHH, KoeTO npHHy>Kfl,aBa H3flaTejiHTe %a noflroTBHT BTopo HeÖHO H3flaHHe npe3 CbmaTa ro^HHa - Heno3Har fyawT b HcropHirra Ha ö^jirapcKara jíHTepaTypa flo to3h momcht. B KHHraTa ch MjiaflHHT noeT Bb.3níiBa b'bST'bpjKecTByBajiaTa peBOJiiOHHíi h onaKBaHHH Bceoöm pa3rpoM Ha^, KanHTajIHCTHHeCKHH crpoo. JlnpHKaTa Ha XpncTO Cmhphchckh Haö-oömo MO)Ke ^a ce pa3flejiH Ha peBOJnoiiHOHHO-coijHajiHa h xyMOpHCTHHHO-caTHpHHHa. Ha npb.b norjiefl napaflOKcajiHO, ho HeroBara xyMopncTHHHa noe3HH e 3HaHHTejmo no-o6eMHa, or Ta3H, npe3 kohto e npH3Har 3a n^pBHa npojieTapcKH noeT b 6b>jirapcKara JíHTepaTypa. npe3 KpaTKHa ch TBopnecKH nw Cmhphchckh nnine 6jih30 800 XyMOpHCTHHHH h CaTHpHHHH CTHXOBe h eflBa IIieCTfleCeT OT t. h. peBOJIIOHHOHHH h COHHajIHH CTHXOTBOpeHHH. B T03H CMHCbJI CbBCeM OHeBHflHO e npHCTpaCTHCTO Ha noeTa KbM 3a6aBHHTe >KaHpoBe. KaTO nncareji Cmhphchckh fleöiorapa c xyMopHCTHHHaTa KHHra "PasHOKCuiuöpeHii e-bsdutuKU e cmuxoee u nposď (1918), a b CTHxocönpKaTa "JJ,a ôtde den!" (1922) Cbönpa CBOHTa peBOjnoijHOHHO-coLiHajiHa noe3HH. Ocbch ^BeTe My KHHrn 3acjiy>KaBaT ,o,a 6b,a,aT or6ejia3aHH HHKbjľbr "3umhu eeuepu" h, pa36npa ce, npnTnaTa "IIpum3Ka 3a 36 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cmíyjióamď - nocjie^HOTO npoH3Be,a,eHHe, koüto Cmhphchckh nniiie caMO HHKOJiKO Mecena npe^H CM^pira ch, h, Bepoarao, e^HO ot Han-CTOHHOCTHHTe HeroBH npoH3BefleHHH. Peao.iioiuioiuio-Ľoiuia.iiiama jiupuKa Ha Cmhphchckh e pa3flejieHa Ha TBopÖH, KOHTO npezjCTaBíiT B^Topra or Bene ocbmecTBeHaTa peBOJnonníi h onHHHeHHeTO or hobhtc 6yHTOBHH bijJihh, kohto me 3ajieHT CBeTa, h Ha cthxobc, npeflCTaBHiiiH ^KeprBHTe Ha connajmaTa HecnpaBefljiHBOCT h oöpeneHOCTra Ha OÖHKHOBeHHH HOBÜK B KanHTajIHCTHHeCKHÍI CBHT B TBopnecTBOTO Ha Cmhphchckh rojieMHHT npexofl ot xyMopncTHHHHTe h caTHpHHHH CTHxoBe KbM peBOJnoijHOHHHH nareTHS^M Ha "/Ja ôtde den!" ce HSB^piiiBa b KpaTKHH nepno,a, Me>Kfly 1918 h 1920 r. MH03HHa H3CJie,o,OBaTejiH OTKpHBar KOHKpemna npuHuna 3a TOBa b 6norpac|)Hírra Ha nncarejm. Ilpe3 1917 r. MjiaflHHT TBopeij nocrbnBa KaTO Bi^nHTaHHK b^b Bochhoto ynnjinme b Co(J)hh, 3a fla He dbj\e H3npaTeH Ha (J)poHTa. B Kpaa Ha IlbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa b ö^jirapcKaTa apMna H3ÖyxBaT öyHTOBe, kohto ca h3bccthh b HCTopHorpa(J)HHTa KaTO Bohhhihkoto B^eraHne. KaTO nacT ot CbCTaBa Ha BoeHHOTO ynnjinme Cmhphchckh e ronpareH ^a Bi^npe TpuHajinre or (J)poHTa KbM CTOJiHijaTa pa3ÔyHTyBaHH bohhhuh, kohto HCKajra rsl CBajurr or BjiacT npaBHTejiCTBOTO. Too oöane e apecryBaH ot B^CTaHnnnTe, kohto, BnenarjieHH or CKpoMHHa My h HearpecHBCH BHfl, MajiKO cjiefl TOBa ro ocBOÖo^KflaBar. Cnopefl CbBpeMeHHHijH to3h >KecT Ha B^craHajinTe bohhhijh HMaji nopa3HBam e(J)eKT B^pxy noeTa. 3a n^pBH m^r nona^Haji b^b BoeHHa oöcTaHOBKa, too öhji H3yMeH ot HOBemuHara Ha tc3h, kohto öhjih npeflCTaBHHH ot HeroBHTe HaHajiHHijH KaTO BparoBC ITo CbujOTO TOBa BpeMe h ocoöeHO hhtch3hbho npe3 1919 h 1920 r., E^jirapna e 3aji5rra ot pycKH nponaraH/jHH MaTepnajiH, B^xBajMBamn hobhh KOMyHHCTHHeCKH CTpOH. Te BKJIIOHBaT HC CaMO nOJIHTHHeCKH n03HBH, BeCTHHUH, HO H MHOrOÖpOHHH JIHTepaiypHH npOH3BCflCHHH. AkO B CCCP CJICfl OKTOMBpHHCKaTa peBOJIIOnHÍI B nOJIHTHHCCKH acncKT Belara 3anoHBa fla fleöcTBa flHKraTypaTa Ha npojieTapnaTa, to b oöjiacrra Ha H3KycTBOTO h jíHTeparypara HemaTa ctoht no pa3JinHHO. Cpefl n^pBara eMnrpaHTCKa B-bjma b roflHHHTe Me^K^y 1917-Ta n 1920-Ta, Koraro 6jih30 ppa MnjinoHa .zrynin HanycKaT Pycna, HMa n ctothuh xhjihah HHTejieKTyajinn n nncaTejin. OlpHHainHTe HOBHH KOMyHHCTHHeCKH pOKHM HaMHpaT CnaCCHHe B CTpaHHTC H3 nejina CBHT He3aBHCHMO ne b KOMyHHCTHnecKa Pycna ocTaBaT caMO tc3h TBopijn, kohto npHBCTCTBaT HOBaTa BjiacT, b oöjiacrra Ha jíHTepaTypaTa no TOBa BpeMe ce HaÖJiiOflaBa HeönBan pa3UBeT. ^eceTKnre jinTeparypHn ^Bn^KeHna n oöeflHHeHHH, BTaSHHKHajiH npe,zi,H peBOjnoijHHTa, npczj^jDKaBaT CBOírra Xpucmo CMupnencKU 37 fleÖHOCT h b Comoro BpeMe B^HMKBaT h MHCttKecTBO Apyrn. Pa3ÖHpa ce, Haö-aKTHBHH h MHoroöpoHHH ca npojieTapcKHTe opraroßauHH, KOHTO Bce ome HMaT Bb3M05KHO CTTa fla 3aLĽ(HTaBaT pa3JIHHHH TBOpneCKH KOHUenUHH H npHHIJHnH. HecTO iľbTH npoTHBopeHHHTa BOflHT flo pa3naflaHe Ha hhkoh ot tax h o6pa3yBaHeTO Ha flpyrn. Taxa hjih HHane BjiacTra TpyzjHO Kompojrapa to3h nponec h e^Ba b HanajiOTO Ha 30-Te ro,a,HHH cjiefl HaMecara Ha CTajiHH ca jíHKBHflHpaHH BCHHKH jíHTepaiypHH opraHH3auHH h 6e3ycjiOBHO e ycTaHOBeHa flHKraTypara Ha nponeTapnaTa h b oÖJiacTTa Ha Kyjnypara. "^OKepBT", xyn. XpHCTO KaBapHajiHeB (1921) CnopoBere, ^HCKycHHTe h koh^jihkthtc mokay Jtumepamypiiume oôedumHun no pa3JiHHHH n^/rama ^ocTHrar ^o B^jirapna. KoMyHHCTHHecKHírr nenar, kohto b HanajiOTO Ha 20-Te roflHHH Bce ome e jierajieH, npe^CTaBa Haö-nonyjiapHHTe TBopnn ot npojieTapcKHTe flpy>KecTBa. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, 6bJirapcKHTe nncarejra HMaT b^mo^khoct ,o,a cjieflHT h opnrHHajiHHTe pycKH jiHTepaTypHH H3flaHHH. OcoöeHO KOMenrHpaHO cpefl o^jirapcKHTe jicbh HHTejieKTyajiLiH npe3 1920 r. e OT^ejiaHeTO Ha rpyna noera ot ITpojieTKyjiTa (cbKpameHHe ot pycicn Ha "ITpojieTapcKHe KyjibTypHO-npocBeTHTejibHbie opraHH3aijHH") b caMOCTOírrejiHO oöe^HHeHHe "Kysuttyď (Ha 6bjir. KoBaHHHua), b 3HaK Ha npoTecT cpemy noflHHHHBaHeTO Ha opraHH3anHíiTa Ha 38 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KOMyHHCTHHecKara napraa. HaH-3HaHHMnre npeflcraBHTejin Ha "Kysmiifa" Karo BacHjiH AjieKcaHflpoBCKH, Mnxanji TepacHMOB, Cepren OpaflOBHH h ,zrp. chhtbt, ne npojieTapcKaTa noe3HH Tpaößa %a ö^e He3aBHCHMa h r& He cjryacn 3a nojiHTHHecKa nponaraH^a. HjiH)CTpai|Híi kb m "3hmhh BeHepn", xyzj. AjieKcaH^tp ^KeHflOB (1924) He3aBHCHMO ne npe3 1921 r. XpncTO Cmhphchckh CTaBa HjieH Ha BijjirapcKaTa KOMyHHCTHnecKa napraa, ohcbhaho too MHoro noBene CHMnarH3Hpa He Ha Ka3HOHHHTe opraHH3aijHH, a Ha He3aBHCHMHTe. HeTe CTHxoTBopeHHHTa Ha noeTHTe ot "Kysnut^ď h My flona^a tcxhhh opHrHHajieH h HOBaTopcKH naTOC. B E^jirapna o (j) h una ji h hat napTHeH opraH Ha KOMyHHCTHTe "Hoeo epejwe" tohho no TOBa BpeMe arpecHBHO npoKapBa npoKyjiTOBCKara jihhhh, Hajio:>KeHa ot MocKBa. Ot TBopnnTe ce H3HCKBa ^a cjieflBar e3HKOBn h o6pa3HH inaÖJiOHH, jy& H36arBaT KaKBHTO n ^a öhjio ajiK)3HH n KyjnypHH npenpancn, ,o,a B^naBaT e^HHCTBeHO repoH3Ma Ha OKTOMBpHHCKara peBOJnoijHH. CaMH no ceöe en Te3n npHHunnn ca Han^jmo aHTHxyflO>KecTBeHH, TbH KaTO npoTHBopenar Ha eCTecTBeHnre 3aKOHH Ha H3KycTBoro h orpaHHHaBar TBopnecKaTa CBOOo^a Ha nncaTejia. BepoaTHO nopain Ta3n npnnHHa CMHpHeHCKH HHMa HHTO eflHO OTnenaraHO craxoTBopeHHe b ocfMnnajiHHíi nojiHTHHecKH opraH Ha KOMyHHCTnnecKaTa napTna, ^OKaTO aKTHBHO CbTpyzTHHHH Ha jMBOTO xyMopHCTHHHO cnHcaHHe "Hepeen cmxx". Xpucmo CMupnencKU 39 ITOHTH BCHHKH peBOJnOUHOHHH CTHXOTBOpeHHH Ha CMHpHeHCKH Ca CBb.p3aHH C KOHKpeTHH HCTOpHHeCKH CbÔHTHH - HaH-H3BeCTHOTO OT TAX "Hepeemime ecKadpoMi", HanpnMep, B^xBajiaBa norpoMa, nsB^pineH ot HepBeHaTa apMHH Ha^, nojiCKOTO B^craHHe npes 1920 r.; "Ceeepno cunnué" e HanHcaHO no cjiynan TpnroiiHiiiHHHaTa ot OKTOMBpnHCKara peBOjnouHii; "Hoxatí" e CBbp3aHO c Heycrouioro komyhhcthhccko B^eraHHe npe3 1919 r. b repMaHHíi; "Mocxeď e Hanne aHO flBa fleHa cjiefl Kpaa Ha III-a KOHrpec Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKHH HHTepHannoHaji b pycKara crojinna; "Bta/iemncm" orpa3HBa npn3HBa Ha JIchhh 3a no-e(J)HKacHa nponaraHj^a cpefl Hapoj^a; "Ozmu ľľbm" H3JiH3a fleH cjiefl IV KOHrpec Ha E^jirapcKara KOMyHHCTHnecKa napraa; "Kkm eucuHu" - BCHHara cjiefl IV KOHrpec Ha KOMyHHCTHnecKara Mjia^e^K h t. h. h t. h. Ta3H 6bp3a peaKUHíí Ha CbönTHirra He e Heno3Haro HBjíeHne b TBopnecKna nponec Ha Cmhphchckh. J\opn HanpornB, th jioöpe Hjnocrpnpa Kaicro Hero b na noflxofl KbM TeMHTe, Taxa h jieKOTara, c kohto toh nnuie CBonre TBopön. Tojiaivia nacT ot xyMopHCTHHHHTe My CTHxoBe ca nncaHH Cbmo no KOHKpeTHH cjryHKH or oömecTBeHHH hjih jíHTepaTypHHH >khbot b CTpaHaTa. B pa3Boa Ha (SbJirapcKara jiHTeparypa 3HaHeHHero Ha coiiHajmara noe3HH Ha CMHpHeHCKH M05KCM fl,a OTKpHÜM B TOBa, He 3a n^pBH YľbT npe3 BHCOKOxyn,o>KecTBeHH cpeflCTBa e B^BefleHa TeMaTa 3a MaprHHajiH3npaHHíi HHflHBHfl h b CbmoTO BpeMe e Ha,o,rpa,zi,eHa noeTHKaTa Ha CHMBOJin3Ma. B T03H MOMeHT oijjirapcKHHT chmbojihsijM ce HaMHpa b 3eHHTa Ha CBoero pa3BHTne. Hexa ch npnnoMHHM, ne tohho KoraTO Cmhphchckh TBopn, chhh ot Han-eMÖJieMaTHHHHTe chmbojihcth - HnKOJian JlnjraeB - H3flaBa CBOHTa H3BecTHa CTHxocönpKa "Hynuti nemnď (1922). CaMO 3a hhkojiko ro^nHn CHMBOJiHCTHTe ycroiBaT ,o,a oöoraTHT oijjirapcKaTa jinpnKa c H3KjiK)HHTejiHHTe BT>3M05KHOCTH Ha My3HKajlHOCTTa H CTHXOTBOpHaTa TUXHHKa. KaTO nOeT, KOHTO ce (J)opMHpa ot xya,o:>KecTBeHHTe neHHOCTH Ha CBoeTO BpeMe, Cmhphchckh ecTecTBeHO B^nnTaBa b cboh cthx bchhkh KanecTBa Ha CHMBOJincTHHecKara noe3HH. IIoerbT AraHac ^ajineB nyzjecHO me onpe^ejin (J)opMajiHHTe bjihhhhh, kohtonpojieTapcKHHTnoeTHacjiejraBaorchmbojin3Ma; "... h npeflnoHnraHHero K'bM TpncpHHHHTe pa3Mepn, HecbMHeHO no-Tpy^HH, ho h pnTMHHHO no-noflnepTaHH ot jTBycpnHHHTe; n crpeMe^KbT KbM pa3HOo6pa3He b ernxa h CTpo(J)aTa; h nocTpoíiBaHeTO Ha noeMaTa KaTO uhraji ot hhkojiko ki^ch CTHxoTBopeHHH, flCTO pasMepijT Ha CTHxa h pnrbMa ce mchh cnope^, MOMeHTa h HacTpoeHHeTo; n nnmHaTa HHCTpyMeHTOBKa ot ajíHTepaijna n acoHaHcn; n H3noji3BaHeTO Ha bchhkh bmmomocth, kohto flaBa pnMaTa. KaTO CHMBOJiHCTHTe CMHpHeHCKH ynOTpeOíIBa IIinpOKO flaKTHJIHHTe H BIsTpeiIIHHTe Phmh; KaTO tax Hao-cerae toh ce mi^hh ^a oöhobh pnMaTa h pa3mnpH 40 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) rpaHHUHTe Ha Cb3ByHHeT0, icaro npnoarBa wbm CbCTaBeHH phmh ot pojj,a Ha moôycH - 3Jio6a ch, jiaMnH - ejj,BaM 6h, (J)aKjiH - naK jih, hjih pnivryBa CbC coöctbühh HMeHa: ErnneT - CHrarr, ycHjina - BacTHjiHH." Hhkoh flpyr H3CJieflOBaTeji He e npaBHji no-H3HepnarejieH h b CbinoTO Bpeivie KOHueHrpHpaH aHajiH3 Ha CTHxa Ha Cmhphchckh. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa TpaÖBa fla Ka)KeM, ne tcmhtc h mothbhtc b jrapHKara Ha Cmhphchckh b 3HaHHTejma creneH onpczjejurr 3ByneHeTO Ha HeroBHH xapaicrepeH cthx. 3a pa3JiHKa ot chmbojihcthhhhh mhhopch toh, caHTHMeHTajiCH ejiernsijM h OT^afleHOCT Ha ÖJDiHOBeTe, CTHxoBeTe Ha npojiCTapcKHa noeT ca ronia jihchh c naTOC h Bb3Top>KeHH HHTOHauHH. Hecro YYbTW B HerOBHTe peBOJHOIJHOHHH CTHXOTBOpCHHÍI M05KÜ J1$l Ce BHflH CZJHa 3a6ejie>KHTejiHa phtmhhhoct Me^K^y uejra CTpo(J)H, 6jih3kh ao HaTiopejia Ha CHMBOJiHCTHHecKara noeTHKa, h TaKHBa, kohto eKcnjioaTHpar e3HKa h ,zryxa Ha HOBOTO peBOJiiOHHOHHO H3KycTBO, KaKTO HanpHMep e MQiKjxy TpeTaTa H HeTB^pTaTa crpoc|)a b cthxotbopchhcto "Ilpe3 ôypaTa": H as lije eiidn nenosnamu u eeiiUKU ôomepauuiume cmeiieiiju mtjinu, nped Huümo deepu eenna MtKa ódu u eeuHO deónam nyotcdu ÖJiedojiUKU, chmbojihsijM a 6 mtMHume nompouiemt cmtKJia CMtpmma nomponea c ji edenu xpuna. LU^e eudn npucmtna eenmecmeen napoöa, lije nyn zneeen zprhM da nompece sacnajiume cmhzdu u nouece nadneste u um p Hepeenama npomóa pcbojiiohhohhoct na yzuemeuuR noeeumu pod, pasöuji eemenuu cu xoMom. OcoöeHO HHTepcccH pe3yjiTar ce nojrynaBa ToraBa, Koraro Cmhphchckh H3noji3Ba CHMBOJiHCTHHHara noeTHKa b cthxobc c no^nepTaHO coijHajiHO ctfltpacaHHe. B peflHua cboh TBopön toh pa3pa6oTBa TeMaTa 3a MaprHHajiH3HpaHHTe xopa, )KHBeemH b nocTOHHHa HHineTa h MiaKa. TaKa HanpHMep b "Cmapunm MyniKüum", "Epamnemama na ľaepoui", "Koeaytm", "L^eemapKa" n fl,p. OT^ejiHn icynjieTH npHTOKaBaT CHMBOJIHCTHHHa flCKOpaTHBHOCT nO-XapaKTepHa OT Ta3H, KOHTO MO)KCM fl,a cpemHeM flopn npn caMHTe noera chmbojihcth, ho b CbmoTO BpeMe uajiocTHara Hflea noflnepTaBa couHajiHHíi xapaKrep Ha ^paMaTa. Xpucmo CMupnencKU 41 Ako CHMBOJiHCTHTe TWbpjxe aöcrpaKrao no ctslbíít TeMara 3a noKBapaTa Ha rojieMHH rpafl n tcxhhht norjiefl e HaconeH wbM o6pa3n, oöoömaBamn n CHMBOJiH3Hpamn 3JIOTO, CMHpHeHCKH noflxoKfla no pa3JiHHeH HaHHH. Ton He nepcoHH(J)HLiHpa, a ce crpeMH p,a npczjcraBn OT^ejiHn rpynn coijucuihu munoee. CaMHTe 3arjiaBHH floöpe HjnocTpnpar koh TnnoBe ca TeMaTH3npaHn: "Cmapunm My3UKdHm" ce oraaca 3a oe^HHTe Hepeajin3npaHH TBopnn, "Koecmtm" - 3a oÖHKHOBeHHH paöoTHHK," VnuHnama Jiceuď - 3a npona^HajinTe np o cthtytkh, "I^eemapKď n "Eparmemama na Vaapouľ npeflcraBírr HepaflOCTHOTO flercTBO Ha öeflHHTe ,o,ena. fl,opn Koraro HeroBHTe repon hocht kohkpcthh HMeHa KaTO HanpHMep "MajiKHH raBpom" (b CTnxoTBopeHneTO "yjiuifctma"), re naK He npnflOÖHBaT HHflHBH^ryajiHH nepra. TnnnneH npniviep 3a TOBa mojkcm rsl OTKpneM b CTnxoTBopeHneTO "Epcmmemama na Eaepoiu \ Ki^eTO caMHHT jinpnHecKH repon He npncbCTBa nepcoHncfMunpaH, a noerbT roBopn oöoömeHO 3a "6e3flOMHHTe raBpouiOBun". H aKO b OTflejiHHTe cboh craxoTBopeHna GvinpHeHCKn, Kaicro Ka3axMe, npeflCTaBH e^HH mnpoK Kp^r ot npojieTapcKH ranoBe, to b unK^jia "3hmhh Benepn" pa3innpHBa 3pnTejiHHH "brbji n b czjhhhoto npocTpaHCTBO Ha "civľbjíHa-HHTe xh>kh" oöoömaßa MpanHna n 6e3CMncjieH >khbot Ha TexHHTe oÖHTarejra. HjiH)CTpai|Híi kb m "3hmhh BeHepn", xyzj. AjieKcaH^tp ^KeHflOB (1924) 42 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TyK "fleuaTa imuxwr", "öamara pyraö", "pn^aň crapyxa", "cjienHH CTapHK" hoch HHKaKBO flere, nyBar ce "nyKOBeTe" Ha KOBana, "njian Ha >KeHa", "uHryjiKara pa3njiaKaHa" - Bepoirrao Ha crapna My3HKaHT. B ce^eMTe nacra, kohto CbcraBirr "3hmhh Benepn", CBerbT hoch anoKajranraHHHTe nepra Ha pa3pyxara, 6e3BpeMHeTO, OTna^HneTO h .zjerpaflaijHaTa. 3a pa3JiHKa ot craxoBeTe b "^a 6bfl,e ach!" TyK Han^jiHO OTCbCTBa Ha^e^aTa. B ce^Mara nacr ^Be ckp^öhh Aeua HaHBHO Cb3epuaBar na^auiHTe öejra chc>khhkh, ho nocjieflHHH cthx Ha T03H KynjieT pa3KpnBa bcmiihoct THXHara 6e3paflOCTHa Cbflöa: A ÖJiUKam cnejtcuHKU cpeöpucmu, npejiumam, önecrnnm Kam xpucman, npopomam ce öenu u nucrnu u e jiOKßume cmaeam na kcui. CMHpHeHCKH HSB'bpiiiH e,o,Ha orpoMHa KpaHKa Hanpefl b ö^jirapcKaTa noe3HH, npoMeHHÖKH ,zryxa Ha CHMBOjracraHHaTa noeraKa, ho 6e3 CbMHeHHe rojMMaTa My jiHTepaTypHa crpacr e xyMOpHCTHHHaTa h caTHpHHHaTa noe3HH. J\o T03H MOMeHT pe,o,HHa oixjirapcKH nHcarejra npoÖBaT nepoTO ch b tc3h >KaHpoBe, ho He bchhkh ycnaBar rsl floeraraaT ^o bhcokh xy^o^KecTBeHH CTOÖHOCTH. B^npeKH TOBa aBTopn KaTO HßaH Ba30B, Ctohh MnxaojiOBCKH h KnpHji XpncTOB me c e 3anoMH5rr CbC TexHHTe opnrHHajiHH xpymb aHHü h öoraro Bbo6pa>KeHHe. Ot 17-roflHiiiHa B^pacT Cmhphchckh 3anoHBa %a nnuie cj)eHjieTOHH, 3a6aBHH CTHxoBe, napoflHH hjih hhcto h npocTO 3aKanKH 3a cbohtc CbyneromH h yHHTejiH. rojMMa nacT npeflCTaBjwBaT oöhkhobchh xyMopecKH, kohto HiiMar no-rojieMH npeTeHUHH or TOBa %a npe,o,H3BHKaT HucmocbpoeHen cmxx. Hmchho b iax oöane npojinnaBa rojieMHjrr TajiaHT Ha noeTa pß. HMnpoBH3npa c 6e3KpaHHa ocBOÖOfleHOCT h %a npoHBHBa e^Ha pa^KO cpemaHa (j)opMajiHa BHpTyo3HOct. B XyMOpHCTHHHHTe CTHXOTBOpeHHH Ha CMHpHCHCKH M05KÜM R2l nonybCTBaMe HeroBHH H3Kjii0HHTejieH Tajianr ^a peajiH3Hpa c orpoMHa jieKOTa BCHKO e^HO TBopnecKO Bfl^xHOBeHHe. ITpHMep 3a TOBa hh ^aßa "TBopnecKara HCTopna" Ha e^HO HeroBO 3aKaHjiHB0 jiioöobho craxoTBopeHne, pa3Ka3aHa ot nHcarejra Teoprn KapacjiaBOB. MjiaflHHT noeT bh^hji bczjhijjk Ha rapaTa pycoKOCO CHHeoKO MOMHHe, b KoeTO Be^Hara ce bjiioöhji, h ro Kp^craji c eK30THHH0T0 HM6 Jlopejiaií. "Jlopejiao )KHBeejia Haöjiroo jip KBaprapara Ha H3MHpjraeBH. EflHH fleH, KoraTO Cmhphchckh öhji öojieH h okojio Hero ce HaB-bpTajia cecTpa My no yjrauaTa MHHajia Jlopejiao. Bhji xyöaB cjrbHHeB cjiefloöefl h 3afl TaHTejieHHTe 3aBecn Ha MajiKHH npo3opeij pycaTa yneHHHKa Xpucmo CMupnencKU 43 H3rjie>Kflajia ome no-noerHHHa. "Bhs, bh>k koh MHHaBa!" - nocoHHjia My 3aKaHjiHBO cecTpaTa. Too nome^Haji npe3 npo3opena, npecTopHji ce Ha cbpflHT h Ka3aji: "Ü h^h %a mh flOHecem e^HH nan!" CecTpaTa H3jui3jia, cjiefl HeTBiapr nac My ^OHecjia npeceH nam h ocTaBHjia namaTa Ha MacHHicaTa. "uponera TOBa" - noflaji Ř too ezjHO jihcthc Th nponejia CTHxoTBopeHHeTO "Jlopejictü", b KoeTO c yn,HBHTejiHa noeranecKa jieKOTa h cboküct e onncaH T03H cjrynaH. Bvrpe e BKjiiOHeHa h CBeTjiHHaTa Ha c jrbHHeBoto npojieTHO cjieflnjiaflHe, h TaHTejieHHTe 3aBecKH, h ropHHjiicaTa Ha xhhhhobhtc TaÖJieTKH, h KanHHuaTa nao." CTHxoTBopeHHeTO "Jlojiepaü" 614)30 ce npeB-bpHajio b xht cpefl coc|)HHCKaTa Mjia,a,e:>K. )KHBOT Ha CTpaHaTa, npOHH3Hpa MHHHCTPH H THXHOTO fl^p^KaBHHHeCKO noBCzjeHHe, KaTO He nponycKa %a ce nocMee Hafl MHHHCT-bp-npeflceflaTejia h flopn Hafl napa. He3aBHCHMO ot tob a, ne nonra BHHarn onpezjeneH noBQo, ctoh b nenrbpa Ha tc3h xyMopecKH, b hhkoh cjrynaH Cmhphchckh no BejíHKOJieneH HäHHH npeMHHaBa ot KOHKpeTHO-3Jio6oflHeBHOTO K'bM oöoömaBamH H3o6pa>KeHHH, b KOHTO ce flOJiaBHT h aícneHTH Ha conHajma KpnTHKa. TnnHHeH npHMep b TOBa OTHOineHne npezjeraBjuiBa carapaTa "Kuxaeuijď\ Kb,o,eTO OÖHKHOBeHaTa 3HMHa HaCTHHKa Ce TpaHC(J)OpMHpa B KOHCTaTaUHÍI 3a HCTopHHeCKOTO "3a6ojiíiBaHe" Ha BijjirapHH cjiefl Kpaa Ha bohhhtc PHcyHKa ot Hjihíi BeuiKOB XyMOpHCTHHHHTe H cara-pHHHHTe CTHXOTBOpeHHH Ha Cmhphchckh ca He caMO h3kjiio- HHTejIHO MHOrOÖpOHHH, HO H HeBepoíiTHO pa3HOo6pa3HU no meMU u (popMU. TtoeT^T e pearnpaji Ha iiohth bchko nOJIHTHHeCKO, COUHajIHO HJIH KyjiTypHO CbÖHTHe b CTpaHaTa, npeflCTaBHHKH ro OTKbM HeroBaTa CMeniHa CTpaHa. B to3h CMHCbji mohkq fla ce Ka)Ke, ne Cmhphchckh e aBTop Ha e^Ha TpasecTHpaHa HCTOpHH Ha EfcjirapHH, 3a nepnofla Me>Kfly 1918 h 1922 r. Ton napoflHHHO npezjcraBíi nonra BCHHKH aKTHBHH (J)HrypH OT CbBpCMCHHHa nOJIHTHHeCKH 44 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TB'bp.o.e necTO Cmhphchckh exH^HO npczjCTaBii n CbonTna ot eBponencKara nojiHTHKa, 6e3 jy& ce Cbo6pa3HBa flopn CbC coöctbchhtc ch nojiHTHHecKH npHCTpacTHH. Taxa HanpHMep npes fleKeMBpH 1917 r. nHine caTHpara "B MCtmyium Pye" no noBQo, KOMyHHCTHHecKHHT npeBpar b Pycna, KOHTO e nocpernHaTa H3KjiK)HHTejiHO HerarnBHO ot jraBara HnrejinreHnnii b Etjirapua: Burnt ce oôjiauu, hocu ce pee, öoeee jiiomu u öamii eejiUKU, euxpoM ce xetpjiM KepencKU Che zme, jitecKii ?o cpeufcmi omoop oojiuieeumi; Kbpeu ce nemu, a exne ôescnup: "Mup u pecpopMU, pecpopMU u Mup ". Bjih30 nojiOBHHara ot xyMopncTHHHHTe cthxotboperora Ha Cmhphchckh HMar 3a6aBHO xc/johhcthhch xapaKTep. B tax KaTO jinpnHecKn repon ce HBHBaT Mjiafln n najiaBn momh, kohto oöhkhobcho hmst 3aKaHjinBO n npeflH3BHKaTejiHO noBOzjeHne n b^hihhoct. Abtop^t necro rn Hapnna "fleBKn", 3a fla Cb3flafle hpohhhhhh KOHTpacT c TíixHara peajiHa npnpozja. Mhoid ca CTHXOTBOpeHHHTa, B KOHTO npeB^HaCH epOTHHHHTC reponroi, KaTO eflHO OT Han-pa3nrpaHHTe bt>b (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHne e "Aunemo, aôiomaimiKama ü u eepeUKamď'. rioHHKora Cmhphchckh B^ßroiBa n THXHara nbjma npoTHBonojio>KHOCT - rpyöaTa n npocTa )KeHa. B "Oda na Ileum eôpamď HanpnMep, reponHírra e BejíHKOJienHO npczjcraBeHa caMO npe3 cpeflCTBara Ha KOHTpacTa n cpaBHeHneTo: Xyöaea cu, ôpaza ľlenKe, umia dpyza mrno meô. Tu cu neoiCHa, óenocneoiCHa mrno cmoiiuHHUR xjieô. Tu cu CKpoMua, mu cu muxa, mrno e iciyôa cu mecutiK, xoduui njiaeno, cmtneaui jiexo, CbUfO Kam nwui kü3ük. CBoeo6pa3HO nporpaMHO npOH3Be/jeHHe Ha Becejina n )KH3Hepa,a,0CTeH Cmhphchckh npeflCTaBjwBa "Huü cjwe eecejiu öpodmu" ot "PasHOKaiiuopenu Xpucmo CMupnencKU 45 menu u GbsduuiKii" (1918). B Hero Hanbjmo OTCbCTBa HpoHHHHara HHTOHaijHH, KaTO aBTop^T npeflCTaBH e^Ha 4)hjioco(J)hh Ha ocBOÖOfleHHH h HeaHra:>KHpaH HHflHBHfl. C^BceM He e cjiynaííHO h TOBa, ne Cmhphchckh e nocTaBHji CTHxoTBopeHHeTO b ueHTbpa Ha CBOírra n^pBa KHHra. TyK repoHTe ca npeflCTaBeHH KaTO "BecejiH opomni" "bjhoochh b CBeTa", kohto ce bo3ht b "KOJiecHHijaTa Ha Eaicxyc", 6e3 pa ce HHTepecyBaT ot yTpeuiHHH ^eH. CoijHajiHHHT HaMeK, ne CBOOo^aTa hm ce .zjijjdkh h Ha npa3HHTe fl>Ko6oBe, BCblimOCT flOpa3BHBa HflCHTa 3a nijJIHOTO OTpHHaHe Ha OÖmeCTBeHHH aHra>KHMeHT. EflHa He MajiKa nacr ot xyMopncTHHHHTe npoH3Be,o,eHH5i Ha Cmhphchckh npeflCTaBjíHBaT ^npeKTHH hjih ckphth napo/jim Ha CTHxoTBopeHHH Ha 6bjirapcKH noeTH. Pa3ÖHpa ce, aBTop^T npeflnoHHTa pa ce 3aHHMaBa c Haö- H3BeCTHHTe H rOJieMH TBOpUH KaTO HßaH Ba30B, KnpHJI XpHCTOB, Ueno ÜBOpOB h pp. Eto HanpHMep KaK hskjuohhtcjiho HaxoflHHBO b CBOHTa "Enonen na He3a6pa6UMiime" npeoop^ma ,o,paMaTH3Ma h 4)Hjioco(J)CKaTa flHjieivia Ha Ba30BHH "JleecKu" b napo^HH Ha rbpcemna peajiH3auHíi hobck ot ceno: Ba30B: Manacmup-bm mečen 3a Moiíma dyuia e. Koza Hoeex öoüöe myic da ce noxae, mpnöea da 3a6paeu zpexoenun Mup, da 6ma chojiamu u da mtpcu .xmp. Cmhphchckh: Cenomo mu nuicuo 3a Moüma dyuia e! Hoeex myx ne MOJtce Jtcueom da no3nae! B mo3u Kbm omdanenen om uiy.iimm ceem zoeeda u ncema can eujtcdaM naeped. Ee3cnopeH Bp^x b TBopnecTBOTO Ha Cmhphchckh oöane npeflCTaBjwBa npHTHara "IIpHKa3Ka 3a CTbjíôaTa" - nocjie^HOTO npoH3Be,o,eHHe, KoeTO noerbT nnine caMO Meceun npe^H CBOírra paHHa civľbpT. IIoBQzrbT 3a HeOHoro HanncBaHe öhjio pa30HapoBaHHeTO Ha aBTopa ot (J)aKTa, ne hhkoh ot HeroBHTe CbnapTHHijH He ce OT30Baji Ha MOJiöara Ha npHíiTejiHTe My jya ce Cböepar cpeflCTBa 3a jieneHneTO My. B TBopöara Ha Cmhphchckh KOHKpeTHoro hobcihko 6e3pa3JiHHHe ce npeBp-bma b aneropHneH pa3Ka3 3a MopajmoTO na^eHne Ha HOBeKa, nona^Haji btjB BjiacTTa. B jiHTepaTypaTa h H3KycTBOTO crbjiöara BHHarn e npczjcraBííHa KaTO KOMnjieKceH chmbojikhch o6pa3, kohto oöhkhobcho ce CB^psBa c npoueca Ha 46 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) flyxoBHOTO H3BHCHBaHe. Cmhphchckh noflxo>Kfla wbM o6pa3a Han^JIHO npeoGp'bmaHKH HeroBHTe bhcokh 3HaneHHH, TaKa Kaicro nocrbnBa n b cbohtc xyMopHCTHHHO carnpnHHH npoH3Be,o,eHH5i. CrbjiGaTa 3a 6bjirapcKHH nHcaTen ce npeBp^ma oyKBajmo b chmboji He Ha .zryxoBHoro, a Ha nojinTHHecKOTO H3pacTBaHe. ToBa npeflonpeflejia h n-bjiHaTa 3aMeHaeMOCT Ha najiaTa CHMBOJiHKa, kohto no npnHUHn TpaGBa fla npenpama k^m GhGjichckoto TbjiicyBaHe Ha TeKCTa. 3HaeM, ne cpeflHOBeKOBHHTe mhcthhh ca npeflcraBfljiH h TbjiKyBajiH He caMO orflejiHH Ghojichckh TeKCTOBe, ho h caMara Bhojihh Karo crbjiGa, npe3 crbnajiara Ha kohto CBeTerfbT H3rpa>Kfla cbohtc .zryxoBHH KanecTBa npe^H jxa. flOCTHrae CbB'bpineHHa HeGeceH >khbot. HecTO n^ra aHrejiHTe ca noica3BaHH KaTO BOflann b TOBa mhcthhccko H3KanBaHe. Cmhphchckh npn cbocto cmhcjiobo npeoGp^maHe 3aMeHH o6pa3a Ha aHrejiHTe C T03H Ha AJIBOJia. ITO T03H HaHHH TOH pa3pa60TBa H MOTHBa 3a floroBopa c Me4)HCTO(J)eji, no3HaTOTrboreBHfl "Oaycm". Pa36npa ce, G-bJirapcKmrr nHcareji HHTO Ce HHTepeCyBa OT (j)HJIOCOC|)CKHTe TbJIKyBaHHfl Ha HCMCKHfl KJiaCHK, HHTO n^K b paMKHTe caMO Ha hhkojiko crpaHHHH mohkq ^a ^ocTHrHe ro THXHara A'bjiGoHHHa. 3a Hero e ,o,ocTarbHHO ^a noKa>Ke upoHunnun KOiimpacm jwejtcdy dyxoenomo u nojiummecKomo uspacmeane. ITpHHHHn'bT Ha noKopaBaHeTO Ha nojiHTHneCKaTa BjiacT e CB^psaH He caMO c hh3 ot MopajiHH KOMnpoMHCH, ho h TOTajiHO BHflOH3MeHH bchhkh hchhocthh npHHUHnn. BjiacTTa cnopefl Cmhphchckh He caMO yorrBa hobciiikoto b HOBeKa, a TpaHC(j)opMHpa Kaicro HeroBHTe cerHBa, TaKa h HeroBaTa naMeT. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, TyK aBTop^T no e^HH aceH HaHHH KaTO ne jih ce npomaBa n CbC coGcTBeHHTe hjik)3hh, ne KOMyHHCTHnecKara peBOJnonnfl MO>Ke fla oGjiaropofln caMna hobck. "TIpuKa3Ka 3a cmtjidamd" tohho Ha30BaBa maBHHH repon Ha TBopGara - "njieGea no po^eHne", kohto Tp'braa %a HaKa:>Ke "ohhh rope" Ha B^pxa Ha crbjiGaTa. 06pa3HTe Ha "rbjinnTe", "cTapeua" n "GoCOHOrOTO MOMHHeHUe", 3apaflH KOHTO MJiaflHflT MOMtK peBOJIIOHHOHep H3pa3HBa CBoeTO HeroflyBaHne, KopecnoH^HpaT c nopTpeTHTe ot nponeTapcKaTa jrapHKa Ha Cmhphchckh. ITo aHajiorHneH HaHHH h HeroBHHT n^pBOHanajieH pe(J)peH " - A3 CbM njieGen no po>KfleHne n bchhkh flpnnjibOBi;H ca moh Gpara. O, kojiko e rpo3Ha 3eMHTa n kojiko ca HemacTHn xopaTa!" pe3K)Mnpa no e^HH npoHnneH MaHnep peBOJnouHOHHoro jioro Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara OKTOMBpniiCKa peBOJiiOHHfl, kocto npncbCTBa H3Ka3aHO nOfl pa3JIHHHH (J)OpMH B'bB BCHHKH peBOJUOUHOHHH CTHXOTBOpeHHH Ha nOCTa. To3n pe(J)peH e CBoeo6pa3eH hh30b npo3aHneH npeBOfl Ha bhcokhh noeTHneH pe(J)peH ot CTHxoTBopeHHeTO "Huii" "H Hne CMe fleua Ha MaHKara 3eMa!". TaKa Cmhphchckh no e^HH nocTMOflepeH HaHHH caMOHpoHH3npa Xpucmo CMupnencKU 47 COÖCTBeHOTO CH peBOJUOUHOHHO TBOpneCTBO, KOCTO Hfl,eOJIOrH3HpaHHHT npoHHT npe3 roflHHHTe ce onnia %a npe,o,CTaBH KaTO e^HHCTBeHaTa BHCOKOxyflO>KecTBeHa jinpHKa Ha noeTa. Hpes "IIpiiKasKa sa cm-bjíôamď Cmhphchckh ome b n-bpBHTe roflHHH cjiefl peBOJHOijHHTa b Pycna ycrai jy& HanpaBH BejiHKOJienHa duazno3a na KOMynucmunecKun (pyHKijUonep, kohto cjiefl roflHHH ce noTB^pflH ot nojiHTHHecKHH )khbot BijB bchhkh KOMyHHCTHHecKH CTpaHH b Eßpona. BeflH^^K nonaflHaji bi^b Bjiacrra, toh ryön cboh MopajieH oöjihk, npocTO 3amoTO TOTajiHTapHaTa BjiacT He no3Haßa MexaHH3Ma Ha oömecTBeHHii KopeKTHB. IlocjieflHaTa penjiHKa Ha njieöea, H3icaHHji nocjie^HOTO crbnajio Ha crbjiöaTa Ha Bjiacrra " - A3 CbM npnHij no po>Kfl,eHHe n öoroBeTe mh ca öpara! O, KOJiKO KpacHBa e 3eMírra n kojiko ca macTjinBn xopaTa!", pa3KpnBa ncTHHCKara My OT^ejieHOCT ot peajiHOcrra, Kaicro n hchhoto nfleonornnecKO nperbjíicyBaHe. Hmchho Ta3n 6e3flHa Me^K^y BjiacTra n oönKHOBeHna hobck nojiOBHH CTOJieTne no-icbCHO me KaTajin3npa flpaMaTHHHna pa3nafl Ha TOTajiHTapHaTa BjiacT. ilapaflOKCbT npn Cmhphchckh e, ne ot n^pBHH npojierapcKH noeT, Bi^raiji b ö^jirapcKara jinTepaTypa OKTOMBpnncKaTa peBOjnonníi, ce npeB^pHa b ľľbpeun npopoxyeaji mÜHun Mopanen (pajium. Hmchho TOBa noTB^p^KflaBa, ne reHHírr BHHarn HMa no-n30CTpeHn ceTHBa 3a HemaTa, na kokto CTaBa CBn^eTeji npe3 cboh >khbot. 48 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) BUBJlklOTf KA /JA ET>/JE /JEH! Hourra e nepHa h 3JiOBema, HomTa e jieflHa KaTO CMb.pT. B pasicbcaHara 3eMHa rpb.,0, CTpyH ce 6aBHO Kpb>B ropema. B flHMaiiiHTe pa3BajiHHH 6e30KHH fleMOH Ha BOHHaTa pa3BHji e xHiiiHO 3HaMeHaTa h Men Bb>3 Men 6e3cnnp 3Bb>HH. Cpefl Mpaica HenpomeflHO rbCT CTbpHH 3JIOK06eH CHJiyeT Ha HHKaK^B rpaMafleH Kpb>cr, H XHJIHflHH TbJinH OTBpefl b^pbht, noflroHeHH HaTaM OT apocTTa Ha 3JiarHHH 6or. H Mpaxa CTaBa no-fl'bJiöoK, TisjinHTe HHJKar c e e^Baivi. 3a Bb>3,ayx >KaflHH ca rbp,a,HTe, OHHTe MOJMT CBCTJIHHa, e^HH KonHOK, MeHTa e^Ha ropn h ce Tonn b flyuíHTe H npe3 CbJI3H H Kb>pBaB THeT, npe3 y)Kaca Ha MpaK cryzjeH pa3ÖyHeH bhk rbpMH HaBpea,: "^a ö-bfle ach! J\a öb^e ach!" EuôJiuomeKa - Xpucmo CMupnencKU 49 HEPBEHHTE ECKA/JPOHH B yrpoTO Ha CBerjia epa, c (J)aKejia Ha HOBa Bepa, HflaT öoflpn ecKaflpoHH c ycTpeM ropA h Haöer cmcji, a Hafl Tax, KaT xhhjhh hthuh, KaT HacrpiAHajiH opjiHUH, cnycKar ce h pa3nHjiHBaT rp^M inpanHeji no^np uipanHeji. Koh H3npaBH ce, h3hbhjih h otpohhji ccthh chjih, rpoxHe Mb.pTb.B Ha 3eMírra hhkoh bohh nopa3eH. B MHr ynjianieH cnnpa kohh, ho HaHOBO toh aoidhíi crbnKHTe Ha ecKa^poHa, b oöiiihh npHjiHB ycrpeivieH. H pa3BejiH ôyíiHH rpHBH, Hafl no>KľbHaTHTe hhbh, KaTO BHXbp OTMHHaBaT ecKaflpoH cjiefl ecKaflpoH. ITofl KonHTaTa H3BHBa npax Ha oÖJianeTa chbh h npeMpe>KBa c 6poH30B ÖJiacbK oraeHHii xoprooHT. Eto TdTbK Kpaö B^pÖHTe CKHaxa nyiiiKajia ckphth h b^ühh ot icbpBaB njiaivľbK cperuHaxa ce rp^A CbC rp^A; CBH ce ôypa 6e3nomaflHa, sasB-bHra CTOMaHa xjiaflHa -KpaTKa cxBaTKa h HaHOBO ecicaflpoHHTe jictht... Ax, jieTeTe, ecKaflpoHn! B ycrpeivia bh mhjihohh nomeflH ca npnKOBaHH CbC Hafl,e>Kfl,a h jiioöob. Cbhji flecHHijaTa KopaBa, uejiHH cbht ce flHec H3npaBH CTpecHar, Tporaar, onapoBaH or noöeflHHH bh 30b. HeKa b y>Kac, b H3HeHafl,a pyxHe Bcaica nepHa crpafla Ha CBeTOBHara HenpaBfla, Ha cnoAaBerora ctoh h HOBeKisT fla HaMepH 3afl OTKpexHarHTe flBepn ivľbprBH CTapHTe xniviepn Ha 6e3flyniHHH 3aKOH. Ax, JieTeTe bhh cpefl cen h jxhwj\ ot orHeHH Kaprenn, BHH - pa3BHxpeHH npeATenn Ha 6e3o6jiaHHHTe ahh! C ôypa, ivľbjíHHH h rpoxoT Bb^BecreTe ropAHÖ noxoA Ha Bi^oyHeHHTe poön, Ha nepBeHHTe b^jihk! H Koraro ccthhh KaivľbK Ha oörbpHarna b njiaivľbK h pa3pyxa jspeBen 3aivľbK ce otpohh b nenejrra, bhh cjie3HeTe ot kohctc h 3eMírra uejryHeTe -B^LiapeTe BenHa oöhh, BenHa npaB^a Ha CBeTa. 50 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) H3 3HMHH BEHEPH B'bpBíi Kpaö civľbjíHaHHTe xh)kh B Mope Henporjie,zi,Ha ivľbrjia H BeHHara öe^HOCT h rpH)Ka Me rjie^aT npe3 mi^thh crbKjia. B CTbKjiaTa c flecHHua He3pHMa, ITofl jieflHHH ffbx Ha Honrra, HepTajia e öajiara 3HMa He3eMHH cpeöpncTH HB era. Ho eTO icbmypica no3HaTa; B npo3opeua flercica maBa; H rpyöo rbpMHT b THiiiHHara nHHHH XanjIHBH CJIOBa. SaB^pHaji ce b k^iiih - 6e3xjie6eH, nHHH naK, - öamaTa perair. H CBOH )KHBOT HenoTpeöeH, H CBOHTa ivľbKa 6e3 Kpaö. 3aBecaTa Mp-bCHa, npoopaHa H e.zTbp ivľbrjiHB CHjryeT Pa3MaxBa p^ueTe b 3aicaHa, Ot nOMHCJIH CTpaHHH OÖ3eT. „ZJeuaTa nnmaT h ce mojiht, A BisHKa, npHBejia rjiaBa, Cpefl CBOHTa dcp^ö h hcbojih )KeHa npopHflaBa e^Ba. EuôJiuomeKa - Xpucmo CMupnencKU 51 JIOPEJIAH Cíncam xHjDruH oraeHH npecH Me oörapax, npHTncKar, raeTHT: Ha HejIOTO MH XJiaflHH KOMnpecH, or xHHHHa yuiHTe nninaT. A cjiynaHHa, Kanpn3Ha, 3acMíma, nofl npo3opena cnpa Jlopejian -KaTO m-bflpa penenTa >KejiaHa, sjíaTOK-bflpa KaT Kannnna nan. H b'bSKp'bCHa naK npnKa3Ka CBHTa c apoMara Ha npojieTHa Hom, npHiOTHjia MeHTa Heno3HaTa nofl KpHjiara Ha 3Be3fleH pa3Kom. H npe3 TbHKHTe öejiH 3aBecn b MHr pa3Jie ce ycMHBKa-Kopaji, CHKam cjľbHHeBO MHHajio cnpe ce h OTHece h raer, h nenají. Ta 6e MHr h iiiera MKMOJieraa, ceflMOUBeTHa fl^ra, ho yMpa KaT MeHTa 6e30TBeTHa b HenpocBeTHa h Tnxa rbra. H 3a cöoroM npe3 tí>hkh 3aBecn naK HamenHa mh norjie^a chh: "Ha CbpneTO cryzjeHH KOMnpecn, a b ycTaTa TaÖJieTKa xhhhh!" 52 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HHH CME BECEJIH EPO/JJirH Hhh CMe BecejiH öpo^arH, HHH CMC BJIK)6eHH B CBCTct h cpefl CMHx h necHH tohhm CBOHTa xyöaBa MenTa. B KOJiecHHuaTa Ha BaKxyc cpefl CT aicaHeHHa zvhti hhh nperp^maMe >KHBöra B HÍIKaiCbB He3eMeH CbH. He flOCTHrar Hac BiajiHHTe Ha )KHTeHCKOTO Mope, HHÍÍ CMe BOJIHOKpHJIH HaÖKH, hhh 6e3flOMHH CMe uape. HauiTe pafloCTH cb^öaTa He e b CHjia m cpa3H, hhh c e CMeeM h Koraro TpaÖBa fla TexaT cbji3H. Hhh He MHCJiHMe 3a yrpe, HH 3a afl h HH 3a paö, Hac He crpacica, He TpeBO>KH Ha >KHBöra tbmhhh Kpaö. Hhh >KHBeeM BenHa Mjiaflocx, HHÍÍ >KMBeeM IIiyMHH flHH, flHHTe HH Ca HHCTH, JieKH, KaKTO fl>Ko6oBeTe hh! Hhh CMe BecejiH öpcmarn, HHH CMe BJIK)6eHH B CBCTa h cpefl CMHx h 3m>n CTaKaHeH roHHM xyöaBa MenTa. EuôJiuomeKa - Xpucmo CMupnencKU 53 KHXABHUA HenaicaH n HaxajieH toct -KHxaBHĽtara Ta3H 3HMa naK OKyrrapa Bceicn hoc h cnpa ce TaM HeBTaSMyraMa. HaBCHK-b^e flHec h3 rpa^a, cnoxofleHH or Ta3H xajia, Aena, rocno>KH, rocnozja B^pBHT h KHxar Ha npoBajia. KnxaBnna! ^Hec roíMa kwt HeHaBecTeH ot Ta3 HecpeTa, npocTHHaji He 3a nbpBH rrbT, pa3KHxa ce flopn 6iofl>KeTa. A KHxaT ch öecnnp no Hac BajiyTa, pefl n ynpaBna, ne b nojíHTHHecKHH Mpa3 n flHec CMe no )KHjieTKa Hne. H BCJiyinain jih ce orcrpaHn 111 c Hyení KaK CbC ropecr raxa, npocryzjeHa ot ^Be bohhh, B^jirapna 3JiOBemo Knxa. 54 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) AIFIETO, A/POTAHTKATA H H EBPEHKATA (co^HÍícKa aMa30HCKa cb. TpOHiia) "BceKU den tíokjiohhuk hob, Hoea ecemi den jijoôoe. " (Hs cmöyiwa na edua yneHUHKa) TpH CeCTpHHKH, TpH yneHHHKH, MHJIH CMC nTHHKH b T03 rpafl 3acMeH. C BpaHH KOHHeTa Ty no inoceTa, Ty no nojieTa XOflHM UÍIJI fleH. BnHBaT OHHHKH y Ha3H BCHHKH, rOpHM flyiUHHKH Hne HaBpefl! Kon fl,e MHHaBa, Hac no3fl,paBjMBa, Hac b t>3xb a jmb a B MJiaflHH CBÜT C 6jiy3HHKa TisHKa, c poKjiH 6e3 rbHKa Tp^raa HaBisHKa BCHKa OT Hac. KaK jiecHO 3HaeM HHH jydL OMaeM H OMOTaeM BceKH 3aBHac! Topfln, HaneTH BCHHKH C KOpCeTH, 6e3njiaTHO b3Cth, KpaHHM UÍIJI flCH. j\obkw IIiaBJIHBH, flCBKH KpaCHBH, TpH CaMOflHBH, fleBKH 6e3 CBeH. EuôJiuomeKa - Xpucmo CMupnencKU 55 ÜPHKA3KH 3A CTT>JIEATA IToceemeHO na gcuhku, Koumo lye Kaotcam: "Toea ne ce omnacn do Mene!" - Kou ch TH? - nonHTa ro „ZLrBOJľbT... - A3 CbM njieoeii no po^KfleHne n bchhkh .zrpHnjibOBnn ca moh 6para. O, KOJiKO e rpo3Ha 3eMírra h kojiko ca HemacTHH xopara! ToBa roBopeme Mjiafl mom^k, c H3npaBeHO nejio h CTHCHaTH lOMpynn. Ton CToeme npefl crbjiöaTa - Bncoica crbjiöa ot 6hji MpaMop c po30Bn >khjikh. Ilorjiefl'bT My 6e CTpejiHar b flajiennHara, jiffro Karo m^thh btdjihh Ha npnfloiiijia peKa inyMHxa chbhtc rbjinn Ha Mroepnirra. Te ce B^jiHyBaxa, KnnBaxa mhhdm, Bflnraxa ropa ot cyxn nepHH p^ne, rpb.M ot HerQzryBaHHe n apocTHH bhkobc pa3JiK)jMBaxa Bb.3,ziyxa h exoTO 3aMnpame öaBHO, Tbp^Kectbüho KaTO flajienHH TonoBHH rb.pMejKH. T^jinnre pacraxa, n^exa b oöjiann }o>jrr npax, oxzjejiHH cnjiyeTH Bce no-acHO h no-acHO ce H3pa3Baxa Ha oöinna chb (J)oh. Pijeme HHKaKijB CTapeij, npHBe^eH hhcko fl03eMn, caKain rbpceine H3ry6eHara ch MjiaflOCT 3a flpnnaBara My .zrpexa ce flb.p^Keine öocoHoro MOMHHeHue, h rjieflaine BHCOKaTa CT^jioa c kpotkh, chhh KaTO MeTjinHHHa OHH. Diczjaiiie h ce yCMHXBame. A cjiefl tax H^exa Bce Oflpnnejín, chbh, cyxn (JMrypn n b xop neexa npoTeraara, norpeöajma neceH. HaKOÖ ocrpo CBHpeme c ycra, flpyr, n^xHaji pb>ne b .zrvKOÖOBeTe, ce CMeeme bhcoko, ,o,pe3raBO, a b ohhtc My ropeine 6e3yMne. - A3 CbM rnieöeö no po^eHne n bchhkh flpnnjibOBUH mh ca 6para. O, kojiko rpo3Ha e 3eMírra h kojiko ca HemacTHH xopaTa! O, Bne TaM rope, Bne... ToBa roBopeme Mjiafl momik, c H3npaBeHO nejio h CTHCHarH b 3aKaHa K)MpyiJH. - Bne Mpa3HTe ohhh rope? - nonnTa #aBOJľbT h jryKaBO ce npHBe^e KbM MOMb.Ka. - O, a3 me otm^ctíi Ha thh npnHuoBe h khíbc )KecTOKO me hm otm^ctíi 3apafl öparaTa mh, 3apafl mohtc öpara, kohto HMaT jinna, jk^jith KaTO roiCbK, KOHTO CTeHar no-3JiOBemo or fleKeMBpnocKHTe bhcjihuh! Bh)k rojinTe hm Kb.pBaBH Meca, nyií ctohobctc hm! A3 me otm^ctíi 3a tax! ľlycHH Me! 56 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ^LaBOJľbT ce ycMHXHa: - A3 CbM crpa^c Ha OHHa rope h 6e3 nozjKyn roíMa %a rn npezjaM. - A3 HHMaM 3Jiaro, a3 HaMaM hhiiio c Koero %a Te no,zjKyna... A3 CbM öe^eH, flpnnaB lOHoma... Ho a3 CbM totob m cjio>Ka rjiaBaTa ch. ^LaBOJľbT naK ce ycMHXHa: - O, He, a3 He HCKaM tojiko3 mhoto! J\aŘ mh th caMO cjryxa ch! - Cjryxa ch? C yzjOBOJiCTBHe... Hexa HHKora hhhio He nya, HeKa... - Th naK me nyBaiii! - ycnoKOH ro ^LaBOJľbT h My CTopn nb>T. - Mhhh! MoMb.Kb.T ce 3areHe, HaBeo.h'b^K npexpann Tpn crbnajia, ho KOCMaTaTa pb.Ka Ha ^LaBOJia ro flpb.nHa: - Crara! Cnpn rsl nyeiii KaK CTeHar TaM ^ojie tbohtc öpara! MoMb.Kb.T cnpa h ce BCJiyma: - CTpaHHO, 3amo Te 3anoHHaxa H3Be,o,Hb:>K j\a. neírr Bečeno h Tb.ii 6e3rpH>kho fla ce cmcht?... - H toh naK ce 3aTene. ^LaBOJľbT naK ro cnpa: - 3a fla MHHem ome Tpn CTMiana, a3 HCKaM onnre th! MOMb.Kb.T OTHaHHO MaxHa pb.Ka. - Ho ToraBa a3 roíMa %a Mora %a bh>imaM hhto cbohtc öpara, hhto thh, Ha KOHTO OTHBaM jx& OTMb>CTÍl! ^LaBOJľbT: - Th naK me bh^am... A3 me th ^,aM flpyrn, MHoro no-xy6aBH ohh! MoMb.Kb.T MHHa ome Tpn CTbnajia h ce Brjie^a Ha^ojie. ^LaBOjrbT My HanoMHH: - Bh>k rojíHTe hm KbpBaBH Meca. - Eo)Ke moh! Ta TOBa e Tbö CTpaHHo; Kôra ycrorxa %a ce oÔJieKar tojiko3 xyöaBo! A bmccto KbpBaBH paHH Te ca oökhhchh c HyzjHO ajieHH po3n! npe3 BceKH Tpn CTb.na.jia ^LaBOJľbT B3HMame cboh MajrbK orKyn. Ho MOMb.icbT Bb.pBenie, toh ,o,aBaiiie c totobhoct bchhko, CTnra %a crurae TaM h fla OTMb>CTH Ha THa TjrbCTH KHH3C h npHHuoBe! Eto e^ho CTb.najio, caMO ome e^ho CTbnajio, h toh me 6b.fle rope! Too me otm^cth 3apafl öparaTa ch! - A3 CbM njieoeíi no po^eHne h bchhkh .apHnjibOBUH... - MnaflH MOMKO, e^ho CTb.najio ome! CaMO ome e^ho crbnajio, h th me umieram. Ho a3 BHHarn 3a TOBa CTbnajio B3eMaM ^boch OTKyn: ^aíi mh CbpneTO h naMeira ch. MoMb.Kb.T MaxHa pb.Ka: - Cb.pneTO jih? He! ToBa e MHoro )KecroKo! ^LaBOjrbT ce 3acMH rbpjiecro, aBTopnTeTHo: - A3 He CbM TOJiKOBa >KecTOK. A3 me th ,o,aM b 3aMíma 3JiaTHO Cbpne h HOBa naMeTÍ Ako He npneMem, th HHKora HaMa %a MHHem Työ crbnajio, HHKora HaMa fla otm^cthih 3a öparaTa ch - thh, kohto HMaT jinna KaTO roiCbK h CTeHar nO-3JIOBemO ot ,Zl,eKeMBpHHCKHTe BHejIHUH. lOHOinara norjieflHa 3ejieHHTe hpohhhhh ohh Ha ^LaBOJia: EuóJiuomeKa - Xpucmo CMupnencKU 57 - Ho a3 me G^a Haň-HemacTHHírr. Th mh B3HMam bchhko hobciiiko. - HanpoTHB - HaH-macTjiHBHHT!... Ho? C^nraceH jih ch: caMO CbpneTO h naMeTra ch. MoMb.Kb.T ce 3aMHCJiH, nepHa c^HKa jieraa Ha jihucto My, no cGpijHKaHOTO nejio ce OTpoHHxa mtjThh KanKH nor, toh rHeBHO cbh lOMpynn n npone,o,H npe3 stjGh: - j\& 6b^e! B3eMn rn! ...H Káro jiaTHa Gypa, meBeH n CbpflHT, pa3BeTpnji nepHn koch, Toň MHHa nocjieflHOTO crbnajio. Toň 6eme Bene Haň-rope. H hsbczíhtj^k b jinneTO My rpeííHa ycMHBKa, ohhtc My 3a6jiecTaxa c Tnxa pa^ocT n lOMpynnTe My ce ornycHaxa. Toň norae^Ha nnpyBamnTe KHírse, norae^Ha flOJie, ^eTO peBeme n npoKjiHHaine cmara ^pnnaBa rbjína. norae^Ha, ho hhto e^HH Mycicyji He TpenHa no jinnero My: to 6e cbctjio, Becejio, ^obojího. Toň Bn^aine flOJie npa3HHHHO oGjieneHn rbjínn, ctohobctc oaxa Bene xhmhh. - Koň en th? - fl,pe3raBO n jryKaBO ro nonnTa ^bojitjT. - A3 CbM npnmj no po^K^eHne n GoroBeTe mh ca Gpara! O, kojiko KpacnBa e 3eMHTa n kojiko ca macTjinBn xopaTa! 58 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) rEO MHJIEB 1895, 15 jiHyapH B ceno Pa^HeBO, HaMHpamo ce ÖJ1H30 j\o CTapa 3aropa, ce pa^zja Teo(prH) MnjieB KacaöoB. 1900 Ha neTro^HniHa Bt3pacT Teo TptrBa Ha yrajiHme, 3amoTO Bene yMee rsl neTe h nHuie. 1911 3aBtpniBa Mt^ocaTa rHMHa3Ha b CTapa 3aropa, Kt^eTO 6ama My Bene ce e npeMecTHji rsl >KHBee. 1912 CTaBa ciy^eHT btjB 4)Hjioco(J)CKHa 4)aKyjiTer Ha JlainiHHrcKHa yHHBepcHTer. 1913 nyöJiHKyßa ntpBara erárna or o6mo oceMTe "JlHTepaTypHO-xyzicoKectbchh nncMa or TepMaHHa". ľeoMujiee 59 1914 H3JiH3a CTaTHirra "Mo^epHara noe3Ha". 3aMHHaBa 3a JIoh^oh, Kt^eTO ce 3ano3HaBa c oejirHHCKHa noeT Emhji BepxapH. B TepMaHHa e apecTyßaH Karo aHrjiHHCKH ninHOHHH, ho cjie,a; 11 ^eHa e OCBOÖO^eH. 1915 Bptina ce b CTapa 3aropa, Kt^eTO nyöJiHKyßa neT npeBO^HH KHHrn ot MajiapMe, fleMen, BepxapH, BepjieH h Hniniie. Ilpe^aBa b JlairnirHr CBoaTa /rHcepTairna, kojito oöane My e BtpHara 3a npepaöoTica. 1916 B CTapa 3aropa npe^CTaßa Karo pe^cHCbop nnecara "E/rnn uap". IlocTbnBa b IIIiaajiaTa 3a 3anacmi o(J)Hu;epH b Khídkcbo. 1916, cerrreMBpH YnacTBa Karo otjmuep Ha (J)poHra no BpeMe Ha ntpBara CBeTOBHa BoiÍHa. 1917, 28 anpHji PaHeH e tokko Kpaií /JpiípaH, b cjie^CTBHe Ha KoeTO 3ary6ßa ^acHoro ch oko h nacT ot nepena. IlocTeneHHO ce Bt3eraHOBaBa. 1918 3aMHHaBa 3a BepjiHH Ha jieneHHe, Kt^ero My ce npaBirr 11 onepairHH. H3JiH3a CTaTHaTa "TeaipajiHoro H3KycTBo", KaKTO h npeBO/rHTe My Ha "XaMjier" h "IloeTHHecKOTO H3KycTBo" Ha Boajio. BjlH3a B Kptra Ha HeMCKHTe eKcnpecHOHHCTH h CbTpy^HHHH Ha TaxHOTO cnHcamie "Der Sturm". 1919 Bptnja ce b Btjirapna, Kt^eTO OTHOBO BJIH3a B ÖOJIHHHa. 1919, K)HH O^ceHBa ce 3a Mnna KepaHOBa. 3anoHBa ,na H3,naBa ntpBOTO eKcnpecHOHHCTHHHO cnHcaHHe b Etnrapna "Besmi". 60 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 1920 H3JIH3aT KHHTHTe My ")KeCTOKHaT nptCTeH" H "EKCnpeCHOHHCTHHHO KajieH^apne 3a 1921". IlocTaBa b Hapo^HHa Teartp nnecara Ha A. CTpHHoepr "MtpTBeuiKH Tamr". Pa^c^a ce ^tmepa My Jle^a MnjieBa. 1921 B EHÖJiHOTeica "Be3HH" nyöJiHKyßa Haií-rojieMHTe KjiacHnecKH h MO^epHH eBponeiiCKH nHcarejiH. 1922 H3tZiaBa TpH KHHTH - "AHTOJIOrHa Ha jKbjTrara po3a", "IlaHaxH^a 3a noeTa II K. ÜBOpOß" H "HKOHHTe cnirr". 1923 riocTaBa nnecara "Maca-HOBeK" HaEpHCTTojiep. 1924 3anoHBa js,a H3^;aBa BTopoTO ch cnncaHHe "rijiaMtK", Kt^eTO nyöJiHKyßa híikdjiko CBOH TBopÖH, cpe/i KOHTO h noeMara "CenTeMBpH". 1925, jmyapn ľeo MnjieB e apeciyßaH h ct^eH 3apa^H noeMara "CenTeMBpH". H3^;aBa "AHTOJiorna Ha ötJirapcKara noe3Ha". 1925, 14 Mao Ocb^eH e Ha e/pia ro^HHa 3arBop h 20 000 jib. rjioöa. Ha cjie^Bannui ,a;eH e OTBe^eH OT ^OMa ch or arenra Ha raimaTa nojiHHHa h noBene He 3aBpT>ma. 1954 B o6m rpo6 Kpaií HjiHaHUH e OTKpHTO H3KyCTBeHOTO My OKO, KOeTO npe^nojiara, ne TaM e 6hji 3apoBeH cnejs, Karo e yÖHT. ľeoMujiee 61 Teo MHjieB 3aeMa e^HO ot BQzjemHTe MecTa b HCTopnirra Ha oijjirapcKaTa jíHTepaTypa. B nepno^a cjiefl iTbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÖHa toh e Bepoírrao Han-fleÖHaTa, HaH-KOMeHTnpaHara h HaH-TajiaHTjiHBara c|)Hrypa Ha ö^jirapcKHa MOflepHHS^m. H3KjiK)HHTejiHO CBoeBOJieH h 6e3KOMnpoMHceH KaTO Harypa, c Bapa b coöcTBeHHTe TBopnecKH CHjiH h b CBQSTa KyjiTypHa MHCHH, Teo MnjieB HMa caMO e^hh npe,o,iiiecTBeHHK, c Kororo mohkq ^a ce ynQzjoÖH - ITeHHO CjiaBeOKOB. B HaicaicbB CMHCbJi Teo MnjieB 6h Morbji ^a ce onpeflejiH KaTO öap^a Ha TpeTOTO noKOJieHHe MOflepHHCTH b ö^jirapcKara jiHTeparypa, cjiefl TOBa Ha TBopuHTe or Kpua "Mncbji" h Ha chmbojihcthtc 3a pa3JiHKa or CBonre npeflxoflHHijH oöane, MOflepHHCTHTe cjiefl iTbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÖHa ce HaMnpar b HanijjiHO npoMeHeHa oömecTBeHa h TBopnecica cpe^a. Haö-jiecHO th MO)Ke fla ce OHarjieflH CbC cjiojkhhtc nepnneTHn, npe3 kohto npeMHHaBaT CHMBojiHCTHTe no CbiijOTO TOBa BpeMe. Ho cjrynaaT Teo Mhjicb H3JiH3a ot paMKHTe Ha ejieivieHTapHOTO bk^eHcrBne Ha oöeicrHBHHTe oöcTOirrejiCTBa b^pxy cyöeKTHBHHTe KanecTBa Ha TajiaHTa. Ilpn Hero craBa ,zryMa 3a yHHKanHO .zryxoBHO HBjíeHHe. EflHH norjiefl b^pxy nepiio/ja Ha (|)OpiviiipaHe Ha Teo Mhjicb noTB'bp>k1zi,aBa, ne CTaBa .zryvia hmchho 3a TaKi>b cjrynan. He3aBHCHMO or TOBa, ne ce pa^a b MajiKO h OT^ajieneHO ot crojiHuaTa cejiue - PaflHeBO - Teoprn KacaöoB (no-k-bCHO 3anoHBa %a ce no^nHCBa, CbKpamaBaílKH JIHHHOTO ch emc Ha TeO h 3aMCHÍIHKH (jtöMHJIHOTO C ÖaillHHOTO Mhjicb) ome ot MajrbK HMa np^k flocer c KHHraTa h CbC CBeTa Ha H3KycTBoro KaTO híijio. OrpoMHa pojia b TOBa OTHOineHne nrpae HeroBHaT 6ama - Mnjibo KacaöoB, kohto e coöctbchhk Ha khh^KapHHija b 6jih3khh ^o cejioro rpafl Grapa 3aropa. C Hea toh He caMO H3xpaHBa CBOHTa (J)aMHjiHH, ho h npeBp-bma flOMa ch b CBoe6pa3HO icyjiTypHO cpe^nme, k-bfleTO ch ^aBaT cpema nncaTejin, xyflO^KHHijH h flpyrn xopa Ha H3KycTBOTO b rpa^a. B KHH^KapHHijaTa ce nojrynaBar noHTH bchhkh H3flaHHH ot 6b>jirapcKHíi nepnoflHHeH nenaT, kohto b CJieflBOeHHHTe rQZJHHH h3)KHBÍIBa HCTHHCKH peHCCaHC. IlO T03H HaHHH MajIKHHT reo MnjieB ome ot ,a,eTCTBOTO ch npH^oÖHBa a(J)HHHTeT wbm .zryxoBHara ^eííHOCT h cbOTBeTHO wbM KHHraTa KaTO HeHH MaTepnajieH eKBHBajieHT. Too He caMO H3HHTa noHTH bchhkh no,zrxoA5imH 3a Bb>3pacTTa My KHHrH, ho h caM npaBH onHTH fla nnuie noe3HH h ^a pncyBa. Ome Ha 1 l-ro^HiiiHa Bb.3pacT Teo H3npama CBOH pHcyHKH b flCTCKHH BecTHHK "CjiaBeiŕqe", KijfleTO Te ce OTnenaTBaT b pyöpHKara "KaK ce pncyBa". Pa36npa ce, b cjrynaa CTaBa .zryvia noBene 3a actckh eHTycnasijM h HanBHTeT, ho no CbBceM pa3JiHHeH HannH 6n TpaÖBajio ^a ce pa3rjie>KflaT pT>KonHCHHTe öpoeße Ha cnncaHne "H3icycTBo", kohto lOHomara nMLue h pa3npocrpaHaBa oř 1909 r pp 1914 r, t e. Koraio e Ha Bbspacr Me>k/iy 14 n 19 r 62 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) B TOBa cnncaHne, h3i;hjio Cb3fl,aBaHO ot Teo MnjieB, Bene MO)Ke fla ce oneHn He caMO npe>Kfl,eBpeMeHHaTa 3pajiocT Ha Mjiafl,e:>Ka, ho h hskjuohhtcjihhht TanaHT, kohto toh npoHBHBa Karo xyflo:>KHHK, npeBOflan h noeT. to3h momcht b G^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa roiMa flpyr TBopeii, kohto fla npnTeiacaBa TOJiKOBa KOMnjieKceH h npoGjieivieH nomefl, k^m H3KycTBaTa. HeKa TyK KdoaaoM, ne Teo Mhjicb e npoHBHBaji hmchho npe3 to3h nepnofl H3KjiK)HHTejieH HHTepec k^m Tearbpa h no-KbCHO me CTaHe nocraHOBHHK h pe>KHCbop Ha hhkojiko nnecn, nocTaBeHH flopn b HapoflHHa Tearbp b Co(J)hh. OrpoMHO 3HaneHHe 3a pa36npaHe Ha HeroBaTa TBopnecKa h npeBOflHa flenHOcr nrpae h ^ektbt, ne Teo Mhjicb Bjiafl.ee H3KJiK)HHTejiHO floGpe ochobhht6 eBponencKn e3nnn: aHrjIHHCKH, (J)peHCKH, HeMCKH, HTajIHaHCKH H pyCKH. ITpe3 1912 r. cefleMHafleceT-roflHiiiHHHT Teo MnjieB 3aMHHaBa fla ynn JiHTepaTypa b Jlannnnr, k^acto ocTaBa flo HaHanoTO Ha 1916 r. Hmchho npe3 to3h nepnofl ce 0(J)opMH HeroBaTa ecTeTHnecKa h noeTHnecica (J)imiOHOiviiiH TyK toh nocemaBa jieKnnn He caMO no KjiacnnecKa n CbBpeMeHHa JiHTepaTypa, ho h no TeaTpajiHO H3KycTBO, 4)hjioco(J)hh h ncnxojiornH. 3a fla ce pa36epe Han-floGpe HBjieHneTO Teo MnjieB, TpaGBa A,a ce HMa npeflBHfl KOiiKpemuama jiumepamypua cumyauim e Vep\iauwi npe3 T03H nepnofl. B HanajiOTO Ha btopoto fleceTHjieTne Ha 20 bck cpefl apTHCTHHHHH aBaHrapfl b TepMaHna flOMHHHpa eflHO npOBOKaTHBHO ecTeTHnecKO flBn^KeHne, HapeneHO fx '--Arm*,. THTyjiHa CTpaHHija Ha pbkoiihchhsi BecTHHK "H3KycTBo" Ha Teo Mhjicb ekcnpecHOHH3i>m . Hhto cpefl ToraBaiimnTe, hhto cpefl flHeniHHTe H3CJieflOBaTejin Ha MOfl,epHH3Ma He CbinecrByBa hcho pa36npaHe 3a npHHunnnre, cnopefl kohto 6n Morao tohho h hcho fla ce fl,e(J)HHHpa CbmHOcrra Ha flBH^KeHneTO. J\o rojiflMa CTeneH TOBa ce fl'bjDKn n Ha xapaKrepa Ha npoH3Befl,eHHHTa Ha caMHTe eKcnpecnoHHCTn, kohto TB^pfle cbocbojiho h o6mo T^jiKyBaT (J)peHCKHH TepMHH expression (n3pa3), flaji HanMeHOBaHneTO Ha MOflepHHCTHHHOTO flBH>KeHHe. B T03H o6m xop Ha HeonpeflejieHOCT ce BnncBa feoMujiee 63 h caMHHT Teo Mhjicb, kohto b e^Ha ot cbohtc nporpaMHH CTaran 3a G-bJirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa "Hedemo" (1920) nHiue: "Bchko H3KycTBO e eKcnpecHOHH3'bM; TBopnecKn H3pa3, H3pa3 Ha 6or A3". He3aBHCHMO ot TeopeTHHecKara ch HeonpczjejieHOcr, eKcnpe CHOHH3MrbT HMa xapaKTepeH oGjihk b H3o6pa3HTejiHOTO H3KycTBO h jiHTepaTypara. To3h oGjihk ce .zrbjDKn npcun BCHHKO Ha OCHOBHHTe HflCH, KOHTO H3nOBfl,ZTBaT CKCnpeCHOHHCTHTe: 1. ByHT cnpaMO CbinecTByBamnTe 6yp>Koa3HH uchhocth, ^o CTeneH Ha thxhoto aHapxncTHHHO orpHHaHe; 2. OTpHnaHe Ha BOHHaTa KaTO cpeflCTBO 3a pa3pemaBaHe Ha Me>Kflyzi,'bp>KaBHHTe koh(J)jihkth, ho b CbmoTO BpeMe nponoBHflBaHeTO Ha peBOJiiouHOHHa npOMHHa Ha oGmecTBOTO, kohto jy& flOBefle %o "bchch Mnp" cpefl HapoflHTe; 3. Mo/;epHH3aiiHJiTa KaTO npnnHHa 3a HpaBCTBeHaTa h .zryxoBHa /jerpa/jauHH Ha hobchcctboto; 4. TojieMHiiT KanHTajiHCTHnecKH rpa/; c HeroBHTe connajiHH KOHTpaCTH h flpaMaTHHHH cGjTbCbUH pa3pyiIiaBaT Hafi-HHCTHTe HyBCTBa b HOBeKa; 5. ilceH h 6e3KOMnpoMHceH aHTiiHamiOHajiinfcivi, 3amoTO "njioflOBeTe Ha ,zryxa naMar pquHHa"; 6. JlaHcnpaHe Ha npiiiviiiTiiBa, ck30thhhoto h BapeapCKOTO Kara e^HHCTBeHa ajiTepHarHBa Ha CbBpeMeHHaTa nnBnjrH3anHfl. (Te3H tohkh b'bsnpoHSBe^Kflar ochobhhtc Te3H Ha ^hmht^p ABpaMOB ot crarHflTa My "Eynm-bm na eKcnpecuoHU3Ma" b KHHrara "J^ucmoz Meotcdy dee u3Kycmed"). EKcnpecHOHHCTHTe nponoBHflBaT e^Ha floGpe no3HaTa ot (J)peHCKHH CHMBOJiH3'bM h jiHpHKaTa Ha Ulapji Bofljiep h ApTiop PcmGo ecTeTHKa Ha rpo3HOTO, npoBOKaTHBeH e3HK, HeTpaflHiiHOHHa (J)pa3a h cthx. EflHHCTBeHaTa hm ueji e fla pasHyrorr TBopnecKHH inaojiOH, jx& HapymaT ojiaronpnjiHHneTO b H3KycTBOTO h jx& npeflH3BHKaT OTflejiHHH HHflHBHfl KbM npeoTKpHBaHe Ha AyxoBHHTe My 3ajiO)K6H. B TepMaHHH Teo Mhjicb nona^a b cpeflara Ha TBopnnTe eKcnpecnoHHCTH - xyflO>KHHi;h h noeTH KaTO H. Eexep, Op. Bep(J)eji, E. Tojiep h ^p. Akthbho nniiie b HaH-aBTopHTeTHoro thxho cnncaHHe "Der Sturm", nocemaBa h3jio:>k6h, neTe CKa3KH, npeBe>Kfla jinpnKa h flpaMaryprnfl, TBopn opnrHHajiHa noe3HH. Iloflfl'bpjKa TBopnecKH h npnaTejiCKH B3aHMOOTHomeHHH c rjiaBHna pczjaicrop Ha "Der Sturm" XepBapr BajujeH, kohto, cjiefl saBp^inaHeTO Ha G^jirapcKHH noeT b B^jirapna, My npczjocraBa npaBOTO %a G^e HeroB npe,o,CTaBHTeji. Hmchho b to3h nepnofl Teo Mhjicb e njieHeH ot jrapHKara Ha hcmckhh mo^epHHCT Pnxapfl JJ.eMeji - no TOBa BpeMe e^hh ot HaH-n3BecTHHTe h 64 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) nonyjrapHH eBponencKH noeTH. B Jlannnnr Teo MnjieB nnine flOicropcKa flHcepTai;HH Ha TeMa "JIupuKama na Puxapd J^eMen c ozned na noeama noe3un"\ wbRQTO 3a n^pBH n^T 3a,zrbJi6oHeHO pa3CK>K,zi,aBa Bb.pxy eereTHHecKHTe npnHnnnn Ha noe3Hjrra icaro uhjio. ITpe3 Cbmara 1915 r. 6b>jirapcKH5iT noeT e A^jiGoko pa30HapoBaH ot rpa>KflaHCKaTa no3nnnfl Ha cboh jiHTepaTypeH h^oji, kohto ce 3anncBa KaTO floGpoBOJiei; b^b BOHHara Meoiyry TepMaHHH h pam;H5L 3a hhkojiko Mecena 3aMHHaBa 3a JIoh^oh, k^cto no TOBa BpeMe rojieMHHT GejirnncKH noeT Emhji BepxapH e HaMepnji y6e:>KHme ot njiaMHajina kohthhcht TaxHara cpema CTaBa noBQo, 3a 3anonBaHeTO Ha KopecnoH,o,eHnHfl n fl,py>K6a MeoKfly ^BaiviaTa. B cbohtc nncivia Teo Mhjicb ce o6pb>ma KbM GejirnncKna noeT c yBa>KHTejiHOTO "CKbnn Ynwreino". 1917-Ta ce OKa3Ba H3KjnoHHTejiHO flpaMaraHHa ro^HHa He caMO 3a EBpona, ho n 3a caivina Teo MnjieB. Mo6njiH3npaH n H3npaTeH Ha (J)poHTa Ha 29 anpnji, noerbT e tokko paHeH Kpan ^onpaH (zjHec b PenyGjinKa MaKe,a,OHHfl) - 3ary6Ba nacr ot nepena, a Cbmo Taxa n ahchoto ch oko. Ot to3h momcht ^o Kpaa Ha >KHBOTa en toh hoch crbKJieHO oko, kocto npnKpnBa CbC cnycHaT npefl Hero nepneivi Koca. Cjiefl npofl'bJi^KHTejiHO n tc>kko Bb.3CTaHOBflBaHe, npe3 1919 r Teo MnjieB OKOHHarejiHO ce 3aBpb>ma b B-bjirapna n 3anonBa TpecxaBa jinTepaTypHa flenHOCT. B nepno^a 1919 - 1922 r H3,zjaBa cnncaHne "Be3HH", kocto e nbpeumn opzan na eKcnpecuoHU3Ma e Eiyjizapun. B Hero noerbT nenara peflnna TeopeTHnecKH CTarnn KaTO "OpazMenmbrrf (1919), "Hedemd" (1920), "Podno U3Kycmed" (1920) n ^p., kohto ce npeBp^mar b nporpaMHH CTy^nn Ha 6bjirapcKHH eKcnpecnoHH3'bM. B TaxTeo MnjieB n3Jiara no CTaHOBKHTe, kohto e ycBonji or hcmckhtc eKcnpe chohhcth othocho GbmHOCTra Ha H3KycTBOTO, 3HaneHHeTO Ha e3HKa n cnennc|)HKaTa Ha HannoHajiHOTO nyBCTBO, kohto H3Jio>KHXMe no-rope. OcoGeH HHTepec cpefl jinTeparypHHTe cpe^n npe,o,H3BHKBa CTaTHHTa '^pazMenrntm", b kohto aBTopi/r roBe^a (J)parMeHTai;HHTa KaTO ocHOBeH npnHnnn Ha MO^epHOTO H3KycTBo: "^Hec najiOTO H3KycTBO e 4)panvieHTapHO. CTHjrbT poBe^Kpa ro c|)parMeHT. ... JIornKaTa e aHajin3. H3KycTBOTO e CHHTe3; 4)parMeHT." ITpe3 to3h nepnofl Teo MnjieB H3flaBa cbohtc KHnrn "^Kcctokhjit nptCTeH. ITbpBa KHnra crnxoBe" (1920), "EKcnpecHOHHCTHHHO KajieH/japne 3a 1921" (1920) n "Hkohhtc ciijit" (1922). En Morao m ce ksokq, ne Te floGpe njnocTpnpaT TeopeTHHecKnre no CTaHOBKn Ha aBTopa, 3amnTaBaHn b HeroBHTe CTarnn. ToBa ocoGeHO Ba>Kn 3a "EKcnpechohhcthhho KajieHflapne 3a 1921", hhhto TeKCTOBe ca onpeflejieHn ot caivina aBTop KaTO "flBaHanceT connajmn noeMn". ITpn cbocto nb.pBO H3flaHne KHnraTa e Gnjia 0(J)opMeHa ľeoMujiee 65 fleHCTBHTejiHO KaTO KajieHflap c Harare Ha bcckh Meceij, pncyHKa Ha 30flHaKajiHHH 3HaK h CbOTBeTHara noeivia, Hocema KaTO 3amaBHe hmcto Ha Mecéna - "flnyapu", "Oeepyapu", "Mapm" h t.h. ro flBaHafleceTHH Mecén "/JeKejwepu". IloeMHTe HancmoÖHBar BofljiepoBHTe "cthxotbopchhh b npo3a", ho ecTecTBeHO hocht no pa3JiHHeH ,zryx h Cb.zrfcp^KaHHe ot tckctobctc Ha cj)peHCKHa CHMBOJiHCT. ToBa, KoeTO oöeflHHHBa Ha np^b nomezi, pa3HopoflHHTe noeMH Ha Teo Mhjicb, e xapaierepHaTa TeMa b TBopnecTBOTO Ha eKcnpecHOHHCTHTe - TeMara 3a couHajiHHíi 6y ht. IloeTbT flo rojMMa CTeneH BH3Hpa HCTHHCKHTe yjIHHHH öopön, kohto H3ÔyxBaT npe3 1918 r. b BepjiHH, ho HHMa %a OTKpneM b TeKCTOBeTe KOHicpeTHa HHflHKaiJHH 3a TOBa. B "EKcnpecuoHUcmuHHO Kcuiendapye sa 192 ľ' ôyHTbT Mivia hcho H3pa3eHH npHHHHH'. "O CTpameH peB Ha rjia^a h npaBeflHHH rroiB!" ("IOjiu"), ho 3a Teo Mhjicb toh e hcoöxozthm npezrn bchhko, 3a m ro npeB-bpHe b MeTa(J)opa Ha npnHUHnHOTO oömecTBeHO OTpHnaHe. EyHTi>t cnopefl Teo Mhjicb, Taxa Kaicro h 3a HeMCKHTe eKcnpecnoHHCTH, e ecTecTBeHa peaKijna Ha CBOÖOflHHH HOBeK (TaKa KaKTO ro H3nHCBaT Te - c maBHa ôyicBa) b HHflyCTpHajIHOTO OÖmeCTBO, b KoeTO BjiacTBaT HecnpaBefljiHBHTe 3aKOHH Ha Kannrajia. TyK He CTaBa flyMa 3a HíncaicBH kohkpcthh connajiHH nocjiaHHH c HfleojiorHHecKH H3MepeHHH, KaKBHTO ijejieHacoHeHO TbpcsT no CbmoTO BpeMe HanpnMep npojie-TapcKHTe noem, a 3a acHa aHTHH,a,eojiorH3HpaHa nosníma. B to3h cmhckji TBopercbT eKcnpecHOHHCT He oöemaßa ocbmecTBHBaHeTO Ha HíncaicbB "CaMOTeH KOJieHHHHji Ha jie^a - a3 rjie^aM xyzj. Teo Mhjicb (1914) 66 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cnpaBCzrjiHB oGmecTBeH pefl, 3amoTO 3Hae, ne toh e npnHnnnHO HeBb.3Mo:>KeH, a KonHee 3a cG^BaHeTO Ha MenTara, 3a peajiH3HpaHeTO Ha yronnflTa. 3a Hero GyHTbT ce H3pa3HBa b KonHe:>Ka no .zryxoBHara ocBoGofleHOCT. Eto KaK b to3h pyx CBbpniBa "Oeepyapu": O zmeua necen ua nepuume ptue! Omiatioveme jiasypmm xp-hz ua Kptzosopa. Btpneme mi ueoemo. Heoemo! Heoemo! Heoemo! Hpes to3h cboh mothb h npe3 peflnna ome flpyrn "EKcnpecuoHiicmuHHO Kajiendapue 3a 192F MHoro ce flo6jin>KaBa po Hflenre, 3ajiO)KeHH b noeMara "CenmeMepii" - Han-BncoKna noeTnnecKn Bp^x Ha G^jirapcKna eKcnpe cnoHH3rbM. B HanajiOTO Ha 1924 r Teo MnjieB 3anoHBa H3flaBaHeTO Ha hobo jiHTeparypHO cnncaHne - "ILjiaMi»K". OGiyecTBeHO-nojinTHHecKara cnTyannfl b B^jirapna oGane ^paMarnHHO ce e npoMeHnjia. BjiacTTa n nojinTHKara arpecHBHO HaBjin3aT BbB bchhkh c(J)epn Ha hobciiikhh >khbot - b TOBa hhcjio h b jiHTeparypara. B^Be^eHa e neroypa n CTporn Haica3aHHfl 3a bchhkh, kohto h HapymaBar - (j)aKT, c kohto no HHKaKbB HannH He 6n Monia p& ce npnivrapn GyHTOBHaTa Harypa Ha Teo MnjieB. B cbocto cnncaHne toh nocTOHHHO nyGjiHKyBa CTaran, kohto npefl,H3BHKBar BjiacTTa KaTO " 0auiu3M'bm", "IlapadoKCu", "IIojiuifeiicKa KpumuKa" n ^p. Ho n nojinijHflTa He ctoh CbC CKp^CTeHH pb.ne - KHH)KKa mecTa Ha "njiaMtK" e KOHCJ)ncKyBaHa, a caMHOT reo MnjieB e apecTyBaH 3apafln CBOHTa noeivia "Cenmejwepu", nyojinKyBaHa b cneflBamaTa 7-8 KHH)KKa. Eb>p3HflT nponec 3aBb>piiiBa c flpacTHHHa npncb^a: e^Ha roflHHa CTpor rbMHHneH 3arBop, 20 000 jieBa rjioGa n ^Be ro^nHn jinmaBaHe or rpa^aHCKH npaBa. rioerbT oGane HflMa pa MO)Ke pa rorbpnn CBoeTO HaKa3aHne. HeKa cera oGane pa36epeM c KaKBO HeroBaTa noeivia npe,o,H3BHKBa Bjiacrra b B^jirapna no OHOBa Bpeivie. IIoeMaTa "CenTeMBpn" noji3Ba 3a cboh CKxaceT ncTopnHecKnre CbGnrafl or CenreMBpnHCKOTO b^craHne, H36yxHajio npe3 eceHTa Ha 1923 r b rojraivia nacT or B^jirapna. Kaicro 3HaeM Bene ot ncTopnaTa, GyHTbT cpeury nojinTHKara Ha npeBparafl>KHHTe ot 9 iohh CbmaTa ro^HHa e CMa3aH c 6e3MnjiocTHa >KecTOKOCT. Ctothuh Objirapn ca h36hth ot nojinnnaTa n BoncKara, KaTO ochobhhht apryvieHT Ha Bjiacrra e, ne no-T03n HannH e npe,o,OTBpareH flb.p^KaBeH npeBpar Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara napraa. Teo MnjieB KaTO HHTejieKTyajien, 3a ľeoMujiee 67 KoroTO jiHHHaTa CBOÖOfla ctoh Haö-bhcoko b öepapxHHTa Ha hchhocthtc, a óyHTisT e ecTecTBeHa peaiojHíi Ha cboöoahhh hobck, 3acTaBa Ha crpaHaTa Ha b^CTaHHiiHTe. 3a Hero b^craHHeTO e flOKa3aTejiCTBO, ne npojieTapHarbT h bchhkh MaprHHajIH3HpaHH KJiaCH b BljJirapHH HMaT CBOeTO mhcto nofl CjrbHIjeTO b ôyKBajieH h b MeTacj)opHHeH CMHCbJi Ha flyviaTa. B "EKcnpecuoHUcmuHHO Kajiendapne 3a 192ľ too Bene e Hanncaji: "Eto nepBeHHa iiiht Ha cjrbHueTO b HauíHTe nepHH p^ue. Hhh ro H3flHraMe CMejio - Hanpco, - lebM 6op6a. CjrbHijeTO." Ho axo ToraBa Teo Mhjicb BH3npa hcmckhtc cnapTaicHCTH, to cjiefl CenTeMBpn 1923 r toh HMa pa3JiHHeH noBQo, 3a b,zrbXHOBeHHe. EyHTi>t, peBOjnouHirra, pasT-bpBaHeTO Ha 6yp:>Koa3HH5i pefl ce cjryHBar npco, HeroBHH norjiefl b HeroBaTa po^HHa, hsb^pineHH ca ot HeroBHH Hapofl. KaTO eKcnpecHOHHCT, kohto H3nHTBa HHTejiCKTyajiHa h #bji6oKOOCMHCJieHa HeHaBHCT KbM ecHa(J)CKOTO caMOflOBOJiCTBO Ha öyp^Koara h b Comoro Bpeivie CbnyBCTBHe KbM MaprHHajiH3HpaHHTe KJiacH, toh pemaBa npe3 "ecTeTHKara Ha hctcphhhhh KpacbK" fla CbTBopn Han-o^jirapcKaTa eKcnpecHOHHCTHHHa noeivia. B-bB (J)opMajieH acneKT "CenTeMBpn" roiMa ckbh-Ba jicht b oijjirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa. to3h MOMeHT caMHHT reo Mhjicb, He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, ne necTO H3noji3Ba b CBOírra nOe3HH CBOÖOflHHH cthx, BHHarH ro ynoTpeÖHBa b paMKHTe Ha aKafleMHHHO no3BOJieHOTO, t. e. 6e3 ^a nocara KbM flomjjiHHTejiHH (J)opMajiHH cpeflCTBa, 3a %a "pa3icbca" CTHxa. Toh MHoro floöpe no3HaBa tb opnecTB o-TO h pa3ÖHpaHHHTa Ha rojieMHTe eBponeöcKH cfjyTy-pncTH KaTO HTajinaHeija c&Hjrano MapHHeTH h pycHaKa Bjia^HMnp Maa-kobckh, kohto HMCHHO b oojiacrra Ha c|)opMaTa nOCTHraT peBOJIIOLIHOHHa npoMHHa b ecTeTHKara Ha jinpHKaTa. B cbocto cnncaHne "TIjiajwbK^ Teo Mhjicb MHoroKpaTHO npeBe>Kfla h npczjcraBíi Ha objírapcKHíi HHTareji jinpHKaTa Ha 68 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) MaaKOBCKH b h6hhh3 peBOjnonnoHHO-njiaMeHeH acneKT. H eTO ne b "Cenmejwepu" cnenncJMHHnaT 3apafl Ha Ta3H noe3na - jianHflapHHHT cthx, tb^p^e necTO H3pa3HBam ee caMO e no e^Ha AyMa, n yHHKajiHHHT cnHTaKcne HaMnpar b^mo^khoct 3a a^eKBaTHO npnjio^KeHHe. Teo MnjieB ycraiBa %a nocTHme npe3 aKTHBHara hm ynoTpeGa e^Ha Heno3HaTa ^o to3h momcht b (SbJirapcKara noe3na ^HHaMnKa Ha cjioboto h Mncbjrra, npe3 kohto TpaGBa %a Ce H3pa3H 3HaHHMOCTTa H ,0,paMaTH3M'bT Ha CJiyHBamOTO CC HpeS H3KJIK)HHTejIHO flHHaMHHHHH h pa3CHHam pnrbM Ha nocTOHHHO HaxjiyBamn b xyflO>KecTBeHaTa KapTHHa H36pOHBaHHH, H306pa3HBaHHTe CbGnTHH Cb3flaBaT H3KJIK)HHTejIHO ycemane 3a MamaGHOcr: MecTOHaxojK/jeHHJi ("n3 KajiHn najiaHKn / cena / rpaflOBe / ^BopoBe / h3 xh:>kh h kojihGh / h3 (j)a6pnKn, CKJiaflOBe, rapn / xaiviGapn / HH(j)JIHi;H / BOfleHHUH / pa60THJIHHL(H / KD3HHH / 3aBOflH:"), npllpO/JHH ejieMeHTH ("no cnnen, ypBH nyKapn, &bp,o,a / npe3 cnor / n pnfl / npe3 rjiyxn yCOH ..." H T.H.), BtCTaHHIIHTe ("H3nOICbCaHH / KajIHH / rjiaflHH / HaBTaCeHH / HSM^pmaBejin otTpyo, ..." n t.h.) h TexHHTe optJKHJi ("c npb>th / c Konpann / c T^pHOKonn / c bhjih / c Gpa^Bn / c Tonopn / c koch ..." n t.h.). B to3h CMncbJi noeTHKaTa Ha Teo MnjieB cj)yHKnHOHHpa no Han^jiHO pasjinneH HannH or Ta3n Ha chmbojihcthtc. Ton nocrara e(j)eKTa Ha rpaHfl,no3HOCT He KaTO Tp-brBa ot oGmoro, 3a m ocTaHe caMO b HeroBaTa cc|)epa, a HanpornB - noica3Ba HacTHoro, yHHKajiHoro, Henoflpa>KaeMOTO b HeroBaTa H3KJiK)HHTejiHOCT. Taxa kojikoto noBene HapacTBaT onpeflejieHHHTa, Ha30BaBaHHHTa n xapaicrepHCTHKHTe, TOJiKOBa noBene ee yBejinnaBa ncnxojiornHecKOTO Bb3flencTBne B'bpxy HHTarejia. He tb^p^hm, ne KOJinnecTBOTO ee TpaHC(j)opMHpa b KanecTBO, kocto e npnHnnnHO HeBb>3Mo:>KHO b jinpnKara, a ne H36poaBaHHHTa, or e^Ha CTpaHa, reHepnpaT eMonnoHajieH 3apafl, a ot flpyra - cmhckji. EyHT-bT Bene He e oGhkhobch nojinTHnecKn n oGmecTBeH aicr, a ee xnnep6ojiH3npa, H3Jin3a ot paMKHTe Ha HCTopnaTa n ee TpaHC(j)opMHpa b rjioGajieH >KecT icbM >KHBOTa n Ghthcto H3o6mo. Heica BHflHM KaK caMHHT Teo MnjieB pa36npa noejiaHneTO Ha CBOHTa noeivia. B e^HO "Omeopeno tiucmo do z. Eopuc Ba3oe"\ GpaTa Ha HapoflHna noeT HBaH Ba30B, kohto no TOBa BpeMe e npeflceflaTeji Ha HapoflHOTO CbGpaHne Ha B^jirapna, nyojiHKyBaHO caMO flBa Mecena n nojiOBHHa npe^n CM^piTa Ha noeTa, neTeivi: "TyK CMe Ha Kp'bCTon'Kra Ha noe3na n ... nojinTHKa - n a3 3Haa KaKBO me mh Bb>3pa3HTe: ne 33^3, (ie. 3aKOHa 3a 3amnTa Ha ,zrbp:>KaBaTa, no hhhto Kjiay3n reo MnjieB e apecTyBaH n Cb^eH) He orpaHnnaBa CBoGoflara Ha MncbJiTa; Taxa ctoh HanneaHO ouje b KOHCTHTynnaTa, ^a. Ho npniviep'bT e npeeeH: a3 6ax apecTyBaH 3apafln e^Ha moh noeivia, b kohto CMHTaM, ne CbM cjio>KHji e^Ha HeMajiKa mhckji: otxb'bpjMHe Ha bchhko, kocto tc>kh B'bpxy HOBeKa ľeoMujiee 69 Karo HHKaKBa KbpBaBa cnynaHHoer (cbflöa), Ha HíiKaKBH Hen3Becthh tbmhh cthxhh, CböpaHH b ezjHa cjiana (Jmkuhíi, HapeneHa 6or. A3 CbM c e noivľbHHji r& H3Jiea b MOHTa noeMa yacaca Ha HOBeica npeo, CbÖHTne KaTO TOBa, KoeTO CbM ch H3Öpaji 3a TeMa, h Bíipara My b^b bt>3mo>khocna 3a e^ho no-^pyro objeme." ripe3 npH3MaTa Ha TOBa pa36npaHe Ha Teo Mhjicb 3a "CenTeMBpn" h Ha HeroBara TparHHHa Cbflöa, npoBOKnpaHa ot flpyr THn nponnr, mojkcm p,a OTRpneM xyflo>KecTBeHaTa CHjia Ha TBopöaTa. "TaHUHBama <])Hrypa", xyzj. Ieo Mhjicb (1919) B "CenmeMepu" Teo Mhjicb Brpa^a ocHOBHaTa 3a eKcnpechohhcthtc TeMa 3a otkphbhhcto Ha H3ry6eHaTa HOBemica cliuhoct. Cb.BceM He cjiynaííHO, ToraBa Koraro toh nnuie .zryMHTe Hobck, Hapofl, Bjiacr, „ZLb.piacaBa, C^flöa, KpacoTa, H3KycTBO oöhkhobcho th H3nncBa c rojieMH óyKBH. 3a Hero Te3H noHHTHH HMaT no pa3JiHHHO 3HaneHHe ot TOBa, KoeTO oöhkhobcho ce e Bjiarajio b tax. Cnopezj Teo Mhjicb meopnecmeomo uspasMea dyxoenomo eejiuuue na uoeexa, "bchhhtc uchhocth" h HeroBoro peajiHO öescM^pTne. B CBOHTa CTaTHH "POflHOTO H3KyCTBO" TOH nHHie: "... CbBpeMCHHOTO H3KyCTBO flHpn h HaMHpa H3Bopa Ha cbohtc chjih b /jyxoBHaTa ntpBOCbiuHHa Ha HOBeKa; HOBeKa, OTjľbHeH ot CBOHTe BemecTBeHH npeo6pa>KeHHH, npeoneHKH h npHflOÖHBKH, OCBOÖOflCH ot BCHHKO OHOBa, KOCK) HapHHaMC flHCC BemeCTBCHa KyjiTypa, nHBHjiH3an,na." B to3h acneicr b^npocHHTe noHHTHH 3a Teo Mhjicb npHflOÖHBaT nbpBOCbfflHHCKH CMHCbJi, b kohto ca 3ajIO>KeHH aÖCTpaKTHH hsb'bHBpeMeBH h hsb^HKyjiTypHH npezjeraBH. 3a fla ce pa3Öepar Te TpaÖBa ^a 70 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ce pasmoKflaT npe3 (jtyHKUHirra Ha "Mhpobhh flyx", t. e. Ha .zryxoBHOTO b HeroBHH aöcojiiOTeH acneKT. Tbophüctboto Taxa TpaHC(J)opMHpa fleHCTBHTejiHOCTTa, ne a npeBp^ma b cboh eKBHBajieHT, ho .zryxoBeH - MHoro no-H3BHceH h ctohhoctüh. Taxa ^oeeKtm ycroiBa %a nozrHHHH CBeTa h ^a npeöopn Ctdôama. ľlo to3h HanHH HoBeKbT npH^oÖHBa CBOHTa CBOOo^a. riopaflH Ta3H npHHHHa cbBceM ecTecTBeHO nocjieflHaTa ^BaHafleceTa nacT Ha "CenmeMepu" npnflOÖHBa HeonaKBaH 3aBOÖ b CKmeTHara jihhhh. /JoryK b eflHHafleceTTe nacrn Ha noeMara eflHHHO b xpoHoronHO OTHOineHHe ce npocjieflHBa pa3Boa Ha BTacraHHeTO - ot HbpBHTe cOJľbCbijH flo TparHHHHH My Kpaö. IlocjieflHaTa rjiaßa oöane OTBeflH^^k He npocro b^Be^a HOBa TeMa, npe3 nnraTa ot nbpBHíi cthx Ha "Hjiundď-TdL Ha Omhp: "My30, Binnen ohh naryöeH thhb Ha AxHjia..." Teo Mhjicb TyK (J)aKTHHecKH H3rpa>Kfla oh3h kqzi,, 6e3 kohto 6h öhji HeB^MO^KeH xyflO>KecTBeHHH nponnr Ha TBopöaTa. MothbijT 3a raeBa Ha aHTHHHHH nojiyöor Axhji, KOHTO BCblllHOCT CTOH b OCHOBaTa Ha OMHpOBaTa ennnecKa noeMa, b "CenmeMepii" e Ha^rpafleH npe3 MOTHBa 3a npeonpezjejieHara cm^pt Ha repoa. Ahthhhoto cxBamaHe 3a Cbflöara KaTO nrpa Ha öoroßeTe, hhhto npnmeBKH onpezjejurr HOBeuiKoro macTne hjih Hemacrae, h b noeMaTa Ha Teo Mhjicb e 3ajio>KeHO Karo flafleHOCT BijjirapcKHHT noeT nozrnepTaBa cj)aTajiHOCTra, kohto cnoxo>Kfla Axhji, KaKTO h repoHTe ot EcxHjiOBaTa "Opecmuď AraMeMHOH, KjiHTeMHacTpa h caMna OpecT, 3a ^a nozjHepTae BejiHHHeTO Ha npeziCKasaHHirra Ha .zrpeBHaTa npoponnna KacaH^pa, ocbfleHa fla BH>Kfla 6bflemeTO, ho HaKa3aHa hhkoh ^a He BapBa b tax. 3amo e öhjio Hy>kho Ha Teo Mhjicb j\a. Brpa^k^a to3h ycjio>KHHBam CTpyKrypara Ha npoH3BefleHHeTO mothb? He b orroBopa Ha b^npoca ce Kpne TaÖHaTa Ha noeMaTa, a no-CKopo b npoMeHeHna aKueHT Ha b^npoca. Bene 3HaeM, ne noeTbT e ncKaji ^a H3o6pa3n "oTXB^pjiHHe Ha bchhko, kocto Teilen b^pxy HOBeKa KaTO HaKaKBa Cbflöa, Ha roiKaKBH tbmhh cthxhh, CböpaHH b eflHa cjiana (j)HKu,na, HapeneHa 6or." 3HanH He onncaHneTO Ha BTacraHHeTO e n^pBOHaHajiHHH HeroB CTHMyji, a oorooopnecKHHT aKT /JoMHHnpaiiia CTaBa HfleaTa, ne "hobciiikhh >khbot / me ö^e e^hh 6e3KOHeHCH bt^xozi" caMO ToraBa, "AHreji", xyzj. Teo Mhjicb ľeoMujiee 71 Koraro 3£ibhch ot caMHH hobck, a He ot b^hihhhtc CbflöoBHH oöcroirrejiCTBa, HfleHTa, ne hobckkt me 3a>KHBee b cboh pan, ToraBa Koraro npH^oöne aöcojiiOTHaTa CBOOo^a %a p^kobo^h coöctbeHara ch Cbflöa. To3h yronHHeH Bb3rjiefl Ha eiccnpe chohhcthtc caMO cjica, hhkojiko ro,a,hhh me ö^e no^eT h flopa3BHT ot eK3HCTeHijHajiHCTHTe, KOHTO flopn ce onHTBaT OKOJio Hero fla cbrpaflHT ijHjia 4)Hjioco(j)CKa niKOJia. Ho h Te HMaT cbmaTa Cb^öa öi^aT 6bp30 npeoflOJieHH Karo hachhh nocraHOBKH, ho He h Karo xy,zi,0)Kectbchh H306pa>KeHHH. rojMMaTa npoHHH b CbmoTO BpeMe c e Kpne b^b (j)aKTa, ne hmchho Ta3H öoroöopnecKa noeivia, Bi^roiBama cboöoahhh hobck, (j)aKTHHecKH ce npeBp^ma b nenaTa b^pxy civľbpTHHH aicr Ha TBopeua. B npoTHBopeHHBHTe h crpaiiiHH BpeMeHa, KoraTO HCTHHara 3a floöpo h 3jio e HMajia 6e30poH jiHua, Teo Mhjicb CTaBa )KepTBa Ha cboh HfleajiHSijM. BapBam 6e3pe3epBHO b Hfleírra, ne eduncmeeno ceooodnumn noeeKMOJtce da ábde u doábp zpaotcdanuH, too He pa36npa hjih He HCKa ^a noBapBa, ne b^b BpeMeTO, b KoeTO )KHBee, fl^p^aBaTa roíMa Hy^a hhto ot cbooo^hh xopa, hhto ot floöpn rpa^k^aHH. Hemo noBene -rem npenar. nopain Ta3H npHHHHa, Koraro e^Ha npojieTHa Benep npe3 anpnji 1925 r. Teo Mhjicb e H3Be,o,eH ot flOMa ch ot areHTH Ha TaÖHaTa ,zrbp:>KaBHa nojiHUHíí h noBene HHKora Ha ce npHÖnpa, 3a bchhkh MHCJiemu xopa craBa hcho, ne ,zrbp:>KaBHaTa MaiiiHHa e CMa3ajia HOBeKa Teo Mhjicb, ho e H3npaTHjia czrHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa b^b BeHHOcrra noeTa Teo Mhjicb. H cucá, noBene or 80 ro,a,hhh HeroBoro tbopnecTBO e KpHTepHH 3a xyn,o>KecTBeHOCTTa Ha öbJirapcKara jíHTeparypa MOKfly .zmere CBeTOBHH BOHHH. Bene e HarrbjíHO cnrypHO, ne 6e3 Teo Mhjicb MOflepHH3]VľbT b B-bjírapHH meine m HMa CbBceM pa3JiHHHa Cbflöa. 72 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /|Ü\ í li !\ BHEJlklOTEM CEIITEMBPH 1 Honrra pa^a h3 ivľbpTBa yrpoöa BeKOBHaTa 3Jio6a Ha poöa: CBOH nypnypeH thhb -BejiHHaB. ^"bjiooKO cpefl MpaK h ivľbrjia. H3 TbMHH flOJIHHH - npeflH fla ce CbMHe H3 BCHHKH ÖajIKaHH H3 fleÖpH nyCTHHHH H3 rjiaflHH nojiH H3 KajiHH najiaHKH cena rpaflOBe flBOpOBe H3 XH)KH, KOJIHÖH H3 (J)a6pHKH, CKjiaflOBe, rapn xaMÖapn HH(J)JIHLIH BOfleHHIJH paÖOTHJIHHIJH KD3HHH 3aBOflH: no nbTHma h no 3aBOH BHCOKO no cnnen, ypBH, nyxapn, 6bp,a,a npe3 cjior H pHfl EuôJiuomeKa - ľeoMujiee 73 npe3 rjiyxH ycoH npe3 eceHHH jk^jith ropn npe3 KaivľbHaLiH BOfla IVľbTHH BaflH JIHBaflH HHBH JI03H OBHapcKH njia,zi,HHma morHHH H3ropejiH crbpHHiua TpijHaUH ÖJiaTa: H3nOICbCaHH KajIHH maflHH HaBbceHH H3ivľbpiiiaBejiH oř Tpyfl 3arpy6ejiH or )Kera h CTya, ypOflJIHBH caKaTH KOCMara nepHH 60CH H3noflpaHH npocTH flHBH THeBHH 6ecHH - 6e3 p03H h necHH 6e3 My3HKa h öapaöaHH 6e3 KjiapHHeTH, THMnaroi, jiaTepHH, (J)JIHrOpHH, TpOMÖOHH, Tp^ÖH! Ha rbpöa c napuajiHBH Topön b pijireTe - He c ojracicaBH innarn, a c npocTH Toarn, iiionH CbC conn c np^CTH c KonpajiH C TbpHOKOnH C b H jih 74 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) c öpa^bh c TonopH C KOCH h CJľbHHOrjieflH - CTapH h MJiaflH - ce cnycHaxa bchhkh OTBpefl - Karo ornpHmeHO cra^o ot CJienH )khbothh, 6e30poH apocTHH 6hkob e - C BHKOBe C BOH (3afl Tax - Ha HomTa BKaMeHeHHH cbqzi) nojieTHxa Hanpco, 6e3 pefl HeyflljpjKHMH CTpaXOTHH BejíHKH: HAPOß! 2 HomTa ce pa3CHnBa b^b öjracbnn no b^pxoBeTe. CiľbHHOziiedume no?.!eôuaxa cjitHuemo! 3opara ot CbH ce npoöyzjn cpefl rp^M ot KapTeHHHun: Ot flajieHHHTe CKJIOHOBe - yzjap cjiefl yzjap -3anjiK)m^xa jiyzjn KypmyMH - ojiobo. TonoBe Karo 3HHajin cjiohobc 3apeBaxa... TpeneT n CTpax. CjľhHHOzjíeôume naönaxa e npax. ( ) EuôJiuomeKa - ľeoMujiee 75 4 CerrreMBpH! CerrreMBpH! O Mecén Ha kp^b! Ha nofleM h norpoM! Mb>rjin:>K 6eine npb.B Grapa h HoBa 3aropa HnpnaH JTom epflHHaHfl BepKOBHija CapaMÖeö MeflKOBeij (c non AHflpen) - rpaflOBe n cena. 5 Hapofla B-bCTaHa - c HyK b p-bicara, oöcnnaH CbC ca^n, ncKpn n crypna, - CbC Cbpn cpefl nojuiTa, npocMyKaH ot Bjiara n crya,: xopa Ha nepHHH Tpyo, c 6e3rjiarojiHO TbpneHne -(hc reHHH TajiaHTH nporecTaHTH opaTopn arnTaTopn (J)a6pHKaHTH Bb.3flyxonjiaB aTe jih ne^aHTH nncaTejín reHepajín Cbflb.p>KaTejiH Ha jiOKajín My3HKaHTH h HepHOCOTHHUn) A cejrann 76 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) paÖOTHHUH rpyÖH npocrauH 6e3HMOTHH HerpaMOTHH npo(J)aHH xyjiHraHH rjiHraHH - CKOT KaTO ckot: XHJIHflH Maca Hapofl; XHJMflH BepH - Bíipa b HapOflHHH Bl^XQZJ, XHJMflH BOJIH - Bona 3a CBerbji >khbot, XHJIHflH flHBH Cbpija - h orbH b^b bchko Cbpue, xHjiHflH nepHH p^ue - b HepBeHHH icp^r Ha npocTopa H3flHrHajiH c ycTpeM Harope nepBeHH 3HaMeHa pa3BeHH BHCOKO LUHpOKO Hafl HíijiaTa b TpeneT h CMyr pa3JiiojiHHa CTpaHa Ha öypaTa apocreH njiofl,: Xhjmah Maca -Hapofl. (.............. 7 3anoHBaTpareflHHTa! - 8 rťbpBHTe na^Haxa b icbpBH. MeTOKHHíiT ycTpeM 6e nocpernHaT c KypmyMH. EuôJiuomeKa - ľeoMujiee 77 3HaMeHara HSTp^rmaxa npOHH3aHH. IXjiaHHHara rbpMH... TaM rope flajieHHH h öjih3kh XbJIMH noTbMHaxa oÖHH3aHH e xopa - njrbnHaxa nepHH peflHíjH: peflOBHH njiaTeHH bohhhhh h pa3JiiOTeHa mhjihhhíi. Bchhkh Te 3HaaT: "OTeHeCTBOTO e b onacHOCT!" IlpeKpacHo: ho - mo e OTenecTBO? - H apOCTHO JiaHT KapreHHHLiH... rťbpBHTe na^Haxa b icbpBH. 3afl flajieHHHTe b^pxoBe 3a6yMTH apTHjiepna. 3arpenepaxa rpaflOBe h cena. MíjprBH Tejia - OKi^pBaBeHH TpynoBe -3acTjiaxa CKJIOHOBe BajI03H rrbTuma... C H3BafleHH eaÖH KaB ajiepHHCKH OTpa^h noflroHHxa pa3ÖHTHTe CejMHH - flOyÖHBaHH, CTpejMHH e inpanHejiH, (J)yracH - öaramn b y)Kac Ha bchhkh CTparoi, flOrOHBaHH b KbinHTe h CbCHHaHH TaM C kt>pBaBH caÖH nOfl HHCbK caÖBaHT 78 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cpefl riHCbK Ha H3njiameHH 6a6n, flena h )KeHH... (.................................................) 10 EceHTa nojieTH flHBO pa3icbcaHa b nHCbUH, BHXbp H HOUJ. Bypa h3bh ce Hafl TbMHH ÖajIKaHH - MpaK H ÖjIHCbK h rpaKamn rapBaHH hto - RbpBaBa noT H3ÖH no rbpöa Ha 3eMirra. B y>Kac h TpeneT chh)kh ce BCHKa XH)Ka H flOM. ľlozpOMÍ TpacbK npCZTBHH HeÖeCHHH CBOfl. 11 ToraBa HacraHa Haö-y>KacHOTo: Bhcho 3axjiacHaTa 3ayfl,pa b flyiiiHTe TpeBOKHa icaMÖaHa - yflpa, one, sb^hh... HomTa na^Ha rbö hhcko -rjiyxo h CTpaiiiHO 3aKjiK)HeHa ot BCHHKH CTpaHH. CivľbpTTa - Ki^pBaBa Beinnna crymeHa bijB BCHHKHHe "brjiH Ha Mpaxa H3nncKa, h eTO nocara flauen n HaBpefl h3 HomTa: CbC CBOHTe cyxH p^ne EuôJiuomeKa - ľeoMujiee 79 - JXhRTVÍ, 6e3KpaÖHH -yjiaBH n CTHCKa 3afl BCHKa CTeHa no e^HO yacaceHO Cbpne. O, Hom Ha 6e3HMeHHH Tanroi! - n TaÜHH, h hbhh: Mer^aHH othobo c icapMHH oicbpBaBeHH. CivľbpTHH nncbnn b npep^aHO rbpjio 3aflaBeHH. Ha Bepnrn 3JiOBemnH 3bck. 3arBopnTe n^jmn c xopa. B flBopa Ha Ka3apMH, 3aTBopn or KOMaHflBaHH 3ajin0Be eic. BpaTHTe 3ajiocTeHH. HyKaT otbijH rbMHH rocra. CnHa CbC peBOJiBep b p-bicara ivľbpTbB Ha npara npocrpiiH. Bamara oöeceH. 06e3HecTeHa cecTpara. Ot cejiaTa 3aflnrHaTn cejumn cjiefl Tax - bohhhuh: MpaneH kohboh. 3a fla 6bflaT pascrpejraHn: KoMaH^a: ctoíi! KjľbKC Kjmh -"6nn!" - 3ajin. ^eceT Tpyna or opera njibOCHaxa tc>kko b ivľbprBHTe ivľbTHH BQzjH Ha Mapnna. OKb.pBaBeHa noBjíene rn CKp-bÖHaTa po^Ha peica. H3Tpaicaxa rryniKn: Ky ) 80 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cnpa Haö-noflHp: m up H THLUHHa HacTaHa no uiijiaTa CTpaHa. RbpBaB Ha öoroBeTe KypöaH. 12 My30, Binnen ohh naryöeH thhb Ha AxHjia... Axhji 6eme rpyöaTa CHjia. BoeHHHH flCMOH. Axhji 6eme CTap reHepaji Ha H. II. B. nap AraMeMHOH. Axhji 6e repoö. C 6e3ÖpoH KpijCTOBe, OpfleHH, JieHTH... rineflecTaji Ha pe^a h THiiiHHaTa b CTpaHaTa... HO flHeC HHH He BiipBaMe Bene b repon - HH Hy>Kfl,H, HH CBOH. TpoH 6e ono>KapeHa h cpnHara. npHaM h Xeicyöa 3arnHaxa. Axhji t^p^KecTByBa... - KaKBO e 3a Hero Xeicyöa? -^Jyinara My flHBa h rpyöa He HyBa njiana Ha CBemeHaTa Manica, pasK-bcaHa Hafl 6e3HMeHHH rpoönma c icbpBH op^ceHH H3pacHajiH B MHr - tojik03 MHOrO - 6e30poH. - KaKBO e 3a Hero Xeicyöa? -Axhji 6e repoii. Axhji 6e BepnK. EuôJiuomeKa - ľeoMujiee 81 Ehh öcokhh H3npareH ot 6ora. Ho Axhji me 3arHHe noa, thhb h npoKjwrna. - H 3arHHa na^Ha b no3opHO na^eHHe: Ha yÖHeua BapHa OTnjiaTa. AraMeMHOH yön H(J)HrHpHH - h 3arHHa: KjíHTeMHecTpa yön AraMeMHOHa - h 3arHHa: OpecT CbC Ejieicrpa yön KjíHTeMHecTpa - h 3arHHa... EflHHHKa ocTaBa - CTOH h npeoijflBa npe3 BeKOBeTe - Kac aHflpa-npopoHHija: to Bemae b^Mes^He - u ecuHKO ce cötdea. Be3CMeHHa npHinaBica, nrpa h 3a6aBa Ha öoroBeTe. BeKOBeneH pa3UBeT Ha 6o>Ke CTBeHa crp^b. BcHKa civľbpr e 3a tax pa3BjieHeHHe, BceKH Bonijji - iiiera. Civľbpr, yÖHHCTBO h kp^b! JJpicora, flOKora? Bcefl^p^KHTejíK) 3eBC lOnHTepe AxypaMa3fl,a HHflpa Tot Pa HexoBa CaBaor: - omzoeapmil Kp^ß flHMa Ha no>KapHTe ce H3flHra h 6ne yuíHTe th BHKa Ha yÖHTHTe, peBa Ha IVľbHeHHHH 6e30poH b-bpxy KjiaflH ropainH fltpBa: - Koü U3jľbza íiawama enpa? - 82 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ChroBapíiň! Th mtjJihhiu? He 3Haem? - Hhíi 3Haeivi! Eto bh:>k: c eflHH ckok hhíi CKanaMe npaBO b HeGero: ^OJIYBOr! - xBijpjiHMe 6oivi6a b cbpueTO th, npeB3eMaMe c mypM HeGeTo: ^OJIYBOr! h ot tbq8 npeCTOJI Te 3anpamaMe m-bprbB Halony BffbH BCejieHCKHTe 6e3flHH 6e33Be3flHH, )Kejie3HH - ^OJIYBOr! ITo HeGecHHTe moctobc bhcokh 6e3 icpaň C BTaJKCTa h JIOCTOBC me CHeMeM 6jia>KeHHH paň flOJiy b^pxy neHajiHHH b ICbpBH OGJMHHH 3eMeH map. Bchhko nncaHO oř 4)hjioco(J)h, noeTH -me ce c&b,o,He! - Be3 6or! 6e3 rocnqzjap! CenTeMBpn me 6'b,zi,e Maň. HOBeiIIKHH )KHBOT me 6,b,zi,e e^hh 6e3KOHeneH b^xo^ - Harope! Harope! 3eMMma tqe ábde paň -me Gi^e! HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 83 HHKOJIA OYPHAfl^CHEB 1903, 27 Maii B Ila3ap^»cHK ce pa^c^a HHKOJia m rpynaTa OKOJio cn. "3jiaTopor". 1925 H3^;aBa ntpBaTa ch CTHxocÖHpKa "npojiereH Bartp". ApecTyBaH e ot nojiHijHaTa, cjie/i KoeTO e BtpHar b HnpnaH. 1928 H3JiH3a BTopaTa My KHHra "^tra. CTHxoTBopeHHa". 1929 H3»cHBaBa TBopnecKa nproa h b npo^tjraceHHe Ha oceM to^hhh He nyoJimcyBa nOHTH hhhi;o. 1930 3aBTjpuiBa 4)Hjioco(j)Ha h ne^arormca b CocJMHCKHa yHHB ep chtct. CTaßa HjieH Ha pe^aKUHOHHara KOjieriia Ha bccthhr ' 'CtBpeMeHHHK''. 1932 PaöoTH b ÖHÖJiHOTeKaTa Ha MHHHCTepCTBOTO Ha HapO^HOTO npocBememie. 1933- 1938 y^HTeji e b ötJirapcKOTO yHHjiHme b Ľ|,apHrpa^;. IÍ3^;aBa "3jiaTHH KjioHKH. CöopHHK npHKa3KH sazena". 1940- 1944 y^HTeji e b C0CJ3HiL 1945- 1949 CTaßa rjiaßeH pe^aKTop Ha BecTHHK "JÍHTepaTypH (j)poHT". h3^;aBa CTHxocönpKaTa "BejíHKH /ihh", njio^; Ha KyjiTOBCKHa nepno^; b ötJirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa. 1958 Ü3JiH3a "Ilo ntTHmaTa th HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 85 BbpBax. CTHxoTBopemia". 1961-1963 DiaBeH pe^aKTop h 3aBe»c^aiii; ot^eji "Iloe3Ha" b h3>a;aTejiCTBO "BtjirapcKH nHcareji". KphthktjT Ieoprn UaHeB nyoJimcyBa ntpBHa jiHTepaTypHO-KpHTHHecKH onepK 3a TBopnecTBOTO Ha noeTa. 1968, 26 aHyapH Hmcojia ypHafl>KHeB npHHafljie>kh KbM noKOJieHHeTO, koüto fleÖKyrapa b cpe^aTa Ha 20-Te roflHHH Ha XX bck. ToBa e Bpeivie, HacHTeHO c Ba>khh CbÖHTHH b HCTopHHTa Ha E^jirapníi. ilpe3 1923 r. b crpaHaTa ce nsB^piiiBa onHT 3a fl^p^KaBeH npeBpaT, H3BecTeH KaTO CenTeMBpnncKoro BiaCTaHne. B Hero ynacTBar He caMO yöe^eHH KOMyHHCTH, kohto (JjaicraHe ckh ro opraHH3Hpar, ho h oÖHKHOBeHH xopa, kohto He cnozjejurr nojiHTHKaTa, BOfleHa OT napa h 6yp)Koa3HHTe napran. ^KecTOKoerra, c kohto BiaCTaHneTO e noTymeHO, npeflH3BHKBa b^jma ot hczjobojictbo b CTpaHaTa, a npaBHTejiCTBaTa Ha eBponeocKHTe ,zrbp:>KaBH ocb>KflaT MeTQzjnTe Ha ö^jirapcKara BjiacT JlHTepaTypaTa Belara pearnpa Ha flpaMarnnHHTe CbönTna. IIohth bchhkh TBOpUH CbBpeMeHHHUH Ha nOTyiliaBaHeTO Ha CenTeMBpHHCKOTO BbCTaHHe 3acTaBaT Ha CTpaHaTa Ha )KeprBHTe. Haivia nncaTeji, kohto ^a He H3pa3H CBoeTO CbHyBCTBHe no e^hh nun flpyr HannH. ITbpBO 3anoHBar ,o,a ce nnmar nyöJiHnncTHHHH CTaTnn n eceTa, rbö Karo ecTecTBOTO Ha tcxhhh >KaHp no3BOJMBa Han-o^pso fla ce pearnpa Ha CKoponiHHTe CbönTna. IloHBHBaT ce jinpnHecKH npoH3BefleHna Karo cpefl Han-3HaHHTejiHHTe mojkcm rsl otjihhhm noeMaTa "CenmeMepu" (1924) Ha Teo MnjieB, KaKTO n CTnxocönpKHTe "ITpojiemeH exm-bp" (1924) Ha HnKOJia cDypHa^rvKneB n ^yKepmeenu KJiadiť (1924) Ha AceH Pa3UBeTHHKOB. IIo-KbCHO H3Jin3aT n poMaHOBH npoH3BefleHna, OTHacamn ce jip cenTeMBpnncKHTe CbönTna, KaTO "Xopó" (1926) Ha Ahtoh CTpaniHMnpoB n "Ceno Eopoeo" (1932) Ha KpyM BejiKOB. IJíijiaTa Ta3n jíHTeparypa, BKjiiOHHTejiHO n TBopönTe, kohto ce nnmaT cjiefl 1944 r. no b^npoca, nojiynaBa ot ö^jirapcKaTa KpnTHKa HanMeHOBaHneTO CenTeMBpHÍícKa jíHTepaTypa. 86 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Be3 CbMHeHHe CenTeMBpnncKara jiHTeparypa e yHHKajiHO ABjieHne c xapaicrepHH HannoHajmn nepra. Ho to 6h Morao m G^e pa36paHO caMO axo HCTopHnecKHTe CbGHTHH ce pa3rjie>KflaT KaTO ciojicem, npoeoxupaiij meopuecKomo Cb3Hanue na meopijume b c/jhh flHHaMHHeH jiHTepaTypeH KOHTeKCT. ^UpaMaTHHHHTe CbGHTHH ot 1923 r. ce npeBp^maT b TBopnecKn KaTajiH3aTop, ycKopaBanKn xy,o,o:>KecTBeHHTe nponecn b G^jirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa. B to3h CMHCbji MO)Ke ^a ce Ka)Ke, ne TOBa, kocto oGeflnroiBa TBopuHTe e He HflKaKbB cnenncJMHeH ecreTnneckh KpnTepnn, a oGmaTa TeMa. BceKH TBopei; no CBoe6pa3eH HannH Bb^nponsBe^Kfla flpaMarn3Ma Ha KbpBaBnre CbGnTHH b 3aBHCHMOCT ot coGctbeHHTe en xyo,o:>KecTBeHH pa36npaHHH n rbpceHHfl. no to3h HaHHH Ha e^HO mhcto ce pa3nojiaraT npnHnnnHO pa3HonocoHHH b cthjiobo OTHOineHHe aBTopn KaTO Hanpniviep eKcnpecnoHHCTHTe Teo MnjieB n AceH Pa3UBeTHHKOB, HMa>KHHHCTbT HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB n connajmnflT peanncT KpyM BejiKOB. 3a fla ce pa36epe cjio:>KHaTa 3aBncnMOCT MQ-xajiy oGmecTBeHa aHra>KnpaHOCT n b^Tpeiimn jinTepaTypHn nponecn, TpaGBa ^a or6ejie>KHM, ne HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB npe3 BpeMeTO, 3a kocto idbophm, e e^hh ot Han-nonyjiapHHTe n mnpoKO KOMeHTnpaHH aBTopn. Ton npnHafljie>KH KbM TaKa HapeneHara "rojMMa neTBopKa" Ha cnncaHne "Hob iii»t". OcraHajiHTe HjieHOBe ca AHreji KapajiHHneB (1902-1972), AceH Pa3UBeTHHKOB (1897-1951) n jiHTeparypHHHT KpnTHKreoprn HaiieB (1895-1986) KaTO bcckh e^hh ocraBfl TpanHH cjiefln b G^jirapcKara JiHTepaTypa Me>Kfly flBeTe cbctobhh bohhh. Mo>Ke 6n H3Me>Kfly tax Han-cnjiHO e TBopnecKOTO npncbCTBne Ha HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB. CnncaHne "Hoe m>m" (1923 - 1925) HHKora HHMame ^a Gb^e cnoivieHaBaHO 6bjirapcKara JiHTepaTypa, aKO He 6axa Mjia^nTe My jinTeparypHn CbTpyflHHLtn. HeroBHHT pe^aKTop TeoprH EaKajiOB (1873 - 1939) e e^hh ot Han-^enHHTe n h3bccthh KOMyHHCTHnecKH HHTejieKTyajinn b B^jirapna b nepno^a cjiefl HbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa. npn^oGnji yHHBepcnTeTCKO o6pa30BaHne b )KeHeBa, toh ce yBjinna no peBOJnonnoHHHTe n^en Ha Kapji MapKC n cjiefl saBp^maHeTO en b B^jirapna ce npeBp'bma b Han-aKTHBHHH 3amnTHHK Ha jieBHTe peBOjnonnoHHn n^en b CTpaHaTa. Cjiefl pa3rpoMa Ha CenTeMBpnncKOTO b^craHne Teoprn EaKajiOB KaTO hjich Ha E^jirapcKara KOMyHHCTHnecKa naprna (BKQ) opraHH3npa H3flaBaHeTO Ha hobo cnncaHne, KoeTO hoch flOCTaT'bHHO KpacHopennBOTO 3arjiaBne 'Hoe ntm". He3aBncnMO ot ,zi,eKjiapanHflTa, ne roiMa pa ce 3aHHMaBa c oGmecTBeHO-nojinTHHecKn b^npocn, cnncaHneTO CbBceM nejieHaconeHO n TeH,o,eHnH03HO Hajiara b cbohtc MaTepnajin MapKcncTKaTa nfleojiornnecKa jihhhh KaTO BQzjema. Teoprn EaKajiOB HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 87 HMä aMÖHijHHTe h caMOHyBCTBHCTO Ha hobük pa3ÖHpam OT jiHTepaTypa H hmühho nopain Ta3H npnHHHa noKaHBa 3a CbTpya,HHHH b cnncaHHeTO Mna^HTe aBTopn, kohto no TOBa BpeMe Cbmo He kphht cbohtc jicbh yöe>KfleHHH. Ilo T03H HaHHH too HCKaji %a CKSjwiß OTKpHT (J)poHT cpemy öypHO pa3BHBamHH ce MOflepHHSijM KaTO My npoTHBonocraBH coHHajiHoaHra:>KHpaHa jiHTeparypa, KOHTO fla 3amHTaBa H^eaTa 3a KjiacoBHH xapaicrep Ha H3KycTBOTO. B jraueTO Ha MjiaflHTe TBopijH TeoprH BaKajiOB bh5k,zja HacjieflHHijH Ha npojieTapcKOTO H3KycTBO Ha paHO noHHHajiHH XpncTO Cmhphchckh, kohto Bene e öhji KaHOHH3HpaH OT ji3bOOpHCHTHpaHara JIHTepaTypHa KpHTHKa. C^öhth^Ta oöane npHflOÖHBaT CbBCeM HeonaKBaH oöpaT 3a neTHpHMaTa aBTopn Ha "Hoe nhm!\ B Kpaa Ha 1924 r. b Co(J)hh ce opraHH3Hpa necTBaHe Ha 10-rQzrHiiiHH-HaTa ot cm'bpTTa Ha neöo ÜBopoB. Ha Hero ca noKa- hchh bchhkh h3bccthh HHTejieKTyajiLiH oř Eixjira-pHH h ecrecTBeHO cpe j\ rax Ca H TBOpUHTe OT HeTBopKa- Ta Ha BaKajiOBOTO cnnca-hh6. C^maTa ro^HHa, c h3kjik)HeHHe Ha KpHTHKa TeoprH HaHeB, Te H3flaBaT n^bpBHTe ch khhth - "TIp o ji emeu enm-bp" Ha "fl6BjiKH",xyfl.BjiaflHMHp^HMHTpoB-MaHCTopa ypHafl>KHeB, "Mepmeenu KJiadlť Ha Pa3HBeTHHKOB H "Pkjíc" Ha KapajiHHHeB, kohto ca inyMHO npHBeTCTBaHH ot KpnTHKaTa. Cjiefl Tbp>KeCTBeHHTe neTeHHH b 3ajiHTe Ha Co(J)hhckhh yHHBepcHTeT b npecaTa 3anoHBa TeopeTHnecKH cnop othocho TBopnecTBOTO Ha neöo ÜBopoB. JlaBOopneHTHpaHara KpHTHKa 0CK>k,zi,a ynacTHHUHTe b T^p^ecTBaTa, 3amoto cnopefl tax ÜBopoB e 6yp>Koa3eH aBTop h HeroBaTa noe3HH ott. h. "btoph nepnofl" TpaÖBa %a ce orpene h 3aicjieHMH, Tbö Karo He e npeflHa3HaHeHa 3a npojieTapHara. HaH-aicrHBHH b ^HCKycHHTe caTeopra BaKajiOB h Teoprn HaHeB, ho T03H n-bT flBaMaTa ca ot ^BeTe CTpaHH Ha 6apHKa,a,aTa. Teoprn HaHeB ce 88 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) onHTBa fla npoTHBonocraBH Ha florMaTHHecKHTe nocTaHOBKH Ha cboh rjiaBeH pezjaicrop h^eHTa, ne hmchho CTpa^aHHeTO h hh,o,hbh,ziyajiH3M'bT b jrapHKara Ha ÜBOpOB Ca YYbT KbM HCrOBOTO HCTHHCKO TBOpneCKO 6e3C]VľbpTHe. B KpaÖHa CMeTKa cnop^t caMO noTB^p^k^aBa HenpeoflOJiHMHTe pa3JiHHHH h b KpaÖHa CMeTKa ypHafl>KHeB, Pa3nBeTHHKOB, KapajrairreB h HaHeB HanycKaT "//oe m>m" h craBar CKrpyzjHnuH Ha nocTCHMBOJiHCTHHecKoro cnncaHne íí3iiamopo^\ ITO T03H HaHHH TBOpUHTC OTBOKDBaT TBOpneCKara CBOÖOfla fla OTCTOíIBaT CBOHTe eCTCTHHeCKH n03HL(hh. HHKOJia ypHafl>KHeB ce npoHBHBa KaTO HaH-CBoeo6pa3HHHT npczjcraBHTeji Ha CenreMBpHHCKara noe3HH. 3a pa3JiHKa ot ocTaHajiHTe MOflepHHCTH b 6bjirapcKara jiHTeparypa too He ce niKOJiyBa b 3anaflHa Eßpona h TOBa 6e3 CbMHeHHe ce orpa3íiBa Ha TBopnecKHTe h ecreTHHe ckh My Bb3rjieflH. ^o6pe Bjiafleem pycKHíi e3HK, toh ome ot Hao-parnia Bi^pacT nere pycKHTe KjiacHHecKH noem, a npe3 CTyn,eHTCKHTe roflHHH h rojieMHTe HMeHa Ha pycKHH MOflepHHSijM. JXioÖHMHTe My noeTH ca KoHCTaHTHH BejiMOHT, BajiepHH EpiocoB, AH^peíi BejiH h Bjia^HMnp MaaKOBCKH, ho noe3Hírra Ha c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB Tbpnn MO>Ke ÖH Haíl-CHJIHH BJIHHHHH ot JIHpHKaTa Ha CHMBOJIHCra AjieKcaHflijp Bjiok h HMa>KHHHCTa Cepreo Ecchhh. ObBpeMeHHHUH Ha objírapcKHíi noeT tb^p^ht, ne ezjHO ot jhoöhmhtc My 3aHHMaHHH öhjio ^a peuHTHpa noeMaTa Ha Aji. Bjiok "Jjecmadecemmé" (1918), cnnraHa 3a ezjHO ot n-bpBnre npoH3BezjeHHíi Ha pycKaTa MoaepHa noe3HH. ITo HenoBTopnM HannH pycKHírr noeT CbneraBa b CBOHTa noeMa flyxa h jieKCHKaTa Ha hoboto BpeMe, aolujih c OKTOMBpHHCKara peBOJiionHíi ot 1917 r. c pejiHrH03Hara TeMa 3a XpncTOBOTO mhchohcpctbo h cneuHCJMHHO pycKHH mht 3a öecoBere b pycKaTa flyiiia, kohto ca neHrpajma TeMa b TBopnecTBOTO Ha ^octocbckh h ITyiiiKHH. Bepoarao npe3 noeMaTa Ha Aji. Bjiok HnKOJia c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB ycBOHBa h3Kyctboto ^a CMecBa njiacTOBeTe h nocjiaHHHTa, ^a OTKpnBa b CbÖHTHirra ot fleocTBHTejiHOCTTa thxhoto a^jiroBeHHO 3ByHeHe. Ot flpyra CTpaHa, bjihhhhcto Ha Cepreö Ecchhh e np^ko oÖB^psaHO c orpoMHaTa p o jih, kohto b HanajiOTO Ha 20-Te rozjHHH b Pycna nrpae HMamHHHSMijT. He cjiynaííHO jinrepaTypHiuiT kphthk HßaH CapaH^eB b CBOírra CĹA umojiopiM na (%jipapciamjiitmepamypeii uGamapcľ nrane: "IIpojiemeHemrbp" e ap^k xyflO>KecTBeH MaHHCJ)ecr Ha öbJirapcKHH hma^KHHHSiaM, TajiaHTjiHBa 3amHTa Ha ecTeranecKaTa My nporpaMa". 3a pa3JiHKa ot aHrjioe3HHHHa HMa^KHHHSisM h JIHpHKaTa Ha E3pa nayHfl, TeneHHeTO b Pycna ce pa3BHBa h Karo TeopHH, h Karo npaKTHKa Ha pa3JiHHHa xy^o^KecTBeHa njiocKOCT 3a pycKHTe HMa>KHHHCTH oopasb/r He caMO e "eflHHHa HHrejieKryajiHa h eMOUHOHajma uíijioct", KaKTO CHHTa E3pa nayHfl, ho e HeoôxoflHMO m CTaHe caMonen b H3KycTBoro: "3a CHMBOJiHCTa oöpas^t e HaHHH Ha MHCJieHe, 3a (jtyTypHcra - HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 89 cpeflCTBO 3a ycHjiBaHe Ha 3pnTejiHOTO BnenaTjieHne. 3a HMa^KHHHcra e caMoneji" ( BaflHM IJIepiiieHeBHH ). nopain Ta3H npnnnHa, no npniviepa Ha cbohctbchhh 3a cneflpeBOjnonnoHHHTe ro^nHH nojihthhc ckh ^ncKypc, n HMa>KHHHCTHTe 3amnTaBar mpßwre en noBene c ji03yHrn, otkojikoto c jiornnecicn flOBO^n: ",3,0 Jiy marojia - %a >KHBee CbinecTBHTejiHOTo", "npnjiararejiHOTO e o6e3o6pa3eHO CbmecTBHTejiHo", "Hne ncKaivie %a npocjiaBHM HecnHTaicraHeckhtü (J)opmh", " JIorHKaTa Ha yöe^eHneTO noöe^aBa bchhko" h t. h. 3a títx aocrpaicrHOCTTa Ha CHMBOJiHTe TpaÖBa fla ö^e 3aivieHeHa ot MeTa(J)opH, kohto %a nopa3flBar CbC CBOHTa HeonaKBaHOCT n HejiornHHOcr, n no to3h HannH rsl pa3KpnBaT ncTHHCKHH ,oyx Ha TBopena, HeroBOTO HecTaHflapTHO MncjieHe n KpearnBHO Cb3HaHne. HecnynanHO e^Ha ot nporpaMHHTe CTaTnn Ha pycKna HMa>khhh3'bM hoch 3arjiaBne "2x2 = 5: CTpaHnnnTe Ha HMa^KHHHcra". "CejiííHKa", xyzj. BjiaflHMHp ^HMHTpoB-MaöcTopa CaMHHT Cepren Ecchhh, czjhh ot jhoöhmhtc no era Ha ypHafl>KHeB, e cpefl ocHOBaTejíHTe Ha pycKna HMa>khhh3'bM, ho KaTO Bceicn reHnn 6bp30 90 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HaflCKana TeopeTHHHHTe KjiHiueTa h ce npeBp^ma b "mojkc 6h Haö-pycKHH noer b pycKaTa jiHTeparypa". ToBa ce jxbjvKVL Ha (j)aKTa, ne too CbneTaBa no H3KjiK)HHTejieH HaHHH MOflepHHTC pa36npaHHii 3a HOBara noe3HH c flyxa Ha pycKHa (J)OJiKjiop h npnpofla. BepoHTHO to3h hob h pa3JiHHeH HannH %a ce nomeflHe Ha ejieMeHTnre or neifea^Ka h cb^psBaHero hm b eflHa-eflHHHa KapraHa e onapoBaji ö^jirapcKna noeT. TBopnecKHHT wwr Ha HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB 6h TpaÖBajio ,a,a ce onpeflejin KaTO perpecHBeH. Cjiefl "TIpcmemeH enmbp" Belica cjie^Bama CTHxocönpKa crpa^a ot HaTpynBamn ce xyn,o>Kectbchh cjiaoocra. Taxa HanpnMep BbB BTopara - "Jfyzď (1928), too Bee ome eKcnjioaTHpa ycneniHO HMa>KHHHCTKaTa noeraKa, Maxap Bene h no3aryÖHjia ot öjracbKa Ha n^pBaTa CTHxocönpKa. Bepoírmo TOBa ce HbjíJKw flo rojuiMa CTeneH Ha nejiHTe, kohto ch nocraBíi c Hea - ,a,a fla^e xyflO>KecTBeHO oöhchchhc Ha koh(J)jiHKTa okojio "//oe m>m", b kohto roBM HeroBaTa bojm e 6hji 3aMeceH. ypHafl>KHeB tc>kko npneMa kphthkhtc 3a "npczjarejiCTBo" h "o6yp>Koa3HBaHe", kohto My OTnpaBH jraBara HHTejiHreHUHíi, , TbŘ KaTO BHHarn ce e nyBCTBaji nacr ot Hea. Cjiefl 1944 r. to h ce onnTBa %a onpaBflae CBoeTO He3aBHCHMO noBe^eHne h h3,a,aBa CTHxocÖHpKara "BejiUKU dnu" (1950), kohto oöane ce npeBp^ma b e^hh ot TnnnHHHTe npnMepn 3a t h. KyjimoecKü jiumepamypa. Be3 BCHKaKBO CbMHeHHe oöane, n^pBara CTHXOCÖHpKa "IIpOJieTeH BHTbp", kohto Hmcojia ypHafl>KHeB h3,a,aBa Ha 21-roflHiiiHa b^pacT, HMa ocoöeHO Ba>KHO mhcto 3a ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa. Be^Hara cjiefl h3jiH3aHeTO h KpHTHKaTa bhcoko OUCHilBa HOBaTa CeTHBHOCT h noeTHHecKH e3HK, ho eflBa hhkojiko fleceTHjieTHH no-KijCHO noeTijT XpncTO Pa^eBCKH me onpeflejiH Haö-TOHHO peajiHOTO h mhcto b 6bJirapcKara jiHTepaTypHa HCTopna KaTO "E,zthh ot )KajiOHHTe Ha HanHOHajmara hh noe3Ha". ToBa H3me>Kfl,a Ha np^b norjiefl CTpaHHO KaTO ce HMa npeflBHfl, ne oöeM^t h e e^Ba 20 crpaHHUH, kohto CbJXHßyKdLT bchhko Ha bchhko 1 5 CTHXOTBOpeHHH. Ho caMO C Te3H hhkojiko cthxotbopchhh ypHafl>KHeB Brpa>Kfl,a b öbJirapcKara noe3na e^hh pamunen jiupuuecKU nmepK, OTjiHHaB am ce c thhhhho HannoHajiHO 3ByneHe h CbineßpeMeHHO 6a3HpaH b^pxy H3nHTaHHTe cpeflCTBa Ha MOflepHara eBponeöcKa jinpHKa. Kopnua Ha CTHxocÖHpKaTa "IIpOJieTeH BÍITBp" HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 91 KaKTO Bene cnoMeHaxMe, b TeMaraHHO OTHomeHHe "Tlpojiemen enmbp" ce ocHOBaBa Ha flpaMara okojio noTymaBaHeTO Ha CenTeMBpnncKoro BTacraHne. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, b HHTO eflHO CTHXOTBOpeHHe HHMa fla OTKpHeM npHK hjih kocbüh HaMeK 3a HCTopHHecKOTO cbÖHTHC ľlo BejíHKOJieneH HaHHH oöane b CTnxocönpKara e npeflafleH .zryxbT Ha 6yhtobhoto BpeMe, Hanpe>KeHHeTO h flpaMaTH3]VľbT Ha CbOHTHÍITa. Koh ca OTJiHHHTejiHHTe 6ejie3H Ha ypHafl>KHeBaTa noe3H5i b "Upojiemen ennľbp"! Ha ntpeo mrcího pa3JinHHaTa (jtyHKnníi, kohto npH^oÖHBa neÜ3a»CHaTa KapTHHa npn oOB^psaHOcrra n c jinpnHecKHíi repon. Ome b n^pBHa KynjieT Ha n^pBoro CTHXOTBOpeHHe "Kohhhuh" aBTop^t noKa3Ba npe3 pHMaTa "neóe - none" paMicara, kohto me orpa^a HeroBHH xyn,0)KecTBeH cbht. Ho TOBa He ca oöhkhobchh npocTpaHCTBeHH opneHTnpn. Te ca CbnpoBOfleHH c HHKOJiKO onpeflejieHHH, kohto 3a,o,aBaT eMonnoHajiHiui (J)oh Kaicro Ha caMoro CTHXOTBOpeHHe, Taxa h Ha ijanara craxocönpica - HeöeTO e Ha30BaHO "njiaMHajio poflHo", a nojieTO - "nenajmo h paBHo". Ocbch to Ba Te3H tohohhmh ca npeflxo>KflaHH ot oöp^meHHirra Ha jinpnHecKHíi repou, CbnpoBOfleHH c npHTOKarejiHHTe MecronMeHHíi "moh po^HHo" h "o Moe" (none). B ö^jirapcKna (J)OJiKjiop BHHarn Ba>KHa (jtyHKnníi ca ron^jiHíiBajiH o6pa3HTe Ha HeöeTO n nojieTO, ho He b tcxhhh xpncTHHHCKO-MHTOJiornHeH cmhgkji, a b cotth no-CKopo e3HHecKO-CHHKpeTHHeH acneKT. 3a öbjirapnHa ot .apeBHOCTra o6pa3i»T Ha HeöeTO He npenpama icbM TpaHcne,zi,eHTajiHaTa CHMBOJíHKa, hhto lebM ÖHÖJiencKOTO My ôyKBajiHO 3aMecTBaHe c H3pa3a "Bor ot Heöero". B'bjírapnH'bT He BWKjxdL b Hero hhto chmboji Ha CBemenníi pe^, btjB BcejieHaTa, hhto ro aconnnpa CbC cm^pira hjih otb^hoto. HeöeTO b CBOírra ocHOBHa (J)OJiKjiopHa npoHBa cj)yHKnnoHHpa c ecTecTBeHHTe en n npnpoflHn 3HaHeHna - to ce aconnnpa c nadejicdama, kohto n^Ba nop (J)opMaTa Ha HanonTejieH ffhTKp npe3 cyxoTO jíHTO hjih cjrbHne, Koraro 3eMírra ce Hy>Kfl,ae ot TonjinHa. Ho HeöeTO necTO niaTH H3pa3HBa 3anjiaxama n CMtpmma, Taxa KaKTO Bene rn Bn^axMe BejíHKOJienHO npczjcraBeHn or neno ÜBopoB b "TpadyuiKď n Ejihh nejinH b pa3Ka3a "IKtmeď''. ToBa e e^Ha (j)opMa Ha e3HHecKn chmbojihstjM. Comoro, MO>KeM pa Ka>KeM, Ba>Kn n 3a oôpa3a Ha nojieTO. B 6bjirapcKara HannoHajma MHTOJiorna nojieTO nsn^jiH^Ba ocoöeHO Ba>KHa po jih, noHTn TOJiKOBa Ba^oia, KOJIKOTO h EajIKaffljT. To He e npOCTpaHCTBOTO, KOeTO b MHTOJIOrHHHOTO Cb3HaHne Ha flpyrn Hapo^n pa3flejia CBeTa Ha öo^kcctbchoto ot CBeTa Ha npen3noflHHTa hjih MHHajiOTO ot dbpemero - b ö^jirapcKna (J)OJiKjiop nojieTO ce aconnnpa c npocmpcmcmeomo na ocuoauama minuena ôeiiuocm. Mo>Ke 6n nopain c|)aKTa, ne B-bjirapna e TpaflnnnoHHO cejiCKOcronaHCica CTpaHa c HacejieHne, KoeTO npe3 BeKOBeTe e H3KapBajio npexpaHaTa en, pa3HHTanKn Ha 92 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) nnoflopoflHero Ha 3eMirra - nojieTO hoch chjich aMÖHBajieHTeH chmbojich pe(J)jieKC. ToBa e mhctoto, Ha kocto hobck npexapBa rojwMa nacr ot cboh Cb3HarejieH h eMOUHOHajieH >khbot - nopain TOBa to hoch pa^ocT, xpaHa h )khbot, ho, ot Apyra CTpaHa, H3TomeHHe h CTpa^aHHe, cb^psaHH c hchochjihhh Tpyfl, necTO wbTw hoc em CMtpx Ako ch npnnoMHHM pa3Ka3HTe Ha Ejihh ITejiHH, b no-rojMMaTa ch nacr Te b'bsnpoHSBe^k.o.aT hmchho tc3h KpaÖHH (J)opMH ot >KHBOTa Ha oijjirapHHa cpefl nojieTO. C^BceM HecjiynaHHO h e^Ha or reHHajiHHTe TBopÖH b 6bjirapcKara jiHTepaTypa - öana^aTa "Oöececmemo hüBücuji JleecKu" - saB'bpinBa c KynjieTa: 3uMama nee ceoüma 3Jia necen, euxpoee po/imn mptnu e nojiemo, u cmyö, u Mpas, u njim Oes nadejtcda naemam na meö CKptô na ctpifemo. TyK oöpas^t Ha nojieTO nrpae He pojraTa Ha chmboji, a no-CKopo Ha CHHeKflOxa, 3afl kohto hcho ce nocoHBa 3eMírra Ha uiuia B^jirapna. ToHeHHTe or BHxpeHHH Barbp Tp^hh npe3 npa3HOTO 6e3KpaiiHO npocTpaHCTBO Ha nojieTO (t e. B-bjírapna), Cb3,o,aBaT oh3h eMOUHOHajieH (J)oh, kohto H3pa3HBa aöcojiiOTHaTa caMOTa, ornaiiHHe h 6e3Hafle>KflHOCT Ha bcckh öbjirapHH cjiefl civľbpTTa Ha HauHOHajiHHa repoö. Oöp^maHeTO wbM XpncTO Botcb He e cjiynaHHO. ^ocTa ö^jirapcKH KpHTHijH roBopHT 3a CHjiHara xyo,o:>KecTBeHa oÖB^psaHOCT Me^íyry CTHxoBeTe Ha reHHajiHHH noeT peBOJiiOHHOHep h "TIpcmemeH enmbp". Haii-yoeflHTejieH b CBOHTe TbjiKyBaHHH e jiHTepaTypHHaT H3CJie,a,OBareji AjieKcaH,zrbp KbOceB, kohto b CBOHTa CTyflHH "3a eÖHa (popMCi na jiiimepamypuama mpachmim. Eomee u 0ypHadjfCueé" apryMeHrapaHO flOKa3Ba, ne He CTaBa ,ayMa 3a cjiynaKHH CbBnafleHHH Ha tcmh, mothbh h o6pa3H MQiaajxy ^BaiviaTa noeTH, a 3a uejieHacoHeHO cb3,o,aBaHH HHTepTecTyajiHH bp^kh ot CTpaHa Ha cenTeMBpHHCKHH noeT. Cnope^, KbOceB He caMO "b CBeTa Ha c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB BHjiHeaT CbUfume npnpoflHO-MHTOJiorHHHH CTHXHH cpefl CbUfOmO nycTO 6bjirapcKOnone", ho b KpaÖHa CMeTKa3aicjiK)HaBa, ne "/.../ MHTOJiorn3HpaHaTa öoTeBCKa BcejieHa /.../ e HenpeK'bCHaTO h c^hhctbcho CbCTOimne Ha ypHafl>KHeBHH c|)HKHHOHajieH cbht". XyflO>KecTBeHHHT cbht Ha XpncTO BoreB h HnKOJia c&ypHa,a,:>KHeB e e^hh n Cbm - pa3nojio>KeH b npo CTpaHCTBeHaTa KOCMHnecKa paMKa Me^íyry HeöeTO n nojieTO, too b^npoHSBe^Kfla KapTHHn n onncBa cthxhh, 3ajio>KeHH b 6bjirapcKHH (J)OJiKjiop, n peajiHO HeoT^ejinMH ot ö'bjrrapcKara ncTopna n HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 93 fleocTBHTejiHOCT. B HHKaKBa CTeneH pa3JiHKaTa Me^íyiy ^BaMara noera H3pa3HBa b HCTOpHHeCKH njiaH OTJIHKaTa MfôKJiy peBOJIIOLlHOHHHH npefl0CB060>KfleHCKH naTOC Ha 1876 r. h BijCTaHHHecKHíi emycHas^m Ha 1923 r. Ho aico b jinpHKara Ha BoTeB flyxbT Ha ö^jirapcKOTO npocTpaHCTBO h öbJirapHHa e npenyneH npe3 npH3MaTa Ha poMaHTHHHara no3HHHíi 3a hskjuohhtcjiho crra Ha jihhho CTTa h Ha jinpHHecKHH "a3", to npn ypHafl>KHeB MO)Ke %a ce OTicpne Bene cneHHCJMHHara xy^o^KecTBeHa (j)opMa Ha MOflepHara jiHTepaTypa. B KaKBO ce H3pa3íiBa mo/;epHOTO hmh^chhhctko Ha/;rpa5K/;aHe Ha "MHTOJiorH3HpaHaTa BoTeBCKa BcejieHa" ot CTpaHa Ha HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB? To e flOTOJiKOBa CTpaHHO h HeTHnHHHO 3a ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypHa Tpafluijna, ne b n^pBHii momcht H3HeHaflBa c HeTpaflHijHOHHHTe ch o6pa3H h MeTa(j)opH. J^OpH TBOpUH C ycer ICbM CJIOBOTO h yCJIOBHOCTTa Ha (j)HKHHOHajIHHÍI noeTHHeH CBHT KaTO AraHac ^ajineB h ^HMHTbp naHTajieeB (1901-1993) /öbJirapcKH noeT ot icp^ra "Cmpejieif", kohto cnoflejia B^srneflHTe 3a aHTHCHMBOJIHCTHHHOCT h npeflMCTHOCT npH XyflOJKC CTBCHOTO h3 OÖpa^KCHHC/ He ycn^BaT rsl B^snpneiviaT HOBaTopcTBOTO b noeTHnecKHH e3HK Ha 94 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ypHafl>KHeB. B cbqstü erárna "M-bpmea noe3uď (1925), kohto ce cwra 3a nporpaMHa b ö^jirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa CbC cboh aHTHCHMBOJiHSiaM, Te HpoHH3Hpar "aBTopa Ha chjihh o6pa3H", Taxa Kaicro ro Ha30BaBa KpHTHKara, KaTO ro HapnnaT "noeT CbC chjiho h TparHHHO CKOTOB'b.zi.ho b^oöpa^KeHne". ,3,0 t03h MOMeHT npHCbCTBHeTO Ha öhtobh npeHMeTH KaTO mtnanu, zaůdu, ceupxu, ópadeu h >kmbothm KaTO oeiju, Kyuema, koóujiu u óugojiu necro ce cpemaT b xyn,o)Ke ctbchhíi cbht Ha pa3Ka3BaHHTe peajiHCTH h ocoöcho Ha HapOflHHLtHTC Ho ,0,0KaTO npH thx tc3h o6pa3H C a HaCT ot TpaflHIJHOHHHH ÖHTOBopeajiHCTHHeH cbht, to npH ypHafl>KHeB Te Bene npH^oÖHBar HOBa pa3JiHHHa cj)yHKHHOHajiHOCT. ToBa ce h.'kjdkh Ha H3HeHa,o,BamHTe, tb^p^e necTO HejiorHHHH onpeflejieHHH, kohto th CbnpoBOKflaT. TaKa HanpHMep b "Ceamôď TbnaHHTe oř oöhkhobch My3HKajieH HHCTpyMeHT HSBe.zn-rb^k ce npeBp^maT b: Ax, ?-hp\mm hü ueôemo zojiejsiume, mbMHume mit nami, paeHUHume zopnm, u eucom, u cmpauiuo nad nuix, Komo Kpaeu e uoiifina, Kamo Kpaeu om ôjimckk okwicihu, uöam oôjiauu 3Jiu, u nomteam npocmopume e npax. B "y>Kac"6paflBaTa ot HeoôxoHHMO cchhbo ce npeBp-bina b: Heôecama Me zjieöam 6es MUJiocm u etc 6niia u oznena ópadea eeuep hhkoü hü nepna móuna Me cnoxootcda u kühu hü ceamöa. B^b "B KptHMara" koöhjihtc ot flOMaiiiHH >khbothh craBar: ľlpeMunaxa na Kbpeaeu koóujiu dpyzapume mu e cmpauími npeinnoöuii u Mpam e cejiama, e emyd u 6es saxpujia, pmjiioôeuu nadama mu pocnoôuu. B "M-bKa" OBueTe - ca: Tum 3ad XbJiMa Me HOKam e nojinnume Mourne mbMHU u CKbnu oaue u np-bcmma u 3e.\mma, mmuama, c ceoümo Mpmno u jiydo ctpue. HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 95 Ocbch TOBa aBTop'bT necTO BKJiiOHBa Te3n a n npyrn o6pa3H b pa3iiiHpeHH MeTa(J)opH, kohto no Chinna HannH npoBOKnpaT c H3HeHaflBamnTe en CbHeTaHna: "nenm decujiKume", "zpenm na ceoda ozpoMHU, nepeenu npo3opijitme" ("Kohhhuh"), "KJiadeneifa CKtpifa xamo Cbeecm" ("ripen, npojieT"), "77o 2tp6a na sjioeetqume Kyyema / 6ma Meceija cmap u dnecmii" ("M-bKa"), "cmene etn nodecnejiun enm-bp" ("y>Kac") n t. h. B-bpxoBHa CTeneH Ha to3h CTpaHHO ,o,ec|)opMHpaH cbht npeflCTaBjMBaT HejiorH3MHTe ot Tnna Ha "Bujtcdax e MCbJima Kjna oojieuu kotium", "mmo ruioMbK cue ojiecmu KitpnmcT ("EnGeji"), "na Jinmomo MemajiHume 2T>pdu" ("JIioGob"). B CBOHTa CTaTHH "HMCtJiCUHU3'bM" (1920) e,0,hh OT HaH-H3flBCHHTe pyCKH noera HMa>khhhcth AHarojiH MapneHxo(J) nnnie: "Enria or nejinTe Ha noeTa e a,a Cb3fl,afl,e y HHTarejia MaKCHMajiHO b^TpeniHO HanpeoKeHne. Kojikoto ce MO)Ke no-Hafl'bJi6oKO m 3a6ne b fljiaHTa Ha HHTarejiCKoro Cb3HaHHe Goflnjia Ha o6pa3a. EIoaoGhh npoTHBonocTaBHHHH Ha hhctoto c hchhctoto npeflCTaBjMBaT HannH 3a 3acnjiBaHe Ha e(J)eKTa Ha npo6o>KflaHeTO, kohto b flOCTarbHHa CTeneH noKa3Bar HacTp'bXBaHeTO b CbBpeMeHHara HMa>KHHHCTKa noe3Ha". EIo Chinna HannH HnKOJia ypHafl>KHeB Cb3,naBa cboh flncxapMOHnneH n HyzjHOBaT xyflO>KecTBeH cbht, npe3 kohto ncKa %a npoBOKnpa Kaicro jinTepaTypHaTa TpaflHunfl, TaKa n cboh HHTaTeji. Ot ezjHa crpaHa, cbctwt b CTnxocGnpKara e nsn^jiHeH c y»cac, CTpa^aHne n cm^pt - Kaicro e b " Yjtcac" n "BtJiifu", ho ot flpyra, e npezjcraBeH Karo mhcto Ha xapMOHna n Ha,o,e:>Kn,a - "IIpojiemeH efuntp", "Jlwdoe" n "Ceamda". EIo to3h HannH npoTHBonocraBeHn, ^BeTe neHTpajmn tcmh b CTHxocGnpKaTa - Ha nopameHHeTO n Ha Bi»3Kpi»CBaHeTO - ca xapMOHHHHO npofl'bJiJKeHne Ha npe,a,H3BHKaTejiCTBOTO, kocto ypHafl>KHeB Tbpcn c napaflOKcajiHHTe MeTa(J)opH n cpaBHeHna. EIpoTHBonocraBflHeTO Ha "hhctoto c HeHHCToro", 3a KoeTO roBopn MapneHxo(J), ce nocrara Ha bchhkh Bb3MO)khh XyflO>KeCTBeHH paBHHIIia, KOHTO ^KaHp'bT n03BOJMBa - JieKCHKajIHH n KOMno3HL(HOHHH. EIopa,a,h Ta3H npnnnHa h flo fleH-flHemeH CTHxocGnpKaTa "TIpcmemeH efuntp" npe,a,H3BHKBa "Haeip'bXBaHe" y (SbJirapcKna HHTaTeji, npoHHKBanKH Karo "Goflnji" b HeroBoro KyjiTypHO n ncropnHecKO Cb3HaHne. 96 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /|M\!!ij\ 5HBJ1MOTEK/A KOHHHIJH Ha Amen Kapanumee kohhhuh, kohhhuh, kohhhuh, KbpBaBH kohhhuh, moh poflHHa n njiaMHajio po^HO He6e, fle e Hapofla Hfl.ee 3eMHTa oyHTOBHnua, a,e CMe, o Moe nenajiHO h paBHO none! TaM H3ropaxa cejiaTa h ne^t 6e chjikhtc, Bflrbpa CTeHe Hafl nycTHTe hhbh cera, kohhhuh HflaT h njiane 3eMHTa poflnjiKara, CHKam ne njiane h nee, n n^e CM^pTra. T'bMHOTO Könne, jinTHajio TaM b^b npocropnre, CBeTn nofl cji'bHLieTO flHecKa onjincicaHO b kp^b, rpe^t Ha CBQzja orpoMHn, nepBeHn npo3opunTe, CHKam OHHTe Ha 6o>khh, aneHa crp^b. KOHHHUH, KOHHHLIH - ÖpaTfl Hafl 6e3flHH HaflBeceHH, moh poflHHO n njiaMHajio poflHO He6e, bht^pa nfle n CTpaniHO e, ManKO, n Becejio, nen n yMnpa npocTopHOTO paBHO none! EuôJiuomeKa - HuKOJia OypHadjtcuee 97 y^CAC HHBra HHKora híímsl r& ö^e -fla mh flOH^e naic híikoh Ha idcth, nepHa Kp^b nijjiHH bchhkh CbCbflH npea, HKOHara - icbpBaBH kocth. Eo)Ke rocnoflH, CTpaniHO h rjiyxo CTeHe bijH noöecHejina Bíirbp, C HOKTH ICbpTÍI 3ejieHHH Myxtji, oÖJienHji KaTO yacac CTeHaTa. Heöecara Me rjie^aT 6e3 mhjioct h cbc ÖHjia h oraeHa öpa^Ba Benep hhkoh Ha nepHa KOÖHjia Me cnoxoKfla h icaHH Ha CBaröa. Too Me rjie^a c ohh 3anepBeHH h CbC öpa^BaTa oraeHa Maxa, CHKaiii HCKa fla mhhc Ha^, MeHe, KaKTO HHBra Te Tyica yMpaxa. Bo>Ke rocnoflH, b mohto KaH^Hjio CBeTH KpijB BMeCTO 6o)KHe Macjio h rojiHMaTa CTpaniHa KOÖHjia, h HOBeica CbC öpa^Bara pacHar. 98 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) bt>jid;h DryTHHua b^jiuh apocTHO ce ciryma, noceBHTe b ivľbrjíHTe chbh crorr h HHe Cbc >Kejie3HHTe oôyma OT paHHHa BijpBHMe naK Ha nw. Kpan Hac MHHaBaT nepHnre Kapynn, npenKjiHeHH c pa3Jio>KeHH Tcna, h Haíi-noflHpe KaTO nrnna Kyna KOÖHjiaTa c Haü-HepHara KOJia. HO b t03h Hac hhh HHMa J1$l CC MOJIHM, b flyuiHTe nepHH napn nenejrra, Kpan flpyMHiiia onaneHn h roun ca nepHHTe rHe3fla Ha rnöejrra. H b KpaCbKa 3JIOBem Ha TC3H b^jiuh, h b eKOTa Ha nepHara KOJia, h b BÍFTbpa h b njiaMHajIOTO CJľbHUe ropn jik)6ob, ropn h neu civľbpTTa. DryTHHija b^jiuh apocTHO ce cnyma noceBHTe b ivľbrjíHTe chbh crorr n Hne Cbc >Kejie3HHTe oôyma OT paHHHa b^pBHMe naK Ha wht. EuóJiuomeKa - Hukojiq OypHadjtcuee 99 nPOJIETEH BJITT>P Moa MaňKO h moh Kp^mejiHHije, nojiyo^jia h orHeHa npojieT, fleTO Bečeno Gnem b KeneHHHTe h jiyayBain Hafl Bjia>KHHTe kjiohh! A3 CbM jryzj h a3 H3fl,a npe3 hhbhtc h nO CHBHTe yjIHHH THHaM, h pa3npaBHM Ha mohtc Ghbojih C kojiko HOKHa jik)60B th oGHHaM. A TaHuyBar 3anajieHH k^iiihtc ot 6e3cnHpHHH 6ar Ha 3eMírra, hhh CbC bchko flpijBHe ce nperp^maMe h jiyoyBaMe c jiyo,Híi Bíirbp. IlaflaT, CTaBar h xopa, h yjiHHH, h fl-bpBeTa, h rpoGnina nepHH ot 6e3KpaíiHHTe CMejiH npHyMHHH Ha BenepHHH Berbp HeBepeH. Moa MaňKO h moh Kp^mejiHHije -nojiyaajia h orHeHa npojieT, fleTO Bečeno Gnein b KeneHHHTe h jiyayBam Hafl Bjia>KHHTe kjiohh. 100 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) JIIOEOB OrpoMeH 3Meň e jistoto b nycTHHHTe ropH safl^xaH B-bSflyxa %o CM-bpT h cji^HLieTO ropH B^pxy ICbnHHHTe, ICbnHHHTe h HHBHTe KHnHT. H a3 B^pBH n Tbpcíi Te 3ary6eHa b njiaMTHiiiHTe n yrpHHHH hhbíi, o, Moe cjrbHne cpefl 3eMírra BjnoGeHO, Cbc MajiKaTa h Bečena rnaBa. H cjiafl^K Mefl ropH h neň no ycrHHre, B KpiaBTa mh njiyBaT XHJMflH 3BC3flH, a3 n^a n Hafl MeHe ce OTnycHaxa Ha JMTOTO MeTajIHHTC r^pffu. 3affbXBaM ce ot 3hoíí h ^Ka^a oraeHa, neTHTe mh ca njiaMHajra b npijCTTa n nee n norbBa, Jiya,o noraaTO, CbpneTO mh b 6e3ffbHHwre >KHTa. OrpoMeH 3Meň e jihtoto b nycrnHHTe, safl^xaHa e nepHaTa 3eMH, a3 nna cok h Miaica ot icbnnHHTe h TbpCíl Te, h B HHBHTe B^pBH. EuóJiuomeKa - Hukojiq OypHadjtcuee 101 CBATBA 1 Ax, rbpMíiT Ha HeGero rojieMHre, t^mhhtc TbnaHH, paBHHHHTe ropírr, H BHCOKO, H CTpaiIIHO Hafl t3x, KaTO KpaBH b Homra, KaTO KpaBH oř ójracbK oicbnaHH, Hflar oojiauH 3jih, h noTbBar npocTopnTe b npax. H flijjiGoKO sbíhat paBHHHHTe, h ne^T KjiHcypHTe -oyííHH CBarÓH rbpMíiT Hafl 3JiOHecTara nepHa 3eMH. A3 CbM TisMeH >kchhx, Moa MaíiKO, h njiaMBaT jia3ypHTe KaTO MpaneH no)Kap, KaTO Kp^b, KaTO bhk Ha CM^pira. A3 H3flHraM p^Ka h bh Kami CbC nbcrpara Gb.KjiHira, moh Gpara 6e3 rrbT, moh Gpara CbC nepHH rbpflH, bijB Heflejia era- Moirra CBaTGa, - ejiare mh c MTaKara h CbC crpaniHara cxp^G Ha 6e3KpaíiHHTe CTapn 3eMH. KaTO KpaBH b Homra, KaTO KpaBH ot KbpBH OKbnaHH, Hafl rjiaBHTe hh Gaht, tt>mhh oGjiauH GaBHO wbmwr. Ax, rbpMeTe, 3eMH, moh TbMHH h orrieHH TbnaHH, moh Tb.MHa Cbfl6a, moh CBarGa h Becejia CMb.pr! 102 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 3 Yipe e CBaTÖaTa, moh 3cmh, yTpe h a3 me ce jkchh, CBÜTH He3HaílHOTO CJľbHUe b HOIDTa c njiaivľbLiH TbMHonepBeHH. rieaT nepBeHH h öüchh neTjra, TbMHHTe yjIHIJH TbTHaT. DieflaMe: TerHar orpOMHH ivľbrjiH -ÖHBOJiH jierHajiH b iti>t5i. Mena mh ocrbp h CTpameH ÔJiecTH, TbMHHTe 6e3flHH mü BHKaT, Bíirbpa Beceji h nepeH njiiomH, pOnOT OT HMHTe ÖjIHKa. YTpe e CBaTÖaTa, moh 3cmh, yTpe h a3 me ce jkchh, CBeTH He3HaHHOTO CJľbHIje b HomTa c njiaivľbLiH TbMHonepBeHH. Amanac JJaimee 103 ATAHAC ^AJIHEB 1904, 12 k>hh B CojiyH (rk. rtpuna) ce paac^a AraHac ^ameB. 1908-1912 Eama My e Hapo^eH npe^CTaBHTeji b TypcKHa napjiaMeHT, nopain KoeTO AraHac ^ameß >KHBee etc ccmchctboto ch b ľ|,apHrpa^;. TaM ynn b ötJirapcKOTO yHHjiHme. 1912 CeMeiícTBOTO My ce Bptma b CojiyH, cjiqa; Karo janoHBa EajncaHCKara BoiiHa. 1914 KtmaTa hm b CojiyH e H3ropeHa h ceMeiícTBOTO My 3aMHHaBa 3a Co(j)Ha. 1922 3aBtpHiBa Mt^cKara rHMHa3Ha b Co(j)Ha, cjie,a; KoeTO CTaBa CTy^eHT no 4)HJ10CO(j)Ha b C0(j)HHCKHa yhhbepCHTeT. 104 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 1923 3a ntpBH irbT ny6jiHKyBa CTHXOTBOpeHHil B c6opHHK "Moct". 1925 CtBMecTHO c noeTa ^HMHTtp IlaHTejieeB, H3,a;aBa CTaraaTa "MtpTBa noe3Ha", c kojito KpHTHKyBaT CHMBOJIH3Ma. 1926 Ily6jiHKyBa ntpBaTa ch CTHxoc6HpKa "IIpo3opeu,". YnacTBa b jiHTepaTypHHa icptr "OrpejieH". 1927 3aMHHaBa 3a HTajina, Kt^eTO cjiyuia jickhhh no ncTopna Ha H3KyCTBOTO H HCTe 4)HJ10CO(J)CKa jiHTepaTypa. 1928 IÍ3^;aBa "CraxoTBopeHna". 3aMHHaBa 3a IlapiDK, Kb^ero cjiyuia jieicnHH no 4)Hjioco(J)Ha h jiHTeparypa b Cop6oHaTa. 1929 Ily6jiHKyBa CTaTHaTa "PejiHrH03HOTO nyBCTBO b ótnrapcicaTa jrapmca". 1930 IÍ3JiH3a TpeTaTa My KHHra -CTHxoc6HpicaTa "IlapH^c". OTnenaTBa CTaTHaTa "XpHCTO Botcb h Hapo^HaTa neceH". 1936 BtB piiiBa Kype 3a npeno^aBarejiH no (J)peHCKH e3HK KtM Cop6oHaTa. 1937 Ha3HaneH e 3a ynHTeji b ĎtJirapcKOTO yHHjiHme b L|,apHrpa^;. 1938 O^ceHBa ce 3a AHacTacna AraHacoBa, oř kojito HMa HeTHpn ^eua. 1943 IÍ3^;aBa aHTOJiorHHHaTa Amanac JJaimee 105 CTHxocÖHpica "AHrejTbT Ha Illaprp". Bjiroa b jiHTepaTypHa nojieMHica c noeTa XpncTO Pa^eBCKH OTHOCHO cbmHOcrra na /leTCKaTa noe3Ha. 19 AA PaÖOTH b OT^ejl "OömecTBeHO Bt3nHTaHHe" kt>m MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha HHCj^opMaHHirra h H3KycTBara. 1946 riyöJiHKyBa cep na CTaTHH 3a TBopn ecTBOTO Ha T>pHeer XeMHHryeii, )KaH- rioji Caprp h Ji^KOYí GraHHÖeHK. 1952 Pe^aKTop e b cnncaHHe "rijiaMtHe". 1965 ritpBO npeH3^;aBaHe Ha HerOBH TBOpÖH b CÔOpHHK "CTHXOTBOpeHHa" cjie,a; 20-ro^HHiHa ueH3ypa Btpxy TBOpneCTBOTO My 1967 H3>a;aBa "k, npoaBHBam HHTepecn noBene icbM KHnrnTe n npnKjiiOHeHHHTa Ha ,zryxa, otkojikoto icbM nrpnTe n 3a6aBjieHnaTa. J\o rojuiMa CTeneH e^hh (J)H3HHecKH HcaocrarbK ce OKa3Ba pemaBam b TOBa OTHOineHne - ot flercKa b-bspacr AraHac ^ajineB CTpa^a or cujiho Kbcoznedcmeo - 6jih30 oceM flnonrbpa, KaTO jieKapnTe flopn ca npczrnojiarajiH, ne e b^mo^kho fla 3ary6n Han^jiHO 3peHneTO en, Koraro HaBjie3e b 3pajia b^pacT. H b^npeKH ne 3a macrae TOBa Taica n He ce cjrynBa, HeroBOTO k^comeflCTBO 6e3 BcaicaKBO CbMHeHne H3nrpaBa orpoMHa pojia He caMO b JIHHHHH My )KHBOT, HO, GhXMC flOGaBHJIH, h b TBOpneCTBOTO My. Ot hhcto eK3HCTeHi;HajiHa rjicznra TOHica xopaTa c OTCJiaGHajio 3peHne HMaT e^hh cnenn(J)HHeH pa3flBoeH norjiczi icbM ^encTBHTejihocrra - ot e^Ha crpaHa, 6e3 onnjia CBerbT hm ce npczjcraBfl icaro curia pa3MHTa, HeacHa KaprnHa, b kohto npeflMemTe ryOAT He caMO cbohtc OHepTaHna, ho h CMncbJia Ha cbocto eCTecTBeHO npnjiojKeHne, a, ot flpyra crpaHa, c onnjia CBerbT npneMa cboh HopManeH pejie(J) n (J)opMa n c^icani rorjiOKfla ome no-HHTepeceH n ctohhoctch CbC CBOHTe noflpoGHOCTH n HioaHcn. B to3h CMncbJi 3a AraHac ^ajineB npexodtm om Mcnomo inoopa.weuiie KbM jwbznmomo u ueonpedejieuomo, mam Kaxmo u oopamiiomo He e caMO ecreTHHecKn hjih MeTa(J)H3HHecKH BbJipoc, a ce H3pa3HBa n b eK3HCTeHnnajiHH H3MepeHna - hhcto h npocro b flBn^KeHneTO, c KoeTO en CBajia hjih cjiara onnjiaTa. Ton He e Heo6xo,a,HMO ^a OTKpnBa MeTa(J)H3HHHaTa n MeTa(J)opHHHa cbmHOCT Ha CBeTa, hhto HeroBaTa OTHOCHTejiHOCT h a6cyp,o,HOCT - Te ce npczjcraBHT OKCzjHeBHO npefl HeroBna nomefl n b icpaa Ha KpanmaTa CTaBaT nacr ot caMna Hero. H no to3h HannH GnxMe Morjin ^a en oGhchhm yHyzjBainaTa TBopnecica n 4)njioco(J)CKa 3pajiocT, kohto npoHBHBa noeT'bT. E^Ba Ha 20-21 roziHiima b^pacT toh nnnie Amanac JJannee 107 CTHXOTBOpeHHH, b KOHTO Ce OTKpHBd HyBCTBHTCJIHOCT h Sa.ZľBJlOOHeHOCT, CBOHCTBeHH 3a IlHCaTejIHTe b 3pejIHTe hm rOflHHH. ATaHac ^ajineB e aBTop caMO HaTpn crnxoconpicH "IIp030peu," (1926), "CTHxoTBOpeHHH" (1928) h "IlapHJK" (1930). ITpe3 1943 r. H3JiH3a "AHrejitT Ha IIIapTp", ho TH HMa no CKopo aHTOJiornneH xapaKTep, 3am oro nonra bchhkh TBopön b Hea ca Bene no3HaTn Ha Hnrarejis ot npczrniiiHHTe My KHnrn. Han-aKTHBHHHT TBopnecicn nepnozi Ha AraHac ^ajineB e Me^k^y 1925 n 1930 r., ToraBa KoraTO noerbT e Me^íyry ,zrBa,zieceT n e^Ha - ,zrBa,zieceT n mecT roflHHn. Cjiefl 1944 r. HOBaTa BjiacT ocb>Kfla noe3HHTa My KaTO "ynafl^HHa", "(J)opMajiHCTHHHa" n "6yp:>Koa3Ha" n 3a ppe fleceTnjieTHH toh e OTpeneH n 3ajiHHeH ot jíHTeparypHHH >khbot. CaMHírr noeT npe3 KyjiTOBna nepnozí npoHBHBa BHCOKa MopajiHa n TBopnecica CbBecT KaTO npeflnonnTa Han^jiHO ,a,a ce OTKa>Ke or TBopnecica achhoct, otkojikoto %a nsm^jiHíiBa pa3nopefl6nTe Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara BjiacT othocho TOBa Kaie n KaKBO TpaÖBa ,a,a ce nnnie. E^Ba b cpe^aTa Ha 60-Te roa,hhh, KoraTO HacrbnBa nacTHHHO pa3Mpa3HBaHe b nojíHTHHecKHH n KyjiTypHHíi >khbot Ha E^jirapna, AraHac ^ajineB othobo 3anoHBa %a nenara craxoTBopeHna b jinTepaTypHHTe H3flaHna, Maicap n He CbC Cbinara hhtch3hbhoct, Kaicro npe3 CBOHTa MjiaflOCT. ľlpe3 to3h nepnozí noerbT hhh b jrnpHHecKara TBopöa. ľlo to3h HannH HeroBnre cthxobc npnflOÖHBar eflHa HHTepecHa MHororniacroBOCT n ceManrnHHa ycjio>KHeHOCT. H3flaBa eflHa KHnra c "OparMeHTH" (1967), KOHTO e HCTHHCKH LUCZľbOB'bp b oÖJiacTTa Ha ecencTHHHna >KaHp. KopHiia Ha "AHrejiBT Ha IIIapTp", xyzj. Eopnc AHrejiyuieB 3a m pa30epeM Han-^oope TBopnecTBOTO Ha ATaHac ^ajineB, TpaÖBa fla HMaMe npejspwji, HeroBaTa CHJIHa OÖB-bpsaHOCT C ^HJlOCO^CKaTa jíHTepaTypa. ITpe3 1927 r. toh SaB^piIIBa 4)hjioco(J)hh b CO(J)hhckhh yHHBepcHTeT n ^,o icpaa Ha >KHBOTa My Ta ocTaBa HeroBaTa rojuíMa cjiaöocT C'bBceM HecjiynanHO ö^jirapcKaTa KpnTHKa Hapnna ATaHac ^ajineB "noembm khbot, toh c e 3aHHMaBa ochobho c npeBQzra Ha xyn,0)Ke ctbchh TBopÖH. Ta3H HeroBa ^eííHOCT He caMO My noMara ,zra H3xpaHBa CBoeTO ceMeöcTBO, ho e h eo,HHCTBeHrarr HannH ,o,a ocTaHe b CBeTa, kohto Bb.3npHeMa.ji caMO KaTO cboh - T03H Ha KHHrHTe. Bb.b "(PpazMewnu" toh cnozjejra KaKBO 03HanaBa 3a Hero npeBO^a: "H Bee naK Tpaößa %a npn3Haa, ne ronrareaM ocoöeHO yaoBOJiCTBHe, Koraro npeBe>k,zi,aM oř nozjcpoHHHK. Mo)Ke 6h TOBa e Amanac JJaimee 109 yaoBOJiCTBHeTO ot TBopnecTBOTo: fla BH^aiii KaK ot e^hh 6e3(j)opMeH Kyn flyMH, KaKTO ot Kyn roiCbK, Tyxjin n Bap, Cb3flaBam e^Ha crponHa črpáka, 6e3 fla HyBCTBam, ne pa3Bajiain Hy^ara črpáka, pa3BajieHa Bene ot flpyrn." JJajmeB npeBe^a poMaHHTe ÍÍJEepeeno u nepno" Ha CTeH^aji n "EpamoeneÔKama Eem" Ha Baji3aK, pa3Ka3HTe Ha Ahtoh ľlaBjíOBHH HexoB, jinpnKa ot KoHcraHTHHOC KaBa(J)nc, Hhkoc Ka3aH,a,3aKHC, A,o,aM MnuKeBHH, Emhjih ^hkhhcbh, Hnmnan ryMHjibOB, JIa(J)OHTeH, Illapji Bo^jiep, IToji Ejiioap n ome mhoto flpyrn CBeTOBHOH3BecTHH aBTopn. 3a AraHac „HanneB, ocbch HannH Ha >khbot, jinTepaTypaTa e n H3KycTBO CbC coöcTBeHH cji05khh npaBHjia, kohto e Hy>kho fla G'bpar H3yneHH n pa30paHH. Mňoro ot HeroBHTe "(PpazMewnu" npeflCTaBjíHBaT H3KjnoHHTejiHO npOHHKHOBCHH pa3Cb>KfleHHH Bb>pxy 3aKOHHTe Ha h3 Ky ct b OTO h b HaCTHOCT Ha jíHTepaTypaTa n noe3Hírra. Eb>jirapcKHírr jinTepaTypeH ncTopnK CBeTji03ap Htob b e^Ha cboh erárna nnnie: "^ajineBHTe paöora ot Ta3n KHnra HMaT 3a HamaTa jinTepaTypa 3HaHeHneTO, kocto HMaT 3a MO^epHaTa CBeTOBHa jíHTepaTypa eceTaTa Ha T. C. Ejih^t h CTarnnTe n cj)parMeHTHTe Ha IToji Bajiepn." Bb>b "(PpazMewnu" önxMe Morjín ,a,a OTKpneM n rojuíMa nacT ot eerernHecKHTe npnHnnnn, xapaicrepHn 3a noe3Hírra ome Ha paHHna JJajmeB. TyK me uHTnpaMe caMO e^hh (J)parMeHT, kohto npenpama Kb.m ochobch npoÖJieM b HeroBara noe3na 3amoTO e hcbt^mo^kho ,a,a npeflCTaBHM Ha bchhkh 3HaHHMH noCTaHOBKH b KHnraTa; "3a noeTHTe flyMara ocbch 3HaHeHne e ocoöeHO CbHeTaHne ot 3Bynn, HMa ocoöeHa .zrbjDKHHa n TOKe ct, Cb,zrbp:>Ka ocoöeHa öarpa, hoch ocoöeHa a™occ|)epa. nopain TOBa 3a noeraTe He CbmecTByBaT chhohhmh; BCHKa ,zryMa e He3aMeHHMa. Te a BH>Kfl,aT, nyBaT, onnnBaT n ycemax Kohto hsma TOBa ccthbho, aKO meTe MaTepnajiHO OTHOineHne KbM Hea, toh He e noeT." Ule oöbpHeM BHHMaHne Ha nocjie^HOTO H3peHeHne, b kocto noerbr roBopn 3a "MaTepnajiHO OTHomeHHe" wbm cjiOBOTO b noe3Hírra. Hpes Ta3n cboh no3nnnii cnp^MO jinpnHecKHH e3HK AraHac „ZlajineB HacoHBa KbM e^hh ot H3TOHHHnHTe Ha jinTepaTypHO BjinaHne Bb>pxy HeroBaTa jinpnKa - tojicmhot aHrjinncKH noeT T. C. Ejihi»t. BepoHTHO ome Karo CTyzjeHT öb>jirapcKHirr TBopeij e HMaji b^mo^khoct fla ce 3ano3Hae c noeraHOBKara Ha T. C. Ejih^t 3a "oöeKTHBHna KopejiaT" KaTO Han-noflxoAamaTa(J)opMa3aH3pa3HBaHe HaeMonnnre b H3KycTBOTo: "... rpyna npe^MeTH, H3BecTHa crnyanna hjih Bepnra ot ebonraa, kohto npeflCTaBjwBaT (J)opMyjiaTa Ha Ta3n onpe^ejieHa eMOijHH, (J)opMyjia, npn kohto HajinnneTO Ha flafleHH Bb.HiiiHH 4)aKTopn ... HenocpeflCTBeHO ^a npe,o,H3BHKBaT eMonnirra". Ot flpyra CTpaHa, „ZlajmeB e HaacHO n c xapaKTepHna noeranecKH noxBaT Ha EjiHb.t fla pa3HHTa Ha HHTejieiayajiHOTO ycnjine ot CTpaHa Ha HHTaTejia npn 110 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) OTKpHBaHe Ha CKpHTHTe Bp^KH Me>Kfly OÖeKTHTe B fleHCTBHTejIHOCTTa. Be3 CbMHeHHe MHoro My flona^a mcto^t Ha thxhoto CbönpaHe b e^Ha KapTHHa hjih eflHH CHMBOJI, C ucji JIQ npOBOKHpa jik)6onHTCTBOTO Ha HHTaTejIH, CbC CBOHTa HHTejieKTyajiHa 3ara,zrbHHOCT. B CBOírra noe3HH AraHac ^ajrqeB npHBHaca npnHnnnnTe Ha MO^epHHTe rbpceHna h pa36npaHHíi Ha T. C. EjihijT. JJpyra e^Ha HacoKa b rbpceHero Ha jíHTeparypHH bjihhhhh b TBopnecTBoro Ha AraHac ^ajineB e b'bSflencTBneTO pycKHHT aiCMeH3i»m h inviamiHintivi -caMOÖHTHH TeneHHH, kohto HMaT Ba>KHa para b pycKHH nocTCHMBOJiHSijM npe3 BToporo fleceTHjieTHe Ha XX buk. noeraTe h ot ^BeTe TeneHHH rbpcírr cpeflcraa, npe3 kohto fla npeoflOJieaT cnMBOJincTHHecKara noemKa, h rn HaMnpar, ho Tp^brBaíiKH no pa3JiHHHn rrbTHma. Han-xapaKTepHara nepTa b noeraKara Ha aKMencTHTe n HMa>KHHHCTHTe e onpeflMeTHBaHeTO Ha H3o6pa3HBaHaTa KaprnHa. ^Ipes o6pa3a Te ncKaT ^a npnflaflar hobo 3HaHeHne Ha Bp^KaTa Cbflb.p^KaHne -(J)opMa b xya,o:>KecTBeHaTa TBopöa. B e^hh ot MaHncj)ecTHTe Ha HMa>KHHHCTHTe nnnie: "06pa3 n caMO o6pa3. CaMO oöpas^t, no^oÖHO Ha Ha(J)TajiHHa, nocnnaH Bbpxy npoH3BefleHneTO, mo^kü %a ro cnacn ot mojiuhtc Ha BpeMeTO." ľlo-pejie(J)eH, no-xapaicrepeH n no-peajincTHHeH, oöpas^t ce Hy>Kflaeji or pasjinneH e3HK, kohto %a ro nocTaBH b nenrbpa Ha TBopöara. Amanac JJannee 111 ITpe3 1915 r. b pycKHH (jryrypHCTHHeH ajiMaHax "Cmpenetj" H3JiH3a n^pBara b pycxaTa npeca craTHii 3a aHrjiHHCKHíi HMa^khhhs^m Ha E3pa IlayHfl, h YimjxbM Jlync, kohto HHKOJiKO roflHHH no-KbCHO ,o,aBa HanajiOTO Ha MOflepHHCTHHHOTO tchchhc b PycHH, a b EijjirapHíi npe3 1926 r. ce ccpopMHpa jiHTepaTypeH icptr "Orpejieu". B to3h icpu B3HMaT ynacTne czthh ot Haň-rojieMHTe HHTejieKryajiHH npe3 to3h nepnofl b crpaHaTa, Me:>k,zry kohto e h AraHac /EajineB. Pa36npa ce, 3a pa3JiHKa ot pycKHTe (jtyrypHCTH, GbJirapcKHre "cTpejiHH" nocTaBHT b ireHTbpa Ha CBOHTa KyjiTypHa mhchh b^npoca 3a CbOTHomeHHeTO MQiKjxy GijjirapcKOTO h Hy>k,zTOTO KaTO oGmecTBeH h xyflO>KecTBeH npoGjieM. B mho^kcctbo crarHH h eceTa ce 3amHTaBa h^eaTa 3a HaMHpaHe Ha pa3yMHO CbOTHomeHHe Me)k,zry HaijHOHajiHHTe TpaflHijHH h nyHcmaa oGmecTBeH h KyjiTypeH onHT. Eipe3 1927 r. Kp^rbT ycroiBa ^a CK3n,an,e h cboh nenaTeH opraH - bccthhk "Cmpe/ieif", ho toh rojiroa caMO b ^BaHafleceT 6poa. MajiKO cjiefl nocjieflHHH 6poň h caMHirr Kp-br ce pa3na,a,a. AraHac /JajineB He e ot BOflemHTe (jmrypn b "Cmpejieif", ho TOBa mo^kcm rsl ch oGhchhm Haň-Bene c HeroBaTa b^pacT - toh e cum 21-22-roflHineH Mjia,o,e:>k cpefl 3pejiH (J)HrypH h yTB^pfleHH HMeHa b G^jirapcKHa KyjiTypeH >khbot. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, toh e ot aKTHBHHTe aBTopn b flBaTa opraHa Ha Kp^ra - Be cthhhhtc "ifemcw" h "Cmpeifieif", KbfleTO ynacTBa b hhkojiko ^HCKycHH othocho mhctoto Ha CHMBOJiH3Ma b GbJirapcKara jiHreparypHa Tpafluinia. Elpema bchhko oGane ce OTjiHHaBa Cbc caMoGnTHOTO ch noeTHHecKO TBopne ctbo. yTB-bp^eHO e MHeHneTO, ne jinpHKaTa Ha AraHac /JajineB e xapaKTepHa HaH-Bene CbC CBOHTa npe/jMeTHOCT h HHTejieKTyajiHOCT. H axo HHTejieKTyajiHHHT ejieMeHT e jiecHO pa36npaeM, GjiaroflapeHne Ha Bene cnoivieHaTHH a(J)HHHTeT Ha aBTopa KbM 4)Hjioco(J)CKaTa TCMa, to nozrnepTaHaTa ynoTpeGa Ha npenMeTH h oGckth ot flOManiHHH HHTepnop h rpaflCKHH eKCTepnop e Hemo HarrbjiHO hcthhhhho h Heno3HaTO ^o to3h momcht 3a &bJirapcKara jinpHKa. CaMHirr aBTop ^aBa cziho jiorHHHO TbjiKyBaHe Ha Te3H cboh npezrnoHHTaHHíi. ripen, ^hmhtbp ABpaMOB toh Hee^HOKparHO Ka3Ba: "KaTO rpa^ckh HHTejinreHT ecTectbcho e %a npecb3,a,aBaM oGcraHOBKara, b kohto >KHBea h paGom BcHKa craa ch HMa Bpara, npo3opuH h np. ToBa e." IT HancTHHa caMO 3arjiaBHHTa Ha CTHxoTBopeHHHTa b nbpBara My CTHxocGnpKa "IIp030peu" ca flOCTarbHHH, 3a %a ce yGe^HM b TOBa, ne npezTMeTvr 3aeMa ochobho mhcto b xy^o^KecTBeHOTO npocTpaHCTBo: "EojiHUifa", "Xujfcu", "Kojiu", "Bpamume", "IJposopeif", "Cmanma"h,zrp. AKO bhhkh6m BHHMaTCJIHO b HHflHBHflyajIHaTa KapTHHa Ha BCHKO CTHxoTBopeHHe me orKpneM, ne CBeTbT b tax npeacTaBjuiBa e,a,Ha Ha np^b nomefl Heo^yxoTBopeHa cucmeMa om npeÓMemu. OGhkhobcho tsm hobck^t 112 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) OTCbCTBa b TpaflHUHOHHHfl CMHCbJI KaTO JIHpHHCCKH CyGeKT. HOBCK'bT b jiHpHKaTa Ha ^ajineB e npczjcraBeH %o TaxaBa CTeneH OTHy>Kfl,eH ot pasGnpaHeTO Ha flyxoBHOTO h HOBeuiKOTO, ne CTaBa caM OTpnnaHHe Ha ce6e ch. Toh He ce pa3me>Kfla b peHecaHCOBHH cmhckji Ha flyMara KaTO "BeHei; Ha npHpcmara", a b HeroBHH eiQHCTeHHHajieH CMHCbJi - KaTO nocjieflHara (J)a3a Ha b^mo^khoto OTHy^KfleHHe. HoBeKbT ce npeflCTaBH He b CBOHTa hajioct, a pa3na,a,Haji ce Ha eneMeHTH, kohto hjih ce cpaBHHBar c ocraHajiHTe npe^MeTH ot MarepHajiHHa cbht, hjih (J)yHKL(HOHHpaT xya,o:>Kectbcho KaTO TaKHBa. HeKa noraeflHeM b^b BTopna KynjieT Ha "Eojinuifo" krk onncaHHeTO Ha Gojihhtc mhoto noBene npHjinna Ha 6e3cy6eKTHaTa pa3rpa,a,eHOCT Ha noprpeTHTe Ha IlHKaco, otkojikoto Ha HHKaKBa peajracTHHHa KaprHHa: Tesu nepnu ptife epts npocmpeuume 6enu noKpuemi Komo uepnu ozonenu kjiohu na 3Umhuh cum, me3u cyxu ptye u paxpueenu 6ojihu ycMuexu, u ohu MOJtce 6u eene eznedanu e dpyzun cenm. IlpeflMeTHTe, TaKa Kaicro h (jtyHKnnoHHpainHTe KaTO TaKHBa nopTpeTHH ejieivieHTH, CbBceM ohcbhaho roirbjinaBaT pojurra Ha "oGeicrHBeH KopejiaT", 3a kohto roBopn T. C. Ejih^t b CBOHTa crania no noBOfl TpareflHHTa "XaMJiem". Cnopefl aHrjiHHCKHH noeT npe3 onpeflejieHa rpyna ot npe^MeTH TpaGBa ^a ce npeflH3BHKa onpe^ejieHa eMonnfl, kohto cj)aKTHHeckh e npoBOKnpajia caivraa aicr Ha CbTBopaBaHe Ha TBopGara. Ilo to3h HanHH ce H36arBa caMOTO onncaHHe Ha nyBCTBOTO, KoeTO CHMBOJiH3MrbT ma6jiOHH3Hpa h npeBp^ina b totobh (J)pa3H h (J)opMyjiH. HoBaTa o6pa3HOCT pa3HHTa Ha cnocoGHoeira Ha TBopena TaKa ^a MO^ejinpa h KOMno3npa xyflO>KecTBeHOTO Gnrae ot ecrecTBeHHTe ejieMenrH h npeflMeTH, ne to m 3anonHe ^a roBopn caMO, ^a H3pa3HBa Hafi-afleKBaTHHTe h t^pceHH HyBCTBa. C^BKynHOCTTa OT 06pa3H, CbC CBOHTe ckphth hjih hbhh BbTpeniHH h b'bHiiiHH ajiK)3hh, no to3h HaHHH ce npeBp^ina b cjio>KeH peoyc, kohto H3HCKBa onpe,o,ejieHa HacrpoHKa Ha HHTarejia. Ot e^Ha crpaHa, toh TpaGBa HHTejieKTyajiHO ^a pa3KQZTHpa "flnajiora" Me:»yiy npe^MeTHTe, a, ot flpyra, jx& nocTHrae Hy>KHOTO CbCTOHHHe Ha Cb3epnaHHe, kocto Hafi-BapHO me ro HacoHH KbM t^pceHoro BHymeHHe. ObBceM He e cjrynaHHO, ne AraHac ^ajIHCB BMeCTO "06eKTHBeH KOpejiaT" CHHTa CTHXOTBOpeHHflTa ch 3a "b'bnjrbTeHH eMOUHH", kocto oGino B3eTO e e^HO h Cbino Heme EflHH ot HaH-xapaicrepHHTe 6ejie3H b jinpnKaTa Ha ^ajineB e Ba>KHara (J)yHKi;hh, kohto npH,o,o6HBa /jeTaHjitT. Haivia flpyr aBTop b G^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa, kohto ^a npoaBHBa TaKaBa nyBctbhtcjiho ct KbM Ha np^b noraefl Amanac JJannee 113 "Komiio3huh$i", xyzj. }Kop5K IIana30B He3HaHHTejiHHTe ejieivieHTH ot fleficTBHTejiHOCTTa KaTO hm npH^aBa xyflO>KecTBeHa MHoronjiacTOBOCT. HtajiHaHCKHHT H3CJie,a,OBaTeji CaHTe FpaHOTH CHHTa, ne TafiHaTa Ha TBopne cicna nponec Ha AraHac ^ajineB "ce CbCTOH b noflGop Ha ^eHCTBHTejiHOCTTa h H30JiHpaHe ot Hea Ha hy^khhh fleTafiji, noflCHjiBanKH 3HaneHHeTO My npe3 H3HHCTBaHe Ha npocTpaHCTBOTO okojio Hero". He caMO b jrapHKara, ho h b HeroBHTe cj)parMeHTH mo^kcm jya. Ha6jiK)flaBaMe cnenHc|)HKaTa Ha to3h nponec: "Hafl ynnnaTa npejiera nTnna. A3 He a 3a6ejiH3ax, ho bh^hx caHKara h jya. na^a HaflOJiy KaTO KaM^k no cjrbHHeBara (J)acafla Ha cpemHOTO 3,o,aHHe." Ha np-bB norjiefl ochobhhht o6pa3 b to3h Ka^p TpaGBa fla e to3h Ha nranaTa, ho BCbiiraocr toh e OTCbCTBam. Ha HeroBO Macro ce HacraHaBa csHicara Ha nTnnaTa, kohto He caMO 3aMecTBa caMaTa nTnna, ho h noeMa bchhkh noeTHnecKH cftyHKUHH Ha BHyineHneTO, KoeTO TpaGBa ce nocTHme. CaHKaTa e caMO fleTafiji ot e,zraa MHraoBeHa KapraHa, ho b xyflO>KecTBeHHH cbht Ha AraHac ^ajineB toh CTaBa neHrpajiHHaT H3pa3HTeji Ha eMOiraaTa. TojiaMa pojia b noe3HHTa Ha ^ajineB nrpae h /;Ha6ojiH3Mi»T. npe3 20-Te roflHHH Ha XX Bex TOBa jiHTepaTypHO TeneHne HMa chjiho bjihhhhc Bb.pxy G'bJirapcKHTe TBopnn. Han-CHjiHO TOBa jihhh b pa3ica3HTe Ha CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob, TeoprH PanneB h Bjia^HMnp Hojihhob. B jrapHKara Ha ^ajineB He 114 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ÖHXMe MorjiH fla roBopHM 3a xapaicrepHH ,zi,Ha6ojihhhh mothbh, a 3a THXHa CBoeo6pa3Ha TpaHC^opMaijHH. ľlpH Hero roiMa KoniMapHH BH^eHHa hjih mhcthhhh h CBpiaxecTecTBeHH chjih, KOHTO %a Bb^eHCTBar b^pxy peajiHOCTTa. Too caMO (J)opMajiHO noji3Ba apceHajia Ha flHaöojiHHHara noeTHKa - orjieflajia, KHHrn, npo3opuH, ceHKH, nHCMa h t.h. PeajiHO oöane, HaroBapBa tc3h o6pa3H c MHoro no-cjio>khh h MHoronjiacTOBH 3HaneHHH, ot tc3h, Ha KOHTO pa3HHTar nocjieflOBaTejiHTe Ha no crpoMaHTHHHOTO TeneHHe. EflHa ot ijeHTpajiHHTe tcmh, kohto noerbT 3aHMCTBa or ,o,Ha6ojiH3Ma, e TeMaTa 3a CMtpTra. Ho npn AraHac ^ajineB ra MHoro noBene ce flo6jiH>KaBa AO TpaKTOBKaTa, kohto fleceTHjieTHe no-KbCHO npaBHT b TepMaHHH h c&paHUHíí eK3HCTeHL(HajIHCTHTe, OTKOJIKOTO flO (J)OpMajIHO CeH3aUHOHHHH HaHHH Ha flHaöojiHCTHTe. CivľbpTTa He e caMO noBOfl ^a ce pa3Cb>KflaBa b^pxy npexoflHOCTTa Ha hobciiikoto CbmecTByBaHHe h 6e3njiOflHOCTTa Ha ycHjiHirra Ha HOBeKa %a npeöopn BeHHoerra. npn ö^jirapcKHa noer, TaKa KaKTO no-KbCHO e b 3anaflHoeBponeHCKHH aTencTHHeH eK3HCTeHUHajiH3'bM, oöpas^t Ha cb-bpiiieKa Ha ^KHBora e H3Be,o,eH ^o rjiooajma MeTa(J)opa, 3afl kohto ce pa30npa eKmcmeuiiua.u nimn aöcypd. DKhbotbt e pa3meflaH npc3 npH3Mara Ha cnrypHaTa civľbpr, kohto o6e3CMHCJia bchko HOBeuiKO fleocTBHe. Too ce npeBp^ma b Heiry>KHO ycHjine h 6e3KpaÖHO CTpa^aHHe. npezj jiHueTO Ha civrbprra aöcojiiOTHO bchhkh HOBeuiKH CTOHHOCTH h Hafle>KflH ce caMoyHHmo^KaBar h nponaflar. B cthxotb opeHHeTO "CTapHTe momh" e H3Be,oeH KaTO HempajieH hmchho t03h MOTHB. ClVľbpTTa e OJIHUeTBOpeHa KaTO nOCJieflHHH )kchhx Ha CTapHTe momh h eflHHCTBeHaTa raxHa pa^ocT Eahhctbcho th me rn hsm^khc ot 6e3cnHpHHH Kp-broBpaT Ha neKp-bKa (rypcKa flyvia 3a ^OMameH ypefl 3a npe^eHe, kohto ce flBH>kh c flBe Kanena), ryK CHMBOJiH3Hpam 6e3KpaiiHO noBTapamoTO ce BpeMe, Kaicro h 6e3CMHCJiHeTO Ha Tpyzja. MHoroKpaTHO öbJirapcKara KpnTHKa cpaBHHBa o6pa3a Ha CTapHTe momh, kohto "b^ptht 6e3cnHpHO KOJiejiOTO / h cjryinar CKp^ÖHaTa My neceH" c to3h Ha Ch3h(J) ot "Munľbm na Cu3U(p" Ha AjiöepT KaMK). H b ^BaTa cjiynaa a6cyp,o,HOCTTa Ha öhthcto, kocto He npoH3Be>Kfla cmhcjih, a czthhctbcho Bb.3npoH3Be:>k,zi,a caMOTO ceöe ch, e BOflemHiiT MOTHB Ha nocjiaHHHTa. npn AraHac ^ajineB oöane OTCbCTBa flopa3BHTa h^eHTa 3a 6yHTa cpemy TOBa 6e3CMHCjrae h b TOBa OTHOineHne too e no-6jiH3KO jip aHTHHHHa MHT h no-afleKBarHO ro rbjncyBa. Ome no-HHTepecHa HHTepnpeTauHii Ha mothb, xapaKTepeH 3a eK3HCTeHijHajiHCTKaTa jiHTeparypa, mojkcm rsl OTKpneM b CTHxoTBopeHHeTO "JJmojiCKo". TyK jihphhcckhht nepcoHa>k, 3a %a pa3Kpne CBOirra OTHy>k,zi,eHOCT or HenpHeMjiHBHH 3a Hero cbht Ha rpa^a, Kb,o,eTO "TpaMBan KaTO BeTpoBe 4)ynaT / h CMexoBe h KpacbijH 3 By h ar" c e H3npaBH npefl OTBopeHHH npo3opeij h Amanac JJaimee 115 "apocTHO OTTaM 3aMepBaM xopaTa / Cbc np^ct ot CTapHTe caKCHH 6e3 uBera", cjiefl KoeTO b Kpaa Ha TBopöara ce oöecßa Ha paMKaTa Ha npo3opeua, 3a %a ce H3njie3H Ha CBeTa. Hhkojiko roflHHH no-icbCHO bo^an^t Ha (J)peHCKHH eKSHCTeHijHajiHSijM ^KaH-IToji CapTp me Cb3flafle b cboh poMaH "TIozHycamď, Harpa^eH c HoöejiOBa Harpa^a, o6pa3a Ha GrapneTO, Koero no híiji ^eH ctoh Ha npo3opena Ha CBOirra rama n ce 3a6aBjwBa ^a njiioe b-bpxy npeMHHaBamHTe no TpoToapa xopa. H b to3h cjiynan HHrepnpeTaijHíFra Ha MOTHBa 3a )kh3h6hoto OTHa^Hne e no-fl^jiooKO n HHTepecHO pa3BHTa npn öbjirapcKHii TBopeij. Ako npn cj)peHCKHTe eKSHCTeHHHajiHCTH cm^pira e caMO cpe^CTBO 3a pa3KpnBaHe Ha peajiHHTe ctohhocth b öhthcto, to 3a ^ajineB 3a nope^eH wht e npczjcraBeHa KaTO (J)opMa Ha aöcojiiOTHO ocBOÖo^KfleHne: "A3 hmäm bchhko: moh e cm^pTTa." B 0Cb3HaBaHeTO Ha nepcoHaiaca, ne Bjia^ee flopn coöcTBeHaTa ch civľbpT, t e. He th 3acTpamaBa jihhhoto My önrae, 3amoTO e HeMHHyeMa, a too 3acrpainaBa HeÖHOTO BceMorbmecTBO, 3amoTO MO)Ke %a a npH30Be, Koraro no)Kejiae - ce OTKpHBa 4)HJIOCO(J)CKHH 3aMHCbJI Ha CTHXOTBOpeHHeTO. HO aKO b Te3H CTHXOTBOpeHHH 4)HJIOCO(J)HHTa e CKpHTa b CHMBOJIHHTe njiacTOBe, HMa ^pyrn b jinpHKaTa Ha ^ajineB, kohto ^npeKTHO b^npoHSBe^KflaT 4)hjioco(J)ckh mothbh h jieKCHKa. Be3 CbMHeHne e^Hn ot Han-H3BeCTHHTe n Han-cnojiyHjinBHTe ca "MemcKpusimecKii conem", "EajiKOHtm" h "IIjiadHn". B tax eKSHCTeHnnajiHSMijT OTcrbnBa mhcto Ha n^en, cb-bpsaHH c HfleajracTHHecKara 4)hjioco(J)hh Ha njiaroH, BeHe^eTO Kpone, EflMyHfl Xycepji n ^p. Taxa HanpnMep b "MeTa^H3HHecKH cohct" npe3 e3HKa Ha noe3Hírra e HHTepnpeTnpaHa Bp^Kara Meiayiy ^yiiiara h thjioto, Kaicro n h^eaTa 3a TaxHara 6e3ycjiOBHa oÖB^psaHOCT JIhphhcckhht a3 b MOHOJiornnHa (J)opMa ynpeKBa AyuiaTa, 3apa,o,h hchhoto hczjobojictbo ot orpaHHHeHHirra, kohto h Hanara njľbTTa. Ochobhhht flOBOfl e, ne flyuiara He e b^mo^kho ^a CbmecTByBa caMa 3a ceöe ch, 3amoTO 6n npeflCTaBjwBajia "MOHa^a 6e3 npo3opuH". Ot flpyra CTpaHa aBTopijT ohcbh^ho TbjíKyBa h npoÖJieMa 3a oescM^praeTO. KaTO CBoeo6pa3eH coöctbch npoHHT Ha CTnxoTBopeHneTO mojkcm ,o,a npneMeM cjieflHHH (J)parMeHT Ha ^ajineß: "Bnx BapBaji b öescM^praeTO, aKO He öenie CTapocTTa. ToBa nocTOHHHO ne3HeHe Ha flyuiara, KaKTO n Ha thjioto, He ocraBii KaTO ne jih HHKaKBa Ha^e^a 3a flpyr >khbot. KaKBO npofl^ji^KeHHe MO)Ke ^a onaKBa hobck ^pyra^e, KoraTO bh^a, ne TyK cb^pniBa bchhko?" npoflijjDKeHHe Ha MOTHBa OTKpnBaMe b "EajiKOHtT". TyK Bene 4)hjioco(J)ckhht e3HK e npHflOÖHji HHCTO ,7J,ajiHeBCKa onpeflMeTeHOCT Mo Hanara e npeo6pa3yBaHa b öajiKOH, ho He KaKT>b ^a e, a aöcyp^eH caM no ceöe en -3a3Hfl,aH 3a caMHTe CTonaHn Ha k^maTa n hcbh^hm 3a b^hluhhtc MnHyBann. 116 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) JlecHO 3afl t03h o6pa3 mo^kcm OTicpneM MeTa(j)h3hhhoto pa3ÖHpaHe Ha AraHac ^ajineB 3a HOBeniKara .zryiiia. Ta e HecbMHeHO CbinecTByBama, ho eflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa e HenpoHHuaeivia, Hepa3ra,a,aeMa h hccto n^ra HjoKfla 3a caMHH hobük, kohto a hoch. ,Hpyr norjica, b^pxy cthxotbopchhcto me hh H3Be,o,e ao eK3HCTeHijHajiHCTKaTa nocTaHOBKa 3a HOBeniKara caMOTHOCT. "^CtTBapKa", xyzj. IfeaH Mhjicb (1924) Te3H MOTHBH, ho b 3HaHHTCJiHa CTencH npo6jieMaTH3HpaHH, OTKpHBaMe b CTHXOTBOPCHHCTO "ILjia/JHil", KOeTO HTajIHaHCKHHT H3CJieflOBaTejl CaHTe FpanoTH HaMHpa 3a "yzrHBHTejiHo". H HancTHHa mo)Ke %a ce ica:>Ke, ne TOBa e Amanac JJannee 117 eflHO OT Haö-fl'bjiöoKHTe, HaH-4)Hjioco(J)CKHTe n Haö-xyöaBHTe craxoTBopeHna Ha AraHac ^anneB. Hmchho b Hero ce OTicpHBa oh3h yHHKajieH HannH, npn kohto ce ebner aBaT jihphhcckhht cio>KeT, ocTpaTa Ha6jno,ziaTejiHOCT Bb.pxy fleTaojia h H3KjiiOHHTejiHaTa pojra Ha CHHraiccHca. Kaicro b noBeneTO ot cbohtc TBopÖH h ryK aBTop^t Cb3flaBa e^Ha ncropníi nonra c H3MepeHna Ha MajrbK pa3Ka3 - jiHpHHecKHHT a3 e caM b CBOíiTa craa, ho e H3KymaBaH ot neceHra h npejrbCTHBamHH bh,zi Ha Mjia^a >KeHa, kohto Mne npo3open oiraTbK ^Bopa. Toh e H3ivľbHBaH ot >KejiaHHHTa Ha thjioto ch h He My ocraBa hhiho flpyro ocBeH fla Ha6jiK)flaBa OTÔjracbunTe Ha crbKjiOTO, kohto nona^aT b HeroBara craa. B CBOHTa safl^jiooneHa erárna 3a H3KycTBOTO Ha AraHac ^ajineB "ľl^mmi na Kamap3ucď Canre rpanorn Ka3Ba, ne "oTÔjraebnnTe Ha npo3opena, kohto >KeHara Mne Ha flBopa, BjiH3ar b csHKara Ha craíiTa Ha noeTa h noKa3Bar pa3CTOHHHeTO Me^íyry n jiaroHHHe CKaTa neinepa, ot kohto toh rjie^a CBera, h Ta3H noöeflOHOCHa H3HypHTejiHa e3HnecKa CBeTjiHHa." TaKa HTajinaHCKHíiT KpHTHK HHTepecHO 3araTBa 3a hskjhohhtcjiho cjiojkhhtc n^en, kohto ce npenjíHTaT b TOBa craxoTBopeHne. Be3 BCHKaKBO CbMHeHne eraírra BbJurbinaBa h^eaTa 3a nemepaTa Ha ITjiaTOH h o(J)opmh ochobhhh CMHCbji Ha CTHxoTBopeHHeTO 3a ujiio3opiiocmma na euduMun cenm. e^HOBpeMeHHO c TOBa oöane, AraHac ^ajineB pa3BHBa MOTHBa 3a 4)aTajiHara H3KycHTe jiho ct Ha >KeHaTa, 3amoro oöpas^t orBb^ csHKara Ha eraíiTa He e rniozí Ha b^oöpa^KeHneTO, He e h aöcrpaicTHO Merac|)H3HHecKO H3o6pa>KeHHe, a e peajiHOcr b njrbT h kp^b. TyK npaBH BneHarjieHne HannHiaT, no kohto e onncaHa Mjiaflara >KeHa - cmaiii Han-Ba>KHaTa xapaKrepncTHKa, kohto h onpczjejui KaTO jinpnHecKn nepcoHa>k, e HenHaTa neceH. BejinKOJienHO e nocmrHaTO OHOBa cahhctbo Me^k^y npnMaMBamaTa neceH n H3KycnTejiHaTa njrbT: "HaneB^t e CTpoeH KaTO Hea / n KaTO njTbTTa n cjiacTHO-MopeH". TaKa ^ajineB He caMO o6Bb>p3Ba o6pa3a c flpeBHorpijLiKHTe cnpeHn, kohto npnMaMBajín c b^jimeÖHa neceH MoperniaBarejíHTe KbM noflBOflHH CKajín, cjiefl KoeTO rn noryÖBajin, ho n c MHTOBeTe 3a O^ncen n Opečen - c^hhctbeHHTe repon ot mhtojiornaTa Ha flpeBHa r^puna, kohto ycnejín ,a,a rn H3MaMHT n ,a,a bh^ht öo^KecTBeHara hm KpacoTa 6e3 ^a 3arnHaT B to3h cmhckji ryK aBTop^t pa3BHBa n 4)hjioco(J)ckhh npoÖJieM 3a pojurra Ha H3KycTBOTO n Ha no3HaHneTO - flann H30JinpaHHHT b CBOHTa caMOTHOCT repon me ce npe^afle Ha H3KyinaBainaTa npnMaMjihboct Ha njrbTTa n necenra hjih me 3ana3n .zryxoBHara en nneroTa n HHTejieKryajiHa H3BHCeHOCT B TOBa cmxoTBopeHne AraHac ^ajineB BejinKOJienHO pa3KpnBa CBoeTO 4)hjioco(J)cko TbjíKyBaHe 3a CbmnocTTa Ha noe3Hírra - ^a noeraBíi rojieMHTe Bbnpocn 3a HOBeKa n MaKCHMajiHO ,zrbJi6oKO ^a BHHKBa, TbpcenKn orroBop. 118 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) C'bBceM He cjiynaHHO b ezjHH (J)parMeHT too nnuie: 'TIoe3HHTa npHjinna no-CKopo Ha CBeTjiHHaTa: th 03apaBa h npoHHKBa Hemara, 6e3 %a rn npeiviaxBa." EuôJiuomeKa - Amanac JJaimee 119 5HBJ1MOTEKA BOJI H H HA Ta3H okna BapocaHa 3ajia Ha rpa^CKara öojiHHua, AO caMHTe ctühh npHjieneHHTe öejin jierjia h jmna noÖJieflHejiH no tax, h jinna MejiaHxojiHH C TbMHO^íCbJTTHÍI UBÍIT Ha CTyZjeHaTa 3HMHa IVľbrjia. Te3H nepHH p^ne Bp^ npocrpeHHTe öejin noKpnBKH KaTO nepHH orojieHH kjiohh Ha 3hmhhh chhe, tü3h CyXH pijlje h paKpHBeHH 6OJIHH yCMHBKH, h OHH MO>Ke 6h Bene BrjieflaHH b ^pyrna cbht. THiiiHHara h s^pan^t h tc3h npo3opnn tk>kobhh CbC neTHa ot MyxH h c 6pa3flH ot npax^t h fl'b^íyi.'bT, h 3WbWbTľl h SB'bH'bT Ha rOJICMHH CTCHCH HaCOBHHK CHKam TOKKHTe CT^nKH Ha 6jiH3Kara civľbpT. 120 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) CTAPHTE MOMH Pb.neTe öaBHO ce nporarar n nee CTapnaT neicp^k, npe3 cyxHTe n tíhich np^crn ce TonaT hhlukh ot KonpnHa KaTO jľbHH npe3 cyxn kjiohh B-bB nycTa eceHHa rpa^HHa: to CTapnTe momh 6e3CTpacrao npeflar, Haciiflajin b^b icp-br. Te He roBop^t n He nnTar, a BCHHKH CBefleHH IVľbJIHaT, Bb.pTHT 6e3cnnpHO KOJiejiOTO n cjiyinaT cicp^ÖHaTa My neceH, ot cyTpnHTa b CTyn,eHH CTan Hafl CTapna nexp-bK HaflBeceHn, n eTO Bene no CT^Kjiara florapa Han-noflnp jißnwr. O, CTapnTe momh nenajmn, KOHTO naicar BenepTa, 3a fl,a OTfl^xHaT b CbH Han-nocne n noHHar yrpe ocBe^KeHn! Te HMaT TyK eflHO öoraTCTBo: to ca KOCHTe nocpeöpeHH, a b TexHHTe Cbpna-caKcnn ITb(j)THT IJBeTHTa Ha CKpb.ÖTa. rieHajiHHTe momh mo ncxaT? KaKBa Hafl,e>Kfl,a rn 30Be? HnMa me Tpaößa fla 3arnHar, 6e3 paflOCTTa fla rn cnoxofln? Ax, CTapnTe momh onaKBar HaKpan >KeHHXbT hm fl,a floöfle, nocjieflHHHT >KeHHx fl,a floöfle n cicbca HHiiiKara HaflBe. EuôJiuomeKa - Amanac JJaimee 121 nOBECT npo3opuHTe - 3aTBOpeHH h nepHH n nepHa n 3aTBopeHa Bparara, a Ha BparaTa - jincrbr CbC cjiOBaTa: "CTonaHHHijT 3aMHHa 3a AMepmca." H a3 cbM caM cronaHHHiaT Ha Kbmara, Kij^eTO He )KHBee hhkoh, ana He CbM a3 3aMHHaBaji miwbjxQ h Ty k OTHHKijfle He CbM c e Bpb.maji. A3 He H3JIH3aM HHKOra ot KbfflH h MOHTe eflHHHKH TOCTH Ca TOflHHHTe, a MHoro nb.th no^KbjroiBaxa rpaflHHHTe h a3 He CbM HaBíipHO Bene cbmnjiT. OTflaBHa bchhkh KHHrH c a npOHCTeHH h bchhkh minima na cnoMeHa ca MHHara, h eTO CHKaiII CTO rOflHHH KaK pa3roBapaM caMO CbC noprpeTHTe. H JlßH h HOm, h JlßH h HOm HaCOBHHKb.t jiiojiee CBOÖTO cjľbHne ot MeTan. rioHHKora a3 ce orjie^aM b omeflajiOTO, 3a fla He Ob^a BHHarn caMcrreH. A no CTeHaTa ce H3KaHBar 6aBHO n floropHBaT Ha noTOHa ^hhtc mh: 6e3 hh eflHa jiioöob, 6e3 hh e^ho Cbönrae )KHBOTbT MH 6e3CJieflHO OTMHHaBa. H CHKaiii a3 He CbM >KHBeeji HHKora, h 3Jia H3MHCJIHLia e mohto CbllieCTByBaHe! Ako cjiynanHO hhkoíi Bjie3e b KbmaTa, TaM HHMa fla HaMepn HHKoro; me BHflH caMO npaniHHTe nopTpera, KOBapHOTO n npa3HO orjieflajio n Ha Bparara jihctbt no5Kbjrrflji: "CTonaHHHb.t 3aMHHa 3a AMepmca." 122 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KHHrHTE Ha K. r-bjľbôoe ITpefl müh e KHHraTa pa3TBopeHa h fleHeM, h Horna; Bee caM, a3 He no3HaBaM xopara, He 3Haa h CBeTa. ITpHJIHTaT h OTJIHTaT HTHUHTe, H3rpaBa fleH, 3ajw3Ba j\en: a3 flHHTe CH KaTO CTpaHHIJHTe npejiHCTBaM yrviopeH. roflHHH fla HeTem 3a h^ok^ha )KHBOT Ha HHKOH Hy^Kfl, a TBOHT, HHKOMy HCHy^KCH, fla MHHe rjryx h nycT. MeHe th He crania HHKora, O, 30B Ha jik)60BTa, h a3 H3ryÖHx 3apafl KHHrHTe >KHBOTa h CBera. EuôJiuomeKa - Amanac JJaimee 123 EAJIKOHT>T Too e )Kejie3eH, KaMeHeH, crapHHeH; TaKHBa HMä C XHJIHflH b CBÜTa, oÖHKHOBeH, ho caMO ne 3a3Hfl,aH: eflHH öajiKOH 6e3 HHicaKBa Bpara. Koh 3Haö Kora h ot Koro nocrpoeH, e CTaHaji HenoTpeöeH hsbczjhij^k, ho He 3a bchhkh: hthhkhtc cnoKOÖHO ot Ba3HTe My nmwr xjia^eH ffbiKR h HeroBara neTB^pTHTa crpaxa CbÖHpa b HHKOH fl'bJK.Zl.OBHa Hom cjiefl flixjira h HeBecejia pa3flajia OTHOBO flBaMa CKHTHHKa BCflHO. Ho npe3 fleHH otbi^h ro He Cb3npa Ha MHHyBana npa3Horo oko. CTonaHHTe flopn He nofl03npaT, ne k^maTa hm HMajia öajiKOH. 124 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /JJIBOJICKO CTpejiKHTe Ha OTcpeinHna nacoBHHK onncBaT Bb.pxy cboh nnc|)ep6jiaT ABaHanceTTe Kpb.ra Ha moh a^, h jiCbHar MOHTe nacoBe otpobhh. H a3 jie>Ka Ha .zrbpBeHHii noa, c koch or jieaeH jienKaB noT H3MOKpeHH, h a3 yMHpaM b craaTa noa, noKpnBa TbH ÖJIH3KO flO CaMHa HeÖOCBQO,. A flOJiy npeMHHaBar aBTOMOÖnjin, TpaMBan KaTO BeTpoBe (jtyHar n CMexoBe n Kpacbnn 3BynaT, H TbTHar Kpb.HMHTe H nyÖjIHHHHTe flOMOBC H 3a fla 3arjryina b^b ceöe en CKp-bÖTa, noHHKora a3 ca^aM Ha npo3opena n apocTHO OTTaM 3aMepBaM xopaTa CbC npb.CT OT CTapnTe caKcnn 6e3 uBera. O, a3 pa3ÖnpaM: to3h Bečen cbht CbC MeHe n CbC Monra civľbpr He CBb.pniBa; a3 Cb.m enHa HeHy>KHa >KajiKa ivrbpina n Mora jih fla 6bfla TexeH 6paT? He HCKaM CbcrpanaHne ot xopara! A3 HMäM BCHHKO: MOH e CMb>pTTa. H a3 me ce H3njie3a Ha CBeTa, oöeceH Bb.pxy nepHna npo3opeij. EuôJiuomeKa - Amanac JJaimee 125 METAcDIOEPIECKH COHET Hanpa3H0 th icbjiHein ^KecroKara Cbflöa h öe^hoto Teno ocMHBam Cbc 3JiopaflCTBo: Ayina, th CBoiŕra moih h cbocto öoraTCTBO Ha Hero, tjichhoto, y b h, a'kjdkhiii Bce naK. Be3yMHO He ponTaö, ne 6or Te e 3arBopHji KaTO ôyHTOBHHija b HepaflOCTHara njrbT, 6e3 ceTHBaTa h ot ceöe ch HaBiaH He 6h H3JM3Jia th, MOHaflo 6e3 npo3opuH! Th BjiacTByBam b CBeTa npe3 Te3H cerHBa h xpaHeHa ot tax, pacreín h 614)30 KpenHem, flOKaTO ranoTO 3a Te6 noKopHO Kpee. KaKBO me My flauem b Harpa^a 3a TOBa? Koraro OTjieTHin b^b öjracbK h b^b cjiaBa, HeÖJiaroflapHHije, th TyK me ro ocraBHin! 126 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) njiA/pM A3 h craírra CMe b caHica ^Baivia, ho Ha flBopa rpee apico jieTO. B^flyxbT Tpenepn KaTO njiaivľbK. Eíurara CTeHa OTcpema cbcth. TaM CTOH eflHa >KeHa h nee, c neceH Mne öejina npo3opeir, HaneB^t e CTpoeH KaTO Hea h KaTO njľbTTa h cjiacTHO-MopeH. Cnn fl^jiooKO njiaflHHTa. He jľbXBa Hafl fleHH OTHHHfle jrbx, hh BÍITbp. CljXHaT yCTHHTe, KpiaBTa MH CbXHe. nee Mjia^aTa >KeHa: pa3KjiareH OT p^Kara Ř, npo3opeiľbT HeMHpHO CBeTH cpemy cjľbHijeTO h n'bjíHH CHHKaTa Ha CTaírra mh c jvtbjihhh. Haedap Mymacpoe 127 HAB^AP MYTAOOB 1889, 19 cerrreMBpH B CeBjiHeBO ce pa^a HaBflap MyTa(J)ob. 1907 SaBb.piiiBa ivľb>KKaTa rHMHa3HH b Co(J)Ha. 1908 3aMHHaBa 3a Miohxch, Kij^eTO cjieflBa MauiHHHO HH>KeHepcTBO. 1914 Bp-bina ce b E-bjírapníi b HaBeHepHeTO HallbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOÖHa. 1920 IlyöJiHKyBa n^pBaTa ch KHHra "MapnoHeTKH. HMnpecHH". H3JiH3a eceTO "3ejieHHHT koh" b cnHcaHHero Ha Teo Mhjicb "Bc3hh" h H3CJieflBaHeTO " JIhhhht a b 128 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) H306pa3HTejIH0T0 H3KyCTB0" b CüHCaHHe "3jiaTopor". 3anoHBa m nHine poMaHa "^HjieTaHT". 1921 riHine ecero "njiaicarbT". HeTe nyöJiHHHHTe öece^h 'TIpoÖJieMH b MOflepHOTO H306pa3HTejIH0 H3KyCTBO: HMnpeCHOHHSIjM, HeOHMnpeCHOHHSTaM, eKcnpe chohhsijm" h "Cthjiobh npoÖJieMH b HaÖ-HOBOTO H3KyCTBO: Ky01131)m h 4tyTyPH3'bM ". 1923 Othobo 3aMHHaBa 3a TepMaHHH h T03H YľbT saB^piiiBa apxHTeicrypa. BjiH3a b icp^ra Ha hcmckhtc eKcnpecHOHHCTH. TyK ce 3ano3HaBa c aHH ilonoBa, CTy^eHTKa b KOHcepBaTopHírra, c kohto no-icbCHO CKjnoHBa 6paK. Ccmchctboto hm e e^ho OT HaH-arpaKTHBHHTe b HHTejiCKryajiHHTe cpeflH b B-bjirapHH. 1925 SaBp^ma ce b B^jirapna h aKTHBHO Ce BKJIIOHBa b KyjITypHHH h jíHTepaTypeH >khbot. Herc öece^h Ha TeMa "H3KyCTBO h TeXHHKa". 1926 CaMOCTOHTejiHO (J)HHaHCHpa poMaHa ch "^HjieTaHT", KOHTO e otxb'bpjieH OT HHKOJIKO H3fl,aTejIH. CTaBa e^hh ot ynpeflHTejiHTe Ha jíHTeparypHHíi icp^r "Orpejieu", b hhhto opraH OTnenaTBa peflHíja eceTa h MaHH(J)ecTH, cpefl kohto "BaHajIHOTO H3KyCTBO" h "JJbohctbchoct Haedap Mymacpoe 129 b H3KyCTBOTO". IlpOfl'bJIJKaBa CBOHTe öeceflH c "MaiiiHHH3HpaHe Ha H3KyCTBOTO". H3fl,aBa KHHrara "iloicepijT Ha TeMnepaMeHTHTe. rporecKH". 1927 IlyöJiHKyBa CTaTHHTe "POflHa MBOnHC" h "AßTOMaTHHHa peKjiaMa c noBTopeHHa". 1928 Bece^aTa My "Khho, a>Ka36aHfl, h napjiCTOH" npe,o,H3BHKBa nojieMHKa b jiHTeparypHHa nenaT. 1929 H3JIH3a CTaTHHTa "BHymeHHe b H3KycTBOTo". 1932 IlyöJiHKyBa eceTO "inpH4m,t". 1943 H3fl,aBa "TexHHHecKH pa3Ka3H", KOHTO ca nncaHH b nepncma MfôKfly 1920 h 1940 r. 1945 H3KjiK)HeH e or C'hio^dL Ha oijjirapcKHTe nncaTejiH c oÖBHHeHHe b^b (J)aiiiHCTKH b^rjieflH, a Cbnpyrara My - Bene bh^Ha nncaTejiKa - ppe roflHHH jie>kh b 3aTBopa "3a npo(J)aiiiHCTKH Hflen". 1954, 10 MapT HaBflap MyTa(J)ob yMnpa b CO(j)híl hmüto Ha HaBflap MyTa(J)ob ce cb^psBa e^HO ot Haö-HeTpaflHijHOHHHTe MOflepHHCTHHHH h caMOÖHTHH HBjieHHH b öbjirapcicaTa jiHTepaTypa Me^k^y ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh. HeroBOTO TpyflHOonpeflejiHMO xyflO>KecTBeHO tbopnecTBO e tb^p^e npoTHBopenHBO b^snpneMaHO npe3 roflHHHTe. CijBpeMeHHHLiHTe My necTO ro npoHH3HpaT 3apa,o,h pa3ica3HTe h eceTaTa My, hhhto cthji xapaKTepH3npaT KaTO MaHnepeH h flopn MaHnaKajieH, 130 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) a TeMHTe My CHHTar 3a tb^p^e aöcrpaicTHH h hjok^h Ha CbBpeMeHHHH o^jirapHH. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa TeceH Kp^r or HHrejieKTyajinH, cpefl kohto Teo Mhjicb h AraHac ^ajineB, oneHíiBar hskjuohhtcjiho bhcoko ycHjinirra Ha TBopena ^a MOflepHH3Hpa 6bJirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa, a Cbmo Taxa crpeMeiaca My ^a npoMeHH MHCJieHeTO Ha o^jirapHHa 3a CbinHOcrra Ha ecTeTHnecKHTe npoÖJieMH. CneijH^HHHaTa caMOÖHTHOCT Ha HaB^ap MyTa(J)ob 6e nejieHaconeHO MaprHHajiH3HpaHa no BpeMe Ha KOMyHHCTHne ckhh pokhm, 3amoro flpacTHHHO ce pa3MHHaBame h npoTHBopeHeme Ha npHHUHnnre HaT. h. "conHajiHCTHHecKHJi peajncbM". Ot npara Ha XXI buk oöane Bene mojkcm ,a,a KdoaaoM, ne HeroBOTO TBopnecTBO npeflCTaBjiHBa e^HO ot Hao-HHTepe chhtu xy^o^KecTBeHH hbjichhh b 6bJirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa cjiefl HbpBara CBeTOBHa BOHHa. C^mo KaTO Teo Mhjicb h HaBflap MyTa(J)ob H3pacTBa cpefl khhth h xopa Ha H3KycTBOTO. HeroBHHT 6ama e khh)Kap h nenaTap b MajiKOTO npoBHHnnajiHO rpa^ne CeBjineBO. H aKO ot Hero ö^flemnaT nncaTeji HacjieflHBa jnoöoBTa wbm KHHrara, ot Manxa ch, ynHTejiica no MaTeMaTHKa h (J)peHCKH e3HK, OHeBHflHO HflBa a^HHHTeTijT icbM TCXHHKaTa h e3HUHTe. Ha fleBeTHafleceTroflHiiiHa Bb>3pacT G^emmwr nncaTeji 3aMHHaBa 3a Miohxch, k^fleTO cjieflBa ManiHHHO hhjkchcpctbo (1908 - 1914), a cjiefl bohhhtc othobo ce Bp^ma b repMaHCKHíi rpafl h saB^piiiBa apxHTeicrypa (1923 - 1925). He3aBHCHMO OT TeXHHHeCKOTO ch o6pa30BaHHe, HaB^ap MyTa(J)ob b repMaHHH npoHBHBa tojwm HHTepec KbM MHOrO IIIHpOK Kp'bT H3KyCTBa - JiHTepaTypa, )KHBonnc, Tearbp, My3HKa, TaHijH. npn TOBa He jhoohtcjickh, a H3KjiK)HHTejiHO 3a,zrbJi6oHeHO th H3ynaBa KaKTO b HCTopHHecKH acneKT, Taxa h Ha Teopna. no to3h HanHH too npn^oOHBa h3kjik)HHTejIHa KOMneTCHTHOCT, KOHTO nocTeneHHO My ^aBa caMonybctbhcto %a npoÖBa CHjiHTe ch b oÖJiacTTa Ha xyflO>KecTBeHaTa JiHTepaTypa h aHajiHTHHHaTa KpnTHKa. npe3 20-Te rQZfflHH Ha XX Bex HaBflap MyTa(J)OB Bene h Ma cjiaBaTa Ha edun om naü-uiimepeciiume u CKandaimu cküshuiju b B-bjirapna. no TOBa BpeMe b crpaHaTa ca MOflepHH nyÖJiHHHHTe jickuhh, Ha kohto cxp° cSökob ^ľ)606™ Haedap Mymacpoe 131 KOMneTeHTHH opaTopH npeflCTaBHjiH CBOHTa rne^Ha TOHKa othocho npoÖJieMHTe Ha H3Kyctb oto . Pa30npa ce, BHHMaHHeTO Ha cjiymarejiHTe e öhjio b^MO^KHO fla öi^e npHBjieHeHO He caMO c HHTejinreHTHOCT h HaneTeHOCT, ho h c opnrnHa jiho ct Ha h^enTe. 3a cb>KajieHHe %o Hac He ca j\o CTHrHajih öece^HTe Ha HaB^ap MyTac|)OB, ho aico ce Cb^h no TeKCTOBeTe Ha HeroBHTe eceTa, to 6e3cnopHO to n e 6hji HeHaflMHHaT b TOBa OTHomeHne. Mo>Ke fla ce Kačice, ne pa3ÖnpaHeTO Ha HeroBna cnenncJMHeH aBaHrap^eH cthji e b^mo^kho caMO npe3 npn3MaTa Ha TeoperaHecKHTe My pa3pa6oTKH b Te3H eceTa. HecbMHeHO Han-nHTepecHO b TOBa OTHomeHne e ecero "3ejieHHHT koh", kocto e nyÖJiHKyBaHO 3a n^pBH nb>t b opraHa Ha IIopTpeT Ha h. MyTa«j)ob ot o-bJírapCKHTe eKcnpecnoHHCTH ííBe3HÚn npe3 HBaH MHjieB (xyui) j920 r. B TOBa ece HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB samnTaBa, Han-o6ino Ka3aHO, ycnoenocmma na u3Kycmeomo. ľlpnMep'bT, kohtotoh ^aBa CbC "3ejieHHH koh", e 3anMCTBaH ot HaxoflHHBna o6pa3, fla^eH ot 6bJirapcKna KpnTHK AjieKcaHfl-bp BajiaöaHOB c nejí m npoHH3npa MOflepHoro H3KycTBO. BcbiiiHOCT eceTO Ha HaB^ap MyTac|)OB e penjinKa b 3amnTa na MOflepHH3Ma. Cnopefl Hero Cb3flaBaHeTO Ha HepeajincTHHHn KaprnHH b H3KycTBOTO roBopn 3a HajiHHneTO Ha cthji y TBopena: "3a macrae, oöane kohht e 3ejieH He caMO 3a flajiTOHHCTHTe. Ton mpnôea rsl 6bfle 3ejieH bcckh wwr, Koraro nace nepBeHa rpeBa nofl jk^jito He6e." ľlo to3h HannH b Kp^ra Ha CBoeTO ycjiOBHO, pa3JinHHO xyflO>KecTBeHO önrae, npnHunnHO HeB'b3MO>khhht o6pa3 npn^oonBa xapaicrep Ha ecTecTBeHOCT Tan craBa HopMajieH n HenpomBopennB npe3 OTHOCHTeji- HOCTTa Ha HOBHTe h pa3JIHHHH 3aKOHH, KOHTO to OnpeflCJIHT ľlopaflH Ta3H npnHHHa CbBceM He^BycMncjieHO n hpohhhho aBTop^t npnioiiOHBa CBoeTO ece, aKLteHTnpaíiKH b^pxy 6e3rpaHHHHOCTTa Ha Bb>3Mo:>KHHTe xy^o^KecTBeHn TpaHC(J)opMaLiHH: "3ejieHH5iT koh, CbBceM TporHar ot TOJiKOBa BHHMaHne, craHa BHe3anHO nepBeH." TpaÖBa fla ksúkcm, ne b TOBa ece mows %a ce orKpne n flpyr ochobch 3a CTHjiHCTHKara Ha HaB^ap MyTac|)ob npnHunn - 0ÖB'bp3BaHeT0 Ha jinTeparypaTa c H3o6pa3HTejiHOTO H3KycTBO. ľlo HaTarbK me BHflHM KaK aBTop^t BH3yajiH3npa CBOHTe jíHTepaTypHH KapraHn, CHKam HaÖJiiOflaBa hjih ch npeflCTaBH MOflepHHCTHHHH npon3Be,zi,eHH5i Ha H3o6pa3HTejiHOTO H3KycTBO - eflHH MaHnep Ha nncaHe, npncbm npe3 to3h nepnofl 3a hhkoh ot flaflancTHTe b Eßpona, a no-KijCHO rannneH n 3a cj)peHCKna aöcyp^ns^m. 132 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ITpe3 to3h nepHOfl HaB^ap MyTa(J)ob ce npoaBHBa icaro c/jhh ot Hafi- CepH03HHTe h 3aflb.Jl60HeHH KpllTllUll H TeOpeTHIIH Ha H306pa3HTejIHOTO H3KycTBO. B pczjHua CTyflHH, cpefl kohto "TleusaoiCbm u nam time xydojtCHUifii\ "'J^eKopamueHU onepmaHun e uauiama jtcueonuc" h "JIuHURma na u3o6pa3umejiHomo u3Kycmeo", npojiHHaBa HeroBaTa H3KjnoHHTejiHa TeopeTHHHa noflroTOBKa, kohto My no3BOJiHBa He caMO aHajiHTHHHO jya. npeflCTaBH cthjiobhtc ocoGchocth Ha 6b.jirapcKHTe xy,zi,0)khhhh, ho h chhtcthhho ,o,a o6o6maBa mhctoto hm b npoueca Ha pa3BHTneTO Ha eBponencKHH MOfl,epHH3'bM. HaB^ap MyTa(J)ob npoaBHBa pa^ko cpemaHara cnocoGHOCT fl,a GopaBH c TeopeTHHHa TepMHHOJiorHH, 6e3 fl,a cneKyjinpa c noHHTHHTa. Hpes Te3H cboh H3CJieflBaHHH toh CTaBa e/jHH ot n^pBHTe nponazandamopu u '3au\umuuuu na eKcnpecuoHU3Ma e E-bmapun. C npeuH3HOCT h BHHMaHne oGnna jya. ce Bnycxa b noHHKora tb^p^e noflpoGHH pa3Cb>Kfl,eHHH OTHOCHO (J)OpMajIHHTe h C'bfl'bp>KaTejIHHTe 0C06eH0CTH Ha MOflepHOTO TeneHHe. Ho b CbinoTO BpeMe ycmiBa hcho h npeuH3HO jya. oGoGiuh pa36npaHHHTa ch: "KpafiHaTa rpaHHua Ha o6eKTHBH3HpaHeTO Ha "a3a" b eKcnpecHOHH3Ma e pejiHrH03HO-MeTac|)H3HHecKOTO othouichhc icbM b'bHiiiHHH cbht. KpafiHaTa ueji e - no3HaHHeTO h nocTHraHeTO Ha HenocTH>KHMOTO h BenHOTO." Be3 BCHKaKBO CbMHeHne b CBoeTO jiHTeparypHO TBopnecTBO toh ch nocTaBH 3a ueji jy& peajiH3Hpa Te3H hack. HaBflap MyTa(J)ob e aBTop caMO Ha Tpn KHHrn - cGopHHK'bT C HMnpeCHH "MapuoHemKii" (1920), poMaH-bT "JjujiemciHm" -(nncaH npe3 1920-21 r., ho nyGjiHKyBaH npe3 1926 r.) h cGopHHK'bT C pa3Ka3H h eceTa "TexmmecKit pa3-Kd3ii" (nncaHH MQyKjyy 1920-1940 r. h ny6jiHKy-BaHH b ot^ejiHa KHHra npe3 1943 r.). ToBa, ne 3anoHBa cboh TBopnecKH m>T Ha 30-roflHiiiHa Bb.3pacT, roBopn 3a floGpe ocMHCJieHa TBop-necKa Hflea h TeopeTHnecica 3PHJIOCT Haedap Mymacpoe 133 H HaHCTHHa ome c n^pBara ch KHHra "MapHOHeTKn" MyTa(J)ob npoeoKupa mpadutjUOHHun jiamepamypeii exyc b B-bjirapHH n npe,o,H3BHKBa MHCOKeCTBO OTpHUaTejIHH peaKHHH h OHCHKH. OGBHHHBaT to b "MaHHepHO Ct" h "npeTeHUH03HOCT", a HeManKO mhchhh HanpaBO OTXB'bpjraT HeroBHH cthji Ha nncaHe icaro aHTHxyzi,0)KecTBeH. ^chctbHTejiho TpaGBa %a ce npn3Hae, ne TeKCTOBeTe b "MapuoHeniKii" He 6nxa Morjin ^a ce cpaBrorr c hhiuo, kocto ro to3h MOMeHT ce e noHBHBajio b 6bjirapcKara jiHTepaTypa. Ako Ha np^b nomefl b tax Bp'bSKara c hcmckhh eKcnpecHOHH3'bM H3rjie>Kfla BQzjem momcht, to no-BHHMarejiHHHT npoHHT me y6e,o,h, ne b MHoro OTHOineHmi flOMHHnpa bjihahhcto Ha flpyrn MOflepHHCTHHHH eBponeficKH TeneHHH KaTO dadau3Ma, (pymypu3Ma h Ky6u3MCt, kohto aBTop'bT ,o,o6pe e no3HaBaji KaTO TeopeTHHHH npHHUHnn h npaKTHKa. Hecro My ce Hanara flopn %a H3Haca Gece^h 3a Tax, ho Te ca Ghjih nocpemaHH c MHoro pe3epBH h HepasGnpaHe or nyGjiHKara. Il'bpBOTO Hemo, KoeTO xpyMBa Ha hobck, KoraTO xapaKTepH3npa Te3H tbopGh Ha HaBflap MyTa(J)ob, e ynorpeGara Ha nacTHuaTa "aHTn". He cjiynaHHO HeroBHTe repon ce onpczjejurr ot jiHTepaTypHara KpnTHKa KaTO aHTHrepon, npocTO 3amoTO Te hkmslt hhiuo o6mo c thhhhhhh jiHTepaTypeH nepcoHa>k. Te He caMO He npHTOKaBar HflicaKBa (j)opMa Ha 4)h3hhccko onncaHHe h npncbCTBHe, ho h CHKam HejieHaconeHO Gflrar or Tax. nocjieflHoro Hemo, kocto rn onpeflena, e raxHara ncHxojiorHH - 3a aBTopa e HeoGxoflHMO m H3rpa,o,h He xapaicrepHH o6pa3H, a tohho t^ixHara npoTHBonojio>KHOCT - aGcrpaicrHH THna>KH. H b to3h CMHCbJi 3amaBHeTO Ha KHHrara "MapnoHeTKH" ^oGpe HjiiocTpHpa rjioGajmaTa flenepcoHajiH3Hi;hh, kohto Bjia^ee CBeTa Ha MyTac|)OB. HeroBHTe repon hkmslt coGctbchh HMeHa, jraua h nyBCTBa, HanpoTHB bchhko npn tax e o6o6meHHe, KoeTO npeflCTaBH onpeflejieHH ranoBe. Te ca TeH,o,eHHH03HO aHTHnepcoHajiH3HpaHH - aBTop^t roBopn 3a "Mjiaflara rocno>KHi;a" h "MjiaflHH rocnoflHH", 3a "^eH^n" h "^HjieTaHT", 3a ")KeHaTa" h 'TocnoflHHa". B to3h CMHCbJi pa36npaMe KaK 3a HaB^ap MyTac|)OB e b^mo^kho rsl ce nocTHrHe "HenOCTH>KHMOTO h BeHHOTO". B cbmoTO BpeMe cKxacerbT cbino TaKa e caMO (J)opMajiHO 3ararHaT Ha np^b noraefl nepcoHa>KHTe MapnoHeTKH ^encTBaT b HHKaK'bB ycjiOBHO peaneH cboh cbht - Te ce BjnoGBar h pa3JiK)6BaT, cnop^t h noMnpaBaT Ho BCbinHOcr b Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa ce OKa3Ba, ne Te3H flencTBHH He caMO He npoMeHaT caMOTO cio>KeTHO fleficTBHe, ho npaKTHnecKH ce ryG^t Ha (J)OHa Ha hajiocthoto BHymeHHe Ha TeKcra h Ha cneuHc|)HHHH5i cthji Ha aBTopa. CbmoTO Ba>KH b hhcto (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHHe h 3a flnajiora, onncaHHeTO h CHHTaKcnca, kohto (jtyHKHHOHHpar no Han^jiHO pasjinneH, 3a %a He Ka>KeM npornBonojio>KeH HannH or to3h, kohto ce npneMa 3a KjiacHnecKn. 134 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) "HerapHTe to^huihh BpeivieHa", xyzj. Mnpno KanyjieB (1923) B KclKBO Ce H3pa3HBa t03h TOJIKOBa pa3JlHHeH h npOBOKllpam cthj1? HecTO iľbTH KpHTHijHTe ynoTpeôíiBaT noHirraeTO "deKopamueen cmuii\ koüto oömo B3eTO hhiiio He roBopn, axo H3xo>KflaMe caMO ot rae^Ha TOHKa Ha jiHTeparypo3HaHHeTO. Pa^aHeTO HaTOBa CTpaHHO onpcoejieHHe h^Ba or caMHH HaBflap MyTa(J)ob, kohto Ha30BaBa cboh poMaH "Jjujiemcmm" "fleKoparHBeH poMaH". ripoHSxoíyi.aHKH ot jiarHHCKara flyMa decoro, b ö^jirapcKHa, a h b noBeneTO eBponeöcKH c3hhh, ce e Hajio>KHji rjiarojľbT fleKopnpaM, kohto e CHHOHHM Ha cjiaBHHCKHH rjiaroji yKpacHBaM. TaKa norjieflHaro, yKpaceHHHT CTHji Ha HaBflap MyTac|)OB b HHKaKBa CTeneH HanoflOÖHBa eKCTpaBaraHTHHH OcKap-YaHjiflOB ecTeTHS^m b CbneTaHne c H3HCKaHHH cjior or npo3ara Ha Ulapji Bofljiep h öyHTapcKHH aBaHrap^hs^m Ha hcmckhh eKcnpecHOHHSisM. Ei>jirapcKHflT nHcareji caM npn3HaBa, ne Te3H HMeHa h jíHTeparypHH tchchhh ca OKa3ajiH chjiho bjihhhhc npn (J)opMHpaHe Ha jiHTeparypHHTe My BKycoBC 3a fla ö^fle pa3ÖpaH b CBOírra a^eRBaTHOCT, pasKas^t Ha HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB H3HCKBa eflHa flocra no-pa3JiHHHa Hamaca ot CTpaHa Ha HUTaTejia. Cnopefl Haedap Mymacpoe 135 HopMHTe Ha TpaflHHHOHHara jiHTepaTypa HeroBHHT pa3Ka3 e BCbiimocr ea,hh HHTHpH3KH3. ITocjieflHOTO Hemo, Koero npaBH, e fla 3a6aBjiaBa. Bi^mo^kho e HHTaTejiHT fl,a H3nHTa e,a,Ha-ezi,HHCTBeHa Hacjia^a ot Te3H tckctobc, a hmchho liacjiaOama om uumejieiKHHBam HfleaTa, cmhckji. Xyfl,o>KecTBeHHHT cbht Ha HaBflap MyTa(J)ob H3nie)Kfla CbTBopeH He ot npe3yMnHHHTa Ha HHKaKBa pe ajiHCTHHHa npezjcraBa, a cmaiii ot peaimocmma na edna (pymypucmuuHa Kapmuna. BejiHKOJienHO e .ziojiobhji TOBa G^jirapcKHHT jiHTeparypeH H3CJie,a,OBaTeji h KyjiTypojior ^hmht^p ABpaMOB, kohto b CBOHTa crania "ITodpaHiuiuMm Modepmicm" nniiie no noBQn Ha poMaHa "flujiemaHm": "HeTefiKH ohhh naca:>KH, b kohto ca onncaHH (hjih no-TOHHO flHHaMHHHO ckhl(HpaHH) ypGaHHCTHHHH MOTHBH, hobck HMd HyBCTBOTO, He TJie^a (pymypucmuuHU KapmuHii" He caMO oGane ypGaHHCTHHHHTe mothbh, a noHTH bchhkh pa3Ka3H ot "MapuommKu", "/Jujiemanm" h rojiaMa nacr or Te3H b "TexHHnecKH pa3Ka3H" ca H3rpa,o,eHH Ha to3h npHHnnn. B tax CHKam hhhio He ce cjryHBa, a npocro orflejiHHTe KapTHHH ce CMerorr c flpyrn, b kohto Cbirio KaTO b npeflxoflHHTe aBTop^t onncBa MOMeHTHara, HenoflBH>KHa cneHa Ha e^HO CTpaHHO H3pHcybaHO H3o6pa>KeHHe. ^fHTarejijrr ocTaBa c BnenarjieHHe, ne 3a HaBflap MyTa(J)ob He e AOcrarbHHO caMO %a npezjcraBH CbOTBeTHara KapTHHa, a ce CTpeMH fl,a noKa:>Ke HeHHara MaKCHMajiHa cjio>khoct KaTO KOMno3HUHH h KaTO bh3hh. npH CBOflTa HMnpOBH3aiJH5I aBTOp'bT MHHaBa OTB^fl BHflHMOCTTa, 3amoto HCKa %a npoHHKHe b caMaTa ebiimocr Ha HemaTa. no to3h HanHH KaprHHaTa He 0)KHBflBa, 3amoto b CbmHOCira ch CBerbT Ha MapnoHeTKHTe He e )khb, a CTaBa flHHaMHHHa, npoMeHjiHBa h jiornnHa. HeKa HanpHMep norjiezpieM KaprHHaTa Ha "IjejiyeKamd" ot "MapuonemKii'': "B Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa bchhko ce CBe^Kflame Bbpxy oGctohtcjictboto, ne h flBaMara 6axa Mjia^n. Ton flbp^Keine p^neTe h fl^jiro BpeMe, 3a6paBHHKH fl,a>Ke %a rn npnrHCKa, h 6jiH30CTTa Ha Tejiara hm th nocraBfline no-CKopo b HezjoyMeroie, otkojikoto b^b Bi^Topr. Ta rjiezjaiiie 6e3 onpezjeneHa nocoKa KbM cn'bHneTO, kocto 3axo>Kflaiiie, h npe3 npo3opena ce bh>Kfl,axa hcho noKpnBHTe Ha KbiiraTe b CHHKaBH h 3JiarHCTH OTpa>KeHHH. A flBa HanpenHH jib.Ha o6pa3yBaxa okojio nncMeHaTa Maca e^hh MairbK no>Kap Bcpe,n rrbCTpua Kyn KHnrn h TeTpaflKH." I^eemoeuwn (pon ce npeBp^ma b ezjHO or Han-Ba>KHHTe Hema b Te3H pa3Ka3H HaHaBflap MyTa(J)ob. noeroaHHO b onncBaHHTe KapTHHH npoGjiacBaT JTbHH h GarpH BIdB BCeB'b3MO>KHH OKpaCKH - p030BH, GejIH, HepBCHH, HCpHH, chhh, 3JiaTHH, HCHOJK'bJITH, 6jiefl03ejICHH ... EflHH BHXbp ot l(BeTHH neTHa, 136 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) kohto npoHH3BaT irejiHH cbht, HHTepHopa Ha noMemeHHHTa hjih npocTO ce orpa3HBaT b ohhtc Ha repoHTe, e nacr ot TexHHKaTa Ha onncaHne, kohto H3noji3Ba aBTop^t 3a Hero uBeTonncbT e maBHO xyao:>KecTBeHO cpeocTBO. Hpes HBeTa HaBflap MyTa(J)OB He caMO 3aMecTBa Han^jiHO OTCbCTBamaTa ncHxojiorHHHOCT b pa3Ka3HTe en, ho h (J)aKTHHecKH rorpa^a cnennc|)HKaTa Ha cboh cthji: "Kpacorara He yBHXBa HHKora noo, ^KbjTTara CBerjiHHa, oGane b OHHTe Ha JlpM&YdL GjiecTH chhh npo3paHHOCT h nomezrbT hm CTaBa cypoB. Pycara Koca floGnBa nepBeHHKaBn OTpa>KeHHH h TbHKnre nyxKaBH )Knnn ot koch h CBeTjiHHa ce npenjiHTaT b TbKaH ot mczjhh h 3JiarHH MpaneBHHn, kohto rop^t OKOJIOBp'bCT b CyXH HCKpH." Abtop^t oGp^ma BHHMaHHe h Ha Han-MajiKna fleTanji b KapTHHara, npocjieflHBa bcckh HioaHC b nBeTOBeTe h orpa>KeHHHTa, 3amoTO MHoro floGpe 3Hae, He b H306pa3HTejIH0T0 H3KyCTBO fleTaHJI'bT e T03H, kohto (J)opMHpa hhjiocthoto BneHarjieHHe. TyK TpaGBa ^a KdoaaoM, ne HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB e aBTop h Ha eceTO "fflptKpmitm", b Koero BepoaTHO 3a nbpBn n^t b G^jirapcKOTO KyjirypHO npocTpaHCTBO ce nocraBfl npoGjieM'bT 3a cj)yHKirnaTa h 3HaHeHneTO Ha rpac^eMara. He 3a flpyro cnoMeHaBaMe TOBa ece, a 3amoTO to e flOCTarbHHO noKa3aTejiHO 3a BHHMaTejiHHH norjiefl, kohto HMa TBopena k^m He3a6ejie>KHMHTe Ha np^b norjiefl ejieMeHra ot czthh tckct h e^Ha ecTCTH3HpaHa cpe^a. Ot cboh CTpaHa, "TexHHiecKH pa3Ka3n" noKa3BaT cziho hobo h Ha np^b noraefl napaflOKcajiHO jinne Ha eKcnpecnoHHCTa HaB^ap MyTa(J)ob. Bene HMaxMe noBOfl %a Ka>KeM, ne MOzjepHncrnHHOTO HanpaBjieHne no npnHnnn HMa OTpHnaTejiHO OTHomeHne KbM TexHHKaTa n MamnHaTa, kohto CHnra 3a ocHOBHa npnHHHa 3a MacoBaTa flerpaflanna n 6e3,zryxoBHOCT Ha HOBeKa. B to3h CMHCbJi lHlHMHT'bp ABpaMOB nnrapa b CBoe H3CJie,zTBaHe b'bpxy eBponencKHH eKcnpecn0HH3'bM HeMCKHH nncaTeji Kapji Otch, kohto Bb>3KJiHKBa "MamnHaTa: KaK Mpa3HM to3h 3BHp - flOJiy TexHHKaTa, flojry MamnHara!" Ha to3h (J)oh 6bJirapcKHHT nncaTeji nporaBonocraBfl ezrHa Han^jiHO pa3JinHHa no3nnnfl. 3aBb.piiiHji MamnHHO hh>KeHepcTBO n apxnTeKiypa, toh HMa onpenejieH acj)HHHTeT KbM TOHHHTe HayKH n TexHHKaTa. H ome Hemo - 3a HaB^ap MyTac|)OB Hanpefl'bK'bT Ha TexHHHecKara nHBHjiH3annfl He caMO He orpaHnnaBa n He flerpaflnpa HOBeKa, a flopn HanpoTHB CTHMyjinpa n TjiacKa Hanpeo, flopn flyXOBHOTO b HOBeKa. HaBflap MyTa(J)OB e BepoaTHO nbpBnjrr npeocTaBHTeji b B^jirapna Ha KOHCTpyKTHBH3Ma b H3KyCTBOTO. TOBa MOflepHHCTHHHO TCHeHHe Ce pa3BHBa flOCTa GypHO b rozrnHHTe cjiefl HbpBara CBeTOBHa BOHHa npezrn bchhko b HHflycTpnajiHO pa3BHTnre ,zrbp:>KaBH KaTO TepMaHnH n c&paHijHJL B Pycna Cbmo Haedap Mymacpoe 137 Taica nenejiH ^ocra npHBb>p:>KeHHnH cpeo, TBopnHTe aBaHrapflHCTH. H3xo)Kfl,aHKH or jiaTHHCKOTO noHHTHe constructio (Ha &bjirapcKH - nocrpoHKa), a^enTHTe Ha TOBa TeneHHe 3amHTaBar HfleaTa, ne HHflycTpHajiHoro npoH3BOflCTBO Cbmo MO>Ke fla ce pasme^Kfla KaTO (j)opMa Ha h3kyctboto. Te ce onHTBaT jx& otkphht h 3amMTHT ecmemuHHoemma ua npechtemiime om m. //. .xiacoao npomeodcmeo, KOHTO flO T03H MOMCHT Ca H3XBb>pjI5IHH OT UCHHO CTHara CHCTCMa Ha H3KyCTBaTa. BepoHTHO rojMMO 3HaneHHe 3a 6b>p30TO npnoGmaBaHe Ha HaBflap MyTa(J)OB KbM h^eHTe Ha KOHcrpykthbH3Ma H3nrpaBa (J)aKTbT, ne Han-rojiaMO bjihhhhc TeHeHHeTO oica3Ba b oojiacira h a apxume icmypama. Karo flnnjiOMnpaH apxHTeicr h hobck, OTBopeH KbM hoboto b KyjiTypara, toh 6b>p30 e npHBjieHeH ot peBOJIK)l(HOHHHTe TC3H JX& Ce TbpCH Bfl'bXHOBeHHe He b OTBJieHeHHTe nOHHTHH, a b MexaHHHHOTO cbB^pmeHCTBO Ha TexHHKaTa, b cncmHOCTTa Ha ejieMeHTapHOTO h b^b (JtyHKUHOHajiHOCTTa Ha npocTpaHCTBOTO. B HHKaKBa CTeneH KOHCTpyKTHBHSlVrbT OCbllieCTBHBa mohkq 6h HaH-Ba)KHaTa peBOJIIOLlHOHHa npoMHHa b oGjiacTTa Ha apxHTeKTypara npe3 XX bck - BpeMe, b kocto flOMHHnpa acHMeTpHHTa h reoivieTpHHecKaTa Henpeo,CKa3yeMOCT. B jiHTepaTypara KOHCTpyKTHBH3MrbT HaMHpa cbocto Macro npe3 1923 r., KoraTO b MocKBa ce Cb3fl,aBa rpynnpoBKa, kohto npe3 cneziBairia ro,a,HHa ce 0(J)opMH KaTO JlnTepaTypeH nenrbp Ha KOHCTpyKTHBHCTHTe (JIUK), Hanejio c TeopeTHKa KopHejinn 3ejieHCKH. HeroBHTe HjieHOBe ce oGaBaBaT 3a npHB'bp^KeHHHH Ha aHTH6yp>Koa3HaTa h,a,eojiorHa. B czihh ot n^pBHTe MaHH(J)eCTH Ce Ka3Ba: "KOHCTpyKTHBH3M'bT e aKTHBCH, toh He caMO OTpa3HBa fleficTBHTejiHOCTTa, ho h caM flencTBa." A b ccR.ienweuama Koucmumyium ua noemume KOHcmpyKmueucmu" mo>kcm jx& npoHeTeivi: "B ManiHHaTa BcaKa nacT noiviara Ha BCSKa flpyra. IlocTpoeHa Ha oGeKTHBHHTe, npHpozjHHTe, otkphthtc ot HayKaTa 3aKOHH, ManiHHHTe hh HanoMHaT 3a HeoGxoflHMOCTTa, ecTecTBeHOCTTa h HaKpaa - npocro 3a H3rofl,ara or CbBMecTHara paGoTa." Hsb'b.h HHCTO KOMyHHCTHHeCKaTa HfleOJIOrHH, 3afl KOHTO CTOHT Te3HTe Ha pycKHTe KOHCTpyKTHBHCTH, MO>Ke ,o,a ce roBopn 3a pa,o,HKajiHa npoMHHa b Hanracara Ha TBopena. E^hh ot npHHUHnnre, kohto Te cna3BaT, e to3h 3a "jiOKajiHaTa ceiviaHTHKa" - b cmhckji, ne TBopeirbT TpaGBa MaKCHMajmo fl,a H3noji3Ba ,zryMH h noHHTHa, kohto ca 6jih3kh fl,o H36paHaTa TeMa. ilcHO e, ne no to3h HannH TexHHnecKaTa TepMHHOJiorHa HaBjiH3a b jiHTepaTypaTa b pe3yjiTaT ot "TexHH3anHHTa" HaTeMHTe. Pa3Ka3'bT "MoTOptT" ot cGoproiKa "TexmmecKitpa3Ka3it" ce pa^a Karo cneflCTBHe Ha BjiHaHHero, Koero OKa3BaT Bbpxy HaBflap MyTa(J)OB eBponeficKHaT h pycKHHT KOHCTpyKTHBH3rbM. ObBceM HecjiynaHHO b cbocto nocBemeHne b HanajiOTO Ha KHnraTa toh nnine: "HapeneHa e TEXHHHECKH PA3KA3H, 138 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 3amoTO nocTaBeHHTe 3a,o,aHH, Ghjio no cthji, Ghjio no CK»KeT, ca TexHHHecKn." B to3h CMHCbJi "Momoptm" npnHafljie>kh icbM Te3n pa3Ka3n, kohto ce OTHacaT "no CK»KeT", Maxap ne Ha bcckh jiHTepaTypoBe,a, 6n Ghjio flocra TpyzjHO pa onpeflejin KaKBO tohho 03HanaBa noHjrrneTO "TexHnneckh cthji". Cnopefl JIhmh-Tbp ABpaMOB pasKastT "Momoptm" e "n^p-bhht b Hamara jinrepa-Typa anoTeo3 Ha to3h "n'bpBoejieMeHT" Ha cbBpeMeHHaia TexHHHecKa qHBHJIH3ailHH, H3BHCCH flO BHyiUHTejI- HOCTTa Ha MOHyMeH-TajieH, noHTH kocmh-necKH chmboji, Kpnem b ce6e en cb3n,a,aTeji-HHTe chjih, n ^ecTpyK-THBHaTa cnjia Ha CBOHTa "flCMOHHHHa Ayuia". H3KjiK)HHTeji- HOTO HOBaTOpCTBO Ha pa3Ka3a 3a 6-bJirap- "Ctpook", rpacjmKa BecejiHH CTafiKOB (1936) CKaTa jiHTepaTypa ce CbCTon b CbHemanuemo Meotcdy ceododnama noemunecKa (panmasuM u KOiiKpemuama mexHOJiozuuecKa mepMUHOJiozun. He cjiynanHO noHTH bchhkh H3CJieflOBaTejin Ha tbophcctboto Ha HaB^ap MyTac|)ob npeflnoHnrar pa Hapnnar "Momoptm" ece, a He pa3ica3. Be3 BcaicaKBO CbMHeHne b jinTepaTypHO OTHOineHne TBopGaTa ce Haivinpa Ha rparoinaTa Me^k^y flBara >KaHpa. B Hero roiMa CbGnTne, roiMa HHrpnra, roiMa flnajior. Hivia oGane nepcoHa>k - kojikoto n ycjiOBeH pa e toh - a hmchho motop^t Ome b n^pBoro H3peHeHne CTaBa hcho, ne toh me &bpe pasrjie^KflaH He b HeroBara MaTepnajiHa peajmocT, a CbC cpeflCTBara Ha xy,a,o:>KecTBeHOTO ojini;eTBopeHHe: "ToBa e e^HO jkcctoko h KpacnBO cbmecrBO, c >Kejia3Ha maBa n jiaKOM rbpoyx, npen-bjiHeH c Macjio." Abtop^t ^o icpaa Ha pa3Ka3a He npaBn hhiho flpyro ocbch pa nojiara to3h cboh nepcoHa>k b pa3JinHHn cnTyannn, pa ro Ha6jiK)flaBa ot pa3JinHHn ^ran, pa npaBn flnceicnHfl Ha oxzjejiHHTe My Haedap Mymacpoe 139 ejieMeHTH n bchhko TOBa c e^HHCTBeHara nejí %a ce noKa:>KaT HeroBHTe KanecTBa n KpacoTa. PofleH ot HOBaTa MHrojiormi Ha hoboto BpeMe, motop^t craBa Haíi-TOHHHHT h BepeH H3pa3HTeji Ha MOflepHaTa enoxa. ^HHaMHKara, KaTO ocHOBHa xapaKTepH3Hpama nepTa Ha TexHOJiornnecKara nnBHjiH3an,na, b pa3Ka3a c e nocTHra c bnpTy 03hoto öopaßeHe c raarojinre, kohto Cbrpa>KflaT H3KJIK)HHTejIHO )KHBH5I pHTbM Ha CJIOBOTO! "Ton Ce 3a6a6Jima CbC CTpisMHHHHTe h rn u3Kcmea Ha e^HH fl^x - jieic h najiaB -, ineMerHO npocpyuaea npe3 npoeropnre, 3aflaBeHO ce kuckü b 3aicaHjiHBa npoHHíi, komhhho U30yxea b rpoxoT, pa3CMHBaHKH caM ceöe ch c xmumnTe ch ^hbothh, h Han-cerae CBoeHpaBHO ce U3mma HenoflBH>KeH h ce npecmpyea Ha yMopeH." E^Ba jih HMa flpyro npoH3BefleHHe b öbjirapcKara jinreparypa ro to3h momcht, b kocto ÖHXMe MorjiH fla orKpneM ce^eM marojia b e^HO H3peneHHe - npn TOBa jip TaxaBa creneH pa3JinHHn KaTO BHymeHHe. IlpoMeHeHHHT 6ht b HHflycTpnajiHOTO oömecTBO Hajiara h e^Ha HOBa eerernKa, b kohto onncaHnero, ncnxojiornírra, nensa^Kbr h pHrbivľbT ca Han-bjíHO npoMeHeHH. 3a HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB He e flOcrarbHHO caMO m npczjcraBn Ta3H HOBa ecreraKa, toh ce onHTBa KanecTBeHO ^a a onpczjejin. 3a Hero hobckkt, b eflHHCTBO c MOTopa h MarunHara, npenpama KbM "e^HH hob cbíit, CbneraH CbC CbBb.pineHCTBa, ^Ka^K^a h pa^ocT ..." Ta3H no3nnníi KopeHHO ro orjinnaBa cpefl KOHcepBaTHBHara cpe^a Ha 6b.jirapcKOTO oömecTBO no OHOBa BpeMe, b kohto Bce ome AOMHHnpaT naTpnapxajiHHTe MopajiHn uchhocth h cejiCKOCTonaHCKoro npon3BOflCTBO. nopain Ta3n npnnnHa "TexHHHecKara" ecTeTHKa He HaMnpa HHKaKBn nocneflOBarejin n ce 3ana3Ba b ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa KaTO ck30thhho HBjíeHne, cjieflCTBne Ha HHTejieKTyajiHa eKcrpaBaraHTHOcr. Hpes CBoeTO TBopnecTBO HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB oöoraTHBa ecTeTHHecKaTa najinTpa Ha 6b>jirapcKOTO H3KycTBO Me^K^y ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh n My npn^aBa flonb.jiHHTejieH eBponencKH npnBicyc. 140 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /|!l\|n|\ 5HBJ1MOTEK/A motopt>t Ha JIiodeH ToBa e e^HO jkcctoko h KpacHBO CbmecTBO, c )KejLa3Ha maBa h jiaKOM rbp6yx, npen^jiHeH c Macno. CrbnHji hko Bb.pxy njiaTC^opMara, c pa3KpaneHH icpaica h CTeraaTH p^ue, toh 6e3ynacTHO fleGHe CbnpoTHBjieHHeTO, 3a ^a ro npejiOMH OTBeflH'bJK c GecHHH thhb Ha e^HO BHe3anHO Bb^njiaMeHflBaHe. B HeroBOTO npHBH^HO cnoKOHCTBHe ce Kpne KOBapHaTa cnjia Ha xhiiihhk, a b HenoflBH>KHOCTTa Ha CTOMaHeHHTe My craBH ce H3TerjraT GjiecTamH hhcthtc jihhhh Ha e^ho flp^KO MorbinecTBO. H KoraTO toh noHHBa, crpoeH h KopeicreH, oGjieneH b crerHaTaTa ch yHH(J)opMa ot >kcjih30, mco, h mcchhe, c nyryHeHa KaCKa h rpHBHH OT HHKejl, TOH npHflOGHBa mhcthhhhh oGjIHK Ha GpaHHHK, nocTaBeH Ha BenHa CTpaiaca npco, cypoBaTa Taima Ha CnjiaTa. Cb>c cnjia, toh npeMa3Ba c apocrHO paBHCzryiirae bchhkh nperoiTCTBHa, KoraTO b AKara My raaBa H36yxHe njiaM'bK'bT Ha rHeBa. ToraBa 6bp3HTe My craBH ce Hanparar b 6e3icpaHHO npaBHjieH pHTbM, onHCBafiKH hhcth jihhhh -h CbGyzjeHO, MarHHTHOTO My Cbpue o>KHBHBa b tohch yzjap, OTCHHaiiKH bcckh n^t ejieicrpHHecKa ncicpa. Toh 3anoHBa ToraBa BHe3anHO cboh >khbot ot HenpeK'bCHaTa moiuhoct, h paBHOMepHoro My ^HiiiaHe Ha rnraHT OTeKBa b MeTajiHHecKH boh. Ana to3h rnraHT ncxa erp'bB: CBeTHaji b Kp^rjin >khhh ot flBH>KeHHe, toh oGxBama HHepuHATa Ha TpoMaBara MarepHa h h pa3BHxpa OTBeflH'b>k, ocTaBHHKH uiHpoKO cjiefl ce6e ch TOKKHTe 6pa3flH Ha paGoTara. H b CHHycoBaTa jihhhh Ha cboh xapMOHHneH >khbot, toh Hacnna BpeMeTO b npaBHjieH pnTbM h oGeflHHHBa 6e3BpeMeHHoro Ha Marepmrra b CTerHarmi 3aKOH Ha eHeprHHTa. HO TOBa )khbotho e h JiaKOMO! HerOBHHT aneTHT e CJIHn h HaCTOHHHB h HenpeoflOJiHM. To3h >icejie3eH 3Bap ncxa ^a np,e c tohhoct ot xHjiaflHara nacr Ha ceKyHflara. HeroBHHT flOcraBHHK h roTBan - KapGyparop'bT - H3noraBa ruiocKOTO ch )icbjrro jiHue, ot CTpax ^a He 3aicbCHee c nnmaTa, kohto rocnoflapaT My nonrbina c meMeTHa peflOBHOCT JJ^nrwre h GjiecTamH mczthh tp^Gh ce orbBar b npaBH b.rjiH, 6bp3aHKH ^a flOBeflaT Ha HeHacHTHara ycTa ciebnara EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 141 xpaHa, KOHTO ce oöp^ma b CHjia h orbH - a, no^oÖHO CTap h jiob^k jiaKeö, BeHTHjľbT neflaHTHHHO OTMepBa h cepBHpa fl03aTa c BemiHBaTa kopükthoct Ha cneuHajiHCT. Ana HanperaaTa, CTpauiHara rjiaßa Ha MOTopa 6bp30 ce pa3rapa b apocT h njiaMBa %o nepBeHO. 3a Ta3H KopaBa h oraeHa maBa TpaÖBa npoxjiafla: nofl rojiHMaTa nyryHeHa KacKa TexaT HenpeicbCHaTO jie,a,eHH CTpyn BO^a, ycnoKOHBamn CbC CTyn,eHHTe ch MHjryBKH HeroBoro orHeHO nejio - h, pasH^aH or BeHHHTe njiaivľbLiH Ha TBopnecTBOTO, to3h HeyKpoTHM reHHÖ Ha paöoTara e CHKam ocbfleH fla hoch, noflOÖHO Tpu-ieH BeHeu, cboh BeneH KOMnpec Ha MaHHaK - TOBa nofljio h CBHTO yKpameHHe - b^pxy oypHara ch uapcTBeHa maBa, b kohto ce pa>KflaT m^jihhh. yBjieneH b ineivieTHaTa ,o,eirrejiHOCT Ha cbocto MorbinecTBO, motop^t H3ryÖBa hhcthh ch H3rjiefl Ha h^eajiHO CbmecTBO. Tou craBa rpo3eH h CTpameH. Toh H3pnrBa 3jiobohhh npe3 fleöejiHTe ch mczjhh tp^öh h b rbpôyxa My KJIOKOHaT TOKKH BIjJIHH MaCJIO. B^pxy HHCTOTaTa Ha CBeTjiaTa My pH3HHua na^aT n^pBHTe neTHa ot Mtraa 3ejieHa Kaina, ôjracKaBHTe nojinpaHH CTaBH noTbBaT b CMa3Ka, a ot norbMHíuioro My nejio ce crpyírr tí>hkh hbhhh ot MiaTHa nor. OnymeH h H3uanaH, toh HanoMHH CTpaxobhthü H3mefl Ha öpaHHHK b cpa)KeHHe, 3arpy6aji h KajieH, noKpnT c yMopa h cjiaBa. ToraBa toíi rpo3HO flHína, CbOHpaíiKH orpoMHHTe ch chjih b ynopHT HaroH, h Morbino pa3TbpcBa c öacHara ch CHjia Bpa^KfleÖHaTa 6e3JiHHHOCT Ha Heo^yineBeHoro. B nopnBHTe Ha 3BHp h repou, toíi pa3KjiK)HBa Tamara Ha cuenjieHHeTO h jkcctoko pa3flejia MarepHHTa b^b BHxpn ot eHeprna, 3a %a rn oöeflHHH othobo b CBeTjiHHa h CHjia. H noöeflHTeji, b^pxy rbMHOTO My jiHue ot ^kcjdbo rorpaBa opeojľbT Ha BeHHara h mhcthhho BjiacT Ha Bojurra. Pa3rHeBeH h CTpameH, toh ojiHUCTBopiiBaiiie b ceöe ch Bee naK tohhhtc 3aKOHH Ha MexaHHKaTa, h noa, öypHHH oÖJiaK Ha HeroBHa thhb MHCbJiTa My paöoreme c aöcojiiOTHa jiorHKa. ,7JeTe Ha hhcthh pa3yM, toh OTMepBa npe3 xaoca Ha CBOirra Heo6y3,a,aHOCT CTporna pnrbM Ha nerapme ch Taicra, a nofl H3JiHiiiecTBaTa Ha ^hbhtc ch HMiryjiCH toh Kpne BHHarn cypoBara flHCijHnjiHHa Ha acKeTa. Toíi e CbBceM uejiOM'b.zipeH, h^eajiHO hhct b crporara noBejra Ha CBOeTO paUHOHajIH3HpaHO ÖHTHe, h b CTpaCTHHH iiieMeT Ha HeroBHTe mhiiihh ce bh3t, ocjienHTejiHO hchh, HenorpeuiHMHTe (J)opMyjiH Ha MaTeMaTHKaTa. XapMOHHH h pwTbM, 6e3KpaiÍHO TOHHO cbHCTaHHe or BpeMe h npocTpaHCTBO -flymara My e BHCiiia aöcojiiOTHOCT or HenorpeiiiHMOCT h rotmu, h^eaneH CHMBOJI Ha CbBIjpiIieHCTBO h CTHJI. OÖHHaM ro a3 b HeroBara napa^Ha yHH(J)opMa, öjiecram b xhjmah kpujih HCKpn nofl jiefleHara BHOJieTOBa CBeTjiHHa Ha fl^roBHTe jiaMnn b rojraMara 3ajia, Koraro toh uapcTBeHO pa3flaßa CBoeTO MorbinecTBO Ha MiajiHajiHBHTe h HacTp^xHajiH flHHaMH. B cnoKOHHa no3a, toh e^BaM 3a6ejra3Ba, ne >KHBee -TbŘ HeyjiOBHM e TpenerbT Ha HeroBaTa Mom - h caMO hkhtc My craBH ocTaBaT 142 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cjiefl ceöe ch tbmhh cpeo^pHH neraa ot abh^kchhc b CHHKaBara npo3panHOCT Ha b-bSflyxa. TepoHneH h b^AymeH e toh h b CHBara ch ^pexa Ha Tpyzja, KoraTO pa3flBH>KBa Morbino hctb^pthtc CHarn Ha ejieBaTopHTe h Ha e^hh ffbx H3flnra BbB b^flyxa uejiH BaroHH. Cthxhch h ôypeH, toh tc>kko flHína c iirapoKHTe ch rbpflH h CBHpeno xpann Macjio, noflOÖHO 3aTBopeH b KjieTica 3Bíip, kohto ce 3aflyuiaBa 3a CBOOo^a. B RBa^paraHTe pemeTKH Ha CBOHTa THCHa KHjiHHKa toh Tpenepn uhji c orpOMHOTO ch npHBCzjeHO TyjiOBHine, b 3Jia h cjiana peuiHTejiHOCT Ha b^psaH b^b BepnrH IIpoMeTen, h b rpoxoTa Ha HeroBaTa pen H3ÖyxBa tokko naTOCbT Ha npoKjDrraeTO. KoraTO cjľbHijeTO 3ajw3Ba b nepBeHO 3afl HanyneHHTe CHjiyeTH Ha (J)a6pHHHHTe nocrpoÖKH, h reoMerpHHHO npaBhjihhtc mpokh Ha ejieBaTopHTe c e rpaBnpaT bhojictobh b tbmhoto 3JiaTO Ha xopH30HTHTe, e^hh nocjiefleH jľbH oÖBHBa b opeojia Ha m^hchhhcctbo 5kcjm3hoto My h thcbho nejio Ha HcryKaH, Bi^aBaHKH My Taxa nocjieflHHH ^,ap Ha cjiaBa h cbhtoct Ana toh 3Hae %a ö^e h raMeH, xnrbp, Kanpn3eH h ^ejíHKaTeH, jierHaji no KopeM b^pxy fl^jirHTe paMKH Ha aBTOMOÖnjia h npoHH3BaHKn npocTpaHCTBoro c BHXbpa Ha CBOH ycTpeM. Ton ce 3a6aBjiaBa CbC crp^MHHHHTe n rn H3KaHBa Ha e^hh ^^.x - jieK n najiaB -, ineMeTHO npo^ynaBa npe3 npocTopHTe, 3aflaBeHO ce KHCKa b 3aicaHjiHBa npoHHH, komhhho H3ÔyxBa b rpoxoT, pa3CMHBanKH caM ceöe ch c xHjra,a,HTe ch ^hbothh, h Hao-cerae CBoeHpaBHO ce H3Tara Heno^BH^KeH h ce npecrpyBa Ha yMopeH. JIioÖHMeirbT, rjie3eH h rajieH, toh onapoBa h OTnaÖBa bchhkh, kohto ro no3HaBaT, c Kanpn3HaTa ch bojdi, c TbHKHTe ch nponopuHOHanHH HjieHOBe h CbC crpoOHara ejieraHTHOCT Ha CbmecTBO or Bncina paca, CHKam OJiaropo^HO, yMHO n Bečeno )khbotho, 3a KoeTO jkhbotkt e BeneH npa3HHK or niern. H CKpnT 3afl xnjiHflHTe en MeTaMop(J)03h Ha yHHBepc ajiHO CbmecTBO, BjiacTHTeji h po6, reHHH n iiiyr, motop^t, bchhhht Morop, bchhhht chmboji h b^njrbmeHHe H& Tpy^a, noGe^HTejiHT Ha Heo^yineBeHOTO n reHHHT Ha flBH^KeHneTO - a3 MenTaa noHHKora 3a HeroBOTO BceMorbmecTBO n Tpomar ce yHacsM b cnoMeHH, hc>khocth h oöhh. Ax, CTap mok no3HaíiHHKO h cicbn npnHTeji, kojiko thxh Benepn CbM ce ynnji fla npo3pa hhcthtc jihhhh Ha TBOírra crpora KpacoTa b rojieMHTe TeTpa^KH c HepTe)kh n flnarpaMH, Ki^eTO h,o,eajiHHTe nponopuHH Ha tbocto CBp^xecTecTBeHO önrae ca 3anenaTaHH 3aBHHarn b t^hkhtc jihhhh Ha rpaBiopaTa. KaK cm Te oönnaji ToraBa, ck^no CbneTaHne ot CbB^piiieHCTBa, ^Ka^yBanKH TBOírra acHa Ayina Ha js£bctbchhk, Te6e caMHíi, tbocto h^eanHO CbmecTBO ot 6e3KpaÖHa xapMOHHíi n aöcojiiOTHaTa jiornica Ha tboh reHHH. H kojiko niaTH - ax, Te3H He3a6paBHMH MnroBe! - a3 CbM Tp^nHaji b eKCTa3a Ha o6o>KaHHeTO, yHeceH b^b BH^eHHHTa h TaÖHHTe Ha tbocto nyzjo, KoraTO th ch ÖJiarocjiaBHji moh öe^eH yM CbC CBeTjiaTa jiacKa Ha tbocto OTKpoBeHne, 3a %a Te nonyBCTBaM moh, 3a %a Te nocTHma n ce cjiea c Te6e b Hepa3pnBeH n BeneH 6jwh, jiHue c jiHije cpemy rťbpBOHanajiHOTO ... EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 143 A3 noMHH iľbpBHíi YYh% KoraTO p^Kara mh nonyBCTBa TpeneTa Ha tbocto MorbmecTBO h Koraro, HepeuiHTejieH h CMyreH, npe3 MeHe MHHa cnoKOÖHaTa BbjíHa Ha TBoeTO ^bh^KeHne. Th 6eme rbö noKopeH Ha bchhkhtc mh )KejiaHHíi, KOHTO th caM Cb3,o,aBaiiie b MeHe, h npe3 nyjica Ha Tpoa >khbot a3 ycemax KaK KpisBTa mh fle BijjiHyBa b pnTbMa Ha e^Ha HOBa BOJia, kohto 6eme tboh. A3 h th, TOBa Genie e^HO, TOBa 6eme HOBaTa mh bojm h önrae Ha noöe^HTeji h TBopeij, TOBa 6eme tbocto napcTBeHO ,o,octohhctbo, npeHeceHO b .zryíiiaTa mh h b'bSKp'bCBaiiie TaM cpefl xhmhh; a npe3 tohhhtc h hhcth xapMOHHH Ha tboh )khbot a3 ycemax b ceöe ch 3apa>KflaHeTO Ha ezjHa HOBa noBejra h BHxpnTe Ha e^hh hob cbht, cbHCTaH OT cbB^puiCHCTBa, >Ka>Kfla h pafloCT ToBa 6eme CbTBopaBaHeTO Ha TBoeTO nyzjo b MHpa)KHTe 3a macTHe Ha flyruara mh h, c^icain npeHHCTCH OT MHCTepHHTe Ha eflHO HOBO h CTpaiIIHO TaÖHCTBO, a3 HyBCTBaX npe3 BeHHOCTTa Ha tboh >khbot jľbxa h 6e3Kpaa Ha Henocth)khmoto. H cera th naK n3pacTBam npeo, MeHe b jľbHe3apna n cjiaBa, cnoKoeH n 6o>KecTBeH, b Mon>mna en cnjryeT Ha anoKajinnTHHHO CbmecTBO. B TbMHHTe th MHinnn noHHBaT öypnTe n CBeTjinHHTe Ha öi^eineTO, a b ^KejuBHara th maBa Ha reHnn ce Kpnírr MiajiHHHTe Ha bchhhh >khbot h oraeHnaT KpuoBpar Ha 6e3KpanHOTO npecb3flaBaHe ... H npe3 3,zrpaHOBeTe Ha xaoca tboht orpoMeH n HenoflBH>KeH cnjryeT ce pa3rapa Morbmo n 6aBHO b CTpameH n mhcthhch chmboji Ha öpaHHHKa Ha BeKOBeTe, nocraBeH Ha BenHa CTpa>Ka npeo, TanHara Ha KocMOca. 'Tpafl", rpa^HKa BecejiHH Ctahkob (1932) 144 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 3HMHA YTPHH CyTpHH cjľbHijeTO H3rpHBa CbBceM po30BO cpefl jiefleHara rama Ha xopH30HTHTe, CHKaui 3axapeH ,hhck HaToneH b 3Jiaro. JJpe t^mhobhojictobh KjiOHHeTa ce npecnnaT B^pxy saMp^Hajiara My npo3paHHOcr h OTBCjifľb'iK c e pa3rapHT b HaHH3 ot 6jie,a,03ejieHH öncepn. B^flyxbT Tpenra b jiijHhcth orpa>KeHHH, npeceneHn ot OJieflonepBeHH )Knnn h cpeöbpHH jieHra, kohto ce BnjíHTar; HacHTeH b ncKpn, cb eTjiHHa h jiefleH npax, pa3TBapaHKH b Mnpa^KHara ch CBeTjiHHa e^HH xaoc ot ocrpn Ľreeran tohkh. Chhe, chhe /Lbjirn CbHHH npocTpaHCTBa ot ÖJiennHn, kohto BHe3anHO ce no3JiaTflBar b jie^eH orbH; HIHpOKH CTOMaHeHH CCHKH OT fl^pBCTa Cpefl HCJKHara nyXKaBOCT Ha CKJIOHOBeTe, Ti)HKa h ocTpa MpoKa or kjiohh, kohto ce rpaBHpaT B^pxy öejiHHaTa b TbMHonypnopHH h 6jiefl03ejieHH (J)oc(J)OPhhhh nepra. Croir h chhhhc h pa^ocT ToBa e HHCTOTara Ha npocrpaHCTBaTa, OKbnaHa b 3Jiaro h Mnpa:>KH, npeôyjieHa b jrbHe3apníi or öjienn rniaM^nn h KbpBaBH 3Be3,nH, 6e3KpaiÍHa, jie^eHa h acHa, c tohhhtc ch xapMOHHH or SB^HT^ma npo3paHHOcr h CbC CBeTjiOTO ch nyzjo ot cpeöpo, eMaííji h öncepn. Ax, 3HMHara yTpnH - jiezjeHHirr ÖJiHH Ha flymara, pa3TBopeH b chhh Cb3ByHna; acHara pa^ocT Ha nenna hh >khbot, CTemaTa b opeoji ot po30Bn chhhhh - ea,Ha ennHCTBeHa yTpnH, KoraTO CbJi3HTe b flymara hh 3aMpi>3BaT hc>kho b uBeTeH CKpe>K, 3a %a npenncTHT b HCHH HJII03HH TbMHara HH MTaKa 3a )KHBOT. H CJľbHITeTO, 3HMHOTO yTpHHHO CJľbHUe, rOJMMOTO MHCTHHHO KbJlÖO OT p030BH CbHHIIia, H3rpíIBamO Cpefl CHHH npo3paHHOCT ot xapMOHHH: KaK cnoKOHHa e ycMHBKaTa My ot 3Jiaraa KporocT cpefl xHMepnHHHTe n 6e3KpanHn ojracbun Ha jie,a,eHHTe ncKpn, - Ha thh ocTpn UBeTíi ot CKbnn KaMiaHH, Kanpn3HH, flejinKaran n rop^n KaTO MenraTe hh. To njryBa, paflocrao n cryaeHO, npe3 TnuinHaTa Ha HeBi^BparaMOTO, OTpnHanKn c HCHara en acbctbchoct BCHHKara MiaKa 3a macTne - caMn macrae n noKon -TOBa rojMMO KpncTajiHO Cbpne Ha >KHBOTa, 3acKpe>KeHO b 3JiaTHHTe hhlukh Ha CaMoraTa. Ana KjiOHHTe Ha .zrbpBeTara ce pasrp^maT hc>kho noa, ji^hhcthh 30b Ha yTpOTO, H3BHTH B HCHHH pHTbM Ha My3HKaTa OT (jXJieHTH H SBIaHHCTa, npenjICTCHH B JTbHHCTH Tp^nKH OT HHTapHH CBCTJIHHH H CpeÖbpeH MpaK. B .ZTbHOTO Ha ajICHTa ce HH^Kar öncepn B^pxy ffbjim cjľbHHeBn hhlukh, ranamn b cefle(J)eHaTa MíjrjMBHHa Ha flanennHaTa; TaM ce orbBa n ^nnjin npocTpaHCTBOTO b hhcth TisKaHH ot 6e3UBerae: MajiKaTa 3HMHa napnua ce Kpne TaM, b a^hoto Ha cpe6bpHara en KajracKa - OJieflHara CHOKHa ^aMa c po30BO jinne, anrapHn Kbapnun n Has^öeHa KopoHa ot 3apn. UapnnaTa Ha chokhhtc flajiennHn, EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 145 H3TbicaHa OT CHHHHe, ÖJieflHOCT h cpeöpo, MajiKaTa rojwMa Kyioia ot (J)ap(J)op, CbC chhh ohm h 3JiaTHa Koča: rojieMHHT HCH03ejieH KaivľbK Ha npo3paHHHa Ř noKa3ajieL(, hc>khhht myM Ha hchhhtc Ofle>KflH ot jrbHH h chc>khh 3Be3flH, po30BHHT Kpaö Ha yxoTO h, 3JiarHCTaTa HBHua Ha pb.ueTe h, hchhhtc MajiKH fleTCKH KpaHKa ot nopuejiaH. Ax, ^aMara Ha HameTO Cbpue h MenTara hh 3a HHCTa paflOCT b jiefleHHTe xoph30hth Ha HaiiiHa >kh3hch nwr - kojiko n™ Hne CMe naKajiH jiacKaTa Ha MajiKHTe Ř jtbhhcth np^cra ,a,a npenncTH norjiefla hh Ha >Ka>KflamH, kojiko nb.th HeOHara öjie^a ycMHBKa ot Kopají e neprajia CTporn xapMOHHH b flymaTa hh, 3a %a CTerHe b KpncTaji rbMHoro Hyzjo Ha HamaTa ropflOCT. JlacKara Ha hcjkhhtc h np^cra, CHKaiii 3axap, pa3TBopeHa b cryzjeH orbH - THXOTO flOKOCBaHe Ha HHCTOTO OTKpoBeHHe npe3 CbHHaTa rbra Ha HauíHTe npoTHBopeHHH... CHOKHaTa uapnua, CHOKHaTa uapnua, MajiKaTa (J)ap(J)opHa 4)ea b cefle^eHara .zrbJiöoHHHa Ha Mnpa>KHTe hh 3a macrae, CKbnara KyKjia Ha 3HMHaTa yTpnH, Koraro cjrbHueTO H3rpaBa po30BO h hhcto. H eTO, cpefl Bb.3,ziyxa ce pa3CHnBaT xhjwah innpoKH ji^hh, HaKb,a,peHH b orbH, xHjiHflH Cb3Be3flHH ot chhh HCKpH, KOHTO ce pa3rbBaT Bb.pxy HeöeTO b ffbjim CBHTKamn ^nnjin; CHerbT H3ÔyxBa b apKa öejiOTa, a Bb.pxy öncepHTe Ha TbHKHTe KJIOHH HCOHaKBaHO CC pa3rpb>inaT b XapMOHHH CpeO^pHH 3Bb>HHeTa. EflHH TOKbK jľbH, npen^jiHeH CbC 3JiaTO, ce npeKarypBa Bb.pxy CHHírra npo3paHHOCT Ha CHera h ce ,zthmh b^b bhojictobh cchkh, Bb.pxoBeTe Ha .zrbpBeTara ce HanynBar b TpHiaiTajiHHHH h 614)30 cbctht b 3JiarHH KanKH, kohto ce H3JiHBaT npe3 kjiohhtc; a ,a,'bJi6oHHHaTa Ha ajieírra npnjiHHa Ha rbHKa pemeTKa, HanpaBeHa ot CTOMaHa h HHTap. Ilpe3 chhhtc npocTopn Ha HeöeTO BHe3anHO ce noHacsT HacBeTjieHH t^p^KecTByBamn 3ByKOBe ot (J)aH(J)apH, jíHKyBamn MeTajiHHecKH rjiacoBe ot ji^hh h nypnyp: TOBa e acHaTa neceH Ha 3HMHHH fleH, kohto no3,a,paBíiBa CBOírra napuna - h ToraBa poaK or chhh na>KOBe, 06111HTH CbC cpeöpo, H3JiH3ar Me^íyiy CTBOJiOBere Ha .zrbpBeTara, h CbC 3Bb.HjiHBH h paflOCTHH necHH OTHBaT cpemy CBOírra öjie^a rocno^apKa, 3a %a Ř ncnHecar rojieMH jie^eHH óyKeTH or ubctíi h 3Be3flH. B a^hoto Ha ajieírra ce pa3TBapaT TeXHHTe HfôKHH KOCTIOMH b np03paHHH chhhhh, h CaMO OCTpHTe CCHKH Ha .zrbpBeTara nepra^t CTporn ycnope^hh jihhhh Bb.pxy OJie^hh HHTap Ha CHera. EflHa THxa CBeTjiHHa ce pa3rapa b 3JiarHH rbMH - h H3BeflH'b>k ce pa3BHxpa b Tb.p>KecTBeH h 3ByneH xaoc ot jľbHe3apnH. Eto h, MajiKara CHOKHa napuna Ha 3HMara, eTO íl 3aTBopeTe ohhtc ch h HaKaiŕre thxo, flOKaro CBeTjiHHara ot hchhhh norae^, npejiee b .zryínaTa. Ha KOJieHe, MajiKH na>KOBe - pa3,a,aHTe uBcraTa ch 6e3 %a naKare ycMHBKa, h noflapere 3Be3flaTa Ha flyniara ch 6e3 m naKare MOJiöa. MajiKaTa CHOKHa napuna e npefl Bac, eTO a, eTO a, 3amoTO Hne TOJiKOBa a oönnaMe. Bhjktc KaK ohhtc h rpe^t b paflOCT, a ycTaTa íi ot Kopají ce nepTa^t KpoTKO b 6jia>KeHCTBO. Ta e jľbne3apHa h nncra h CBHTa - AymaTa íi e CBeTjiHHa h Hne ce pa3TBapaMe b Hea h craBaMe hchh h hc>khh. He ycemaTe jih b rb.pfl.HTe ch jiefleHHH orb.h Ha 146 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) CMHpeHHeTO h HHCTHH noKOH Ha 6e3KpaHHara oöhh? He CMe jih Hne KpoTKHTe fleua Ha 3HMara, npnjiacKaHH b MHpa>KH h npenjieTeHH b jľbHe3apHH? Bh^ktc, CbJI3HTe hh SaiVip^BaT hokho b UBCrCH CKpOK, 3a fl,a npeHHCTHT b hchh hjii03hh TisMHara hh ivľbKa 3a >khbot. Hne, MajiKHTe rojieMH ,o,ena Ha 3HMara, kohto nocpemaMe cera HamaTa HOBa yrpHH npe3 jiej^enmi 6jwh Ha flyuiara, pa3TBopeH b chhh Cb3ByHHH. Hne - h acHaTa paflOCT Ha nejma hh 5KHBOT, CTerHaTa b KpHCTan, npeHHCTeHa b CBeTjiHHa h ocBeTeHa b opeojia Ha po30BH chhhhh. Bn>KTe, cjľbHijeTO H3rpaBa 6aBHO b .zryínara hh - TOBa rojwMO mhcthhho icbjiöo or po30BH CbHHma cpea, chhh npo3panHOCT ot xapMOHHH: KaK cnoKOÖHa e ycMHBKara My ot 3JiaTHa KpoTOCT npe3 xhmcphhhhtc h ocTpn jiczjchh uBera Ha Hamara rop^ocT. To ce Bi^napíiBa, pa^ocTHO h cryzjeHO, cpea, KonHOKnre hh nO HeB^BpaTHMOTO, OTpHHaÜKH C HCHaTa ch fleBCTBCHOCT BCHHKaTa hh Mb.Ka 3a macTHe h noKOÜ - TOBa tojihmo KpncTajiHO Cbpne Ha >KHBOTa, 3acKpe>KeHO b 3JiaTHHTe hhiiikh Ha HamaTa caMOTHOcr... B flymaTa hh H3rpaBa cjľbHneTO CbBceM po30BO cpea, jieaCHaTa roma ot HJII03HH, CHKam 3axapeH ahck, HaroneH b 3JiaTO. Ejiucaeema Eazpnna 147 EJIHCABETA BArPHHA 1893,29anpHji 1907 1910 B Co(J)Ha ce pa^zja EjiHcaBeTa 1911 BameBa. IlpeMecTBa ce etc ceMeiicTBOTO ch b TbpHOBO, Kt^eiD 6ama h e Ha3HaneH Ha HOBa paöoTa. 3aBT>pHiBa Co(J)HHCKa ^eBH-necKa rHMHa3Ha. 3anoHBa paöora icaro yHHrejiica b MajHco ceno Kpaii ümöoji. CeMeiicTBOTO h othobo ce Bptma b Co(J)Ha, a EjincaBeTa 3anncBa Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBep CHTer. 148 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 1912 3ano3HaBa ce c Mjia^HTe riHcaTejiH /Jhmho ,3,e6ejiaHOB, KoHCTairraH KoHCTaHTHHOB, ľeoprn PafíneB h pp. 1915 IlyöJiHKyBa ntpBOTO ch CTHxoTBopeHHe b ciiHcaHHe "CtBpeMeHHa MHCtJi". HanycKa y HHBepchtüta h CTaßa yHHTejiKa bt>b Bpaua. 1917 YHHTejiKa e b rHMHa3Hirra b KrocTeH^Hji. 1919 OMt^cBa ce 3a HßaH LUanKapeB h paac^a CHHa ch JIioöoMHp. 1921 rio^HOBaßa jíHTepaTypHara ch ^eiiHOCT Karo CTaßa cbTpyzpnfHKa Ha "Bccthhk 3a »ceHaTa". 1922 3a ntpBH ntT ce noaBaBaT HeiiHH CTHxoTBopeHHa nem nceBflOHHMa EjiHcaBeTa EarpaHa. 1923 Cjie,a; CenTeMBpHHCKOTO BtcTaHHe 3aMHHaBa 3a ľepMaHHa. 1924 CTaßa HjieH Ha Ctícna Ha ötJirapcKHTe nHcarejiH. 3ano3HaBa ce c npo(j). Eojih IleHeB. 1925 IlojiyHaBa Harpa^aTa Ha CtK)3a Ha nHcarejíHTe 3a noeTHHHHa uhkm "BeHHaTa h CBaTara". HanycKa Mt^ca ch, cjiqr kocto 3aMHHaBa c Eojih IleHeB bbb (DpaHirna. 1926 OTnenaTBa nmcbjía "BpeTaH". 1927 ÜHHie TpHnTHxa "PeKBHeM" b naMeT Ha HeonaKBaHO noHHHajiHa Bom IleHeB. Enucaeema Eazpnua 149 B Kpaa Ha ro^HHaTa H3JiH3a ntpBaTa ii KHHra "BeHHara h CBaTaTa". 1928 YnacTBa b mhojkcctbo jiHTepaTypHH HereHHa H3 nana BtjirapHa. 3aMHHaBa 3a IlapjDK, Kt^ero ce 3ano3HaBa c Mapima IlBeTaeBa h Bna^HMHp MaaKOBCKH. PfeynaBa (J)peHCKaTa jiHTepaTypa. 1930 3ano3HaBa ce c Pa^e ,3paiiHaii, H3BecTeH Mo^epeH cpt6cKH noeT. 1931 H3JiH3a BTopara ii CTHxoc6Hpica "3Be3^;a Ha Mopinca". 1932 ritTyBa By^anema Ha KOHrpeca Ha IlEH-Kjiy6oBeTe. 1936 H3JiH3a TpeTaTa ii CTHxoc6Hpica "Ctpue HOBeuiKo". 1940 Ilo^nHCBa anena 3a cnacemie Ha 6rbJirapcKHTe eBpen, HanpaBeH ot rpyna HHTeneKTy ajiHH. 1942 CBH^eTejiKa e Ha npoueca cpeury noeTa Hmcojia BanuapoB. 1946 3a HaKOJiKO ce/iMHHH e Ha nocemeHHe b PyMtHHa c rpyna h3bccthh 6TjjirapcKH nHcarejiH. 1952 Pa6oTH KaTO pe^aKTop b cnHcamie "CenTeMBpH". 1953 H3JiH3a CTHxoc6HpKaTa ii 'Tier 3BC3^h". 1957 H3JiH3aT HeiiHH KHHrn b npeBcm Ha (J)peHCKH h apa6cKH e3HK. 1966 H3JIH3a KHHra C H36paHH CTHxoTBopeHHa b npeBO,a; Ha HTajinaHCKH e3mc. 150 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 1967 B PyMtHHa H3JiH3a Heima CTHxocÖHpica b npeBO/i ot Bhktop Tyjiöype. 1969 IIojiyHaBa 3JiaTeH Me^an 3a noe3Hjrra ch b Phm. 1972 3a CTHxocÖHpKaTa ch "KoHTpanyHKTH" nojiynaBa Harpa^ara Ha CtK)3a Ha ötJirapcKHTe nHcarejiH. 1973 Ttp^cecTBeHO ce necTBa b CjiHBeH HeiiHaTa 80-ro^HuiHHHa. 1983 Ttp^cecTBeHO ce necTBa b CocJDHa HeHHara 90-ro^HuiHHHa. 1984 H3^;aBa "^MrocBHpemaTa njiona Ha jnoöoBra. CTHxoTBopeHHa". 1991, 23 MapT EjiHcaßeTa EarpaHa yMHpa b CTapnecKH rom b Co(j)Ha. B HCTopHHTa Ha OTjjirapcKara jiHTepaTypa b nepno^a Me^k^y flßeTe CBeTOBHH bohhh hmuto Ha EjincaBeTa EarpiHa 3aeMa e^ho or kjhohobhtc MecTa. ,HppH e^hh He tb'bp.o.e BHHMarejieH noraefl 6h KOHcrarapaji, ne bchhkh aBTopn, 3a kohto roBopnxMe flOTyK, ca Bee wbUKQ, a jkchhtc npncbCTBar czthhctbcho KaTO o6pa3H b tcxhhtc npoH3BefleHHH. ToBa oöane b HnicaicbB cjryHan He 03HanaBa, ne ö^jirapcKOTO oömecTBO h jiHTeparypa no TOBa BpeMe CTpaflann or HHKaKBa (j)opMa Ha MH3ornHHH (noHírrne, bjdbjio b ö^jirapcKna e3HK ot (J)peHCKH - misogynie, CbC CbmoTO 3HaneHHe Ha OMpa3a icbM )KeHHTe). Ilo-CKopo, nopain cnennc|)HHHHíi ncTopnHecKH pa3Bon Ha B^jirapna, KOHcepBaTHBHOTO narpnapxajiHO MncjieHe .zrbjiro BpeMe flOMHHnpajio n cjiefl OcBo6o>KfleHHeTO npe3 1878 r. fl,opn bh^hh HHTejieKTyajinn KaTO IleTKO CjiaBenKOB HacTOHTejiHO 3amnTaBajin Te3ara, ne mhctoto Ha öbjirapKara e caMO b flOMa, k-b^eTO TpaÖBa pa ce rpn>kh 3a orrjie>iyi,aHeTO Ha .zjeijaTa n yzjoöcTBOTO Ha Cbnpyra en. Te3n b'bsrjie.zTH, 6e3 CbMHeHne, ca HacjieflCTBO ot MHoroBeKOBHOTO TypcKO poöcTBO, KoraTO ö^jirapcKOTO HacejieHne TpaÖBajio pa cjieflBa oömecTBeHHTe n jkhtchckh npaBnjia Ha MiociojiMaHHTe. Atc KaKTO Ejiucaeema Eazpnna 151 floöpe e H3BecTH0 ca chjiho pcctphkthbhh ocoöeHO mo ce oraaca ^o npaBaTa Ha 5KCHHTC 3aTOBa He 6nBa r& ce ynyziBaivie ot (J)aKTa, ne b nbpBnre roflHHH cjiefl OcBOOo^KfleHHero jkchhtc npczjCTaBjuiBajiH e,a,Ba 5 % ot rpaMOTHOTO HacejieHHe b E^jirapna. ,H,opH H3KJiiOHHTejiHO ^eMOKpaTHHHara 3a BpeMero ch TbpHOBCKa KOHCTHTyijHH (1879) He npeflOCTaBHjia nonra HHKaKBH oömecTBeHn npaBa Ha jkchhtc, ho b TOBa OTHomeHHe th nonra He ce OTjinnaBajia ot oct aHajiHTe eßponencKn KOHCTHTynnn. riocTeneHHO b E^jirapna ce Cb3flaBaT jkchckh ,zrpy:>KecTBa, kohto HMar 3a nejí fla ce öopirr 3a eMaHunnnpaHeTO Ha tKenwre. Ilpe3 1897 AHa KapHMa (1871 - 1949), 6bjirapcKa HHTejieicryajiKa h nncaTejiKa, aBTop Ha hhkojiko fleceTKH flpaMaTyprHHHH npoH3BefleHHH h poMaHH, Cb3flaBa Co(J)hhcko jkchcko o6pa30BaTejiHO ,zrpy:>KecTBO, kocto ce 6opn 3a flonycicaHe Ha jkchhtc ro HapoflHHH yHHBepcHTeT, Hemo kocto e öhjio 3a6paHeHO ^OToraBa. Cjiefl .zrbjiro npofl'bJDKHjiH flHCKycHH b npecaTa h Hapo^hoto CböpaHne, npe3 1901 r. 3anoHBar ,a,a ce oGynaBar h jkchh b ciihhctbchoto no TOBa BpeMe Bncnie yneÖHO 3aBefleHne. ITo to3h HannH jkchhtc npn^oonBaT b^mo^khoct aicTHBHO %a ynacTBaT b oömecTBeHna n icyjiTypeH >khbot Ha crpaHaTa. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, oömecTBeHHTe npe,zrpa3Cb,zrbnH n narpnapxajiHOTO MHCJieHe Cb3fl,aBajin ecTecTBeHn npenKn npefl eMaHnnnnpaHnre jkchh. EflHHCTBeHara npo^ecna, b kohto ca flonycKaHn jkchh 6e3 orpaHnneHHii, önjia yHHTCJiCKara. B ocTaHajinTe npo^ecnn oöhkhobcho flencTBajio HenncaHOTO npaBHjio, ne CbmecTByBaT cbooo^hh MecTa caMO axo 3a tax raMa ivľb>Ke KaHflHflarn. ľlo to3h HannH jkchhtc cctcctbcho ce H30JinpajiH ot oöinecrBeHiui n KyjiTypeH >khbot b CTpaHaTa. B nbpBnre jspe fleceTHjieTna Ha XX bck b E^jirapna Bee ome chjiho BjiacTBamn öhjih TpaflnnnoHHHTe npeflnncaHna, ne ecrecTBeHaTa po jdi Ha e^Ha >KeHa e ,a,a nsm^jiroiBa penpozryKTHBHHTe cj)yHKnnn Ha pozja. Ha bchko noBCzjeHne, kocto HapymaBajio naTpnapxajiHHTe CTepeornnn, ce rjicziajio KaTO Ha OTKjiOHeHne, to öhjio HerjiacHO hjih oömecTBeHO nopnnaBaHO, a CbOTBeraaTa jihhhoct ce b^npneMajia KaTO npona^Haji n 6e3HpaBCTBeH hh,zi,hbh,zi. B to3h CMncbJi eMaHnnnannirra Ha )KeHara, He caMO ne ce ocbinecrBíiBajia m^hhtcjiho öaBHO, ho ce OTpa3HBajia n Ha caivraa xapaKTep Ha CJ)eMHHHCTHHHOTO flBHJKCHHe. EflHOBpeMeHHO c öopöara en 3a npaBOTO m ynaT b yHHB epenTeTa HapaBHO c MbJKere, p,a HMaT npaBO Ha ynacrne b ynpaBjíeHneTO Ha ^p^aBaTa, %a MoraT fla macyBaT Ha n30opn - jkchhtc aicTHBHO ce 3aHHMaBajin n c jiHTepaTypa. B HHKaKBa CTeneH flopn, jinTepaTypaTa ce b^npneMajia KaTO ecTecTBeHO npozrbJDKeHne Ha TaxHara oömecTBeHa fleOHOCT Hecro b cbohtc npoH3BefleHna (J)eMHHHCTKHTe aKTHBHCTKH npCZICTaBÍIJIH repOHHHTe CH KaTO He3aBHCHMH 152 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) jihhhocth, öopemn ce 3a peajiH3auHa h npaBO Ha coöctbcho mhchhc h noBefleHHe, Taxa Kaicro e HanpHMep b TBopnecTBoro Ha AHa KapHMa, EßreHHa Mape h AHHa KaMeHOBa. B xy^o^KecTBeHO OTHOineHne oöane TexHHTe npoH3BefleHHH CTpaflajín ot pe^Hua cjiaöocTH, KaTO e^Ha ot HaH-xapaicrepHHTe e jinncaTa Ha ncHxojiorHHecKH yGe^HTejiHO H3rpa,o,eHH o6pa3H. ToBa ce ^jdích Ha 4)aicra, ne aBTopKHre He ce oöp^mar wbm ^eíiCTBHTejiho ctts, 3a %a otkphht MOflejiH 3a CBOHTe nepcoHa>KH, a ce onHTBajiH ^a rn Cbrpa,oaT Ha 6a3aTa Ha npeflnocTaBeHHTe ch h^eÖHH pa36npaHHa. ľlo to3h HanHH Te Cb3flaBajiH cxeMaTHHHH h H3KycTBCHH o6pa3H, KOHTO BMecTO %a ron^jiHaBar 3aflaHara ch fla y6e>KflaBaT b^b c|)eMHHHCTHHHaTa Kay3a, b^fleocTBajiH noBene c oöpareH 3HaK - OTOjľbCKBajIH CbC CBOHTa HCyÖeflHTejIHOCT h CKyHHOCT. OcHOBHara npHHHHa 3a TOBa ce ^jdích Ha (j)aKTa, ne b caMara fleocTBHTejiHOCT öhjio HeB^mo^KHO fla c e cpemne OHa3H ecTecTBeHa CBoGo^Ha >KeHa, kohto %a nocjiy>KH 3a TBopnecKO b^xHOBeHne. 3a fla pa30epeM no KaicbB HanHH tohho EjincaBeTa EarpaHa ce npeBp-bma b Ta3H Taxa flijjiro naxaHa h TOJiKOBa HeoöxoflHMa (JMrypa 3a ö^jirapcKara jíHTeparypa, me TpaÖBa ^a Ka>KeM h h kojí ko 6norpa(|)iiMHii jsymu 3a Hea. ToBa e HeoöxoflHMO, rbö KaTO npn EarpaHa no e^hh xapaicrepeH n no^nepTaH HannH MumeücKomo ce npennuma c xyôojice cnmeiiomo. He ony nan ho rojiaMa nacT or oijjirapcKHTe kphthhh b cbohtc H3CJie,o,BaHHa nczmepTaBar, ne TpyzjHO ce OTKpnBa rpaHHijaTa Me>Kfly ^KHTeocKara h noeTHnecKaTa ÖHorpacfma Ha nncarejiKara. EjiHcaBeTa EarpaHa e e^Ha ot MajiKOTO cryzjeHTKH no TOBa BpeMe b CjiaBHHCKHH (J)aKyjiTeT Ha Co(J)hhckhh yHHBepcnTeT (1911 - 1915), rbü KaTO caMO HHKOJiKO roflHHH no-paHO (1907) othobo e HajioiaceHa aflMHHHcrparHBHa 3a6paHa jkchh ^a ce oöynaBar b yneÖHOTO 3aBe,o,eHHe. Ome erbe caMara en (J)H3HHecKa noHBa cpefl aKa^eMHHHHTe cpe^n Mjia^aTa cryzjeHTKa npe,o,H3BHKajia BisjíHeHne h jhoöohhtctbo - önjia e H3KjiiOHHTejiHO KpacnBa n 6e3 CbMHeHne TajiaHTjiHBa, e^ho CbneTaHne, KoeTO BHHarn e öhjio npe,o,H3BHKaTejiCTBO 3a ivľb>KKOTO jiioöonHTCTBO, ocoöeHO 3a xopaTa Ha H3KycTBOTO. HeíiHHTe jíHTepaiypHH HHTepecn a Cbönpar c e^hh ot Haíi-H3B ecTHHTe 3a BpeMeTO TBopijn ot jíHTepaTypHHH Kp^r "3ee«o" Karo ^hmho ,7ie6ejiaHOB, Teopm PanneB, KoHCTaHTHH KoHCTaHTHHOB, XpncTO üceHOB, Hop^aH Hobkob. B THXHOTO oOKpij^KeHne Ta önjia oöeicr Ha no^nepTaH HHTepec h noBHineHO BHHMaHne. Ho-k^cho eflHH ot Tax me npn3Hae, ne cjiefl jinTeparypHHTe cönpKn Cb3HarejiHO 3ae,o,ho a H3npamajin ^o flOMa n, 3a ^a He ce H3ivľbHBaT ot peBHOCT e^hh kijM flpyr, rbö KaTO bchhkh öhjih bjiioochh b Hea. Ejiucaeema Eazpnna 153 Ho He caMO HeÖHHTe CbCTy^eHTH h n03HaTH öhjih njieHeHH ot xyöocTTa Ha BarpaHa. TojiaMa naer ot npenoflaBaTejiHTe b VHHBep-CHTeTa, no TOBa BpeMe e^hh OT Haíl-BHflHHTe HHTejICK- TyajiuH b B^jirapna, KaTO npo(J)ecopHTe HßaH HIhľu-MaHOB, Mnxanji ApHayzjOB, AjieKcaHH.'bp BajiaöaHOB h BoHH neHeB cbirio He OCTaBaT 6e3pa3JIHHHH KbM KpacHBaTa eryzieHTKa. no-kijCho Bohh neHeB ce bjik)6hji b EjiHcaBera Barpa-Ha h flBaMaTa 3aMHHajiH Ha ezma fl^jira eKCKyp3HH h3 c&paHUHÍI, (j) a kt, kohto fl^jiro npeflH3BHKBaji mho- >KeCTBO KJIIOKH h KOMCHTapH h3 CBeTCKHTe CO(J)HHCKH h jiHTepaTypHH cpe^h. CaMara noeTeca H3KjnoHHTejiHO tc>kko npe>KHBHjia HeonaKBaHaTa civrbpr npe3 1927 r. Ha cboh öhbhi npenozjaBaTen MajiKO npezm fla H3flafle CBOirra nbpBa CTHxocönpKa "Bemiama u cenmamď'. B Hea MHoro or CTHxoTBopeHHírra ca CB^psaHH c npe>KHBHBaHHHTa ot nb/ryBaHeTO c Bohh neHeB b^b paHijHH. B HanajiOTO Ha 30-Te ro,a,hhh EjracaBeTa BarpaHa othobo e b neHTbpa Ha oömecTBeHOTO MHeHne, cjiefl poMaHTHHHa Bp^Ka c ea,hh or HaH-TajiaHTjiHBHTe h MOflepHH cp'böcKH noe™ Pane ^paHHaij. Ta3H Bp^Ka npHflOÖHBa ocoöeHO 3HaneHHe Ha (J)OHa Ha He ocoöeHO Hoöpnre nojiHTHnecKH OTHOiiieHHH Me>Kfly B^jirapna h C^pöna npe3 to3h nepnozi. TyK TpaÖBa na npnöaBHM ome e^hh mpnx ot >KHBOTa Ha BarpaHa, kohto BepoHTHO Hao-CHjiHO e noBjiHHji b^pxy hchhoto CBOÖOHOMHCJieirio noBeaeHHe h TBopnecTBO. Cjiefl Kpaa Ha CBoero CTyzienrcTBO th ce oivrb^KBa 3a cboh CbCTy^eHT, ho b Hy^k^aTa Kbma nonaaa Ha hskjuohhtcjiho florMaranHa h cypoBa CBeKbpBa. Ha b^pacTHara >KeHa b^OBHija Ha rojieMHH ö^jirapcKH b'bspo^KfleHeij Ky3MaH IIIanKapeB HHKaK He ce xapecBajra KyjiTypHHTe HHTepecn Ha CHaxa Ř. nocTOHHHO npecjieflBaHa h ynpeKBaHa, ne He ch b^piira flOMaKHHCKara paöoTa IIopTpeT Ha E. Earpjma, xyzj. HnaH TaßaKOB 154 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) n He ce rpH)kh flOCTarbHHO fl,a Cbnpyra en, Mjia^aTa noeTeca oine noBene aKyMyjrapa b ce6e ch Bojurra 3a He3aBHCHMO ct h 3a tb opn e ctbo . He cjiefl .zrbjiro BarpaHa Hanycxa Hyaena aom h ce ot^aBa ochobho Ha jiHTepaTypHa achhoct. HenHara CHjma jihhhoct b czjhhctbo c noeTHHHna n TanaHT CKopo a np^pHajin b e^Ha ot Hafi-KOMeHTHpaHHTe h MOzjepHn 6bjirapcKH noeTecn. B CBQSTa /jfcjiroro/jHiiiHa TBOpnecKa /jchhoct (nocjieflHara crnxocGnpica noeTecaTa h3,a,aBa npe3 1984 r., KoraTO e Ha 89 roflHHn) EjiHcaBeTa Earp^Ha HMa mho^kc ctbo H3flafleHH KHHrn b no-rojiHMaTa ch nacT c jinpHKa. MHoroKpaTHO e nozjHepTaBaHO ot G^jirapcKaTa icpnTnica, ne ot ocoGeHO 3HaneHHe 3a i;hjiocthhh h noeTHnecKH npo(J)Hji, nrpa^t n^pBHTe crnxo cGnpicn "BeHuama u cenmamd" (1927), "3ee3da na MopRKcT (1932) h "Ctpife yoeeuiKo" (1936). Be3 BcaicaKBO CbMHeHne oGane n^pBara n KHHra e Ta3H, kohto pa36yHBa Han-cnjiHO "/Jyx h MaTepHsi", cioiynTypa AHupeft AyxoBeTe b CTpaHaTa. Hhkojiob (1922) EjiHcaBeTa BarpHHa Here peflnna eBponencKn noeTH Karo Emhji BepxapH, Bopnc nacTepHaK h AjieKcaH.zrbp Bjiok, ho mo)Ke 6h hou-cujiho ejiunnue etpxy meopnecmeomo it OKasea jiupuxama ua zoneMume pyciai noemecu Anna Axjuamoea (1889 - 1966) u Mapuna I^eemaeea (1892 - 1941). HeczjHOicpaTHO BarpHHa 3aaBHBa, ne rojraMara n jiioGob b noe3HHTa e AxMaroBa, He3aBHCHMO or TOBa, ne ce pasjinnaBa ot Hea b peflnna OTHOineHna. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa 6bjirapcKaTa noeTeca npn3HaBa, ne ce nyBCTBa no-6jin3Ka no noemHecKn TeMnepaMeHT ^o HBeTaeBa. Be3 BcaicaKBO CbMHeHne ^BeTe pycxn noeTecn, kojikoto n jya, ca pa3JiHHHH e^Ha or flpyra b TBopnecKO OTHOineHne, HMaT CBoe Macro b HCTopnaTa Ha pycicara n eBponencKara noe3na ^o BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa. AHa AxMaroBa, 3ae,o,HO c rojieMHTe pycicn nncarejiH HnKOJian FyMnjibOB n Ocnn MaH,o,ejimaM, e eijHH ot ocHOBaTejinTe Ha aHTHCHMBOJincTHHHOTO TeneHne Ha aKMencTHTe. He cjiynanHO HapeneHa "pycxaTa Ca(J)o Ha 10-20-Te roflHHn" th HMa cjiaBara Ha roji^m epyzjnT n e npn3Hara ot bchhkh cboh Ejiucaeema Eazpnua 155 GbBpeMeHHHUH 3a e^hh OT Haíi-o6pa30BaHHTe nHcaTejiH Ha XX bck. Be3 CbMHeHHe HeÖHara cjiaBa 6bp30 flocrnra h ,a,o HHTejieKryajiHHTe Kp^roBe b BijjirapHH. EjiHcaBeTa BarpaHa npnre:>KaBajia H3flaHHHTa Ha bchhkh hchhh KHHrH h He cjiynaííHO map b hat noeT, kohto npeBe>Kfla b CBOírra öorara npeBOflanecKa flenHOcr, e hmchho AHHa AxMaTOBa. Bepoírmo CTHxoBeTe c jiK)6oBHa TeMaTHKa, tc3h Ha kohto pycKara noeTeca .ztkjdkh paHHara ch cjiaBa, a npHBjiHHajiH c MaöcTopcTBOTO Ha npeijH3HO H3rpafleHaTa (J)a6yjia h cneuHCJMHHHa aKnenr Ha fleTanjia. Ot cboh CTpaHa MapnHa UßeTaeBa a rpaößa CbC CBOHTa noeTHHecKa HepBHOCT h ,nHHaMHKa Ha crnxa. Be3 CbMHeHHe Ha BarpHHa MHoro HMnoHnpajia h )KHTencKara 4)hjioco(J)hh Ha UBeraeBa, kohto flOKpaö e OTCTOHBajia CBOírra TBopnecKa CBOOo^a h He3aBncnMOcr, OTKa3BaiiKH fla 6bfle MaHHrryjinpaHa or HOBaTa KOMyHncrnnecKa BjiacT cjiefl 1917 r. KaTO H3ÖHpa h3kjik)HHTejIHO TOKbK H yHH3HTCJieH UMHrpaHTCKH )KHBOT. HmCHHO t03h 6yHT cpemy noTbnKBaHeTO Ha jinnHara CBOOo^a, cpemy npaBOTO Ha HHflHBHflyajiHa npeneHKa, Earpima Bb.3npneMa b TexHnre eK3HCTeHnnajiHH H3MepeHHH h rn BHacs c pa3JiHHHO jinne b 6b>jirapcKaTa noe3HJi. B nepHOfla cjiefl EŕbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÖHa b B^jirapna tb^p^e MajiKO >KeHH ce 3aHHMaBar c jinpHKa. Cpefl no-H3BecTHHTe HMeHa ca Mapa BejineBa (1868 - 1937), EKarepHHaHeHHeBa (1885 - 1920) h ßopaEaöe (1886 - 1983). B CBOHTe CTHxoTBopeHHH Te ycroiBar ,a,a npea,a,ziaT hhthmhhh b^TpemeH cbht Ha )KeHaTa, ho He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa He H3JiH3aT ot paMKHTe Ha floöpe no3HaTaTa MejiaHXOJIHHHO-pOMaHTHHHa HHTOHaiJHH. OCBCH TOBa 3a TCXHHTC JIHpHHeCKH repoHHH e Heno3HaTa npoBOKannírra h onHTbT ,a,a 6b,o,e payryneH inaÖJiOHa Ha xapaKrepHara 3a )KeHCKara jinpHKa ceTHBHO-eMonnoHajiHa o6pa3HOCT B Han-CMejíHTe ch HaMepeHHH Te CTHrar Han-MHoro flo mchthtc %a H3JiH3ar n3Bb>h OMarbOcaHHH Kpb.r Ha cbflöara h HeimaTa njiamema npeflonpeflejieHOCT. rojMMa creneH b TOBa ce H3pa3HBa onHTbT Ha Te3H noeTecH ,a,a npoTecTHpar cpemy CTaTHHHara pojia, kohto e OTpcneHa Ha )KeHara b oömecTBO Ha naTpHapxajiHH lichhocthh hopmh. TnnnneH npHMep b TOBa OTHomeHne e CTHxoTBopeHHero Ha Jlppa Ea6e "Ilmuifu" (1921), Kij^eTO jihphhcckhht a3 ^ocTaTisHHO hcho ce caMOxapaKrepH3Hpa ome b nbpBHíi cthx "KaTO 3ajryTaH 3Bb.h npe3 Te6 MHHaBaM, cbht", a TpeTHHT h nocjiefleH KynjieT npencTaBíi czihh TnnnneH h no3HaT KonHOK! "SaBH^KflaM hm Ha nrnnnTe, HeöecHHTe cecTpn, / 3a nb>jiHHTe Cbpna CbC paflOCTH h rpn>kh - / no nb.th, HanepTaH Bpb.x hchoto He6e, / pe^nnaTa hm cpe6bpHa ce hh^kc .." TyK o6pa3b.t Ha nrnnaTa e pa3rbpHaT Hanbjmo b HeroBna poMaHTHHeH njiaH, npe3 kohto ce H3pa3HBa crpeMe^KbT Ha jinpnHeckhh a3 %a npnTe>KaBa CBOOo^a n bojihoct. Cb.BceM He cjrynanHO nrnnnTe ca HapeneHn 156 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) "HeöecHH cecrpn", 3amoTO no to3h HannH ce Cb3flaBa ajno3HBHara Bp^Ka, ne noeTecHTe ot cboh CTpaHa ca tcxhhtc 3Cmhh nocecrpHMH. Ho, 6e3 BCHKaKBO CbMHeHHe, ocHOBHara CMHCJiOBa tcíkcct b CTHxoTBopeHHeTO hoch rjiarojľbT "3aBH>Kfl,aM", Hpe3 KOHTO ojdihijT no HeöecHaTa innp ce npczjeraBii KaTO Heocbme ctb hm . C^HaTejiHO ce cnpaxMe no-BHHMaTejiHO Ha to3h o6pa3 ot jinpnKara Ha ,H,opa Ta6e, 3amoTO npe3 Hero no-flo6pe me mojkcm ^a otkpohm hobhh ,zryx b CTHxoBeTe Ha EjincaBeTa Earpíma. B HeUHara n^pBa KHHra "Beunaina u cenmamď HMa e^HO necTO nnTnpaHO CTHxoTBopeHHe "KyicyBHua", KoeTO ce npeflCTaBH ot KpnTHKaTa KaTO eTajiOHHO 3a TBopnecicaTa h 4)hjioco(J)hh. HecjiynaHHO noeTecara roönpa o6pa3a Ha Ta3H HerannHHa 3a jinpHKaTa nrana, C kohto fla H3pa3H CBOeTO JIHpHHeCKO a3. BCblIIHOCT b CTHXOTBOpeHHeTO noeTecaTa hhto ce cpaBHHBa c KyKyBnna, hhto ce onpnjinHaBa Ha Hea, a ocbmecTBHBa e^hh no-Ba:>KeH xyn,o>KecTBeH hkqct KaTO ce npczjcraBíi 3a caMara Hea. B cpaBHeHHe c ,H,opa Ta6e, EarpflHa npaBH e^Ha orpoMHa npoMHHa b o6pa3HaTa aKTHBHOCT - ocTaBH HacTpaHa poMaHTHHHHTe öjraHOBe h hjik)3hh, KaKTO h CTpeMe>Ka ^a 3anpnjinHa Ha Hemo flpyro - kocto e eMaHanna Ha HOBeuiKara CBOOo^a, h ce caMopa3KpHBa b CBOírra HeTpaflnnnoHajiHa h cnopefl MH03HHa ijHHHHHa CbinHOCT. 3a noeTecaTa He e flOcrarbHHO caMO %a ce Brpa^h b o6pa3a Ha nrana, 3a m noKaiace CBOHTa He3aBHCHMOCT, CBOOo^a h bojdi, ho h npo(J)HjiHpa caMHH o6pa3. KyKyBnnaTa ce BnncBa h^eajiHO b TOBa Heimo HaMepeHHe - KaTO nrana, kohto He npaBH coöctbchh rHe3fla, a CHaca cbohtc anna b HjoKflHTe. nopain Ta3n npnnnHa b CBeTOBHaTa jinTepaTypa hchhhht o6pa3 hoch eflHH xapaKTepeH HeraraBHSTaM, cnMBOJiH3npam 6e3flOMneTO n 6e30TTOBopHOCTTa, ivľbp3ejia n cjiaöocTra. EjincaBeTa EarpmHa CHKam n He ce onnTBa %a npoMeHH Te3n ohcbhaho Bb3HHKBamn aconnannn, flopn HanpornB, CbBceM KareropnHHO 3aaBHBa npe3 CBOH jinpnHecKH repon: "roíMa HHBra a3 rHe3flO %a cbhh, / po^KÖn pyMeHH rsl th OTTjieflaM, / b Kbinn Kpan orHnmero %a ineTaM." Ha BpeMeTO Ta3n no3nnníi ce b^npneMa KaTO npe,o,H3BHKarejiCTBO cnpHMO flOÖpofleTejiHHTe lichhocth Ha öbjirapKaTa, 3a kohto TpaflnnnoHHO c e 3Hae, ne e floöpa MaÖKa n CTonaHKa. Ha Ta3H npeflCTaBa noeTecaTa npornBonocTaBH c|)Hjiococ|)Hírra Ha CBOÔOflHaTa ot npeflpa3Ci»/ri>uH repOHHH, 3a kohto flOÖpofleTeji e He cna3BaHeTO Ha oömecTBeHHTe npe^nncaHníi, a thxhoto npeHeöperBaHe. Cjiefl KaTO OTpnna MannnHCTBoro n KbinoBHOCTTa KaTO Han-Ba>KHHTe n eflHHCTBeHHTe 4)yHKijHH Ha >KeHara, TaKa Kaicro e cnope^, narpnapxajiHHH Mopaji, repoHHHTa Ha Earpíma no HaTarbK b CTnxoTBopeHneTO onepraBa no3HTHBHHTe nepTH Ha CBOH jíHK. B t03h CMHCbji ejieMCHTapHO e fla Ejiucaeema Eazpnna 157 TbjiKyBaMe HenHna o6pa3 KaTO pymam ochobhtc Ha Mopajia, 3amoTO b Cbmoro BpeMe too e h rpa^HBeH - Ha30BaBa xapaicrepHOTO noBezjeHne Ha Modepnama ůhJizapcKa Dicena. Han-rannHHOTO 3a Hea mojkcm ,o,a oncpneM b cthxob ctc "MoHTe ohh ce HeHame^KflaT, / mohtc yuiH ce HeHacjiyuiBaT." C noeranecKn H3rpafleHHTe rjiarojiH HenazneoicdaM h mHacjiyiueaM BarpaHa cnHTe3npaHO npeflCTaBH oöxBara Ha ceraBara - 3a Tax HaMa rpaHnnn, HaMa h jihmht ToBa, KoeTO H3pa3aBa (j)Hjiococ|)HaTa Ha Ta3H eojin3a 6e3zpaHUHHO no3Hanue, e h^eaTa 3a aöcojiiOTHaTa CBOOo^a. ITo to3h HannH BarpaHa nocTaBa 3a map b h nwr b 6bJirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa npoöjieivia 3a eMaHnnnannaTa b HeroBHTe KpaÖHO (J)eMHHHCTHHHH onepTaHna. Belara cjiefl Hea tc3h mothbh me npo,zrbJi:>kh flpyra Mjia^a noeTeca Ana Ü30Ba. HcTHHCKaTa HacjieflHHija Ha BarpaHa oöane me ce noaBH flecerajieTna no-icbCHO b jinneTO Ha rojraMara noeTeca Bjiara ^HMHTpoBa (1922 - 2003), KoaTO me ce npeB^pHe b eznra ot Han-cnjiHHTe TBopnecKH jiHHHOCTH b CbBpeMeHHara oijjirapcKa jinTeparypa. B jrapmcara Ha BarpaHa Ta3n n^ea ce pa3BHBa npe3 HaKOJiKO ochobhh moth b a - nocTOHHHOTO /jBHJKeHne, 6e3rpaHHHHaTa jiK)6oBHa CTpacT n nopHBa Ha Mjia/jocTra. B nacT or craxorBopeHnaTa ot "Bennama u cenmamď 158 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Te ce npenjiHTaT hjih ,a,HajiorH3HpaT noMe:>k,zry ch, a b ApyrH ca pa3BHTH caMOCTOHTejiHO. EflHOBpeMeHHO c tob a CbBceM oneBHflHO rojwMa nacr ot CHMBOJiHHTe o6pa3H Cbino Taxa ce oöß^psBaT c xapaicrepHHTe mothbh. Cpefl tax H3iľbKBaT t03h Ha CKKTHHijara, Ha rromara, Ha KOHa, Ha BHTbpa, Kopaöa, MopeTO h neceHTa. Eto caMO hhkojiko npHMepa, kohto floöpe HjnocTpHpar THXHOTO HaTpanjiHBO HajiaraHe b neHTbpa Ha H3o6pa3flBaHara KaprHHa: A3 cum myK sad mpu epamu iaiaiumena u nposopeua mu e c peuiemm, a dymama, eojina nmuua e KJiemm, e na ciľbHue u npocmop Hayneua. ("3ob") Mor euxpen koh nemu ôodpo u ôescnup -nped OHume mu ui>(pmu neozjíeden Mup. ("AMa30HKa") Ta3u jfcajfcda sa bcuhku Mopema, mo3u zjiad sa nemme Koumuueuma, moea ctpue sa gcuhkupacu na seMnma... ("MaHcapflHH mchth") C'bBceM hcho Te aKyMyjiHpar b ceöe ch ohc3h acouHaraBHH chjih, kohto TpaÖBa fla Cb3flaflar y HHTarejia ycemaHeTO 3a ocBOÖOfleHOCT h HeorpaHHHeHO ct Ta3H ocHOBHa TeHfleHijHH b jinpHKaTa Ha Earpíma ce oöß^psBa c ome eflHa Ba)KHa HeÖHa OTjiHHHTejma nepra - cneuHCJMHHOTO noeranecKO cjiobo. KaKTO Bene HMaxMe b^mo^khoct ,a,a otöcjiokhm czthh ot Haö-b a>KHHTe acneicTH Ha cjieflBoeHHHH eBponeöcKH h öbJirapcKH MOjyčpmvzbM e HeroBOTO OT^ejiaHe or CHMBOJiHCTHHecKaTa noeTHKa. OneBHflHHTe npncTpacTHH Ha BarpaHa KbM TBopnecTBOTO Ha pycKHTe aKMencTH h no-cneuHajmo KbM TOBa Ha AHHa AxMaTOBa ^aßa OTpa>KeHHe b HeÖHara jinpHKa. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, ot MapHHa I^BeTaeBa th ce ynn KaK ,a,a nocrara CMHCJiOBa cöhtoct h npe,a,ejiHO h3hhctcho h HCHO jy& H3pa3HBa HfleHTe. IlpH Earpíma noeTHHecKOTO cjiobo e h3hhctcho ot CBOírra npeTpynaHOCT h 3aryÖBa MHoro3HaHHOCTra ch. Hchhhht e3HK e H3KjiK)HHTejiHO npeuH3eH h KOHKpeTeH - Ta H3ÖarBa ynorpeoara Ha Ejiucaeema Eazpnna 159 nOHHTHH h flyMH, KOHTO ÖHXa CJiy>khjih CaMO 3a OpHaMeHT hjih flopH 3a floyTOHHHBaHe Ha Bene Ka3aHOTO. B hchhhtc tckctobc cjioboto bqzth caMO jip ochobhhh CMHCbJi, TO He 3arpyzi,HflBa HHTaTejiH no rn>th Ha pa36npaHeTO, a MaKCHMajiHO ro noflnoMara. B to3h CMHCbJi jiHTepaTypHaTa H3CJie,o,OBaTejiKa Beca KiOBjiHeBa yöeflHTejiHO flOKa3Ba b e^Ha cboh CTarafl, ne b^b "BeHHara h CBHTaTa" BarpHHa ohcbh^ho npoaBHBa "TeH,o,eHnHfl k^m ynoTpeöa Ha .zryMHTe b thxhoto HOMHHaTHBHO 3HaHeHne". B TOBa h 6h Morjio ,o,a ce OTKpne pa3JiHKaTa Me^Kfly t. h. aKMeH3'bM Ha BarpaHa ot to3h Ha AraHac ^ajineB. H .zrBaMara H3HHCTBaT noHHTHeTO ot noeTHHecKHTe My Han JiaCTHB aHHH h ro npeflCTaBHT b HeroBaTa ecTecTBeHOCT, npo3panHOCT h nb.pBHHHOCT. Ho axo ^ajineB BnocjieflCTBHe uejiCHaconeHO CHKam ocraBfl cboh oöpa3 npo3paneH h mannen, 3a fla My npeflafle e^Ha flon'bjiHHTejiHa (j)Hjiococ|)CKa fl'bJiöoHHHa, to EjiHcaBeTa BarpHHa npone,o,Hpa no Hanb>jiHO pa3JinHeH HannH. Taxa pa3Ka3Ba 3a cbohtc noeTHHHH nyBCTBa, Hafle>KflH n öjmhobc, KaKTO 6n pa3Ka3Bajia 3a cbohtc hcthhckh HyBCTBa, HaflOKflH h ÖJMHOBC HoeTCCaTa HC H3npaBfl CBOfl HHTaTCJI npefl H3KyCTBCHHH e3HKOB (J)OHfl Ha khh>KHaTa JieKCHKa, KOHTO H3HCKBa cnennanHa no^roTOBKa n no3HaHna, a My npczjocraBfl flnanor Ha e^hh ^oöpe no3Har n jiecHO pa36npaeM e3HK. HenHHTe ,zryMH KOMyHHKnpaT He b cboh bhcok, a b CBOH ecTecTBeH CMHCbJi. BepoHTHO HMeHHO nopain Ta3n npnnnHa noe3HHTa n HMajia H3KjiK)HHTejieH ycnex cpea, nyöjraKara npn jinTeparypHnTe HeTeHna KaKTO b nb.pBHTe fleceTHjieTHH Ha XX bck, TaKa n ^o jißa flHemeH. 160 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /|U\!«I\ 5HEJ1MOTEKA /JHH MOH JleTeTe - pa^ocTHH hjih OMpa3HH, H flejIHHHH h npa3HHUH. JleTeTe, roiMa ^a bh CMirraM, ^hh MOH Ha 3eMHTa - Bhh, chbh rbjrbÖH h öejiH, -H3JiHTHajiH OT MOHTe p^ue H Hjna>,zje b 6e3Kpaa orjieTejiH Karo KtM npeflHanajiHa ueji... Ha niHHKHTe bh MajiKHTe nncMa, npHB^psaHH or MeH caMaTa, C^p^eneH jih h ojihs^k me rn B3eMe? Hjih me na^HeTe 6e3 BpeMe -flOCTHrHajiH e^Ba cpefl n^t? Hjih CTpejia me bh npoHH)Ke H ny^KflH norjie^h me cnpaT Hafl 3eMHHTe mh pa^ocTH h rpn>kh? JleTeTe - HaMa ^a bh CMirraM, ^hh MOH Ha 3eMHTa, Pa3icbcajiH TpenramoTO Cbpue H jiHTHajiH HaBeKH OT p^uCTe mh -Kohto HHMaT CHjia fla bh cnpaT, Koraro no^KejiaaT CTpacTHO -Hjih Bczpiara, ö^piace m bh TjiacHaT, KoraTO HacoBere rn MopaT EuôJiuomeKa - Enucaeema Eazpma 161 AMA30HKA Bee yrpHHHa npoxjia^a B Moero jiHue -A3 cbM Mjia^a, Mjia^a, Mjia^a C oraeHO Cbpue. MOH BHXpeH KOH JieTH Boflpo h 6e3cnHp - Ilpefl OHHTe mh Lľb(J)th HeomefleH MHp. HCKpOMeTHHTe KOnHTa Koh me nocjieflH? ITeceH CBeTjia ce pa3njiHTe B MOHTe cjieflH: Hhh me CTHraeM Xcjihkoh B H3rpeBHHH nac -Cmcho, moh KpHJiaTH koh, ^CpeÖHHT e c Hac. TaM nofl TBOHTa no^KOBa H3BOpa JľbHHCT IUe H3ÖJiHKHe b CTpya HOBa - )KHBOTBOpeH, HHCT. H Koraro crarHar TaM MoHTe cecTpn, Bfl^xHOBeHne h njiaM B tüx me pa3ropH. A Hafl HainaTa noöe^a B TpyZJHUa hh YYbT H ilepceö, h AjmpoMefla TpeneTHO me 6pwr. 162 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 30B A3 CbM TyK 3afl TpH BpaTH 3aKJIK)HeHa h npo3opeua mh e c peineTica, a flymara Bojma, BOJiHa nTHua b KjieTica, e Ha cjľbHije h npocTop HayneHa. IlpojieTHH ca BeTpoBeTe nojrbXHajiH, HyBaM rjiacoBe npH3HBHO hchh. Moh njiaM HenjiaMHaji me yracHe b 3flpana Ha noKoeTO 3arjrbXHajiH. P3aTpOIIIH KJIKDHajIKHTe P'bJK.ÍTHCajIH! J\aŘ mh iľbT npe3 rbMHH Kopn^opn! He BefíiľbJK b orpeHHTe npocTopn MOHTe Kpnjia ca Me noHacajiH. H me ÖJiHKHaT 3ByKOBe jiHKyBainH or CbpueTO TpeneTHO ToraBa... - Ho 3afl Te3H Tpn BpaTH, cnoflaBeH, moh njiaMHaji 30b ^ajiH flonyBain th? EuôJiuomeKa - Enucaeema Eazpma 163 CTHXHH Morení jih cnpem th Bíirbpa, ^eTO n,a,e ot MornjinTe, npe(J)yHaBa npe3 6oa3HTe, b^nra oöjiaic Hafl ^HKaHHTe, rpaÖBa CTpexHTe Ha icbinHTe, na KapynnTe neprnjiara, CBajia nopTHTe, orpa^HTe h ,o,enaTa no Mer^aHnTe -b poflHHH mh rpafl? Mo>Keiii jih fl,a cnpem th EncTpnna, ^eTO n^e HanpojieT apocTHa, pa3TpomaBa jie^OBeTe cn, Ha moctobctc no^nopHTe h H3JIH3a OT KOpHTOTO h 3aBJIHHa, IVľbTHa, naKOCTHa - k^mnunTe n rpaflHHKHTe, n floonrbica Ha xopaTa -b poflHHH mh rpafl? Mo>Keiii jih fl,a cnpem th bhhoto, iuom bczjhij^k e 3aKnroijio to b oiaHBHTe orpoMHH, B3Hfl,aHH, c Bjiara jľbxama HacnTeHn, Ha kohto c 6yKBH KHpnjiCKH nHiiie "HepHOTo" n "öhjioto" -b H3ÖHTe cryzjeH, KaMeHHH, 3aBemaHH ot fle^HTe hh -b poflHHH mh rpafl? KaK me cnpani th MeHe - BOJiHara, CKHTHnnaTa, HenoKopHaTa -poflHara cecTpa Ha Biirbpa, Ha Bojara n Ha bhhoto, 3a KOHTO e npHMaMHua HenocTn>khoto, npocropHoro, fleTO Bee CbHyBa manina - HCzjocrnrHaTH, HeMHHarn, -MeHe KaK me cnpem? 164 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KyKYBHIlA XoflHiii, rjieflam, cmaiii o6e3CBeceH, 3ajiyo,o nHjieem ahh h HOiira, 6o)khh CBHT TH CTaHaji, ica3Baiii, TeceH. He BHflH jih, He pa30pa jih ouje? HeBea,hk>k Te peKOx h noBTopnx: He noMaraT öhjikh h Manin, KOH KaKBOTO HCKa r& roBopn -HHMa HHBra a3 rHe3flO ^a cbhíi, po^KÖH pyMeHH fla th orrjie,zi,aM, b Khn\w Kpaö orHHmeTO ^a meTaM. MeH Me e po^Hjia cmaiii Bezia h MH e npoKOÖHjia HecpeTa. -J\aŘ MH MeHe no CBeTa %a CKnraM, flaö MH cöopoBe, xopa, 3a,o,eBKH -.zrpynrre %a cjryniaM 6e3 HacHTa h caMa fla nea Ha npnneBKH. MoHTe OHH c e HeHarjie^k^aT, MOHTO yiiiH ce HeHacjryniBaT. He flonpH^aM CBHjieHaTa npe^a, HefloracHaji orbiw noTyniBaM... H Taxa jKHBora me npeMHHa HeHacHTeHa, HeHa>KHBHHa. A Kora yMpa, caMa, b ny^KÖHHa, Kyi^BHija-öpoflHHLia me CTaHa. EuôJiuomeKa - Enucaeema Eazpma 165 BEHHATA Cera e th öesicp'bBHa h iiohth 6e3njrbTHa, 6e3rjiacHa, Heno^bh^KHa, 6e3flHxaHHa. OnHTe ca npriTBopeHH h xjrbTHajiH. h Bce e^ho - flajiH Mapna, hjih AHHa e, h Bce e^ho - fla MOJirrre h njianeHe, -He me c e b^nrHaT t^hkhtc Knenann, He me noMp^^HaT CTHCHaTHTe ycTHH -nocjieflHHH b'bSfl'bx h ctoh H3nycHajiH. H eTO ne iiinpoK h ny^Kfl e Bene np'bCTeH'bT Ha HeÖHHTe p^ue, HaBeKH ckp^ctchh. Ho HyBare jih Bne nncbKa HeBHHeH Ha po^KÖara Ř b jnojiKara Cbce^Ha? TaM HeÖHaTa 6e3C]vľbprHa KpijB e MHHajia h HeÖHaTa Ayiiia Ha toh cbht OTce^Hajia. me MHHar ahm, roflHHH h ctojicthh h ycTHHTe Ha ^Baivia MjiaflH, cjicth, me inenHaT naK "Mapna" hjih "AHHa" b HOiirra cpefl npojieTHH ÖJiaroyxaHHH. A BHyHKaTa me hoch bchhko: kmcto, OHHTe, ycTHHTe, KOCHTe - Ha He3pHMaTa. 166 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) nOTOMKA HaMa npapoflHTejiCKH nopTpeTn, hh (J)aMHJIHa KHHra b moh pofl n He 3HaM a3 tcxhhtc 3aBeTn, TexHHTe jinna, .zryinn, >khbot. Ho ycemaM, b MeHe 6ne .zrpeBHa, CKHTHHnecKa, HenoKopHa Kpb.b. Ta ot CbH Me 6yflH HomeM rHeBHO, th Me bqzth KbM rpexa hh npb.b. Mo>Ke 6n npa6a6a TbMHOOKa, b CBHjieHH majiBapH n TiopGaH, e H36arajia b cpe^Hom ,zrbji6oKa c hhkoíi Hy>Kfl,ecTpaHeH, CBerbji xaH. Kohckh TponoT mo)Ke 6n KbHTsm e h3 KpaňflyHaBCKHTe paBHHHH n cnacHji e flBaMa ot khh)Kajia BÍFTbpb.t, CJieflHTe H3paBHHJI. 3aTOBa a3 ivio>Ke 6n oGnnaM HeoGxBaTHHTe c oko nojia, kohckh 6ar nofl njiacbKa Ha 6nna, BOJieH raac, no BíiTbpa pa3JiHH. Mo>Ke 6n CbM rpeniHa n KOBapHa, mo>Ke 6n cpepwbT me ce cjiomh -a3 CbM caMO mepKa tboh BapHa, moh Kpb.BHa MaHHHIje-3eMH. EuôJiuomeKa - Enucaeema Eazpma 167 CBJITATA A3 Té 3HciM, BoropoflHíje ojie^a, c MjiafleHeij ochhh Ha kojichc Tboht nomefl e CTpaHHO 3arjieflaH, TBOHTe ycTHH HauienBaT mojichhc M'b.zrpeHH öejiOBjiacH h cjiaBHH, npefl H03eTe th hhhkom ckjiohchh, 3a orpoKa, npczrpeHeH OT^aBHa, Ca flOHIJIH Ha CBÜTO nOKJIOHeHHC H HapnnaT ro chh Ha HeöeTO, h HapHHar ro uap Ha 3eMírra, ho th HyBam: ",Z],pyr flpyra jiioöeTe" - h Hafl jiiojiKaTa Bučaní pa3rorrae. 168 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) MOJITAIIECEH B3eMH Me, jioflKapbo, b CBOírra jia^Ha jieKa, KOHTO 6e3iuyMHO nenn Bb.jiHHTe cmojihh h CHKaiii nponpaBH onyic jyo HeöeTO n^Teica, n CHKaiii ce roHH c naOKHTe cmcjih n bojihh. Koraro H3Jie3eM or 3ajiHBa, TaM Ha otkphto, h KanKH cojieHH np^CHar HauiHTe ycTHH, h BHTb.p'bT KöKeH Ha,zrye njiaTHara pa3BHTH, h jiOflKaTa ÖHjia MarbOcaHa b nb.t ce BnycHe - ToraBa, jio^icapbo, a3 me 3anea neceH, HenyBaHa neceH - 3a MOirra MajiKa po^HHa, HHeTO e HM6 - oöJiaK Hafl MeHe HaflBeceH, hhhto e neceH - 3a MeHe Mefl h bhho! He ne^t no )KeTBa, ne^rr momh t^mhookh, momuh rn npnroiBaT n Benep Kpaö noprn npnnaKBaT, h ne^t no CBarön, cefleHKH b HOinn a^jiookh, h Manien ne^t - newr, Koraro onjiaKBax O, neceH TaicaBa - 3jioko6ho, cnoflaBeHO-THxa, He ch ome nyBaji h MO)Ke 6n HUKhflß HaMa, 3amoTO h HHMa Hapofl c opncna no-jinxa h c Mb.Ka no-Te>KKa, h c bojm - 6e3ponoTHO HaMa. Y Hac njiaHHHHTe jieTe He ryöirr CHera ch, MopeTO e MajiKO, ho hmc hoch - HepHO, h Bb.pXb.t e HepeH, BCHHO CbpflHT h CBb.CeH, h nepHa 3eMirra - njio^Ha, ho rb)KHa 6e3MepHO. B3eMH mh, jioflKapbo, b CBOHTa jiaflHH jieKa, KOHTO He njiamaT b^jthhtc neHHH n cmojihh, no Tax fl,a HanpaBHM e^Ha 6e3icpaHHa n^Teica -fl,a CTHraeM HeöeTO, %a cththcm HaÖKHTe bojihh. Ceemocjiae Muhkob 169 CBETOCJIAB MHHKOB 1902, 12 (J)eBpyapH B Pa^OMHp ce pa^c^a CßeTOCJiaB Mhhkob. 1920 IlyöJiHKyBa ntpBOTO ch npoH3Be^;eHHe - c/jhh cJDeiíjieTOH, b kohto ocMHBa yHHTejia ch no MareMarHKa. 1921 3aBtpHiBa rHMHa3Ha b Cocjmjl HanncBa craxoTBopemie no cjiynaii CMtpira HaHßaHBa30B. 1922 H3JiH3a ntpBHaT cöopmuc c pa3Ka3H "CHHaTaxpH3aHTeMa". Pisára 3ae^HO c XpHCTO Cmhphchckh "KajieH,a;ap "BtjirapaH". 3anncBa cjiaBaHCica cJMJiojioriia b Co(J)HHCKHa yHHBepcHTer, ho npe^noHHTa^a 3aMHHe 3a MioHxeH, Kt^eTO CTaßa CTy^eHT b 170 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TtproBCKO-CTonaHCKaTa aica/ieMHa. IlpennoHHTa na neTe nuaöonHCTHHHa nnreparypa, otkojikoto na ynn TtproBCKaTa Hayna. 3ano3Haßa ce c TBopnecTBoro Ha TycTaB MaiipHHK. 1923 3aBpT>iiia ce b Btjirapna, Ktnero npontJi^caBa na ym CTonaHCKH HayKH, ho Tana h He ce nminoMHpa. 1924 H3naBa BTopaTa ch KHHra c nHaÖOJIHCTHHHH pa3Ka3H "HaCOBHfflc". 1925 ApecTyBaH e 3apanH HenerajiHa neiiHOCT, ho CKopo cnen TOBa e ocBoöoneH nopa^H jinnca Ha noica3aTencTBa. 1926 3anoHBa paöoTa KaTO KHHroBQaHTeji h ÖHÖJiHOTeKap b npontn^ceHHe Ha 16 ronHHH. 1927 HaaaBa "OrHeHa mrma". 1928 HaaaBa "Hrpa Ha ceHKHTe". 1931 H3naBa "KtmaTa npn nocjienHHa KecTBeHH hbjichhh b öbjirapcKara jiHTeparypa MQ-ňajxy ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh. MHoro H3CJieflOBaTejiH noflnepTaBaT caMOÖHTHOCTra Ha HeroBna xyflO>KecTBeH cbht, nopain kohto aBTop^t (J)aKTHHecKH He ocTaBH nocjieflOBaTejiH b öbJirapcKara jiHTepaTypa. Be3ycjiOBHO yTBb.pfleHO e mhchhcto, ne tbophcctboto Ha CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob ce flejiH Ha flBa nepnozja - paHeH h 3psui. HbpBHírr e thcho oÖB^psaH c noeTHKaTa Ha duaöojiusMa, flOKaro btophht c zpomecmma u camupama. H b flBaTa nepnofla aBTopb/r nnnie npoH3Be,o,eHHíi, kohto HMaT rojwMO 3HaneHHe 3a pa3Boa Ha xy^o^KecTBeHHa nponec b B^jirapna. B^npeKH TOBa caMHirr Cb. Mhhkob He e ueHHji bhcoko Mjia,a,e:>KKHTe ch pa3Ka3H. Bene b 3pajia b^pacT too npH3Haji, ne ca chjiho no^pa^KaTejiCKH, njiofl Ha HeroBOTO yBjieneHHe no TBopnecTBOTO Ha aBCTpHHCKHH nncaTeji TycTaB MaöpHHK. H HancTHHa ezjHH BHHMaTejieH norjiefl b^pxy paHHHTe cöophhuh c pa3Ka3H "Cimnma xpmcmmeMď (1922), ÍÍZJacoeHUK" (1924), "Opiieiiamanmuifa" (1927) h "Hzpa na ceuKumé" (1928) me hh yöezm, ne CBerocjiaB Mhhkob e e^hh ot Haö- H3HBeHHTe h CepH03HH TBOpUH Ha ObJírapCKHÍI flHaÖOJIH3'bM. KaKTO non™ BCHHKH jíHTeparypHH TeneHHH, TaKa h /jHa6ojiH3Mi»t ce pa>Kfla b ÖbJirapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa ÖJiaroflapeHne Ha b^hluhh bjihhhhh. Ilpe3 20-Te roflHHH b TepMaHHH cpea, TBopuHTe ocoöeH nnrepec npeflH3BHKBaT OKyjiTHHTe yneHHH. He ezjHH h ^Baivia ot hcmckhtc nHcarenH ce oöp^maT KbM 172 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) H3T0HHHTe e30TepHHHH khhth, 3a JipL OTKpHflT eflHH HarľbJIHO pa3JIHHCH cbht, npHBJIHHam CbC CBOHTa SaraflljHHOCT, HejIOrHHHOCT h c|)aHTaCTHHHOCT, KaKTO n 3a fla nocTHraaT e^Ha no-pa3JiHHHa (J)opMa Ha xy^o^KecTBeHO BHymeHHe b CBOHTe TBopÖH. Hmchho no TOBa BpeMe ce npeoTKpnBa no3a6paBeHHHT poMaHTH3b>m Ha Eflrap AjiaH ITo h EpHCT T. A. Xoc|)MaH, ÖJiHKam ot Hyo,HOBaTOCT h HeorpaHHHeHO Bb.o6pa:>KeHHe. Too e npHBjiHHaji CbC cbocto npoTHBonocTaBHHe Ha oöinecTBeHHii nparMaTH3b>m npe3 e^hh poMaHTHHeH h,0,eajIH3'bM, b KOHTO TOCnOflCTBajia (J)aHTa3HHTa h JIIOÖOBTa, KaKTO h c pa3ÖHpaHeTO, ne caMO b h3kyctboto mo^kü jy& ce Haiviepn HCTHHCKara KpacoTa h XapMOHHH. EflHH ot HaH-HeTeHHTe aBTopn oř Ta3H HOBa BijjiHa b HeMCKara jíHTeparypa qXancXaiiHij Eeepc (1871-1943), ho 6e3cnopHO Hao-rojiaMOTO hmc e TOBa Ha ľycmae MaüpuHK (1868-1932). Abctphhckhht nHcareji npe3 1915 r. H3flaBa cboh poMaH "TojieM", kohto h ao fleH-^HeiiieH e CHHTaH 3a Haö-floöpnii MHCTHHeH poMaH b CBCTOBHaTa jíHTepaTypa. ripe3 1921 r. ManpnHK iryöJinKyBa ome eflHH cboh poMaH "Eejiuwn Kapdunaji\ kohto Cbmo Be^Hara ce npeBpb.ina b oecTcejľbp. 3a mhoto H3CJie,a,OBaTejiH khhthtc Ha ManpnHK He ca oöhkhobchh xyflO>KecTBeHH npoH3Be,o,eHHíi, a hcthhckh e30TepnHHH TpaKTaTH, b kohto ce onncBa npe3 jíHTeparypHH cpe^CTBa, ni/raT wbm .zryxoBHOTO npocBeTjieHHe, TaKa KaKTO CbmecTByBa b TaHrorre khhth. Abtop^t nojiynaBa npo3BHmeTO "By^HCTijT ot ceBepHaTa uiKOJia" He caMO 3apa,a,h cbocto TBopnecreo. K^m Kpaa Ha )KHBora ch ManpnHK Hanb.jiHO ce nocBemaBa Ha h3tohhoto yneHne, CKbCBa CbC CBeTCKHa >khbot h flopn 3anoHBa jydL jieKyBa npe3 cpeflCTBara Ha xarxa-nora. Mhoto ot rojieMHTe eBponencKH nncaTejiH npn3HaBaT, ne ca ce yHHjiH or Hero, KaTO cpefl tax ÖHXMe cnoMeHajiH c&pamj Ka(J)Ka h Mnxanji ByjiraKOB, kohto nnine cboh H3KJiK)HHTejieH poMaH "Maücmopa uMapzapuma" Bfl^xHOBeH ot npoHHTa Ha "FojieM". RbM tax cnoKOÖHO mojkcm jydL npnöaBHM h HMeTO Ha CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob. HivieHHO no TOBa BpeMe Me^íyry 1921-1923 r., Koraro EycraB ManpnHK e eflHH ot Hao-MOflepHHTe h hctchh nncaTejín, b MiOHxeH ynn Cb. Mhhkob. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, ne e cryzjCHT b TbproBCKO-cronaHCKHíi yHHBepcnTeT, HeroBHTe HHTepecn h3ijhjio ca CBb.p3aHH c jíHTepaTypara. B TepMaHHH too He npocTO ce 3ano3HaBa c ecreTHKara n c|)Hjiococ|)Hírra Ha aBcrpnocKníi nHcareji, ho h CTaBa ropem nocjieflOBareji Ha MarHírra Ha HeroBna OKyjrrao MeTa(J)opHHeH cbht. Bb.3XHmeHHeTO Ha Mimina e^Ba 19-roflnmeH 6b>jirapcKn CTyneHT npnflOÖHBa TaKHBa pa3Mepn, ne toh npaBH bchhko b^mo^kho jy& ce 3ano3Hae c ManpnHK. JI^rto BpeMe cjiefl THXHaTa cpema ^BaMaTa noflflb.p^KaT KopecnoHfleHijHH. Ot to3h momcht rojieMHHT mhcthk HMa He caMO e^hh rojwM Ceemocnae Muhkob 173 cboh noHHTaTen b B^jirapHH, ho h TajiaHTjiHB npeBQzjaH h nocjieflOBaTeji. Be^Hara cnefl saBp^maHeTO ch b poflHHara Cb. Mhhkob npeBe:>k,zi,a "ToneM" (1926) h "Kapdimcui Hanenyc" (1927), a MajiKO no-KbCHO h "Eejiunm mpdimcuT (1931). Ton He Kpne b^xHTaTa ch ot cboh .zryxoBeH ynnTeji. B crarHH, kohto nyGjiHKyBa b nepnoflHHHHH nenaT, ro Hapnna "^peBeH Mi^pen", "cnaeH 4)hjioco(J)" h "Mar". Ilo noBQo, TBopnecTBOTO My nnine: "PoMaHHTe Ha ManpnHK ca Tpe6HHi;h Ha Marmrra, mhcthhhh otkpobchhh h coMHaMoyjiHn Cb3epnaHHfl, CTpauiHH KOiiiMapHH orjie,a,ajia, b kohto rop^r MHoroo6pa3HHTe npeo6pa>KeHHH Ha AJiBOJia h apxaHrejia." ToBa mhchhc floGpe noKa3Ba, ne G'bJirapcKHjrr nncaTeji He caMO floGpe pa36npaji ecreTHKara h nocjiaHHATa Ha npoH3BefleHHHTa Ha ManpnHK, ho h Han^jiHO rn cnoflejiaji. KaTO HeroB nocjieflOBareji Cb. Mhhkob oGane ce cGjrbCKBa c oGckthbhh h TpyzjHO npeoflOJiHMH Tpyn,HOcth. Ha n^pBO mhcto HeKa cnoMeHeM peajiHCTHHHara Tpaflnnnfl b &bjirapcKara GejieTpncrnKa. J\o to3h momcht b G^jirapcKOTO noBecTBOBaHne ohcbh^ho flOMHHnpaT GHTOonHcarejiHHTe TeH^eHnnn, kohto flaBaT peajiHO hjih n,o,eajiH3HpaHO onncaHHe Ha flencTBHTejiHOCTTa. Ako MOflepHH3M'bT MHoro no-Gi^o h ycneuiHO HaBjiH3a b oGjiacTTa Ha jiHpHKara, to b npo3aTa ce Hanara no-Tpy,o,HO h no-KbCHO. ,Hpyr (J)aKTop, kohto flaBa OTpa^KeHne, e npiimiuniiama a m e a c m umio c m na frbJizapuHa, kohto nofl e^Ha hjih flpyra (J)opMa ce npoHBHBa h npn Cb. Mhhkob. nopa^h uhji KOMnjieKC OT HCTOpHHeCKH H eTHHHCCKH (J)aKTopH 3a 6bjirapHHa e flocra TpyzjHO ^a ce orflafle h3i;hjio Ha e^Ha hjih flpyra pejiHrH03Ha Hflea. ,H,opH cnp^MO npaBOCJiaBHoro xphcthhhctbo, kocto e TpaflHLtHOHHara pejinrnfl b CTpaHaTa nee ochobch npnHOC 3a 3ana3BaHeTO Ha HannoHajiHara h^chtkhho ct no BpeMe Ha neTBeKOBHOTO ocMaHCKO nro, G'bJirapnH'bT 3ana3Ba e^HO no-CKopo pannoHajmo nonnTaHne npefl HHCTHTyi;HHTa Ha LCbpKBara, otkojikoto HHKaKBO npannoHajiHO pejinrno3HO HyBCTBO. B t03h CMHCbJI HC3aBHCHMO OT b'bSXHmeHHeTO npefl TBOpneCTBOTO Ha TycTaB ManpnHK, 3a CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob e He caMO TpyzjHO, ho flopn GnxMe Ka3ajin HeB'bSMO^KHO fla Bjie3e Han^jiHO b ,zryxa Ha mhcthhhhh e30Tepn3'bM. Ouje noBene b KyjiTypHaTa ncTopna Ha B^jirapna HHMa cjiynan, b kohto rrzs: Kopnua Ha KHHraTa Ha Cb. Mhhkob "OrHeHara nTHua", xyzj. HsaH IleHKOB (1927) 174 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TpaHCijefleHTajiHH yneHna ^a ca ocraBHjiH cepH03HH cjie^h. Heno3HaBaHeTO Ha ochobhhtc OKyjITHH TeKCTOBe h npHHHHnH ca b^npenaTCTBajiH afleKBar-HOTO b^npHeMaHe Ha mhcth-ijH3Ma Ha MaöpHHK. 3afl CJIO>KHHTe MeTa(J)OpHHHH HrpH Ha 06pa3H h cmhcjih Ha HeMCKHa nncareji, b kohto ce npenjiHTaT MHoroöpoÖHH TeKCTOJiorHHHH KOflOBe, pa3-no3HaBaeMH caMO 3a bhcoko-epyzjnpaHH nnTarejin, ^oöpe no3HaBamn n^pBHHHHTe TeKCTOBe h CHMBOJIH - 6bJirapcKHHT HHTareji OTicpn-Baji h pa3HHTaji caMO TaxHara BbHiiiHa CTpaHa. nopain Ta3H npHHHHa flHa6ojiH3]VľbT ce b^npHeMaji KaTO OTpone Ha ceH3aijHOHHaTa jinTepaTypa, b KoeTO aBTop^t ce onHTBa ^a njiainn HnTarejm c hctophh Ha yacaca. Chjiho BnenaTjieHHe My npaBejin, ho noBene CbC CBOHTa rpOTecKOBOcr, onncaHHirra Ha Thwrnw noMemeHHH c npexB^pnamn npropann, orjieflajia, orpa3iiBainH He xopa, a CKejieTH h TpaicainnTe 3a,o, ctchhtc hcjiiocth Ha acmohkhho CMeemHTe ce TajiacbMH. MncraicaTa KaTO TpaHcne,o,eHTajiHa Hayica b to3h cmhckji e HanijjiHO flHCKpeflHTHpaHa b E^jirapna, nopain KoeTO Cb. Mhhkob H3MecTBa HeÖHHH aicnem; 3a %a a HanpaBH pa3ra,o,aeMa h pa3ÖnpaeMa 3a 6bjirapcKHH HHTaTeji. B CBOHTe nfcpBH coop h n mi c pa3Ka3H nncaTejiHT h3mchh cjio>khhh MeTa(J)opHHeH koa Ha ManpnHKOBHíi mkcthliks^m h MHOTO noBene ce flo6jiH>KaBa flo CTHjia h CTpyicrypHaTa opraHH3annii Ha TeKCTOBeTe Ha aMepHKaHCKHH nncareji Edzap Anan TIo. Cb. Mhhkob b^b bcckh ezjnH pa3Ka3 3ajiara no e^Ha (pHjioco(pCKa H/jen, cjiefl KoeTO npe3 cpe^CTBara Ha MHCTHHHara jiHTeparypa pa3nrpaBa e^hh CTpaHeH hjih CTpaxoBHT CKxacex, 3a ^a a pa3pa6oTn. Taxa HanpnMep b mhoto nonyjiapHna HaBpeMeTO pa3Ka3 "Serenade melancolique" ot n-bpBna cöopmiK "CuHMma xpiisanmeMa" ce HHTepnpeTnpa HjiH)CTpai|Híi kb m "Hrpa Ha cchkh", xyzj. HjiHii IleTpoB (1928) Ceemocjiae Muhkob 175 MOTHBIjT 3a BÜHHOCTTa Ha H3KyCTBOTO h tjiuhho CTTa Ha njľbTTa h jik)60BTa, ho no eflHH HancTHHa npe,o,H3BHKarejieH HannH. Mactoto Ha flencTBneTO He e yTOHHüHO, ho ce noflpa3Önpa, ne CTaBa ,zryMa 3a BneHa. DiaBHHHT repon, Mjiafl caMoreH wkm., cmchh CBOirra nope^Ha KBaprapa n ce HacTaiwBa npn HOBa xa3HHKa - (J)pay MapTa, kohto oöane ro npe,zrynpe:>k,zi,aBa, ne flpyrara Heima KBaprapaHTKa HMa CTpaHHna HaBHK ,o,a CBnpn Ha nnryjiKa Bcaica Hom b czjhh naca cjiefl nojryHom. H HancTHHa b tohhhh nac h3 KbinaTa 3anoHBar ,o,a ce Höcht 3ByuHTe Ha MejiaHxojiHHHa cepeHa^a. He e^hh n ^Ba maTH, a nenn neT YYbTw Heno3HaraTa Cbce^Ka noBTapa CBoeTO My3HKajiHO nsm^jmeHne. TepoHT ome Ha cjie^BamaTa cyTpnH pa3Önpa, ne CTpaHHara KBapTnpaHTKa e Mjia^a nojiHKHHH - naHHa naojia, kohto ot fl.Be roflHHn >KHBee b KBaprapara, ho c HHKoro He oömyßa n hhkoh He a nocemaßa. Mna^naT Mbiaa e 3anjieHeH ot TanHCTBeHaTa nojuncnHii n BCínca Benep c HerbpneHne onaicBa HeÜHHTe Hsn^jiHeHna. B^oöpa^KeHneTO My a oöpncyßa KaTO npeicpacHa HOKHa fleBonica, TOJiKOBa npexpacHa, kojikoto h HeÖHaTa HyzjHa MejiaHxojiHHHa cepeHa^a. BjnoöeH, too nop^HBa Ha e^hh TeKcronnceij fl,a My cbhhhh hhkojiko jhoöobhh CTHxoTBopeHHH, kohto Bb>3HaMepíiBa %a BpijHH Ha naHHa naojia. Ho tohho KoraTO pemaBa fl,a Ř npe^afle ,o,OKa3arejiCTBOTO 3a CBOirra jiioöob, xa3flHKara My Cboömaßa, ne naHHa naojia e m^pTBa. C^icpyiiieH, ho e^HOBpeMeHHO c TOBa n jiioöonHTeH, too norjie^Kfla noKOHHHLtara, KoraTO a H3HacsT ot Kbiiiara n ce CMpa3HBa ot y>Kac. ^KeHara e c ypofljiHBO n o6e3o6pa3eHO jinne. He3aBncHMO ot CBoeTO pa30HapoBaHne, MjiaflnaT m^jk 3ana3Ba KaTO cnoMeH HenHara nnryjiKa. E^Ha Benep oöane KajrbC^t Ha My3HKajiHHH HHCTpyMeHT ce OTBapa n nnrynKara 3anoHBa caMa %a CBnpn no3HaTaTa cepeHa^a. ynjiaiiieH ome Ha cjieflBamna ^eH repoírr a npo^aßa, 3a %a ce orbpBe oř TbMHHTe chjih. Ho c TOBa He CB^piiiBaT H3HeHa,a,HTe. He cjiefl flijjiro e^hh Heno3HaT 6e3 npeflynpe^KfleHne Bjin3a b CTaaTa Ha Mjiaflna hobck h ocTaBH Ha MacaTa no3HaTaTa nnryjiKa c .zryMHTe: "Xen, npnírrejíK), th 3Jie na3nin cnoMeHHTe en!" XyKHaji b HeycneineH onnT fl,a ro HacTHrae, Koraro repoírr ce Bp^ma b craírra en bh>Kfl,a Bb>pxy TeTpaflKaTa c jhoöobhh crnxoTBopeHna y>KacHaTa maBa Ha naHHa naojia. To3H pa3Ka3 OTjiHHHO noKa3Ba MexaHH3Ma, npe3 kohto Cb. Mhhkob Cbrpa>Kfla MO^ejia Ha cboh flnaoojinneH pa3Ka3. I^eHTpajiHara nflea - b cjiynaa, KaKTO Bene ica3axMe, npornBonocTaBHHeTO Me^íyry bchhoto h tjichhoto - ce pa3KpnBa npe3 aicneHTHpaHeTO Ha cepna npe^Mera n cnTyannn b3Cth ot apceHajia Ha MHCTnnn3Ma n ,o,eMOHH3Ma, ho pa3nrpaHn npe3 cpe^CTBaTa Ha peajincTHHHara jinTepaTypa. B cjiynaa unryjiKara Ha naHHa naojia He e caMO oÖHKHOBeH CHMBOJi Ha H3KycTBOTO, a e npeBL.pHaTa n b OMarboeaH ot 176 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) flHBOJiCKHTe CHjiH Ha otbi^hoto npe,zi,MeT, b KOHTO ce e BcejiHjia AymaTa Ha repoHHirra. Hmchho TyK mo>kcm ,o,a bh^hm KaK e^hh poMaHTHHeH moth b mo>kc fla ce TpaHC(J)opMHpa npe3 hhkojiko e(J)eKTa b HeopaMaHTnneH flnaoojncbM. CßHpemaTa caivia uHryjiKa e(J)eKTHO noKa3Ba .zryxoBHaTa cnoflejieHOCT Ha jiK)6oBHHTe nyBCTBa ot crpaHa Ha naHHa Ilaojia, ho caivia no ceöe ch njiamn KaTO o6pa3, acouHnpam c t^mhhtc chjih Ha MpaKa. Ilo aöcojiiOTHO Cbmna HaHHH flencTBa n Kpa^rr Ha pa3Ka3a, Ki^eTO CbBceM nejieHaconeHO Cb. Mhhkob nocTaBH b-bpxy TeTpa,o,Kara Ha MacaTa b CTaaTa Ha cboh repon ropofleHara maBa Ha nojisKHHaTa. CaM no ceöe ch oopa^ Tpaößa ^a npeflH3BHKa e(J)eKT Ha inoK y HHTaTejia, KaKBaro e e^Ha ot ochobhhtc 3a,o,aHH Ha ,o,Ha6ojiH3Ma, ho ot flpyra HsmjjiHHBa Ba>KHa pora b uhjiocthoto 0(J)opMHHe Ha nocjiaHHeTO Ha pa3Ka3a. ycMHXHaTara yacacíiBama rjiaßa Ha reponHjrra Tpaößa b poMaHTHHHara jiHHHH Ha pa3Ka3a m nczrqepraBa (j)arajiH3Ma Ha nceBflonfleajiH3npaHaTa jhoöob, a b MHCTHHHara - bchhoto npHCbCTBne Ha tjichhoto h rpo3Horo b CBeTa. B nOHTH BCHHKH CBOH flHaÖOJIHCTHHHH pa3Ka3H Cb. MhHKOB Ce OCJiaHH Ha noflOÖHa cxeMa. B pa3Ka3a íílIaco6HUK" ot eflHOHMeHHHH BTopn cöophhk "oMarbOcaHHirr" nacoBHHK b Hacraara ÖHÖJiHOTeKa npama rjiaBHna repoö naK Ha JlyHara, 3a pß. OTKpne OTHOcnrejiHOCTTa Ha BpeMero. B "HKOHume ca meopóa na dmojiď oř cöopHHica "Hzpa na ceuKumé" n^k ot hkohhtc Ha ccjickhh HKOHonHceij H3CKanaT Karo 3jih .zryxoBe tcxhhtc oöpa3n, 3a ^a OTBe^ar cboh Cb3flaTeji b OTBTaflHOTO, CHKaiii Ka3BaíiKH, ne 3a,o, bchko OJiaronecTHBO flejio mo>Ke fla ce Kpne caMHHT ahboji. ITo CbiiiHH HaHHH e H3rpafleH h pasKasvr "MajiBHHa". B ocHOBaTa My Cb. Mhhkob nocTaBH MOTHBa 3a Hjiio3opHOTO CbmecTByBaHe Ha BeHHara KpacoTa h HenopoHHOCT Ei>jirapcKHflT nncaTeji HHTepnpeTnpa e^hh no3HaT b CBeTOBHaTa jíHTepaTypa ciojkct, to3h Ha MarnnecKara 3aMeHaeMOCT Me^y >KHBOTa h H3KycTBOTO, ojihsijK flo HannHa npe,o,CTaBeH ot OcKop Vaud b HeroBHH H3KjiK)HHTejieH poMaH "ľlopmpemhm na J^opuan ľpeu". Pa30npa ce, b paMKHTe caMO Ha nerapn erpaHHUH Cb. Mhhkob HaMa b^mo^khoct 3a MHoro HMnpoBH3aijHH, nopain KoeTO aKneHrapa caMO b^pxy ejieMeHTa, kohto hoch Han-rojiHM e(J)eKT - TpaHCCJ)opMan,HaTa Ha nopTpeTa. ^BeTe jraua Ha MajiBHHa, TOBa Ha HenopoHHara KpacoTa h TOBa Ha uHHHHHara rpo30Ta, npe3 CBOH KOHTpaCT H3pa3HBaT OTHOCHTCJIHOCTTa Ha HOBeiIIKHTe UeHHOCTH h CTpeMjieHHH. Cnopefl aBTopa a6cojnoTH3aHHírra Ha onpeflejieHa h^ea - b cjiynaa nocTHraHeTO Ha CbB^pmeHoro npoH3Be,o,eHHe Ha H3KycTBOTO npe3 nopTpeTa Ha npeKpacHara MajiBHHa - e naryÖHa n HeocbmecTBHMa ueji. riaryÖHa, 3amoTO Be^Hi^ ocb3Haji TpyzjHOCTTa ot TOBa m saB^pnin nopTpeTa, repoHT 3aryÖBa HHTepec wbm H3KycTBOTO H3o6mo. HeocbmecTBHMa, 3amoTO Ceemocjiae Muhkob 177 b Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa noprperbT Taxa hjih HHane Bb^craHOBiiBa peajiHOTO jinne Ha MajiBHHa, a He Hfl,eajiH3HpaHHH h o6pa3. MajiKO KaTO Ha nrpa. H aico b paHHHTe My cöopHnnn TOBa 3aHrpaBaHe c HHTaTejia ce ycema cjiefl tb-bp^e bHHMarejieH nomeii Me:»yry pe^OBeTe Ha pa3Ka3HTe, to b Te3H OT t h. 3pHJi nepHO/; Bene rpOTecicaTa h carapaTa ce npeBpb>inaT b TexeH >KaHpoB onpeflejinreji. CaM Cb. Mhhkob Ka3Ba, ne HeroBaTa po^eHa ,ziaTa KaTO aBTop e 1928 roflHHa. ToraBa toh nyöJiHKyBa n^pBHa ch carapHneH pa3Ka3 "AMepHKaHCKOTO anne", KoeTO no-k-bCHO npeHMeHyBa Ha "Made in USA". KoraTO CbmaTa ro^HHa H3JiH3a b cöopHHKa "Hepa na ceHKume", pa3Ka3b.t Bce ome npeflCTaBjiHBa no CKopo H3KjnoHeHne b CTHjia Ha nHcarejra, Tb.n KaTO e oörpa^eH ot npoH3BefleHna c rannnHa flnaöojincTHHHa (j)a6yjia. B cjieflBamna cöopHHK "K-biqama npu nocnednun (penep" (1931) oöane Bene npeoÖJiaflaBaT pa3Ka3n c rannnHO carapnHHO 3ByneHe, nopain KoeTO H3CJieflOBaTejiHTe Ha HeroBOTO TBopnecTBO ro onpcziejuiT KaTO npexozieH b tb o pn e c kot o pa3BHTHe Ha nncaTejia. B cjieflBamnTe cöopHnnn -"AemoMamu" (1932), "J^ajuama c peuimeuoaume onu" (1934), "PasKasu e ITocreneHHO noeraKara Ha flna6ojiH3Ma 3anoHBa %a orpaHHHaBa Cb. Mhhkob CbC CBOHTe npe^HaMepeHO Tbp-ceHH e(J)eKTH n noBecTBOBareji-hh HopMH. Bce noBene n noBene toh ocb3HaBa, ne H3nepnBa cbohtc H3pa3Hn CpeflCTBa h CK)>KeTH. OCBeH TOBa flopn n b Han-cepno3HHTe ot HeroBHTe flnaöojiHHHn HjiH)CTpai|Hii kb m "Hrpa Ha cchkh", xyzj. HjiHii IleTpoB (1928) pa3Ka3H ce flOJiaBH Ha momchth eflHa TBb.pfl,e Tb.HKa, ho Bb.npeKH TOBa nOCTOilHHO npncb.CTBama npoHHHHa yCMHBKa. CaKani Cb. Mhhkob BHHarn hoch y ceöe cn e^Ha jieKO nrpHBa HacrponKa n flopn KoraTO pa3Ka3Ba y>KaciiBainH HCTopnn 3a 3jih ^yxoBe n flHBOJiCKH CHjiH, ro npaBH 178 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) mapajiejfcoea KOJtcď (1935) Bene Cb. Mhhkob ce H3HBHBa icaTO cahh ot Haii-TajiaHTjiHBHTe caTHpnuH b öbjirapcKara jiHTepaTypa. Ako TpaÖBa c flBe ,zryMH ^a xapaKrepH3HpaMe KaKBO ocMHBa Mhhkob b CBOHTe pa3Ka3H, MoaceM fla G'bpeM npe,a,ejiHO jiaKOHHHHn -HHflycTpnajiHOTO oômecTBO. Ho BHHMaTejiHHH aHajiH3 me OTKpne MHO)KecTBO noflTeMH, KOHTO no e^hh HjiH flpyr HaHHH ca no-aKTyajiHH KaTO npoOJieiviaTHKa b flHeiiiHHTe BncoKOTexHOJiornnHn BpeMeHa, otkojikoto b Hana ji oto Ha 30-Te roflHHH Ha XX bck. Hmchho TOBa npaBH Cb. Mhhkob ocoöeHO MOflepeH h HHTepeceH 3a cbBpeMeHHHH HHTaTeji. He3aBHCHMO ot HKOHOMHHeCKHH ^rV\^f?^g^ľ^^^j^t7^J Hanpe,zrbK b nepno^a cjiefl lrtpBaTa CBüTOBHa BOHHa, E^jirapna TaKa hjih HHane ch ocTaBa e^Ha cpaBHHTejiHO H30CTaHajia 3eMe,a,ejiCKa CTpaHa b cpaBHeHHe c fl-bp^KaBHTe ot 3anaflHa Eßpona h AjviepHKa. Ha TexHnneckhtü hobocth ce meflajio KaTO Ha HyzrnoBarn HBjíeHHH, HflBamH ot flpyr cbht h 6e3 MHoro rojiHMa npaKTnnecKa npHJIO>KHMOCT B )KHBOTa. A h HHMa KaK fla He e TaKa, cjie^, KaTO po Kpaa Ha 20-Te roflHHH b CTpaHaTa pa^noro Bce oine He CbmecTByBajio, ejieKrpnHecTBOTO ÖHjio rpaflCKH jryKC, a khhoto - hhmo h paflBajio Haö-MHoro ,a,enaTa no naHanpnTe. JJppm hobcr-kt oř rpa^a >KHBeejI B CBOH MajTbK CBHT, ot^aflCH noBene Ha HacjieflCTBeHHTe narpnapxajiHn Tpa^nnnn, otkojikoto Ha Hy>Kfl,HTe My ijeHHOCTH, TnnnHHH 3a CBeTCKoro oömecTBO. no TOBa BpeMe TOH noflflb.pjKaji Bp^Ka CbC CBeTa npe^n bchhko npe3 npecaTa. Ot TaKaBa rae^Ha TOHKa TBopnecTBOTO Ha Cb. Mhhkob nonra He ce BnncBa b HannoHajmara jinTeparypHa rpapwuwi. E^Ha rojwMa nacr ot HeroBnre pa3Ka3H or t03h nepno,zi, H3CJie,a,OBaTejiHTe Hapnnar "aMepHKaHCKn", Tbö KaTO (JMKnnoHajiHOTO hm ck^kctho flencTBne hjih ce pa3BHBa b AjviepHKa, hjih HMa Bp^Ka c flajieHHHH kohthhcht Ha to3h (J)oh CTpaHHO 3Bynn (JjaicrbT, ne Cb. Mhhkob HHKora He e 6hji b AMepnKa n toh flb.pjKaji TOBa pa ce no^nepTaBa, KoraTO ce KOMeHTnpa TBopnectboto My. KoraTO b Pycna ce h3,a,aBaT HeroBHTe CbHHHeHHH c npeflroBop, b kohto ce tb^p^h, ne floöpe no3HaBa Kopnua Ha KHHrara "HacoBHHK" Ha Cb. Mhhkob, xyzj. ^enKO YíyHOB (1924) Ceemocnae Muhkob 179 fleficTBHTejiHOCTTa 3afl oiceaHa ot coGctbch oiiht h 3aroBa Taxa ycneuiHO a napoanpa, toh HacTOHBa aa ce KopHirrpa Ta3H rpeuiKa. Cb. MHHKOB OTKpHBa CBOHTe CK)>KeTH Bb>b BeCTHHL(HTe. KaKTO caM cnoflejia npeo, jiHreparypHHa kphthk Chmcoh CyjiTaHOB, aocraTbHHH Ghjih caMO "flBa-TpH peaa", 3a aa OTKjuoHar oh3h TBopnecKH MexaHH3'bM, kohto aa My no3BOJiH aa ebrpaaH haji chhh c|)HKHHOHajieH cbht. To3h npouec 6hji THnHneH KaKTO 3a "aMepHKaHCKHTe pa3Ka3H", TaKa h 3a iiohth bchhkh HeroBH npoH3Befl,eHHH ot 3pejiHH nepHoa,. B pa3Ka3HTe Ha Cb. Mhhkob He eraBa ayMa caMO 3a tcxhhhcckh hobob'bfleHHH. Toh tb'bpae necTO no TaKaBa CTeneH xHnep6ojiH3Hpa h MOflH(J)Hi;Hpa (J)aKTHTe, kohto OTKpHBa b npecara, ne pa3Ka3HTe My npHaoGHBar ^aHTacTHHHH H3MepeHHH. HanpHMep b Tax mojkcm aa hctcm 3a >KeHa, kohto mena b xopaTa h b tcxhhtc mos^hh KaTO mchhuhhckha peHTreHOB anapaT {"/JaMama c peuimeuoaume ohu"), 3a poMaH, kohto GyKBajmo 3ape>Kfla HHTaTejiHTe My c BHTaMHHH ("Pa3KCt3 c eumciMUHu"), 3a Me,ziHHHHCKa onepaijHJi, kohto MO>Ke aa b'bpHe MjiaflOCTTa Ha HOBeKa ^MaiiMyHCKa MJiadocm"), 3a Teopna, kohto onpezjejui CbBMecTHMOCTTa Me^Kay xopara ojiaroaapeHHe Ha xHMHHecKHTe ejieMeHTH Ha HOBeniKaTa TbKaH ^Bodopodnunm zocnodun u Kucjiopodnomo MOMime"), 3a >KejrbTHHOBH xannera, kohto aocraBflT Hafi-BejiHKOTO 6jia>KeHCTBO Ha HOBeKa ^JlynamuHl ...Jlynamun!... JlynamuH/...") h t. h. Cb. Mhhkob e e^hh or nbpBHTe aBTopn, kohto BKapBa b 6bJirapcKara jiHTepaTypa o6pa3a Ha poGoTa c pa3Ka3a ^oeeKtm, mumo doiide omAMepum", 6jih30 aeceT roziHHH cjiea. KaTO Kapen HaneK ro poaH 3a CBeTa b CBOHTa nneca U.R" TpaGBa aa kslkqm, ne ToraBa Bee ome b 6bJirapcKara JiHTepaTypa HBjieHHeTO cj) aHTacTHKa e Heno3HaTO h pennira HSCJieaoBarejiH HaMnpaT b Te3H HeroBH pa3Ka3H ntpeume cmtriKii na (%ji?apcKama uaymia (J)aiimacnniKa. B xyno^KecTBeHHa cbht Ha Cb. Mhhkob oGane (J)aHTacTHHHOTO caMO npo(J)opMa onpenejui aeHCTBHero. BcbiiiHOCT BoaemH b Te3H tbopGh ca caTHpaTa h iipomiHTa. B to3h CMHCbJi toh He caMO e HaH-H3HBeHHHT carapHK b G^jirapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa MQ-xajxy aBeTe cb6tobhh bohhh cjiea, AjieKO KoHCTaHTHHOB, ho h H3KjiK)HHTejiHO opnrHHajieH npofl'bJi>KHTeji Ha npoGjieMHTe h TeMHTe 3ajio>KeHH b HeroBOTO TBopnecTBO. Ako npe3 o6pa3a Ha Ban TaHbO AjieKO nocTaBH Bbrrpoca 3a KyjiTypHaTa H30CTaHajiocT Ha Gb.jirapHHa, to Cb. Mhhkob noflxo>Kfl,a KbM to3h npoGjieM ot KopeHHO npoTHBonojio>KHa rjienHa TOHKa. B "aMepHKaHCKHTe pa3Ka3H" toh 3aeMa no3HHHflTa Ha ocMHBam h HpoHH3Hpam He caMO TexHOJiorH3HpaHara aMepnKaHCKa aeHCTBHTejiHOcr, ho h ncHxojiorHHeCKHTe h coi;HajiHH nocjieflHi;h 3a oGhkhobchhh hobck. B "/Jo Huxazo u HCi3ad" AneKO tb^pae Bb.3Top:>KeHO onncBa orpOMHHTe npocrpaHCTBa, 180 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) flHHaMHKaTa n TexHOJiornHHHTe nyzjeca, kohto OTKpHBa b AjviepHKa, flOKaro Cb. MHHKOB C IIIHpOK 3aMax h 6HXMe Ka3ajIH C OrpOMHO 3a,ZIOBOJICTBO HpoHH3Hpa THXHaTa fle(J)opMHpama pojra. Ilo to3h HannH Ha G^jirapcKna HHTaTen ce npczjocraBfl e^Ha Ba)KHa h HeooxoflHMa ,o,onbjiHHTejiHa b^mo^khoct, ocbch Ta3H fla ce HaflCMee Ha,a, CBO^Ta KyjiTypHa Hea,zianTHBHOCT - a hmchho h Ta3H fla ce nocMee Ha e^HO oGinecrBO, npneMaHO 3a MHoro no-pa3BHTO h HanpeflHajio. TaKa Cb. Mhhkob Brpa^a b (SbjirapcKara icyjiTypa e^hh ochobch pe(J)jieKC, npe3 kohto ce npeodonma 6-bmapcKun KOMWieKC 3a Kyjimypna u30cmaHOJiocm. BebmHOCT (J)aHTacTHHHHTe TexHOJiorHH b HeroBHTe pa3Ka3H He ca Hnmo flpyro ocbch rpOTecKH, npe3 kohto ce nozjHepTaBaT napaflOKcajiHHTe h b ebmoTO Bpeivie THnHHHH xapaicrepHCTHKH Ha aiviepHKaHCKOTO oGinecrBO. PasKas^t "Made in USA" e TnnnneH npHMep b TOBa OTHomeHHe. Cb. Mhhkob b Hero ocbmecTBHBa hskjuohhtcjiho oGxBarHa napoannHa KapraHa, He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, ne Ha np^b norjiczi pa3Ka3Ba 3a nceBflO-HayHHOTO otkphthc Ha npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacreproH. CaMO no ce6e en otkphthcto ebmp TaKa e chjiho napoflnpaHO -yneHnHT ronycKa b'bpxy rnraHTCKoro anne, kocto My e flOHeceHO 3a H3CJieflBaHe, orpoMHHTe rnpn, c kohto oGnna %a TpeHnpa, n TaKa npeflH3BHKBa HeroBOTO H3JiionBaHe. Ta3n npoHHHHa xnnep6ojiH3anHfl HMa Hemo o6mo c a6cyp,a,HO-c|)aHTacTHHHH5i cbht Ha Opancoa Padiie b "TapzaHmioa u TIaHmazpK)eji\ Ho aKO xnnep6ojiH3npaHHTe o6pa3n Ha (J)peHCKHH peHecaHCOB nncaTeji HMar 3a neji ^a aKneHTnpar b^pxy TejiecHoro paiayi.aHe Ha hobhh peHecaHCOB hobck, to npn Cb. Mhhkob TpaGBa fla pa3KpHBar H3KpnBeHHH KyjiT KbM (J)opMajiHOTO MHCJieHe n noBefleHne b aMepnKaHCKOTO oGineerBO. TaKa HanpnMep CBeTOBHOH3BecTHHHT yneH e onncaH He npe3 cbohtc HaynHn OTKpnTHH, a eflHHCTBeHO npe3 BbHiiiHHTe 6ejie3n, kohto ro HanofloGaBaT Ha TaKbB - "e^hh hcthhckh npoc|)ecop c OHHjia, Gajia Gpa^a n c mnpoKO CKpoeHn flpexn". B ebmoTO BpeMe noflnepTaHO ce npoHH3npa aMepnKaHCKaTa npncTpacTHOCT KbM cnopTa Karo yneHnHT ochobho npncbCTBa b pa3Ka3a, onncBaH KaK b^pra CTOKnjiorpaMOBn )Kejie3HH rnpn c flBa npb>cra Hafl maBaTa en. no HararbK Cb. Mhhkob npozrbJDKaBa TBbpfle HacTOHHHBO TaKa ^a noa,6npa cio>KeTHH ejieMeHTH, ne (J)aKTHHecKH Cb3,a,aBa e^Ha TpaBecmpaHa KaprnHa Ha aMepnKaHCKHTe neHHOcrn: ,zrpy>KecTBaTa b necr HayneHna ohcbhaho napoflnpar KyjiTa k^m cnaBaTa n yenexa b AMepnKa, a BHe3anHaTa CMHHa Ha npeflHa3HaHeHneTO hm, ot TOBa ^a opraHH3npaT HeroB loGnjien b TOBa ^a norpn>KaT 3a HeroBOTO norpeGeHne, 6e3 CbMHeHne napo^npa xapaKTepHaTa aMepnKaHCKa 6e3npnHnnnHOCT, ToraBa KoraTO CTaBa ,zryMa 3a HHTepecn; nncMOTO nbK Ha ^BaMara apxeoji03n 6e3 BCHKaKBO CbMHeHne ohcbhaho ocMHBa Ceemocjiae Muhkob 181 KpaÖHHH n bt>3top>KeH naTpHOTHS^m Ha aMepnicaHunTe, flOKaTO cpemaTa b Kjiyöa Ha yneHHTe - CHOÖH3Ma h nycTOCJiOBHeTO Ha TaxHara apHCTOKpauHii. "Pa3niiTHe", xyzj. HnaH Mhjicb (1923) Cb. Mhhkob flOCTarbHHO Hame^HO HacoHBa napoflnpamHH ch naroc icbM ocHOGHume eMÖJiejwu na aMepuKcmcKomo oöiijecmeo. Cjiefl KaTO nocjieflOBaTejiHO npQzrbJDKaBa %a ocMHBa HanHHa, no kohto ce npaßn peioiaMa, 182 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) n rrpHHUHriHTe b inoy6n3Heca, bejih^hh 6e3 CbMHeHHe n ,a,o flHec b AjviepnKa, 6bjirapcKHHT nHcaTeji Han-HaKpaa npnicjiiOHBa pa3Ka3a ch no H3KjiiOHHTejiHO ec^eicreH n opnrnHajieH HannH. Ha np^b norjiefl TaöejiKara, c kohto onncBa KaK H3CKana rojioneporo nyzjOBnine (caM no ceöe en o6pa3 okchmopoh) ot HHueTO, HMa caMO pojurra Ha KyjiMHHannoHeH e(J)eKT 3a pe3K)MnpaHe Ha bchhkh H3BefleHH b pa3Ka3a npoHH3Hpamn n napo^npainn mothbh. H TOBa HancraHa e Taxa. Ho b Comoro BpeMe Cb. Mhhkob roBe^a ome e^hh MHoro Ba)KeH, aKO He n ocHOBeH CMHCbJi Ha CBOHTa caTnpa - ocMueammo na Kyjimypnama u ucmopuuecKama muckji hü AjwepuKa. nona^aHeTO Ha nceBfloyneHna b jiyKC03HaTa CTOTOMHa eHijHKjioneflHH "c noflBijpsHH ot Herbpcica maca" Bb3flencTBa b hhkojiko njiaHa. Ot e^Ha crpaHa, aBTop^t ohcbhaho npoHH3npa HaHHHa, no kohto c e KOMneHcnpa KpaTKaTa ncTopnnecKa naivieT, npe3 MHTOJiorH3npaHe Ha He3HaHHTejiHn hjih cneKyjiaraBHn or HaynHa rjie^Ha TOHica (J)aKTH, a ot flpyra - caMoro thxho Cb3flaBaHe. *lpe3 TaöejiKara c Ha^nnca "Made in USA" okchmopohhhh o6pa3 Ha rojioneporo nyzjOBnine 3anoHBa pa flencTBa KaTO chmboji Ha najiaTa aiviepHKaHCKa ncTopna. E^hh kojikoto npoBOKaTHBeH oöpa3, TOJiKOBa n 3a6aBeH or rae^Ha TOHKa Ha eBponeena. B t03h CMHCbJi CBeTOCJiaB Mhhkob tb^p^e MO^epHO ce pa3nojiara b CbBpeMeHHOTO reonojiHTHHecKO n KyjrrypHO npocrrpaHCTBO, oneBH^HO 3arnHTaBanKH e^Ha aHTnrjioöajincTHHHa neHHOCTHa rjie^Ha TOHKa. EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 183 /|M\I«!\ BHEJlklOTEKA MAJIBHHA A3 He c e no3HaBax c MajiBHHa. Ho czjhh xyzi,o:>khhk He Morenie aa CMyra t03h mynaB npeapa3C'b,zi,'bK. Oth^ox npn Hea, oöhchhx h c Han-MajiKn noflpoÖHOCTH >KejiaHHero ch h th c e Cbmacn. 3anoHHa aa nam b arejineTO mh. H KapTHHara, b kohto a3 HCKax aa b-bnjrbTíi o6pa3a Ha BenHara KpacoTa, Ha BeHHara HenopoHHOcr, Hanpezreaiiie c yzrnBHTejieH ycnex h MH03HHa, kohto h ôíixa bh^KflajiH, pa3KpHBaxa mh nepcneKTHBHTe Ha eaHO ÔjracKaBO objeme. Ho a3 TpaÖBame aa B3eMaM h CTpaHHHHn nop^HKn, 3amoTO MaTepnajiHoro mh CbCTOíiHne 6eme tb^pne pa3CTpoeHO. npn Bce TOBa, Maxap h c Mb.Ka, a3 npeoflOJMBax npeHKnre h aoTOJiKOBa ce 6ax yBjuiKbji b paöoTara ch, ne noHHKora fla>Ke h He crorx. HeyMopHO paöorex. H enHH fleH, Koraro KapTHHara TpaÖBame aa ö^ae saB^pmeHa, MajiBHHa He floíífle. H noBene th HHKora He apime. ToBa, pa30npa ce, Me OTnaa, 3amoTO KapTHHara, Ha^, kohto a3 paöoTex or TOJiKOBa roflHHH, ocTaBame naK HesaB^pmeHa. H a3 3arbpcnx MajiBHHa. Ho HHKbae a He cpemax. B TOBa BpeMe nojrynnx nncMO. Hhcmo, hhhto nonaTeji He 3Haex. C^oömaBaxa mh 3a HaKaKBa nop'bHKa. JJp. pncyBaM 6a6a Ha cm^ptho nemo. Ho a3 HHMame aa orana, aKO He 6ax b TaKOBa tc>kko nojio>KeHHe Ha oemrocr h MH3epna. HaMax napn ^,a>Ke h 3a xjraö. H a3 B3ex crarHBa h najíHTpaTa ch h ce sanb/rnx Ha yKa3aHHH aapec. HaMepnx ce b npenrpaaneTO, npezi, eaHa CTapa nopyTeHa Kbiua. HaTHCHax sb^Heua. Ot bchhkh Kpaniua Ha Kbmara OTeKHaxa 3BynnTe Ha OTaaBHaiima 3anyerajiocT. Hhkoh He mh orBopn. A3 xBaHax ap^^KKara h ToraBa Bparara ce OTKpexHa c TaKOBa 3JiOBemo CKbpnaHe, ne 3a momcht a3 ce noKOJieöax. HcKax aa ce Bb.pHa. Ho a3 b^jiarax rojieMH najxe^Kjsyi Ha Ta3H nop^HKa. Ba6a Ha cm^ptho jierjio - em™ BeneH cnoMeH, 3a kohto me ce B3eMar apcra napn. H a3 bj1h30x b^Tpe. MnHax npe3 HíiKaKbB rbMeH Kopnaop, CTnraax npea, eaHa BpaTa. noxjionax. Hhkoh He ce oöaan. Tp^raax HaTarbK. ,TJ,pyra BpaTa. Ho naK 184 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HHKaicbB OTTOBop. A3 ce Hflocax. C^oömaBar mh rsl Aoima TyK, a hhkoh He Me nocpema, hhkoh He MO)Ke %a Me yn^th. H a3 Bene cepno3HO 6ax peuiHji rsl ch orH^a, ho b to3h momcht cpefl m^prBara myxora, kohto uapeiiie HaoKOJio, SB^HHa e^hh no,o,HrpaBarejieH cmhx, kohto Me yacacn h BjiefleHH KpiaBTa mh: - Xe, xe, xe! H3ry6Hxre ce, a, H3ry6Hxre ce! Tyxa, Tyxa, b KpaÖHaTa craa! Xe, xe, xe! A3 noöe^Hx MajiOflymneTO ch h Tp^raax KbM OHa3H CTpaHa, otk^acto ce Hoceme raacbT. H KoraTO bjih30x TaM, b eraíiTa, ÖJLacbicbT Ha xhjihah norpeöajiHH CBemn e^Ba jih He Me ocjienn. A3 bh^hx Ha e^hh KpeBar HaicaicBa 6a6a, c e^HO- c^hhctbeHO oko - yracHajio h m^ptbo, - c OTBpaTHTejiHH öess^ön ycTa, kohto HenpeK^CHaro poHexa jkcctok cmhx. Ha^, KpeBaTa CToeme OKaneH e^hh CTap, c ojiiomeH uHC^epojiar nacoBHHK, hhhto CTpejiKH ce b^praxa TOJiKOBa 6bp30, ne OTjiHTaxa nacoBeTe Ha uejra ahh h ceflMHijH. Bjih30 flo öaöara CToeme e^hh CBemeHHK b öhjio paco, kohto najmeme c BHHO jspa HOBeuiKH nepena h c HHKaicBa Hepa3ÖHpaeMa HasflpaBHija no^HacHiiie eflHHHH OT tax flo ycTaTa Ha öojmara. H öaöara, nn^Ha, npo,zrbJDKaBaiiie %a ce KHCKa Bce TaKa 6e3npHHHHHO h )KecTOKO, öess^ÖHTe Ř ycTa (j^c^jiexa: - Vrpe me ö^a m^pTBa h cera npenncTBaM .zryíiiara ch, nna ot Cbctoto npHHacTHe! Xe, xe, xe, nna or Cbctoto npHnacrae, npenncTBaM .zryiiiaTa ch! H nocjie th 3anoHHa %a roBopn TaKHBa paöorn, ne a3 nonyBCTBax rsl ce oÖJiHBa jraueTO mh b njiaM. pa3Ka3Bame 3a CbBKynjieHHeTO Ha XpncTOC h MapHH, a öejiHHT CBemeHHK Knareme rjiaBara ch KareropHHHO h HacroHHHBO h c eflHO 6e30HjiHBO HaxajiCTBO noTB'bp>Kfl,aBaiiie .zryMHTe Ha öaöara. a3 He MO)Kax fl,a noHeca y»caca Ha TOBa ap^ko 6e3cpaMne h H30arax. H 3afl rbpöa ch othobo nyx CMexa Ha öojmara 6a6a: - Xe, xe, xe! IIhh ot Cbctoto npHnacrne, npenncTBaM .zryíiiaTa ch! EflHa eceHHa npHBenep, Koraro MHHaBax npe3 ôyjieBapfla, sa^a^e ce Hacpema mh czjhh 3arBopeH aBTOMOÖHji. H HHTepechoto 6eme TOBa, ne a3 He BHfl^x HHKaKisB uio(J)bop, HHKaKbB naca:>Kep b Hero. Bhajix caMO e^hh rpaMa^eH 3ejieH HeKpojior, 3ajieneH b^pxy pe3epBoapa 3a 6ch3hh. H TaM nponeTOx: "MojieTe ce 3a MajiBHHa!" H no-flo6pe, ne MajiBHHa yMpa. 3amoTO cjiefl OHa3H cjryHKa a3 h 6e3 TOBa He MO)Kex rsl npoflb.ji^Ka KapTHHaTa ch - KapTHHaTa Ha BenHaTa HenopoHHOCT, Ha BenHaTa KpacoTa. B yuíHTe mh HenpecTaHHO 3ByHeine CMexbT Ha nHímara 6a6a h ohc3h CBeTOTarcTBeHH ,zryMH... H a3 3aMHHax. HanycHax rpa^a h TpuHax ^a oÖHKajisM CBeTa. H ffhjirm roflHHH öpoflex a3 h3 flajienHH CTpaHH h bchhko OHOBa, KoeTO HíiKora, b lOHOinecTBOTO mh, 6eme MenTa, ce cöb,o,Ha. A3 bhajix (J)HopflHTe, jnoöyBax ce EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 185 Ha öopöara c öhkobc b HcnaHiui, pa3xo>Kfl,ax ce c jiQzjKa no BQzjHTe Ha CBeTemHTe e3epa b ujiohhíi, noHHBax noa, cchkhtc Ha flpeBHH c(J)HHKCOBe h nnpaMH^n. Ho a3 He 6hx macTjiHB. A3 ncicax r& HapncyBaivi KaprHHara Ha BeHHara KpacoTa h HenopoHHOCT, a3 MenTaex ,o,a cb3,a,aM ezjHO 6e3C]vľbpTHO TBopeHne. H caMO MHCbjíTa 3a TOBa Kpeneme >KHBOTa mh. Ho OHa3H npoKjieTa 6a6a ce H3npeHH Ha moh wht h bchhko ce pa3pyniH. He, a3 He 6ax macTjiHB. H e^hh fleH a3 TpaÖBame m ce 3aBb>pHa b pozjhhíi rpafl. H TOBa 6eme npe3 eflHa npojieT. Hafl TacHara nb/reKa, kohto Bolenie KbM moh aom, BHiiiHHTe poHexa ubítt h OTÖJiHCbijHTe Ha 3ajM3Bamoro cjrbHue nrpaexa Bečeno no 3anpameHHTe crbKjia Ha arejineTO mh. A3 HaMepnx miiona h OTBopnx BpaTaTa. TaM - b napcTBOTO Ha mohtc CbHHma h MeHTH - Genie nycTO, rayxo. Hhkojiko njľbxa, H3HeHa,a,aHH ot bHe3anHOTO mh noHBHBaHe, npoöaraxa Hafl pasxBb.pjuiHHTe ecKH3H. A3 oth^ox npn KaprHHara, H3Tpnx a ot npaxra, HCKax ^,a bh#íi ome Be^Hi^ cjie^HTe Ha OHOBa, KoeTO HHKora MHCJiex b^mo^kho. Ho mo)Kex jih ^a BapBaM Ha onnre ch? He 6eme jih TOBa HíiKaKbB KoniMap? Ha njiaTHOTO, Kb,zjeTO 6ax pncyBaji MajiBHHa, CToeme nopTpeTbT Ha öaöara. OHOBa yracHajio oko othobo Me norae^Ha, BTopaneHO h cmcjio, 6e33b>6HTe ycTa Hsc^c^jraxa: - Pa3Öpa jih cera, pa3Öpa jih cera? A3 H3THHax flo xa3aHTe h th nonHTax ^ajin e n^Baji híikoh b aTejineTO mh npe3 BpeMe Ha MoeTO otcbctbhc He, hhkoh He 6hji n^Baji. A3 Tp^raax wbM npeflrpaflneTO, Kb^ero npezjH ro,a,hhh 6ax noKaHeH ^,a pncyBaM öaöara. H KaKTO HHKora HaracHax 3Bb>Hena. H Kaicro roiKora oreKHaxa ot bchhkh Kpanma Ha Kbmara OT3BynHTe Ha OTzjaBHaiima 3anycTíuiocr. H naK hhkoíi He mh OTBopn. ^p-bnHax .ap-b^KKara, ho 3ejieHacajiaTa KaMeHHa BpaTa ce OKa3a 3aKJiK)HeHa. ToraBa a3 3anoHHax ^a ya,paM c lOMpynn b^b BpaTaTa, HCKax ^a y3Haa koř 6eme npHHHHara Ha Ta3H mynaBa raBpa... Ho npo3opeiľbT Ha Cbce^Hara Kbma ce OTBopn h ezjHH crapeij Me nonnTa Koro Tb.pca. - TyK He )KHBeeiiie jih roiKora e^Ha 6a6a? - Ka3ax a3. - Ba6a! - OTBb>pHa ynyzjeHO crapeiťbT. - He, TyK HHKora He e >KHBíijia 6a6a. B Ta3H Kbma )KHBeeine MajiBHHa X., kohto yMpa npezm fleBer ro,a,hhh. 186 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) MADE IN USA npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH )KHBeeine Ha nenjeceT h ocmhh era:>k Ha e^hh HiOHopKCKH Heöocrbpran. Too öeine 6ejie>KHT yneH: ezjHH hcthhckh npo(J)ecop c OHHjia, öajia öpa^a h c iirapoKO CKpoeHH .zrpexH. Karo bcckh HHCTOKp-bBeH aMepHKaHeij npo(J)ecop HacTeproH oonnaiiie He caMO HayKara, ho h cnopTa - eTO 3amo toh 6eme hcoohkhobcho 3flpaB hobck, MaKap ne ot fleHH Ha po>KfleHHeTO My ce 6axa H3MHHajra tohho mecT^eceT h neT rozrnHH. rioKpan MHororo HayHHH anapara, b KaÖHHeTa Ha rocno^hh npo(J)ecopa HMame h BCeB'b3MO>KHH ypeflH 3a THMHaCTHHeCKH ynpa^KHCHHH, Me>Kfly KOHTO Haö- Ba)KHO MHCTO 3aeMaxa >Kejie3HHTe rnpn or cto KHjiorpaMa. Tax HaniHHT yneH ^Hranie CbBceM cboöoaho Ha^, rjiaBara ch c ppa np^cra. BnponeM, bchhkh thh noflpoÖHOCTH ca Han^jiHO h3jihľuhh, TbŘ KaTO HacToaruHHT pa3Ka3 e H3rpa,o,eH Bb.pxy CbÖHTHe, Koero me hh npezieraBH rocnoziHH npo(J)ecopa He KaTO cnopTHCT, a KaTO e^hh reHnajieH hobck Ha HayKara. H TbŘ, cjryinaíiTe! KoraTO cbctobhhtc bccthhijh pa3rjiacHxa HOBHHaTa 3a ycnexa Ha npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH, bchhkh yneHH ot bchhkh Kpanma Ha 3CMHOTO kkjiöo OTnpaBHxa no3flpaBHTejiHH TejierpaMH ,a,o cboh aMepnKaHCKH KOJiera. B caMara AMepnKa nbK ce o6pa3yBaxa Belara TpncTa h cezjeMHaHcer flpy>KecTBa, kohto ch nocTaBHxa 3a neu pß. h3mhcjmt HaH-opHrHHanHHH lOÖHjieH Ha npo(J)ecopa. Ana thh TpncTa h cefleMHaöceT ,a,py:>KecTBa TpaÖBaine %a H3MCH3T TBbp^e CKopo 3a,o,aHaTa ch h ,a,a ce norpn:>KaT 3a Haií-Tbp:>KecTBeHOTO norpeöeHHe Ha lOÖHjrapa. 3amoro npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH He MO)Ka ,zra npe>KHBee b^jmeHHeTO h yMpa ot BHe3anHO nyKBaHe Ha capnem Ana HeKa 3anoHHeM pa3Ka3a ot caMOTO Hanajio. EflHa MaöcKa yTpnH npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH češeme no xajiar b KaÖHHeTa ch Ha nexzieceT h ocmhh era:>k h Bb.pTeine no CTap HaBHK >Kejie3HHTe rnpn Hafl maBaTa ch, KoraTO Bparara Ha craaTa ce OTBopn CbBceM HeonaKBaHO h BbTpe Bjie3e crapHírr npHCJiy>KHHK „JL^ceK c tojmm cpeo^peH nozmoc b pb>ne. B cpeziara Ha toh tojihm cpeo^peH noziHOC ce bh^aiiie e^HO CbBceM MajiKO nnCMO b 6hji njíHK. ^>KeK TpaÖBame %a naKa nenn neTHaöceT MKHyra, flOKaro rocnozjapirr My CBb.piiiH ynpa>KHeHHHTa ch. E^Ba ToraBa npo(J)ecop HacrepTOH 3a6ejra3a CBOH npHCJiy>KHHK, npHÖJiH^KH ce flo Hero, B3e nncMOTO, pa3TBopn ro h npoHere: "YBa>KaeMH rocnozjHH npo(J)ecope, HeoTflaBHa, npn capa pa3KonKa b mara JTyH3HaHa, ce HaTbKHaxMe Ha Hemo MHoro HHTepecHO, KoeTO Bne me HMaTe cjrynaH fl,a bh^htc tb^p^e CKopo CbC coöcTBeHHTe ch OHH. Hne, ^BaMa floöpn aMepHKaHUH, paooraxMe npn EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 187 eflHa eBponeücKa eKcneflnnníi, CbCTaBeHa ot xojiaiwjH, repMaHun, (J)paHiry3H n HeKOJiijHHa flpyrn eBponennn. HaxoflKara, 3a kohto craBa flyMa, OTKpHXMe He^ajieH oř flejTrara Ha Mhchchhh h BbJípeKn bchhkh ycnjiníi Ha eBponennnTe fla a 3a,zrbp:>KaT 3a ceöe ch a3 h moht npnjiTeji a 3aflnrHaxMe ome CbmaTa Hom c noMoruTa Ha flBaivia njiaTeHH aremu, HaTOBapnxMe a Ha icaMHOH h cera CMe Ha YYbT 3a Hk) HopK. Cjiefl hhkojiko MHHyrH HaBapHO me 6b,a,eM npn Bac h ToraBa Bne me y3HaeTe noBene nozrpoÖHOcra. J\dL >KHBee AiviepHKa! ripneivieTe HauiHTe CbpflenHH no3,zrpaBH h HCKpeHO yBa>KeHHe. y. b. x." npo(J)ecop HecTep HacrepTOH .zrbp^Ka .zrbjíro BpeMe nncMOTO b p-biieTe ch, cerae ce ornycHa Ha e^HO kojkcho Kpecjio %o paöoraaTa ch Maca h ocraHa Taxa 3aMHCJieH, flOKaro HacoBHHK-bT yziapn 3a o6e%. ToraBa rocno^HH npo(j)ecop'bT ce oöjiene h oth^e %a ce xpaHH. Cjiefloöefl toh npeicapa jspa naca b CbH, nocjie ce^Ha naK b KpecjiOTO ch h mhcjih naK ,0,0 BeHepra. RbM ^eceT naca CTapnírr yneH ce oöjiene ocfMnnajiHO h oth^e b Kjryöa Ha npo(J)ecopHTe, K^fleTO ce cpemna c HeKOJinnHa ot KOJierHTe ch h hm noica3a nncMOTO. Bchhkh öaxa 03aflaHeHH, bchhkh ce Cböpaxa Kpan fl-bjírara nepHa Maca h roBopnxa flo nojryHom 3a 3ara,zrbHHaTa HaxQzjKa b maTa JTyH3naHa. Hhkojiko Ay3HHH xaBaHCKH nypn 3aMb.rjiHxa innpoKaTa 3ajia c rbCTH oöjiann ahm. HepBeHHTe njieiiiHBH maBH Ha npo(J)ecopHTe jrbm^xa b CBeTjiHHaTa Ha tc>kkhh nojinjien, 6e3 %a MoraT ,a,a h3mhcjiht Hemo. IloHe>Ke hhto e^HH ot npHCbCTBamuTe He fla^e HHKaKBO pa3pemeHHe Ha Bbjrpoca, npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTepTOH npefljio>KH ^a otbopht pa^HOTO, Ta ^aHO noHe My3HKaTa onpecHH MHCbJiTa hm. Ana h My3HKaTa He noMoraa. B 3ajiara ce pa3Hecoxa pa3KO h Bečeno 3ByijHTe Ha HHKaK-bB js^a3. Tocnofla npo(J)ecopHTe ce ycMHXHaxa, 3anpaTHxa no raBOJiHTe HaxoflKara b maTa JTyn3naHa, nop^naxa cn hhkojiko öyTHjiKH ot e^HO 3a6paHeHO nnrae n 3anoHHaxa %a cn inyinyKaT Hemo MHoro 3a6aBHO n onpecHHTejiHO, kocto ny^HTe yiiin He rpHÖBaine %a nyaT Pa3Önpa ce, bcckh mows m cn npe^CTaBn M-bKara Ha e^HH npo(J)ecop, kohto ce HaMnpa npefl Hepa3peiiiHMOCTTa Ha hhkoh HaynHa 3ara,o,Ka. npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTeproH He Mnraa irajia Hom h - koh 3Hae - MO)Ke 6n toh meine %a CTaHe )KepTBa Ha 6e3CbHneTO, aKO ome Ha cjieflHna ^eH b KaönHeTa My He ce HBHxa flBaMaTa floöpn aMepnKaHun. EflHHHHT ot rax öeine bhcok h Mb>pmaB, c H3ropajio or cjrbHneTO jinne n c ,zrbJiroo6pa3HO h3bhth H03e, kocto noKa3Bame, ne npo(J)ecop HacrepTOH HMa necTTa %a bh^h b Komára cn hcthhckh Kayöon. JJpyrnHT öeine no-HHCbK n nepBeH KaTO pana, c iiinpoKn hcjiiocth h CbC 3ejieHn H3nb.KHa.jiH ohh. Koböoht npncrbnn Hanpefl n flb.pjKa fl^jira pen 3a 3HaMeHHTara HaxQzjKa b maTa JTyn3naHa. Ton Ka3a, ne 6hji narpnor n ne HHKora He 6n flonycHaji ^a ce ocTaBHT b p^neTe Ha eBponenijH CbKpoBnma, H3poBeHn h3 caMOTO Cbpije 188 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Ha CBemeHaTa aMepnKaHCKa 3eMH. IlopaflH Taa npnnnHa toh h HeroBHHT npHHTeji HSB'bpiiiHjiH icpa:>K6a b hmcto Ha CBOjrra BejiHica jiioGob k^m OTenecTBOTO h aoiiijih npn yBa>KaeMHH npo(J)ecop, KoroTO bchhkh mara noHHTajiH KaTO 6o)KecTBO, 3a ^a bh^ht ^ajiH TOBa, mo ca otkphjih Te npn pa3KonKara Heziajien or flejiTara Ha Mncncnnn, npeflCTaBjiaBa HancraHa Hemo hcoGhkhobcho, Kaicro Ka3aji e^hh ot yneHHTe Ha eKcneflnnnaTa. Haxpaa KayGoHT CboGmn, ne H3KonaHOTO CbKpoBnine ce HaMnpano flOJiy npefl KbmaTa Ha rocnoflHH npo(J)ecopa, h ne to efi cera w^ro ^a G^e npeHeceHO b KaGnHeTa My npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTeproH CToeme c HacbJi3eHH ohh npefl CBonre Heno3HarH rocra h He MO)Keine ^a npoMb>jiBn hhto flyvia or CMymeHne h pa^ocT. Toh caM 6eme rojMM narpnoT h TonjioTO OTKpoBeHHe Ha toh npocr aMepnKaHei; c flHBauiKH flBH>KeHHH h c rpy6 r^pjieH mac ro Tporaa .ztkhGoko. J^BaMaTa Heno3HaTH n3CKOHnxa mhtom h3 CTaaTa, cnycHaxa ce c acaHCbopa AOJiy h H3jra30xa Ha yjinnaTa. TaM, npeo, Bpanrre Ha MHoroeTa>KHOTO KaMeHHO 3flaHne, ce BHac/iauie rojraM .zrbpBeH caH,zrbK, a HaoKOJio ce 6axa CbGpajIH CTOTHUH jik)6onHTHH. HMailie flOpH h HeKOJIHHHa 4)OTorpa(J)h h KHHope^KHCbopn, kohto ranaxa pa3Bb.jiHyBaHH HacaM-HaTaM h MOJiexa nyGjiHKara fla ocboGoah mhctoto npefl oGeicrHBHTe Ha anapaTHTe hm. KayGoHT, npnaTejisT My h ouje ^BaMa-TpHMa 3,o,paBeHflnH BMb.KHaxa Te>KKHa TOBap npe3 BpaTara h Tb.fi KaTO Tofi He MO)Ka ^a Bjie3e b acaHCbopa, no mnpoKaTa CTb.ji6a ce pa3nb.Haxa Be^Hara xhjlh,zjh CKpnnnn n flpyrn aMepnKaHCKH naTeHTn 3a H3KaHBaHe Ha TOKecra. 3a no-MajiKO ot Tpn ceKyH^n caHflb.k'bT 6e praar n npeHeceH b KaGnHeTa Ha npo(J)ecopa. npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTepTOH noflCKanaine Ha e^hh KpaK n TaHaHHKame "Iankee Doodle". ^BaMara aMepnKaHnn ce CMeexa ,o,o6po,zryiiiHO, c mnpoKO pa3TBopeHH ycra, n czrpnTe hm 3b.6n jrbiiLaxa KaTO 6o6eHn 3b.pHa. KoraTO pa3KOBaxa caH,zrbKa, npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTeproH H3Bnica ot yHyo,BaHe n ce BicaMeHH Ha mhctoto ch. Ilpefl Hero croeme e^HO rpaMa^HO chbo flfine, hhhto oGnKOJiKa Ha innpnHa H3me>k1zi,aiiie ^a e noBene ot ^Ba MeTpa. Ome Cbmna fleH acaHCbopb/r H3KaHn b KaGnHeTa Ha rocnoflHH npo(J)ecopa bchhkh HK)fiopKCKH 3HaMeHHTOCTH b oGjiaCTTa Ha eCTeCTBCHHTe HayKH. npo(J)ecop HacTepTOH ce H3BHHHBanie CMyreHO n 6e3 BCflKaKbB noBQo, npefl rOCTHTe CH, KOHTO BCbinHOCT He o6pb.fflaxa HHKaKBO BHHMaHHe Ha CBOfl GejIOKHT KOJiera. ^BaMara .zjoGpn aMepnKaHLtn, KayGo^t n npHjrrejLaT My c mnpoKHTe nejiiocTH, 6axa norbHajin cmaiii b 3eM5rra. HnKofi rn He bh^Kflame HaoKOJio, nb.k n or rax ezjBa jih HMame Bene HaKaKBa Hy>Kfl,a. Cera bchhkh 6axa 3aeTn c HyzjHOTO afine, kocto MH03HHa CM^rraxa, ne e ctohjio 3apoBeHO MHoro BeKOBe b 3eMHTa. Pa3rpb.maxa ce BceBb.3MO>khh khhth, flBa nb.Tn no-fle6ejin ot GnGjinaTa, npaBexa ce cnpaBKn, npon3Hacaxa ce jiamHCKH HMeHa. Hhkoh ot KOJiernTe Ha rocnoflHH npo(J)ecopa CbGjiHKOxa EuôJiuomeKa - Haedap Mymacpoe 189 najrraTa ch, 3anpeTHaxa p^icaBH h noHHaxa ^a nyKar anneTO c np^cr. Ana HeroBaTa nepynKa 6eme 3flpaBa KaTO KaivľbK. Han-ceme, cjiczi .zrijírn H3CJieflBaHHH h CbBemaHHH, flOH^e ce jip oömoTO 3aKjiiOHeHHe, ne yneHnre crapnn HMaT paöoTa c anneTO Ha e^Ha pa^Ka nrnna ot po^a Ha mpaycHTe, KOHTO e )KHBíijia npeflH bckobc b K)>KHa AMepnKa h 3a kohto eHijHKjioneflHHecKHTe penHnnn b onojinoTeKara Ha npo(J)ecopa HacTepTOH flaBaxa TB^p^e ock^hh CBe,o,eHHíi. YcraHOBn ce h .zrpyro Hemo, KoeTO 6eme no-Ba>KHo: ne 3apoflHiiľbT Ha TOBa anne e ome >khb h ne npn h3bccthh ÖJiaronpHHTHH ycjiOBHH toh MO)Ke ^a ce pa3Bne h ,a,a ce ítbh Ha 6hji cbht b o6pa3a Ha Taa pa^Ka nrnna, kohto meine ,a,a ö^e HCTHHCica HannoHajiHa ropflOCT b Hk) HopK. rio toh HaHHH neHejieme h Hayicara, h caMara AMepnKa. BejioöpaflHTe hiohopkckh yneHn CTHCHaxa Cbp^eHHO p^Kara Ha cboh KOJiera h My noiacejiaxa ycnex b HOBaTa paöoTa, hjih, c flpyrn ,zryMH, ÔJiarocjiOBHxa H3JiionBaHeTO Ha annem Cerae Te ch OTH^oxa, 3amoTO 6eme Bene hohi- HomTa Ha ejieKrpnHe ctboto, kocto rorapa uíijioto He6e c peicjiaMn. ripo(J)ecop Hecrep HacTeproH ocbMHa Ha,a, rpaMa^hoto chbo anne c nozryTH ohh, Bceníuio norbjmar ot MHCbjrra 3a npeflCTOHmara paöora. Ha cjieflHHH jißn toh fla^e CbOÖineHHii b^b bchhkh bccthhuh, ne cicbCBa BCHKaKBH Bp^KH C n03HaTHTe CH, flOKaTO He npHB^pniH B^jio^KeHaTa My paöoTa. BecTHHijHTe H3noji3yBaxa cjiynaa h noHHaxa ^a H3,a,aBaT BceKHflHeBHH öiojieTHHH 3a B^pBe^Ka Ha bcjihkhh HayneH onHT. Ot cboh CTpaHa pa^no-Tejierpa(J)HHTe craHunn b^b bchhkh mara orapamaxa BCHKa MHHyra hobhhh otb'bfl OKeaHa. Hjijioto 3eMHO Kbjiöo 6eme b TpeBora. A npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH H3rjie>Kflaiiie KaTO jryzi. OTHanajio toh mhcjih nana ceflMHija KaK ^a noHHe paöorara. ToBa ce OTpa3H TB-bp^e 3Jie Ha 3flpaBeTO My h toíi 3anoHHa ^a nyBCTByBa ocTpn öojikh b 3aflHara nacr Ha maBaTa ch. HobHKaHnaT jieKap My npenop^na He3a6aBHa h nbjma noHHBKa ot BCSKaKBH yMCTBeHH 3aHHMaHHH. Pa3Önpa ce, npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacreproH ron-bimn BeflHara cbBeTa Ha jieKapa, 3amoTO b Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa h flBaMara ôíixa xopa Ha HayKaTa h TpaÖBame %a ce yBaiacaBar e^HH flpyr. Toíi nesenie no uíiji jißn b jierjiOTO en, nneme nan, ímeiiie jhoöhmhtc ch cjia^Kninn c öa^eMn, ana He npecTaBame m mhcjih 3a annem H eTO, tohho cera cnop^T ce ítbh b noMom Ha HayKaTa. Be,o,HK>K, Koraro npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTepTOH npaBeme cbohtc jiioöhmh ynpa^KHeHna c rnpnTe, eflHa ot Tax ce H3njľb3Ha h3 pijKaTa My n na^Ha B^pxy anijeTO. ^lepynKaTa ce nyKHa, pa3TBopn ce n h3 Hea nofla^e rjiaßa e^HO rojionepo nyaoBHine c ^-birbr KJIK)H H C TbHKH KpHBH H03C C npncbinoTO Ha aMepnKaHijHTe xjiaflHOKp-bBne npo(J)ecop Heerep HacTeproH ce npn6jin>KH ^o paöoraara en Maca, B3e cjryínajiKaTa Ha Tejie(J)OHa n Cboömn b Kjiyöa Ha npo(J)ecopHTe BecTTa 3a H3JiionBaHeTO Ha anijeTO. B eflHH Mnr nana AMepnKa ce flnraa Ha KpaK. Xhühahh T^jinn ce 190 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) OTnpaBHxa c pa^ocTHH bhkobc k^m rojieMHH /jom, b kohto )KHBeeine npo(J)ecop'bT, h nojiHUHHTa TpaGBame ,na ch nocjiy>kh c GpoHnpaHHTe aBTOMoGHjiH, 3a fla 3ana3H pe^a no yjinuHTe. Ot toh fleH npo(J)ecop'bT Hecrep HacrepTOH CTaHa HaH-HemacTHHOT hobck Ha 3eMHTa. Ot cyTpnH ^o Benep npn Hero n^Baxa xhjihah penopTbopn, 4)OTorpa(J)h, flnpeicropH Ha (Jmjimobh npcunpnaTHfl. Bchhkh ro pa3nnTBaxa, npe^jiaraxa My napn, CHHMaxa ro b HaH-pa3JiHHHH no3n. CrapnjFr npncjry>khhk JJ^ceK H3cnnBame BCHKa cyTpnH b KaGnHeTa Ha rocnoflapa en no Tpn tojicmh KOina c nncMa, kohto n^exa ot bchhkh Kpanma Ha oGeTOBaHaTa aMepnKaHCKa 3eMH. EflHH npefljiarame Ha rocno,o,hh npo(J)ecopa neT xmumn ^ojiapa, 3a ^a H3nHine hmcto My npefl BXQzja Ha HHKaKBa rocTHjiHHna, flpyr MOJieme ^a My ce pa3peinn ^a cjio>kh b cbohtc peioiaMH 3a canyH hctob aBTorpa(J). Hecrep HacrepTOH. ToBa hmc rbpMeine H3 nana AMepnKa. B KHHaTa, b xorejiHTe, b^b (J)a6pHKHTe, no bhtphhhtc, no hochhtc KbpnHHKn, no oGymara, no manKHTe, flopn Bb.pxy kjichkhtc 3a 3b.6H ce neTeine c MajiKH nepHH GyKBn: Hecrep HacTepTOH. BcflKa Benep 6ejie>khthht yneH TpaGBame ^a npncbCTByBa Ha pa3HH GaHKera, ype>KflaHH b HeroBa necT BaHKeT Ha npo(J)ecopHTe, GaHKeT Ha HHflycTpHajii;HTe, GaHKeT Ha ynHTejiHTe, GaHKeT Ha KOMHHOHHcraHHTe, GaHKeT Ha epreHHTe, GaHKeT Ha Mb>:>KeTe c njieinnBH maBH h t. h. A KHXHeme jih hhkoh HKKbRe, nyBaine ce Karo Ha3,o,paBHna: "HacrepTOH!" Han-cerae, KoraTO ce hbh e^Ha ,o,ejieranHfl ot nexzjeceT .zryiiiH n CboGmn Ha CTapna yneH, ne b Chth e nojio>KeH ochobhhht KaMb.k Ha e^hh HeroB naMeTHHK, kohto man ^a G^e bhcok xnjia,zja MeTpa, enpen mhoto no-BncoK or An(J)ejiOBaTa Kyjia Ha (j)paHiry3HTe, npo(J)ecop Hecrep HacrepTOH He mo)Ka A,a npe>KHBee Bb.jiHeHHeTO n yMpa ot nyKBaHe Ha CbpneTO, MaKap ne toh 6eme, Kaicro Ka3axMe ome b HanajiOTO Ha HaniHH pa3Ka3, hcoGhkhob cho 3flpaB hobck. H3JIHIHHO e fla roBopHM 3a HeroBOTO norpeGeHne. To 6eme npH^py^KeHO c He no-MajiKa Tbp^Ke ctbchoct. Hhkojiko roflHHH no-k^CHO rojiHMaTa H3flaTejiCKa Kb>ina "CneHCbp paHHCTor" b Hio HopK H3flafle e^Ha BejiHKOJienHa eHnHKjione,zTHfl b cto TOMa c ubcthh njiK)CTpai;hh h c noflB'bp3HH ot HerbpcKa maca - nocjieflHa flyvia Ha aMepHKaHCKOTO rpa(J)HHecKO H3KycTBO n nenaTapcKa TexHHKa. B HeTnpHHafleceTHH tom Ha Taa eHnHKjione,a,Hfl, ot erpaHHna Tpn xhjihah js£b eTCTOTHH HeTHpn^eceT h BTopa flo erpaHHna nerapn xnjMflH oceM^eceT h mecTa, e iryGjinKyBaHa no^poGHa >KHBOTonnc Ha noKonrora npo(J)ecop HecTep HacTepTOH 3aeflHO c hhkojiko ^eceTKH HeroBH noprpeTa. 3a cnpaBKa HHTaTejwT MO)Ke fla ch nocjiy>kh c noMeHaTara eHi;HKjioneflHH, k^cto e OT6ejw3aHa TaKa Cbmo h Taa noflpoGHOCT, ne rojionepoTO HyflOBnme h3Ckohhjio h3 HnneTO c e^Ha MajiKa TaGjinnKa Ha mnaTa en. TaM nnmejio: MADE IN USA HopdaH H06KO6 191 HOPflAH HOBKOB 1880,9 HoeMBpH B )KepaBHa ce paac^a Hop^aH HOBKOB. 1897 Y hh b IltpBa MtacKa rHMHa3Ha b C0(J)HiL 1900 3aBtpniBa rHMHa3Ha, cjie,a; KoeTO 3anoHBa paöoTa KaTO yHHTeji b floöpyzpKa. 1902 nocTtnBa b LUicojiaTa 3a 3anacHH oc|)HuepH b KüaaceBO. IlyöJiHKyBa ntpBOTO ch npoH3Be^;eHHe - craxoTBopeHHeTO "Ilqfl; tokkuji KptCT". 1904 3aBTjpuiBa LU30 b KHaaceBO h ce 3ariHCBa KaTO CTy^eHT b lOpn^HnecKHa 192 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) cjmicyjrreT Ha Cocjdhhckhü yHHBepchtüt, ho nopain CMtpira Ha 6ama My ce Hanara rsl ce BtpHe b c. JSpjieK H3Bop (ZlpöpyzpKa), Kt^ero CTaBa yHHTeji. 1910 Ü3JiH3a ntpBara 6ejieTpHC-THHHa TBopöa Ha Hobkob - OßnapoBa >Kaji6a". 1912 3anoHBa BajiKaHCKara BoiiHa h Hobkob KaTO 3anaceH otjmuep e MOÖHJIH3HpaH. 1913 IlyöJiHKyBa "Ytpoto Ha naMCTHHa ,a;eH" - ntpBHa pa3Ka3 Ha BoeHHa TeMa PaHeH e b ÔHTica Kpaii ^oiipaH h e noBHHieH b hhh nopynHK. 1915 IlyöJiHKyBa noBecTTa "3eMjiaHH" h pa3Ka3a "BajiKaH". CTaBa pe^aKTop b cnHcaHHe "Hapo,a; h apivraa". B HanajiOTO Ha cenTeMBpn othobo e moöhjih-3HpaH b 3anoHBamara HbpBa CBeroBHa Boinia. 1916 KoMaH^npoBaH e b pe^aK-HHJITa Ha BeCTHHK "BoeHHH H3BeCTHa" Karo BoeHeH KopecnoH^eHT. 1917 H3JiH3a "Pa3Ka3H". Tom 1 -Kt^eTO Hobkob BKjiiOHBa noBeneTO ot BOeHHHTe CH pa3Ka3H h onepuH. 1918 H3JiH3a "Pa3Ka3H". Tom 2. nOBHHieH e b hhh KanHTaH. 3ano3HaBa ce c JSß cnHHa KojieBa, 3a kojito no-KtCHO me ce ojkchh. 1919 }KHBee BtB BapHa, 3aru;oTO K)»cHa J\o6pyjs,yKa e npHcte^HHeHa kbm PyMtHHa. HopdaH HoßKoe 193 1920 H3JiH3a noBecrra ")KeTBapaT". 3aMHHaßa 3a ByKypem, Kt^eiD e Ha3HaneH 3a ctTpy^HHK no neHara. 1921 YhH HHTCH3HBHO pyMtHCKH e3HK. 1922 HeTe pyMtHCKaTa jinrepaTypHa KjiacHKa. 1923 IlpeMecTBa ce Ha yn. "d>paH3ejiapH", Kt^eTO nnuie pa3Ka3HTe ot cjie^BamHTe ch cöophhhh. 1926 H3^aßa cöopHHKa c pa3ica3H "Ilocjie^Ha pa^ocT". 1927 H3^aßa cöopHHKa c pa3Ka3H "CTaponjiaHHHCKH nereH^n", H3uajio HanncaH b PyMtHHa. Ilpe3 OKTOMBpH HanycKa jieraHHirra b By Kypem; h ce 3aBpT>ma b Co(J)Ha. 1928 H3^aßa "Benepn b Ahthmobckhü xaH" IlyöJiHKyBa ^paMara "AnöeHa". 1932 IlyöJiHKyBa ^paMara "BopaHa", Koaro e nocTaßeHa b Hapo^HHa Teartp b Cocjmjl 1934 H3JIH3a pOMaHtT "HhCJDJIHKTjT Kpafi rpaHHuara". 1935 H3JIH3a CÖOpHHKtT c pa3Ka3H "}KeHCKO cbpue". 1936 H3JiH3a KHHrara "Ako \io>KCxa Ra. roBopaT". 1937 IlHHie crarHH 'japy\rbHCii Teartp. Pa36onaBa ce ot paK. 1937, 15 OKTOMBpH HopdaH Hobkdb yvinpa b Co(J)Ha. 194 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) A KO e HeoöxQzraMa ezma Knacairníi Ha oejieTpHCTnre b ö^jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa MHoro or jiHTepaTypHHTe H3CJie,ziOBaTejiH me noeraBírr kmcto Ha Hop^aH Hobkob Ha e^ho ot nbpBHTe MecTa. Hpes cbohtc pa3Ka3H too H3Bb>piiiBa eflHa orpOMHa Kpanxa Hanpezi 3a öbjirapcKOTO noBecTBOBaHne KaTO npeoflOJiHBa perHOHajiHHTe My KOMnjieiccH h ycmiBa ,a,a noKa>Ke hhcto 6bjirapcKOTO Cb3HaHHe h MHCJieHe no ezraH MO^epeH eBponeöcKH HannH. rojMMa 3acjryra 3a 4)opMHpaHero Ha nHcarejui HMaT h pyivrbHCKara Kyjnypa h jiHTeparypa. Ako ao to3h momcht npocjieflHXMe bjihhhhcto Ha eBponeöcKara JiHTepaTypa b^pxy rojieMHTe ö^jirapcKH nncaTejin - H3rpa:>k,ziaHeTO hm ÖJiaroflapeHHe Ha bhcokhtc xyzio^Kectbühh o6pa3UH - to cera me pa30epeM KaK pyMiaHCKara JiHTepaTypa njiozjOTBopHO b^fleííCTBa b^pxy öbjirapcKara. Ho BCHHKO no pezja ch. Hop^aH Hobkob e po^eH npe3 1880 r. b cejio )KepaBHa, koüto ce HaMnpa b H3TOHHH3 Kpaö Ha CTapa njiaHHHa. CeMeöcTBOTO My e MHorojiioflHO - HMa neTHMa öpara h cecrpn - h He e ot Haíi-3aMO>KHHTe b njiaHHHCKOTO cejinme. Bama My öhji OTBopeH h aMÖHnH03eH hobck, pemeH ,zia ocnrypn floöpo o6pa30BaHHe Ha CBonre Aena. nopain Ta3H npnHHHa cjieo, n^pBara 3aBb>piiieHa yHHjiHmna ro^HHa b ^CepaBHa, too H3npama Hop^aH b Pyce, cjieo, Koero h b Co(J)hh, 3a fla npHflOÖne hjokhoto o6pa30BaHne. Cjieo, ^nnjiOMnpaHeTO ch 20-roflHiiiHHHT Mjiafle>k 3anoHBa paöoTa KaTO yHnreji b cejinmaTa okojio ^íh^yTKbOH (flHeiiiHOTO HM6 Ha cejiOTO e Hobkobo, b naMcr Ha nncaTejia), HaMHpamo ce Ha caMaTa ob.jirapo-pyMb.HCKaTa rpaHHua, k^cto HeroBOTO ceMeöcTBO ce npecejiBa. Cjieo, ezjHa rQzjHHa öi^eiirairr nncaTeji 3aBb.piiiBa IIlKOJiaTa 3a 3anacHH o^rajepn b Khídkcbo (HaMnpa ce 6jih30 ro Co(J)hh) h npe3 npezjcroiiiiraTe bohhh e Mo6njiH3HpaH KaTO oc|)Hnep b ö^jirapcKara apMiui, (J)aKT Koíŕro onpeacjui ^,o rojiaMa CTeneH HeroBna jiHTepaTypeH ^eöiOT KaTO pa3Ka3Ban. 3aBb.pHaji ce b CbpneTO Ha ^o6pyfl>Ka, Hobkob npozrbJDKaBa CBOHTa yHHTejiCKa npo(J)ecHH ^,o Hanajioro Ha BajiKaHCKaTa BOÖHa npe3 1912 r. C ManKH npeKb.CBaHHH ,zio Kpaa Ha 1918 r., KoraTO npnioiiOHBa HbpBara CBeroBHa BOÖHa, too e HjiH Ha (J)poHTa, hjih KaTO BoeHeH KopecnoH^eHT OTpa3HBa BoeHHHTe .ziCHCTBHii. nopain Ta3H npnHHHa CbBceM HopMajiHO e nb.pBHTe TBopnecKH ycnexH Ha nucarejia %a ca CBb.p3aHH c BoeHHaTa TeMaTHKa. Bjih30 fleceT rozrnHH Hobkob nnuie cniuxomeopenun, kohto oöane He MoraT fla ce onpeoejurr Karo ycneuiHH. Ocb3Haji jrapHnecKHTe ch HecnojryKH, nHcarejiaT TaKa h He H3flaBa CTHxocÖHpKa, a no-KbCHO flopn ce OTKa3Ba ot to3h cboh TBopnecKH nepnofl. ^,e6iOTbT My Karo oejierpncr oöane e noBene or cno jrynjiHB. Řopdcrn H06KO6 195 ITpe3 1917-1918 r. H3JiH3aT ^Ba to Ma "PasKCisu" Ha Hobkob. Abtopi>t npHflOÖHBa cjiaBaTa Ha e^hh ot .zioopnTe pa3Ka3Bann Ha BoeHHa TeMa b 6bJirapcKaTa jnrrepaTypa. Pe,o,Hna KpnTnnn My npczrpnnaT ycneiimo objeme. Hobkob ce npoHBHBa b ^eoiOTHHTe ch khhth KaTO TajiaHTjiHB xpoHHKbop Ha BOeHHHTe CbÖHTHH, b KOHTO HaÖ-HeCTO OTpa3HBa COÖCTBeHHTe CH npeoKHBHBaHHíi no cj)poHTOBeTe Ha TpnTe bohhh. BbjrpeKn ne b tc3h TBopön aBTop^t 3araTBa 3a cboh TajiaHT Ha pa3Ka3Ban, Te c a flauen or KanecTBara Ha rojieMHTe ineflbOBpn, kohto 3anoHBa %a nnnie caMO cjiefl hhkojiko rozrnHH. rOJieMHHT Kb.CMCT 3a 40-roflHiiiHHH Hop^aH Hobkob Hacrbma npe3 1920 r., Koraro to n e H3npaTeH ot npaBHTejiCTBOTO Ha AjieK- CaHflb.p CTaMÖOJIHHCKH 3a "cb.TpyflHHK no nenaTa" b 6b.jirapcKaTa jieranníi b ByKypem. no-Kb>CHO nn-caTejiHT H3nb.jiHHBa n fljib.>KHOCTTa Ha nncap. B PyMb.hhh toh OTKpHBa OHa3H JíHTepaTypa, kohto nocTe-neHHO me ce npeBb.pHe b HeroB flyxoBeH n TBopnecKH KaTa jiH3aTop. ^o to3h MOMeHT TajiaHTbT Ha Hobkob He e HMajl Bb>3MO)kho CTTa nb.jiHOL(eHHO fla ce h3hbh. OÖeKTHBHHTe OÖCTOHTCJICTBa - TpnTe BOHHH, b KOHTO ynacTBa, b CbneTaHne Cb>c CyÖeKTHBHHTe - TOKKOTO MaTepnajiHO nojio^KeHne, KoeTO nocTOHHHO ro TopM03n, n HeBb.3MO>KHOCTTa fla OTKpne b 6b.jirapcKaTa nun Hy^KflHTe jíHTeparypn OHe3n nncaTejín, kohto ca Han-6jin3KH ^o HeroBoro caMoycemaHe n TBopnecKa 4)hjioco(J)hh - ca ochobhhtc npenKn ^a HaMepn Han-BepHHH H3pa3 3a cboh xy^o^KecTBeH e3HK. 3ajiyTaH cpefl MHoroöponHHTe jiHTeparypHH TeneHna n bjihhhhh b 6b>jirapcKara JíHTepaTypa, Hobkob rbpcn cboh cthji, npe3 kohto fla peajin3npa ecTeTnnecKHTe en pa30npaHHH. ■ Hobkob cbc ceMeöcTBOTO ch b ByKypem (1927) 196 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KoraTO npe3 eceHTa Ha 1920 r. npncrnra b By Kypem, e^Ba jih ocb3HaBaji KaKbB H3KJiK)HHTejieH uiaHC My npeflOCTaBH Cbflöara. BjiHHHHeTO Ha pyjwbHCKume nucamejiu B^pxy Hobkob onpczjejuiT ,a,o rojwMa CTeneH yHHKajiHOTO mhcto, kocto hms nncarejuiT b ncTopnirra Ha oijjirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa. BT^npneji cnennc|)HHHH tcmh h o6pa3H ot pyMIsHCKHTe ÖejieTpHCTH, TOO CBOeo6pa3HO TH TpaHCnOHHpa B CBOHTe npoH3BefleHHH, Hacnina rn c oh3h ö^jirapcKH ,ayx, npe3 kohto Te ce npeBp^maT b nacT or HannoHajiHOTO KyjiTypHO Hacjie^CTBO. nopain Ta3H npnnnHa HeroBoro TBopnecTBO e HecbnocraBhmo c TBopnecTBoro Ha bchhkh ohc3h 6bjirapcKH TBoprjH, kohto no CbinpTO TOBa BpeMe neTar n ce B,zrbXHOBiiBaT ot eBponencKHTe MO^epHncTn. Hop^aH Hobkob e Han^jiHO ny^Kfl Ha KOHCTpyKTHBH3Ma Ha MyTa(J)OB, Ha eKcnpecnoHH3Ma Ha A. OrpaiiiHMHpoB, Ha flna6ojiH3Ma Ha Cb. Mhhkob h connajmnii peajins^M Ha E KapacjiaBOB. Hy^yi, e n Ha bchhkh OHe3n öbjirapcKn pa3Ka3BaHn, kohto c e oörarar ochobho Ha öbjirapcKara Tpa^nuna b oejieTpncrnKara KaTO Ejihh nejinH, KoHcraHTHH neTKaHOB, KOHCTaHTHH KOHCTaHTHHOB H pp., HO eflHOBpeMCHHO C TOBa e M05KÜ 6n Han-6jiH30 po CbinHOCira Ha o^jirapnHa n b CbmoTO BpeMe flo eCTeTHKara Ha BHCOKara JiHTepaTypa. B PyMTaHna n oji u m u v e c Kam a u Kyjimypiia oocmaiiOfíKa e Harrt.ji ho pa3JiHHHa ot Ta3H b E^jirapna no CbmoTO TOBa BpeMe. Ako b Co(J)hh Kpaírr Ha BOHHara flOBe^K^a %o BTopa HannoHajma KaracTpoc|)a c bchhkhtc connajmn n ncnxojiornHecKH nocjieflnnn - HecftyHKnnoHnpaina HKOHOMHKa n CTonaHCTBO, HHCKO HaijnoHajiHO caMonyBCTBne h TpyzjHO ocnrypaBaHe Ha eK3HCTeHu- MHHHMyMa OT OÖHKHOBeHHH HOBCK - TO B EyKypem nOJIHTHHeCKHHT ejiHT, TaKa KaKTO h BceKH oöhkhobch pyM^Heij ce pa^Bar Ha ocbinecTBíiBaHeTO Ha e^Ha flbjrro ÖJieHyBaHa MenTa - oGe^nHeHneTO Ha TpaHcnjiBaHna, MojujOBa n Bjiaxna npe3 1918 r. b e^nHHa TojiaMa PyMbHna. Hohth ^bohhoto yBejinnaBaHe Ha TepHTopHírra Ha CTpaHaTa ce OTpaisBa npe^n bchhko Ha crojinnaTa EyKypem-TaM ce KOHLteHTpnpaT bchhkh aflMHHHCTparaBHH n oöinecTBeHn pecypcn, kocto flOBe>Kfla CbBceM ecTecTBeHO ^o HeönBaji hkohomhh6Ckh no^eM. ApxnTeKTn or najia Eßpona ynacTBar b 614)30 rorpa^KflainnTe ce hobh oömecTBeHn n jKHjinmHH crpaflH. XopaTa Ha H3KycTBOTO ca npnBjíeneHn b crojinnaTa ot noBeneTO bt^mo^khocth 3a H3HBa n HapacHajiara oöinecTBeHa pojia Ha rpa^a. He cjiynaiiHO npe3 to3h nepnofl crojinnaTa Ha PyM^Hna npn^oonBa cjiaBaTa Ha "MajiKHH napn>K". 3a caMHH Hobkob TOBa ôypHO hkohomhh6Cko pa3BHTne Ha EyKypem HMa no-CKopo HeÖJiaronpnHTHH nocjieflCTBna ot hhcto eK3ncTeHnnajiHa rjie^Ha TOHKa. B nncMara en ^o cbohtc 6jih3kh h npnirrejin npe3 nejimi cefleMroflnmeH Řopdcrn H06KO6 197 nepnom too ce onjiaKBa ot ohtobhtc npoÖJieMH, kohto Tpaößa r& rbpnn 3apa,a,h ciebnoTHírra. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa oöane, 3a nHcaTejia cpemaTa c Heno3HaTaTa ro to3h momcht pyivľbHCKa KyjiTypa hms hskjuohhtcjiho CTHMyjiHpam e(J)eKT. Too HMa bt>3mo)khocna %a orKpHe e^Ha JiHTepaTypa, kohto, 3a pa3JiHKa ot ö^jirapcKara, ecTectbüho npeMHHaBa eTanirre Ha cbocto pa3BHTHC Ot flpyra CTpaHa, nopain pe,a, hctophhcckh h reorpa(J)ckh (J)aKTopH, b MHoro OTHOineHHH npoÖJieMaTHKaTa, 3acaraHa ot pyivľbHCKHTe nHcarejiH, e 6jiH3Ka flo Ta3H, kohto cbmecTByBa b ö^jirapcKaTa JiHTepaTypa. MomHHTe TeneHHH Ha semanatorismul h poporanismul ro rojuiMa CTeneH ce npnnoKpHBaT C HapOflHHHeCTBOTO h COHHajIHHÍI pcajiro^m b BijjirapHH. Ba>KHO 3HaHeHHe HMa h oôiuaTa 3eMH, kohto ^Bere HaijHH flejiHT. ITpe3 1913 r. b Kpaa Ha BajiKaHCKaTa BOÖHa PyM^HHa ce Bb^nojiSBa ot TpyflHOTO nojio>KeHHe Ha CBOHTa Cbce^Ka h npnöaBH KbM TepHTOpHHTa CH IOdíCHU Jjoöpydjtca. He3aBHCHMO ot öojiKaTa no 3ary6eHara Tepn- PHcyHKa ot BacHji Ctohjiob Topná, b Etjirapiia ne ce nopa^aT peBaHiuncTKH HacT-poemia. HHflHKaTop 3a TOBa e caMHST Hobkob. Too npeKapBa rojwMa nacr ot cboh )khbot b ^íh^yTKbOH, ho cjiefl BOHHHTe Ta3H nacr ot E^jirapna OCTaBa b npeflejiHTe Ha PyMb.hhh. nucarejiaT npneMa 6ojie3HeHO 3ary6ara Ha 3eMirra, kohto H3KJIK)HHTejIHO OÖHHa. B hhkoh OT CBOHTe BOeHHH pa3Ka3H flOpn npeflCTaBH pyM^hckhh bohhhk b He ocoöeH OJiaronpnaTHa CBeTjiHHa, ho c orjiefl Ha TeMaTHKaTa Ha >KaHpa TOBa e^Ba jih e Hemo H3HeHa,a,Bamo. KoHCTaHTHH KoHCTaHTHHOB, HeroB npnírreji h H3BecTeH öbjirapcKH nncaTeji, oöane pa3Ka3Ba 3a e^Ha raxHa cpema b^b BapHa npe3 1920 r., KoraTO Bene Hobkob ce no^roTBa ,a,a 3aMHHe 3a pyMi>HCKaTa CTOjrana. ynyzjeH, ne e n3Öpaji fla paöoTH b CTpaHaTa, jinniHjia ro ot aom, KoHCTaHTHHOB b^KjinKBa: "B By Kypem? npn pyM^HHTe, kohto TOKy-mo 6axa B3ejra HeroBaTa ^o6pyfl>Ka?". OTroBop'bT Ha Hobkob ro H3HeHaflBa, ho e^HOBpeMeHHO c TOBa e floerarbHHO CHMnTOMaTHHeH 3a HCKpeHOTO OTHOineHHe Ha TBopena wbm ceBepHHTe Cbcefln: "3Haem jih, oönnaM rn, Bjiacírra..." BepoHTHO jinncaTa Ha peBaHinn3'bM h y ^BeTe HauHH ,0,0 rojwMa creneH ce ffbjDKm Ha (J)aKTa, ne Kaicro o^jirapnTe, TaKa n pyM^HUHTe ca y6e,a,eHH b 198 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HeecTecTBeHOCTTa Ha CbsaaaeHaTa CHryanníL B E^jirapna bchhkh BflpBar, ne paHO huh KbCHO KbKHa /],o6pyfl>Ka othobo me öbae b^CTaHOBeHa, Tbö Karo HeÖHOTO OTKisCBaHe npoTHB openn Ha uajiara ncropnHecKa h eranHecKa jiorHKa Ha TepHTopHHTa. ITopaaH Ta3H npnnnHa, KoraTO npe3 1940 r. aBeTe Bene CbK)3HHHecKH fl^p^KaBH ce CbrjiacflBar aa b^CTaHOBHT rpaHHHHTe chot 1913 r, TOBa ce b^npneMa KaTO H3pa3 Ha 3,zrpaB nojinraHecKn pa3yM, KaKbBTO Me^Kay flpyroTO BHHarn e CbnbTCTBaji obJírapo-pyM^HCicHTe OTHonieHHH. 3a CK^cajieHne Hobkob He ycroi aa ,o,o:>KHBee, 3a aa bh^h CBOHTa ö^jirapcxa JJpGpyjsjKa, TaxaBa KaKBaro a onnca b TBopnecTBOTO ch. B ByKypem o^jirapcKHHT nncaTeji He caMO 61^30 HaynaBa pyivľbHCKHH e3HK, ho h c noBHHieH HHTepec cjiean jiHTepaTypHHTe npoijecH b pyMtHCKaTa jiHTepaTypa. ITo pe^, npnHHHn too He ce HHrepecyBa ot 6ypHO pa3BHBamHH ce jiHTeparypeH aBaHrap^,, ho 3a CMeTica Ha TOBa BHHMaTejiHO H3ynaBa TBopnecTBOTO Ha nncaTejiHTe ot t. h. "varianta tolstoiana" b pyivľbHCKaTa jiHTeparypa. JTjoöhmhht My nncaTeji e Mnxanji CaaoBimy, kohto tohho no-TOBa BpeMe HaBjiH3a b cboh Han-HHreH3HB eH h ycnemeH TBopnecKn nepnofl. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa ne ca bp^cthhuh, b HanajiOTO Ha 20-Te tozihhh Ha XX Bex aBaMara nHcarejiH ce HaMnpaT Ha pa3JiHneH eTan b cbocto pa3BHTHe - apKaro Hobkob e aBTop caMO Ha am TOMa bochhh pa3Ka3H h eflHa noBecT, CaaoBimy HMa cjiaBara Ha eaHH ot Han-TajiaHTjinBHTe h njlOflOBHTH pyMIsHCKH nHcaTejiH. 3anoHHaji aa TBopn ome b yneHnnecKa b^pacr, cjiea, 1904 r. Mnxami Ca/jOBjmy H3flaBa BCHKa rozinHa Han-MajiKO no eaHa KHnra, KaTO He npeicbCBa t03h nponec flopn no BpeMe Ha bohhhtc. KoraTO Hobkob npncrara b ByKypem, pyM^hckhht nncaTeji e Ha BiajiHaTa Ha TBopnecKOTO b^xHOBeHne - h3,a,aBa eflHH cjiea flpyr cöopHnnn c pa3Ka3n n cnoMeHn, poMaHn n jiHTeparypHa KpnTHKa. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, CaflOBHHy e eaHH ot Han-aKTHBHO nyÖJiHKyBaHHTe aBTopn b öorama nepnonnneH nenar. ObBceM He cnynanHO npe3 1923 r. e H3ÖpaH 3a aKaacMHK ot PyvrbHCKara aKaacMHii, a MajiKO no-KbCHO CTaBa n npe3Hfl,eHT Ha HeimaTa JiHTeparypHa ceiojufl. Be3 CbMHeHne npe3 BTopoTO necerajierae Ha MHHajina bck CaaoBíiHy e roiMaji KOHKypeHunii b oojiacrra Ha oejieTpncTHKara b pyM^HCKara JiHTeparypa. EflBa jih oöane Hobkob e BnenaTjieH caMO ot 6bp3na ycnex Ha nncaTena. Ton e norbjmar npean bchhko ot H3KjiK)HHTejiHOTO öoraTCTBO Ha tcmh h MOTHBH, KOHTO OTKpHBa npn CaflOBHHy B nOBCHCTO CH pa3Ka3H pyMIjHCKHHT nncaTeji no eaHH hskjuohhtcjiho yBjieKaTejieH HannH npeacTaBii flencTBHTejiHOCTTa b ponHara MojujOBa KaTO necro 6ejieTpn3npa cnoMeHn ot CBoeTO flercTBO n lOHOinecTBO. Ton oönna aa H3noji3Ba mhtobc h jiereHan, HopdaH HoeKoe 199 nonyjrapHH H3 MOJiflOBCKHTe 3eMH, hjih npocTO xyfl,o>KecTBeHO HHTepnpeTnpa cjryHKH n pa3Ka3H, npczjaBamn ce ot ycTa Ha ycTa Meiayiy oGhkhobchhtc xopa. Ilo to3h HanHH Cb3flaBa e^Ha oGxBarHa KaprHHa Ha mojiaobckoto ceno h GoraT coiiHajiHO-ncHxojiorHHecKH nopTpeT Ha pyM^HCKHH ccjihhhh. BepoaTHO Hobkob e Hcraji c Bb>3XHineHHe h neroa^KHHTe pa3Ka3H hjih npocTO nen3a:>KHHTe KapTHHH Ha CaflOBHHy 3apa,o,H kohto nncarejuiT nojiynaBa hskjuohhtcjiho bhcokh oueHKH. He Ha nocjieflHO Macro TpaGBa ^a cnoMeHeM hskjuohhtcjiho )khbh5i e3HK Ha pyM^HCKHH nHcareji, kohto npocTO He e b^mo^kho fla e OCTaHajI Heoi;eHeH or TaKbB (J)hh ecTeT Ha cjioboto, KaKbBTO e Hobkob. Pa36npa ce, CaflOBHHy He e eflHHCTBeHHHT nncaTeji, kohto e npnBjiHHa BHHMaHHeTO Ha G^jirapcKHH TBoperr Hobkob no3HaBaji mhoto floGpe TBopnecTBOTO h Ha KjiacHiiHTe Ha pyMiaHCKaTa jiHTepaTypa Hoh JlyKa Kapafl>Kajie h Hoh KpaHra. Ot cbohtc CbBpeMeHHHUH npeflnoHHTaji Hesap neTpecicy, JlHBHy PeGpaHy, Hoh AjieKcaH^py Ep^TecKy-BoHHeuiT h XopTeH3HH nanaflar-BeH>KecKy. E^Ba jih TOBa ca Ghjih bchhkh TBopnn, kohto HeTHji h H3yHaBaji, ho h ot to3h 06m norjiefl CTaBa hcho, ne Hobkob npeflnoHHTa npeflCTaBHTejiHTe Ha peajiHcrnHHHTe GejieTpHcrnHHH TeneHHH, a He MQzjepHHCTHTe. CefleMroflHiiiHHHT nepnofl, kohto Hobkob npeKapBa b Byicypem, He e Morbji fla He fla^e cbohtc OTpa>KeHHH h b HeroBOTO TBopnecTBO. CGophhkkt c pa3Ka3H "CTaponjiaHHHCKH jiereH/jH" (1926), e h3i;hjio HanncaH ot Hobkob no BpeMe Ha npeGnBaBaHeTO My b EyKypem. B Hero G^jirapcKHHT nncaTen ce oGp^ina kbm HCTopnaTa, 3a jy& pa3pa6orH npoGneMHTe 3a floGporo n KpacHBOTO, 3a jiioGoBTa h H3HeBapaTa. TyK mo>KeM fla cpemHeM hhkoh ot HeroBHTe HaH-n3BecrHH pa3Ka3H KaTO "IUudujT, "EojtcypcT, "Hndotce" n ,zrp. HHTepeceH e HanHH'bT, no kohto Hobkob CB^psBa cbohtc pa3Ka3H c (J)OJiKjiopHOTO jiereH^apHO Hanajio. iojdimo e 3HaHeHHeTO Ha H3Be,o,eHHTe KaTO moto nacTH ot HapoflHH necHH n jiereH^H b HanajiOTO Ha bcckh pa3Ka3. Te3n otkijCh He ca HaconeHH ^npeKTHO wbM ocHOBHara Hflea Ha pa3Ka3a, a no-CKopo cb3flaBaT oh3h (J)oh, Ha kohto e opKecTpnpaH i;ejiHHT pa3Ka3. B He bchhkh pa3Ka3H c|)a6yjiaTa Ha neceHTa, ot kohto n^e mototo, ce npnnoKpHBa c Ta3H Ha pa3Ka3a. ToBa floGpe ce BH^K^a HanpnMep b "Koiuyma", K-b^eTO neceHTa 'TJoHHa ce o63ajiara c 6par ch" ce pa3MHHaBa Cbc cK»KeTa Ha pa3Ka3a. Me>Kfly mototo h KyjiMHHanHHTa Ha pa3Ka3a oGane CbinecrByBa h3bcctho CbOTBeTCTBHe, KoeTO roBopn 3a flnanor Me^K^y flBara HapaTHBa, n npaBn pa3Ka3HTe OTBopeHH 3a rbjncyBaHe n HHTepnpeTanHH. B pa3Ka3HTe "ffludmi" n "HndDtce" ochobch ce npeBp'bina mothb^t Ha Bp^maHeTO Ha repoa HH^HBHAyajiHCT b jiohoto Ha oGinHOcrra 6jiaro,a,apeHHe 200 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ...... Ha MarHHTa Ha jnoGoBTa. J\o rojraMa creneH Hobkob pa3BHBa nocTaHOBKaTa 3a HeB'b3Mo:>khoto e^HHeHHe Me:>k,zry KpacoraTa h jnoGoBTa, ot e^Ha CTpaHa, h couHajma HopMa, ot flpyra. TepoHTe He ycroiBar ^a peajiH3npaT cbohtc nyBCTBa, ho yMHpaT b onHT 3a ocbmecTBABaHeTO hm. ToBa ce cnyHBa He caMO Ha IHhGhji h HH^^Ke, ho h Ha flpyrn ueHTpajiHH nepcoHa>kh ot "CmaponjiciHUHCKU jiezendu" KaTO Eo)Kypa, 3KeH,o,a h KpanHajiHHTa. IlpoGjieM'bT 3a saBp^maHeTO b jiohoto Ha KOJieKTHBHHTe u,eHHO cth e H3rpa,o,eH TeHfl,eHi;H03HO mhtojiorH3HpaHO. CM^pira Ha repoHTe He e flpaMaTHHeH pe3yjiTaT ot onHTa hm ^a CHHxpoHH3Hpar KpacoTaTa CbC couHajiHara HopMa, a 0Cb3HaTO npenpama k^m HeoGxoflHMOCTTa or czlho hobo Hanajio. ITo to3h HanHH Hobkob He ,zrpaMaTH3Hpa HeycneuiHOTO ycHjine 3a nocTHraHe Ha e^HHeHHeTO Me^k^y KpacoTaTa h couHajmaTa ycjiOBHOCT. no-Ba>KHOTO e jya. noKa:>Ke, ne CbmecTByBa h BHHarn me CbmecTByBa bojih 3a HeroBOTO ocbmecTBHBaHe. B Te3H pa3Ka3H toh He noKa3Ba CBeTa KaTO CbB^pmeH. He3aBHCHMO OT TOBa b H35KHBftBaHCTO Ha HeoGxOflHMOCTTa fla Ce nOCTHTHe HeroBOTO CbB^pmeHCTBO or CTpaHa Ha repoHTe My ce Cb,zrbp:>Ka orpOMHaTa HpaBCTBeHa h MopajiHa cnjia Ha pa3Ka3HTe ot "CmaponjiaHUHCKii jiezendu". B cGopHHKa c pa3Ka3H "Benepu e AnmuMoecKun xcih" (1928) MO)Ke 6h Han-acHO ce flOJiaBHT BjiHHHHHTa I Ha pyM-bHCKaTa jiHTeparypa b^pxy TBopne ctboto Ha ni i»n n-f, Hobkob. B Hero HfljiocTHaTa opraHH3auHfl, Kaicro h AHtn^nf him MHoro ot TeMHTe h nacT ot o6pa3HTe, ca chjiho | noBjiHHHH ot pa3Ka3HTe, kohto MnxaHji CaflOBHHy BKjiiOHBa b "Hcmu Ancutef (1928). He3aBHCHMO ot Ta3H (J)opMajiHa e^HOTHnHOCT, KHHrara Ha Hobkob HMa coGctbcho KOMno3Hi;hohho peineHHe, KOeTO ft OTjiHHaBa ot Ta3H Ha HeroBHH pyM^HCKH KOJiera. Ako n^pBHTe ce^eM pa3Ka3a ca oGe^HHeHH TeMarHHHO h « n A KoDHHa Ha nBDBOTO CTpyicrypHO nofl 3arjiaBHeTO nenepu e AumuMoecKUR , H3flaHHe Ha Benepn xau \ cjieflBamnTe rn ^eBeT, kohto Cbmo ca nacr ot b Ahthmobckhh xaH" KHHraTa, ca Han^jiHO He3aBHCHMH noMeac/iy ch. B^npeKH ne pa3pa6oTBaT pa3JiHHHH mothbh, Me^k^y Te3H pa3Ka3H MoraT ^a ce OTKpHHT HHTepeCHH HHTepTeCTyajIHH Bp^kh, KOHTO Ha Hafi-BHCOKO HHBO Ce oGeflHHHBaT ot oGmoTO HpaBCTBeHO-c|)Hjiococ|)CKO nocjiaHHe. JlnTepaTypHHHT H3CJieflOBaTeji IiBeTaH PaKbOBCKH HanpnMep pa3BHBa HHTepe CHara Te3a b CBOHTa KHHra "Ometd KanoHume", ne b TaKa 0(J)opMeHHTe b cGopHHKa flBe nacTH CbmecTByBa hcho pa3flejieHHe Ha HfleajiHOTO BpeMe, b n^pBara, h Ha jioiiioto BpeMe, BiaB BTopara. Ako b CBeTa okojio h b xaHa Ha CapaH^OBHua flOMHHnpa HopdaH HoßKoe 201 xapMOHHHTa Ha HOBeica c ncropnaTa, to cjiefl HeroBOTO H3rapaHe ce noaBHBa öpypimm ceam (no 3arjiaBHeTO Ha npeflnocjieflHHH pa3ica3 "JJp>yz cenm"), b kohto BjiacTBar rpexa, OTHy>imeHHeTO h pa3pyxaTa. Cpca, HaH-H3BecTHHTe h oönnaHH npoH3BefleHHH Ha Hobkob b^b BTopara nacT Ha "Benepu e AnmuMoecKUMxaH" OTKpnBaMe "77o otcuifama" h "AndencT, OT^aBHa npeB'bpHajiH ce b eTajiOHHH 3a i;hjiocthoto My tbopnecrBO. KaKTO ycnaxMe caMO c hhkojiko jxymw jy& npepa3Ka>KeM CK»KeTa Ha pa3Ka3HTe Ha Ejihh riejiHH, no ebinna HannH mojkcm jy& nocrbnnM n c pa3Ka3HTe Ha Hobkob. "77ö Mcui^amä' npczieraBH KpannbTHara cpema Ha flOÖpy^^KaHCKna OBnap neT^p MoKaHHHa Cbc ccmchctboto Ha Heno3Harnfl My ccjihhhh FyHHO, npn kohto nocjieflHHHT cnoflejiH Heinaernero, cnojierfljio HeroBOTO ccmchctbo. „ZJ'binepfl My - MjiaflO flBafleceTroflniiiHO momhhc - ce pa36ojrajia ot ynjiaxa nun nopain HHKaKBa flpyra npnnnHa n, Tbfi KaTO jieKapnTe He Morar jy& n noMoraaT, cera 3ae,o,ho Tp^rHajin ,a,a TbpcaT öajiaTa jracTOBnna. Xopara roBopejin, ne kohto bh^h TOBa Hyzjo Ha npnpoflara, 03flpaBHBaji ot bchhkh öojiecTH. nonybCTBaji MiaKaTa n OTHaaHneTO Ha MjiaflOTO momhhc h HeroBHTe poflHTejin, MoKaHHHa H3JTbrBa, ne e Bwx.jyan HyzjHaTa nrnna n rn ynbTBa KtM cejiOTO. B Kpaa Ha pa3Ka3a, ocraHaji caM, toh npon3Haca e^Ha ot Han-necTO LiHTHpaHHTe penjinKn Ha 6bjirapcKn jinTepaTypeH repon: " - Eo)Ke, KOJiKO wbKdi HMa no toh cbht, 6o)Ke!". B to3h KparbK pa3Ka3 neHrpajiHO mhcto 3aeMa mothbi»t 3a Ha/jeac/jaTa. KaKTO floöpe e h3bcctho, to3h mothb e ochobch b xpnernflHCKaTa pejinrna n jiHTeparypa. Bene Ka3axMe, ne Hobkob erpacTHO nonnBa ot KyjiTypaTa Ha PyM'bHHH npe3 ffbjimm nepnozi, kohto npeKapßa b CTpaHara. B to3h CMncbJi toh c HHTepec b'bsnpneMa chjihoto pejinrno3HO nyBCTBO Ha pyM'bHena. He Tpaößa fla 3a6paBHMe, ne caMHAT Hobkob ce yBjiHHaji n no-paHO no h^eHTa 3a HyuoTBopHaTa b-bspoflKTenHa (jtyHKnnfl Ha BapaTa. Ta3n wRen e 3ajio>KeHa b ocHOBara Ha noßecTTa "yKemeapnnf (1920), kohto oöane nouynaBa xjiaflHn oneHKH ot &bjirapcKara KpnTHKa. C^mo TaKa Hobkob ohcbh^ho xapecßa n KOHnennnaTa Ha CaflOBHHy 3a h,zi,hjihhho H30JinpaHHH ot oömecTBOTO HHflHBHfl, KOHTO HMa COÖCTBCH MOpajICH KOflCKC h KpHTepHH 3a nHBHJIH30BaHOCT, b MHOrO OTHOIHCHHfl Hepa3JIHHaBainH Ce OT TC3H Ha paHHHTe XpHCTHHHCKH CBeTLIH. HflCHTa, He nbpBHHHHHT H30JIHpaH OT MaCaTa HHflHBHfl npHTe>KaBa HHKaKBn fl'bjiöoKn "TanHn", Hepa3ÖnpaeMn n HCiiocTbnHH 3a l(HBHJIH30BaHHH rpaflCKH HOB CK, Cb3flaBa OHa3H Sarafl'bHHOCT h MHoron3MepHOCT Ha nepcoHa>KHTe Ha CaflOBHHy. Te3n jyBQ TeHfl,eHL(hh b KyjiTyphhte HanjiacTHBaHna Ha Hobkob ce CbneTaBar n pa^aT t. h. xyMaHH3i»m Ha nHcarejra. ToBa e cnennc|)HHHOTO 202 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) pejiHrH03H0-eTHHecK0 noBe,zi,eHHe n MHCJieHe Ha HeroBHTe repon, nocraBeHH b pannoHajiHara narpHapxajiHa cpe^a, xapaicrepHa 3a ö^jirapcKOTO ceno ot Kpaa Ha XIX h HanajiOTO Ha XX bck. C^neTaBaHeTO Ha ^BeTe TeH^eHunn -pejiHrH03HOTO MHCJieHe h parjHOHajiHHHT narpnapxajieH cbht - b onpeflejieHH cjrynan 6h po^Hjio eicjieKTHHeckh hjih rporecKOB xyo,o:>KecTBeH pe3yjiTaT. npn Hobkob oöane He ce nojiynaBa hhto cáhoto, hhto ^pyroTO. 3amoTO too ocbmecTBHBa e^Ha hskjuohhtcjiho Ba>KHa xy^o^KecTBeHa nporjeflypa -npedcmaen xpucmimuciam xy.\iauujhM Kümo ecmecmeena Mucjioenocm u noeedenue na ceoume nepconaoicu. Ilo to3h HannH TexHHTe ^encTBHii ce cb^pSBaT C BHCOKHTe eTHHHH HOpMH, BajIHflHH 3a BCHHKH TOJICMH pejIKTHH. nopain Ta3H npHHHHa pe,o,HHa H3CJie,a,OBaTejiH, Koraro roBopirr 3a Hobkobhtc nepcoHa>kh, roBop^t 3a "HOBeKOjnoöne",' 'xy MaHHO ct' ', "Kpacora". E^jirapcKara H3CJieflOBaTejiKa MnjieHa KnpoBa jiaHcnpa yoe^HTejiHO Te3aTa 3a mhthhhhh xapaicrep Ha Hobkobhh xy^o^KecTBeH cbht. "CrapaTa napiima b CaMOKOß", xyzj. BacHji 3axapHeB (1927) Bp^maOKH ce icbM pa3ica3a "77o Jtcuuamd\ me bh^hm icaic MoKaHHHa no BejiHKOJieneH HannH b^nji^maBa Mopajia Ha TOBa xpucmunncKO u CbUfeepejueHHO paijUOHamo nampuapxa.uio cb3Hanue na ö^jizapcKun cejinnun. B KaKBO ce H3pa3HBa TOBa Cb3HaHne? Ha n^pBO mhcto, noraczmaTO ot HopdaH HoeKoe 203 TeojiorHHHa rjieziHa TOHica, to e b^TpeuiHO nporaBopeHHBO - t e. ot enHa CTpaHa nepcoHa^k'bT H3iTbjiH>iBa MopajmnTe npennncaHHa Ha xphcthhhckoto floGpofleTejiHO noBeaeHne, a or apyra, b He no-MajiKa CTeneH e cb^psaH c nparMaTHHHOTO MHCJieHe Ha narpHapxajiHaTa cpeaa, kohto ro e oc|)opMHjia h b kohto CbmecTByBa. Ho ot hhcto xy,o,o:>KecTBeHa rjie^Ha TOHKa noBezjeHneTO Ha to3h repon He caMO He e nporaBopennBO, a appn HanporHB - xapaicrepH3Hpa ce c H3KjiK)HHTejiHa ncHxojiorHHecKa y6e,ziHTejiHOCT. PejiHrH03HO-TeojiorHHHoro 3ary6Ba cboh OTBjieneH h aGerpaKreH CMHCbJi h ce BjiHBa b^b bhcokoto HpaBCTBeHO nocjiaHne Ha npon3Be,zi,eHHeTO. Ome n^pBHTe KpnranH Ha Hobkob Bn^Kflar b o6pa3a Ha 6knaTa juiCTOBHna cum6oj1 na xpucmiiHHCKama nadeotcda. MoicaHHHa nbK e npoBoaHHK Ha Hafle^KflaTa b ayniHTe Ha cnojieTeHHTe ot HeuiacraeTO repon. KoraTO FyHHO ji'bjKe, ne MoKaHHHa e Bn^Kaaji Gajiara jracroBnna, h Tbpcn ot Hero noziKpena npe3 m'bjiHajiHBHH ch noraezi,, 3a Hero He ocraBa hhloo apyro ocbch aa cnacn Hafle^KflaTa. EjracbKbT b HeBHHHHTe ohh Ha Gojihoto momhhc ca oh3h kjikh 3a repofi, npe3 kohto toh pa36npa HenHara rojiHMa ivrbKa, Kaicro h TOBa, ne Bapara b GajiaTa jiacroBHua e BCbiiiHOcr nocjiezrHara n Ha,zi,e:>Kaa. A, Kaicro aoGpe 3HaeM, cnopefl BnGjiKHTa "HCTHHCKaTa Bapa no6e>KflaBa CBeTa, njrbTTa, a^BOna h npneivia BeHeirbT Ha npaBflHTe" (2 Thm. 4; 7, 8.). BapaTa Ha GonHara, ne MO)Ke aa 03flpaBee caMO KaTO bh^h Gajiara jracTOBnna, ce BnncBa b TpaannHflTa Ha Momuea 3a nydomeopnomo cnacemie. MoKaHHHa ro OTKpnBaivie deouHcmeeno u3o6pa3en b cbocto pejinrno3HO-narpHapxajiHO Cb3HaHHe h noBezjeHne. Ot eziHa CTpaHa, toh e TO3H, kohto BCbiiiHOCT flocbTBopaBa bajiHflHOCTTa Ha xphcthhhckhh mht, a ot apyra, ocmhcjm no e^hh aHajiHTHHeH n pannoHajieH HannH GnraeTO okojio ce6e en. Ome n^pBOTO H3peHeHne hh pa3KpnBa nepcoHa>Ka KaTO enuMamejien nadjijodameji n npeifU3en ncuxojioz. Ton ce Hy5Kflae caMO ot czihh norjiezr, 3a aa "pa36epe", ne Heno3HaraflT e npecjieaBaH ot HHKaKBa 6e,zia. To3n panHOHajiH3'bM e xapaKTepeH Gejier ot nopTpeTa Ha MoKaHHHa. TepoaT nocTOHHHO "npeTerjui b yMa en" n (J)HKcnpa bchko flBn^KeHne Ha cboh CbGeceflHHK, KaTO ocbch TOBa BHHarn e npaB b cbohtc 3aicjiK)HeHHH. Bchko HeroBO npeflnojio^KeHne ce noTB'bp>Kfl,aBa no BpeMe Ha pa3roBopa, kohto npoBe>Kfla c FyHHO. no to3h HannH MoKaHHHa ce pa3KpnBa KaTO aHajinraHeH Tnn nepcoHa>k, 3a Kororo pasraaaBaHeTO Ha CBera He CTaBa npe3 cnjiaTa Ha npannoHajiHOTO, a npe3 nponeca Ha jiornHecKoro ocMncjMHe. Hmchho TOBa CTpaHHO CbGnpaHe Ha pejinrno3HOTO n pannoHajiHOTO b ncnxnKaTa Ha reponre e TanHara Ha Bi^aeHCTBHeTO Ha Hobkobhtc TBopGn. OmpaBeHHHT norjieo, Ha MoKaHHHa KbM HeGeTO n penjinKaTa " - Eo)Ke, kojiko ivrbKa HMa no to3h cbht, 204 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 6c»Ke!" cjiHBaT ^BeTe Tetr/jeHUHH b 3aKjiK)HHTejiH0T0 nocnaHHe Ha pa3Ka3a: 6bjirapHH'bT BHHarn e HyBCTBaji cnjiaTa Ha Bora aohb ce6e ch, ho h BHHarn ce e cbMHHBaji b Hea! To3h Mopajien dycuiustM mojkcm rsl OTKpneM h b flpyr pa3Ka3 or "Benepn b Ahthmobckhh xaH" - "Aji6end\ DiaBHaTa repoHHH AjiGeHa e Hafi-KpacHBara >KeHa b cejiOTO. Abtop'b.t h npeflcraBfl b momcht, Koraro crpa^Kapn a H3Be5K,zi,aT or flOMa fi, 3amoTO e H3Bb>piiiHjia crpaiiiHO npecrbnjieHHe - yGnjia e cboh ml>)k Ha hm6 Kyuap. MajiKHHT fi chh npncbCTBaji Ha npecrbnjieHHeTO h pa3Ka3Baji, ne HHKaK'bB m'bJK noiviaraji Ha Mafixa My He cjiefl .zrbjiro xBamaT e^hh 3anofl03paH, KofiTO OTroBapa Ha bchhkh onncaHHa, HanpaBeHH ot ^eTeTO. Hhjioto cejio ce e CbGnpa ^a bh^h AjiGeHa. Ta ce abh>kh npeMeHeHa h Bee Taxa KpacHBa, icbM KapyuaTa, kohto TpaGBa ^a a OTBe^e b rpa^a. AjiGeHa npn3HaBa rpexa ch, ho HefiHara rop^ocT h KpacoTa npe,o,H3BHKBaT ^Kajiocr h CbCTpa^aHHe y bchhkh. ,H,opH a^flO Bjiacio, Hafi-rojieMHHT hchh nopHHaTeji, OTBeflH'bJK ce npoBHKBa " - MoMneTa, flp'b^KTe, He a ^aBafiTe. KaKBO e cejioro 6e3 AjiGeHa!" B to3h mht oGane b KapyuaTa ^o AjiGeHa ca^a Haryji -MejiHHHapaT, 3a KoroTO e paGorHji Kyuap. HnKofi He MO)Ke ^a noBapBa Ha ohutc ch - ELaryji e nponyr KaTO floGb.p CTonaHHH h Cbnpyr. Tofi oGane npn3HaBa, ne e y6Hji Kyuap. OMpa3aTa KbM AjiGeHa othobo njiaMBa, ho to3h iht no->KecTOKa h peuiHTejiHa. KapyuaTa noTerjLa, a cjiefl Hea H3THHBa )KeHara Ha Haryji, njianema h OTnaaHa. Hop^aH Hobkob cb3flaBa 3a 6b>jirapcKara jiHTepaTypa o6pa3HTe Ha e^hh or Hafi-b^jiHyBamHTe h 3anoMHflmH ce repoHHH, KaKBHTO ca Eo)Kypa, 3KeH,o,a, ,H,ofiHa, IiBeTa, CapaH,zi,OBHHa h ,o,p. Ho mo)Ke 6h Hafi-H3BecTHHHT cpefl tax e to3h Ha AnGeHa. B cboh pa3Ka3 aBTop^t CBoeo6pa3HO HHTepnpeTnpa Momuea 3a npecmwijieiiuemo u HaKa3anuemo. Ho nocraBeH caMO otk^m HeroBaTa MopajiHa CTpaHa, mothb^t e tb^p^e 6e3HHTepeceH 3a nHcareji KaTO Hobkob. nopa^h Ta3H npHHHHa TyK Tofi ro CMecBa c npodjiejwa 3a Kpacomama b HeroBHH C0L(HajiH0-ecTeTHHecKH CMHCbJi. no TaK^b HanHH npenjieTeHH, bt>npocHTe, Ha kohto HHTaTejiHT TpaGBa fla HaMepn orroBop, ce pe3K)MHpar b TOBa jy&jm (J)H3HHecKaTa KpacoTa mo)Ke jy& onpaB^ae e^ho npecrbnjieHHe h KaKBO e HefiHoro b^fleficTBHe b'bpxy oGmecTBeHoro cb3HaHHe. H b to3h CBofi pa3Ka3 Hobkob aKueHTnpa b'bpxy dyajiu3Ma na paijUonajiHomo u upaijUonajiHomo. Ho Cbmna HanHH, Kaicro pa3pemaBa "koh(J)jiHKTHaTa cnTyaunji" b "no ^KHLtara" nocrbnBa h TyK. AnGeHa npnre:>KaBa bchhkh xapaicrepHCTHKH, kohto HMaT repoHHHTe, Ha30BaHH b jiHTeparypara "(J)aTajiHaTa >KeHa". nopa^h Ta3H npnnnHa hhkoh H3CJie,a,OBarejiH npaBHT Bpb.3Ka MQyKjxy repoHHHTe Ha Hop^aH Hobkob h Te3H Ha ^hmht^p ^hmob - aBTop, HopdaH HoßKoe 205 kohto caMO cjiefl fleceTHHa roflHHH me nocTaBH npoöjie-Ma 3a (J)aTajiHOTO npHBjiHHa- He, HO Ha hhcto nCHXOJIOrH-HeCKH ochobh. B KpaTKHH pa3Ka3 "AjiöeHa" aBTop-bT HMa no-pa3JiHHHH 3aflanH. TyK caMO ca MapKHpaHH eTanHTe, npe3 kohto npeMH- HaBa KOJieKTHBHOTO Cb3Ha- Hne, Koraro ce cÖjrbCKBa c npeflH3BHKaTejiCTBOTO Ha HparjHOHajiHOTO BjieneHHe icbM (J)H3HHecKaTa KpacoTa. AjiöeHa e onncaHa c tb-bp^e OÖlim mpHXH - "tTjHKH Be>KflH h ÖHjio jiHrje" - ho TOBa e cbBceM ueneHacoHeHO pemeHHe Ha aBTopa. 3amoTO BCblHHOCT TOH HCKa %a nQZT- nepTae b repoHH^rra OHa3H "Mama, koato yKpoTHBaine h oÖB^psBame". HpauHOHajiHOTO He nofljie>kh Ha onncaHne h onpeflejieHHe h Hobkob cb3HaTejiHO npefloCTaBH Ha Bb.o6pa>KeHHeTO Ha HHTarejra %a floo(J)opMH HHflHBHAyajiHO HefiHHH oöpa3. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa h TyK, KaKTO b noBeneTO pa3Ka3H, Hobkob Brpa^Kfla flon'bjiHHTejieH pejiHrH03HO oöarpeH mothb - to3h 3a rpexa. E^Ha ot ÖHÖJiencKHTe npnTHH pa3Ka3Ba KaK npn Heye flOBejiH CbrpeuiHjia >KeHa, kohto enopefl ToraBauiHHTe eBpeficKH 3aKOHH TpaÖBano %a 6b,a,e yÖHTa c KaivrbHH. Heye oöane H3peKb.ji ^yMHTe "Kohto ot Bac e 6e3rpemeH HeKa npb.b xBb.pjiH KaMb.k Ha Hea", cjiefl kocto bchhkh ce pa30THinjiH h TaKa 6jiyn,HHi;aTa önjia cnaceHa. ToBa Rennwe b TeojiorHneH acneicr ce npneivia 3a e^HO ot Hyzjecara, H3Bb.pineHH ot Heye XpncTOC. Cb>inecTByBar mho^kcctbo HHTepnpeTauHH Ha MOTHBa, KaTO necTO ce npeflcraBa KaK maBHHHT CBH^eTeji b^nra pb.Ka, 3a %a xBb.pjiH KaMb.k, ho th 3aMpb>3Ba Bb>b Bb.3flyxa. TaKa MHoro no-BH3yajiHO h yöeflHTejiHO ce npeflcraBa wypßflßmuvi e(J)eKT Ha HcycoBoro cjiobo. Hobkob HHTepnpeTnpa H3KjiiOHHTejiHO HHTepecHO to3h ököjichckh CKxaceT. B MOMeHTa, KoraTO AjiöeHa npeMHHaBa npe3 pe^HuaTa ot xopa, totobh "MoMa ot c. KajiOTHHUH", xyfl. BjiaflHMHp ^HMHTpOB-MaÖCTOpa 206 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) A,a a jiHHHyBaT 3apa,o,h hchhhh rpmx, H3BeflH'b>k nydomo na neimama xpacoma OMarbOCBa rbjinara: ")KeHHTe, kohto ce KaHexa ^a a xyjiax, t^h ch h MMHaxa, a narepHnaTa Ha fla^a Bjiaca He ce h noMp^flHa." Ako b EHOJimrra ochobhhht CMHCbJi Ha npHTnara npenpama k^m h^eHTa 3a npHHHHnHara rpexoBHOCT Ha HOBeica, to b "Ajidena" OTjio^KeHoro Haica3aHHe e b pe3yjiTaT Ha MarnaTa Ha KpacoraTa. "HyzjOTo" Ha KpacoTara Ha AjiGeHa npeo6pa3HBa "h Hafi-KopaBHTe Cbpua, >KajiocT h ^oGpoTa CBeraa b ohhtc Ha Mb^e h jkchh", ho, KaKTO necTO MO>KeM fla OTKpneM npn Hobkob, npeo6pa>KeHHeTO He e e,o,H03HaHHO. MajiKO no-paHO e H3Be,o,eHa h^eHTa, H3Ka3aHa ot e^hh ot nepcoHa:>KHTe, ne BCbinHOCT rpexbT Ha AjiGeHa ce a'kjdkh hmchho Ha H3KycHTejiHara h KpacoTa: 'TlycTaTa hxyGocr! Taa H3a,a,e ..." B to3h CMHCbJicj)H3HHecKara KpacoTae npczjcraBeHa npe3 KpanHOCTHTe Ha CBoeTO B^fleHCTBHe - npeo6pa3HBa, oGjiaropoflHBa h cnacHBa, ho eflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa h noryGBa. Hmchho nopa^h Ta3H cboh ^BOHCTBeHOCT Kpacorara e npczjcraBeHa b jiohoto Ha HpauHOHajiHOTO Cb3HaHHe. ToraBa oGane, KoraTO Haryji pa3KpnBa cbocto npecrbnjieHHe cnjiara Ha pai;HOHajiHOTO MHCJieHe othobo Bb^craHOBflBa CBOHTe npaBa. KpacoTaTa Ha AjiGeHa 3ary6Ba CBOHTa Marna npefl cnjiaTa Ha couHajiHHTe npaBHjia h narepHuaTa Ha flH^o Bjiaca othobo ce H3flHrHa", a "jkchhtc naK a 3acTpejiaxa c ohh n'bjiHH c OMpa3a". CaMO b hhkojiko crpaHHHH Hobkob H3rpa>Kfla e^hh MHHHMOfleji Ha KOJieKTHBHOTO cb3HaHHe Ha G'bjirapHHa - CHjiHara flOMHHauHfl Ha KOJieKTHBHOTO Hanajio, Ha pauHOHajiHoro ocmhcjihhc Ha HBjieHHHTa, Ha naTpnapxajiHaTa Mopajma OTroBopHOCT, npenjiHTama ce c h36jihhh Ha HpauHOHajmo OT^aBaHe, Ha MHroBe, b kohto hhcthhkt'bt klm KpacoTara onpeflejia noBefleHHeTO. ^ocTa no-pa3JiHHeH Karo h^en h BHymeHHe e pasKas'bT "Cepafiuju". ^BaMa ca raaBHHTe nepcoHa:>kh b Hero - Cepa(J)HM h Ehk). E^hh ropem eceHeH A,eH Ehk), coGctbchhk Ha cejiCKO Kac|)eHe, bh)k,zi,a KaK KbM Hero ce npn6jiH>KaBa CTpaHeH HOBeK. OraaHajio toh He MO)Ke %a pa36epe koh e toh, ho OTBe.o.h'b^k pa3no3HaBa Cepa(J)HM - CTap no3HaT, kohto ce npenHTaBa, paGoTeHKH He3HaHHTejiHa paGoTa no cejiara. ^BaMaTa pa3roBapaT Karo Cepa(J)HM pa3Ka3Ba Kbj^e e 6hji npe3 jihtoto. Toh e CbC CTapo saK^pneHO najiTO n Ehk) My Ka3Ba A,a ch icynn hobo CbC cnenejieHHTe npe3 jihtoto napn. He cjiefl fl^jiro b Ka(J)eHeTO, ki^to Ehk) OTHBa %a ch b^piiih paGorara, Bjin3a Mjia^a >KeHa. Cepa(J)HM e ce^Haji npefl BparaTa, ho nyBa pa3roBopa Me^k^y flBaMara. )KeHaTa e GpaTOBHe^Ka Ha Ehk) h My ce onjiaKBa ot ck^nna >khbot. Th Ka3Ba, ne Mb.^icbT h ce pa36ojiaji h HaMa cpe^CTBa, 3a %a ro 3aBe,o,e b GojmHua. noncKBa napn ot cboh GpaTOBnefl, ho Ehk) pa3KO n rpyGo h OTKa3Ba. )KeHaTa en OTHBa pa3njiaKaHa. BenepTa Cepa(J)HM noMara Ha Ehk) rsl 3aTBopn Ka(J)eHeTO, ho Řopdcrn H06KO6 207 0TKa3Ba fla cnn nop, HeroBaTa CTpaxa. JJpKdJo ce npHroTBH fl,a ch jierHe Ha Mer^aHa, Ehk) ch mhcjih, ne npaBH TOBa, 3amoro ro e crpax %a He My OTKpaflHaT napHTe. Ha .zrpyrara cyTpnH Ehio pa3ÖHpa, ne Cepa(J)hm e flan napme ch Ha HeroBaTa 6paTOBHe,a,Ka. H3HeHa,o,aH too ro nwra 3amo noMara Ha Heno3HaT HOBeK, Ha KoeTO Cepa(J)hm OTroBapa, ne Koraro Tocnofl ř noMorae, th me My BbpHe fl^jira. Haxpaa Ehk) My npnnoMHH, ne e TpaÖBajio c tc3h napn fl,a ch KynH hobo najiTO, ho Cepa(J)hm c ycMHBKa My Ka3Ba, ne CTaporo Bce ome e xyöaBO h me mows m H3icapa c Hero h cjieflBamaTa 3HMa. "CepcKpUM" e n-bpBHHT pa3Ka3 ot cöopHmca "Menem Cbpijé" (1935). 3a pa3JiHKa ot npeflHííiHHTe khhth, TyK bchhkh otacjihk pa3Ka3H HMaT CaMOCTOHTejIHH CK»KeTH, kohto Ca OÖeflHHeHH OT HfleHTa 3a XpHCTHHHCKaTa AOÔpomeTeji. B to3h CMHCbJi jkchckoto Cbpue e chmboji, BajiH^eH h 3a Mb^KKwre nepcoHa>kh, fleocTBamu cnopefl npe,o,nHcaHHírra Ha ÖHÖJieiiCKHTe rjeHHOCTH. C^BceM He cjiynaHHO Hobkob nocraBíi "Cepa(J)hm" Ha n^pBO mhcto b cöopHHKa, 3amoTO pasKas^t Haö-xapaKTepHO roBe^a jiHHHírra Ha floöpofleTejiHHH )Kecr KaTO Bohéma. Tpaößa %a Ka:»ceM, ne ot (J)opMajiHa rjieflHa TOHKa TOBa e e^hh ot Haü-C'bB'bpineHHTe Hobkobh pa3Ka3H. "OßHap", xyzj. HnaH Eoha^khcb (1927) 208 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ^BaMaTa ueHTpanHH nepcoHa:>kh - Cepac|)hm h Ehio - ca npezjcraBeHH H3KJIK)HHTejIH0 OpraHHHHO h mbo. Te flCHCTBaT h pa3Cb>KflaBaT b xyfl,o>KecTBeHHH cbht c peajiHCTHHHH xapaKTepHCTHKH, BceKH CbC CBO^rra jiHHHa HCTopHa h ncHxojiorHa, a Cbino Taxa h CbC CBOHTa ueHHOCTHa cncreMa. ABrop'bT Han^jiHO ce e oxzrp'bnHaji ot npeflCTaBHHoro c|)HKHHOHajiHO Girrae h e ocTaBHji KaprHHara h ,o,HajiorbT caMH ^a BHymaBaT. He3aBHCHMO ot to3h OHeBH^eH peajiHCTHneH njiaH, iLajiara KapTHHa HMa h czjhh btoph njiaH - chmbojiho HaroBapeH, b kohto ynacTBaT aGcojiiOTHO bchhkh H3o6pa3HBaHH jraua h npeflMeTH, He3aBHCHMO ot THXHaTa 3HaHHMOCT huh He3HaHHTejIHOCT b CKxaceTa. Be3 CbMHeHHe Hafi-Ba^KHHTe nepcoHa:>kh b to3h chmbojich njiaH ca Cepa(J)hm h Ehio. Hafi-oGino Ka3aHO Cepa(J)hm Bb>njrbinaBa HfleaTa 3a dodpodemejiHun xpucmunncKU yoeeK, flOKaro Ehio - 3apaijuonajmo Mucjieiijun undueud b ycjiOBH^rra Ha hkohomhhcckh jiH6epajiH3'bM. He3aBHCHMO ne npHCbCTBaT b CZJHH o6m CBflT h HMaT CpaBHHTCJIHO CflHOTHnHH OKCflHCBhh npoGjieMH, flBaMara H3noBHflBaT Hanb.jiHO npoTHBonojio>khh lichhocth. H3KjiK)HHTejiHO Ba>KHa pojia b pa3Ka3a Hrpa^t h CBb>p3aHHTe c tax oGckth - najimomo Ha Cepa(J)hm h KCKpemmo Ha Ehio. Ilo e^hh chmbojihhch HanHH Te crbCTeHO npezjcraBHT Jtcueoma Ha flBaMara repon. JJpKaro najiTOTO b roiKaKBa CTeneH npezjCTaBjuiBa caMOTO OTpHuaHHe Ha (jryHKUHATa, kohto ezjHa Bp^xHa flpexa TpaGBa ,a,a H3n,bjiHflBa, 3amoTO e "op^^aHO, pa3HHmeHO, HaBpe^, HaflynneHO, HaBpefl Kb>pneHo", to Ka(J)eHeTO e ".ztkhGoko h xnaflHo". TaKa ce BHymaBa Ge^HOCTTa Ha eflHHna h 3aMO)KHOCTTa Ha flpyrHH. H ^BaiviaTa nepcoHa>kh ca npezjcraBeHH opraHHHHO CBb.p3aHH CbC cbohtc MarepHajiHH 3Hai;h - aKO Cepa(J)hm e "H3ry6eH b OKbpneHOTO najiTO Karo b naiiiKyji", to Ehio BjiH3a b CBoeTO Ka(J)eHe KaTO hcthhckh rocnoflap. Ot flpyra crpaHa, npe3 Te3H CHMBOJiH Hobkob noKa3Ba o6Bi>p3aHOcira Ha repoHTe c MaTepnajiHOTO. J\okxyo Cepa(J)hm ohcbhaho He oxzjaBa HHKaKBO 3HaneHHe Ha cbCTOHHHeTO Ha CBoeTO najiTO, to 3a Ehio Ka(J)eHeTO npeflCTaBjiHBa He caMO cpe^CTBO 3a npenHTaHne, ho ro npeflcraBH h KaTO rpn>KOBeH CTonaHHH. To3h mothb Ghxmc motjih ,o,a npocjieflHM h b flHaji03HTe, kohto flBaMara repon BOflHT Mo>Ke 6h HaH-Ba^KHara jihhhh b pa3roBopHTe Me^iyry Cepa(J)hm h Ehio e TeMaTa 3a najiTOTO. H ^Bara iTKra th e noflXBaHara ot Ehio, kohto n^pBHA n^t npenop'bHBa Ha cboh no3HaT ^a ch Kynn hobo najiTO, a btophht n-bT H3pa3HBa yHyzjBaHeTO ch, ne ro e >KepTBaji, 3a ^a ycjryacH c napHTe Ha HeroBaTa GpaTOBHe^Ka. b to3h CMHCbJi nocjie,a,HHTe flHaji03H Me^iyry ABaMara KyjiMHHHpaT TeMaTa 3a iieiiuocmma ua Mamepuaimomo. Cepa(J)hm h Ehio fleficTBaT h pascb^aBaT cnopefl 3HanHMO CTTa Ha coGcTBeHaTa ch HfleojiorHH. Hpes Cepa(J)hm Hobkob pa3pa6oTBa floGpe no3HaTHH GnGjiencKH mothb 3a Řopdcrn H06KO6 209 pH3ara ot eBaHrejiHírra Ha MaTea h JTyKa: "Ha ToroBa, kohto 6h noncKaji aa ce CbflH c Teöe h aa th B3eivie proara, ocraBH My h ropHara apexa." (Mt. 5.40) Taxa Cepa(J)hm B^mrbiiiaBa Haeirra 3a xpucmuHHCKiin udecuiujbM. Ot cboh CTpaHa aeocTBHiiTa h MHCJieHeTO Ha Ehk) HarrbjiHO ca nozrHHHeHH Ha nparMaTHHHaTa 4)hjioco(J)hh Ha UKOHOMunecKun uoeeK. Too OTica3Ba aa ycjiyacn Ha CBOírra öpaTOBneziKa, 3amoTO napHTe ca Ha B-bpxa Ha HeroBaTa ueHHOCTHa CKajia. CaHTHMeHTajiHSMijT Ha chnpHnacraero h ajiTpyHSMijT HanijjiHO OTCbCTBaT, He CbmecTByBar KaTO apöpoaeTeji. 3a hkohomh-necKHH HOBeK HMaT 3HaneHHe caMO CJ)HHaHCOBHTe CTOHHOCTH H TeXHHTe MaTe- pnajiHH eKBHBajieHTH. nopain Ta3H npHHHHa, Koraro Ehk) ce onHTBa aa pa3Öepe MOTHBa Ha >KecTa Ha Cepac|)HM, too BCbiiiHOcr othobo Bb3npoH3Be>íyi,a coöctbchoto ch pa3ÖHpaHe 3a flOÖpyßaHe. HenpoyMHBaHeTO Ha TOBa KaK hhkoh 6h Morbji aa >KepTBa coöctbchoto ch MaTepnajiHO ÖJiaronojryHHe, roBopn 3a aöcojHOTHara ueHHOCTHa HenHajiorHHHOCT MQIKJXy flBCTe Cb3HaHHH H pa3JIHHHaTa 4)hjioco(J)HH Ha TeXHHTe )kh3hchh npHHHHnH. B Kpaa Ha pa3Ka3a Hobkob He onpenejui koh npHHijHn e no-apöbp hjih no-jiom - Ha XpHCTHHHCKHH ajITpyHSljM hjih Ha MarepHajiHHH eroroijM. Ho aBTopi^r bcjihko-jienHO noKa3Ba noöeaHjiara Bapa Ha Cepa(J)HM. EepoHT cjiefl Karo cnozjejui CBOHTa Haněla, ne Ha o Ha cbht BepoaTHO me nojiynn He caMO hobo, ho h 3JiaTHO najiTO, 3a n^pBH YYbT OTKa3Ba aa norjie^He cboh CböecemrHK, BnepBaOKH ycMHXHar nomea, KbM cboh cbht no to3h HanHH xpHCTHaHdcara flOÖpofleTeji e npezjcraBeHa ot Hobkob KaTO ycroHHHBa h cnrypHa b npaBflara Ha coöcTBeHaTa ireHHOcr, aoKaro hkohomhhcckhht hobck e ocTaBeH b CMyr h TpeBora ot aocera c eaHH HyjKfl h Hepa3ÖnpaeM HeMy cbht B 3aKjiK)HeHHe me Ka>KeM, ne aocerbT Ha HopdaH Hobkob c pyMiaHCKara KyjiTypa h jinreparypa HMa eaHH HeonaKBaH h hskjuohhtcjiho noji30TBopeH "HoujHa naiua", xyzj. 3jiaTH) 210 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) e(J)eKT. B 6jiH3KaTa Cbce^Ha crpaHa toh ycBO^Ba e^hh HanHH Ha xyfl,o>KecTBeHO H3pa3HBaHe h Ha jiHTepaTypHO MHCJieHe, hskjuohhtcjiho pa3JiHHeH ot CbmecTByBamHH b B^jirapHH. Han^jiHO pa3JiHHeH e h ot Te3H Ha (SbjirapcKHre nncaTejiH, H3pacHajiH nozi bjihhhhcto Ha 3ana,zrHoeBponeHCKHfl MO,a,epHH3'bM hjih Ha pycKHH ncHxojiorH3'bM. B Eyicypem Hobkob 3a nbpBH nw pa36npa KaKBO 03HanaBa pejiHrH03HOTO mhcjichc ^a e Hacr He caMO ot KyjiTypara Ha Hapo^a, ho h HeoTflejiHM ejieivieHT ot e)Kezi,HeBHeTO Ha HOBeica. B to3h CMHCbji npe3 CBoeTO TBopnecTBO toh b'bBe^k.n.a 3a nbpBH n^t b (SbjirapcKara jiHTeparypa GnGjiencKHTe mothbh KaTO opraHHneH ejieivieHT ot peajiHCTHHHOTO H3o6pa>KeHHe Ha cbohtc pa3Ka3H. HeroBHTe repon no to3h HannH H3KJIK)HHTejIHO Ce fl06jIH>KaBaT flO MHCJieHCTO h >KHBOTa Ha 6bJirapCKHH HOBCK - 6ojie3HeHO pa3iebCBaH MQiaajxy cboh npariviaTHHeH panHOHajiH3'bM h HfleanHCTHHecKH KonHOK 3a floGpoTa h icpacoTa. EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 211 5HEJ1MOTEKA nO HC H U AT A Ome flOKaTO ro öpaHeme ot KyneTara, iTerbp MoKaroma pa3Öpa, ne toh Heno3Har ccjihhhh He ce e otöhji npn Hero TOKy-rbo, a ro tohh HHKaKBa öe^a. 3aryH too ce h ímoca Ha icyneTara, HaxoKa rn h naK norjieflHa cejuiHHHa: no nepBeHHH ejieK ce no3HaBaine, ne e ot TopjiauHTe, OTKbM ^ejinopiviaHa. Bhcok, effbp HOBeK öeine; ho ne e cnpoMax n KaTO ne jih cnpoMax ce e poflnji - h TOBa cn jiHHeme: pn3ara My öeine caMO Kp^nKn, e^po h HeyMejio luhth, noacbT My op^aH, norypHTe - Cbmo. Beine 6oc. HHaK, %a ro rae^am - hobck njiaHHHa, ho MoKaHHHa Ha6bp30 ro npeTemn b yMa ch h peiira, ne e or ohhh mckh, ornycHaTH xopa, 3a kohto ce Ka3Ba, ne n Ha MpaBHTa wwr CTpyBaT. C ejwHHHi/r no3,zi,paBH, HSMisHKa Hemo KaTO "KaK cre, floöpe jih ere", ho hbho öeine, ne mhcjih 3a Apyro h flpyra rpn>Ka HMa b ohhtc My H Karo norjie^Ha HHKijfle Hanpefl n noconn c pijKa, toh nonnTa He e jih Ha Taa CTpaHa cejioro MaHfl^KHjiapn h kojiko m>t TpaÖBa %a HMa floraM. MoKaHHHa My pa3npaBn h e^BaM cera 3a6ejui3a, ne Ha inoceTO 6eme ce cnpajia e^Ha Kapyna c e^hh koh. Taa Kapyna cejummnvr 6eme ocraBHji, 3a m j\oŘj\e npn Hero. B-bTpe češeme >KeHa, MyiiiHajia p^ne b na3BHTe ch, npeBHTa; p'bneHHK'bT n He 6eme 3a6pa,o,eH, a c OTnycHara HacTpaHH Kpanma, 3a ^a h e jieKO. He 6eme ropemo - ropemo öeine, ho MoKaHHHa 3Haeine, ne Koraro jkchhtc OTnycHar rbö piaHeHHKa cn, MbHw rn He tojiko3 )Kerara, kojikoto Hemo flpyro. OT3afl b KapynaTa, 3aBHTa flOHHKijfle c nepra, cjiO)KHjia rjiaßa Ha nepHH cejiCKn b'bsrjiaBHHijH, jie^Keme flpyra >KeHa, no-MajiKa, HaBapHO momhhc Th rae^ame HacrpaHa h jinneTO h He ce bh>Kfl,aiiie. - Th Man öojiHO HMam - Ka3a MoKaHHHa. - HiviaM. EflHa MOMHHKa mmüm öojma. CejiHHHHijT norjieflHa KbM OBueTe, 3anjia,a,HeHH Ha nojDíHara, sa^p^a OHHTe ch Hafl Tax, ho He rn bh^Kflame, a nome/rbT My n^jieH c rpn>Ka, rbö cn h 6jiy>Kfl,aeiiie. - Be th Haiirra KaKBaTO e - pene too, - ocraBH a! - He ch TbflíiBaiiieH th, OT^e ch? - nonnTa ro MoKaHHHa. 212 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) - Ot KHHyK AxMefl. Hafle>Kfla My .zryMar cera, npn KaHapara. ^oxa^aji CbM TbjiflBdL. A3 xo#5i H3 cejiaTa, npoflaBaM xyMa - xyöaBa xyMa H3JiH3a b Haine ceno. XyöaBa e, KynyBaríi >KeHHTe. KoraTO cjia3a Ha^ojry icbM MopeTO, KynyBaM nb.k 3a HacaM Koe pnöa, Koe rpo3,a,e, Koe KaK ce cjrynn. Cnojiaö Ha 6ora -npexpaHBaMe ce. CaMO %a He 6eme hh ce cjiynnjia Ta3 öejia... Too ceflHa Ha 3eMírra, H3Ba,o,h ko)KeHa Kecna c tiotioh h 3anoHHa %a ch npaBH unrapa. MoKaHHHa ce^Ha jip Hero h bh^h KaK ^eoejiHTe My Ma30JiecTH np-bCTH Tpenepexa, KaTO CBHBaxa unrapara. - He hh TpaaT fleijaTa - 3anoHHa toh. - H3Mpaxa hh ^Be-Tpn ome MajiKH. Eh Työ hh ocraHa caMO (toíi nomeflHa Kb.m Kapyriara). Dieflajín CMe ro Karo OHHTe ch. Ot ycTaTa ch CbM ot,zjejiaji, ,a,a My icyroi Hemo, m My HanpaBH Apexa, Ta fla He My e m^hho, KaTO rjie^a flpyrHTe. Heöce, fla^e ročnom, 3ana3HXMe ro flocera. A ot HaKoe BpeMe - 3anaMa. HíiMa mimo, a BexHe. CjryíiiaM, .zryMajia Ha MaÖKa ch - Mb>hho h öhjio, ne ,a,py>KKHTe ř ce H3no>KeHHjiH, a th ome CToajia. "IIIp ce KaxbpHin, 6e ne^o, ,zryMaM h, h tboh k^cmct me H3Jie3e. Ujo meraní flpyrHTe? - BoraTH ca. CeraniHHTe epreHH rbö ca - öorara jkchh rbpcírr. H th me ce oaceHniii, me^an ch paöoTara, He ch npecTapajia." - Ha KOJiKO e roflHHH? - Kb.m flBaoceT. Cera Ha EoropoflHua me CTopn ^BaíiceT. - E, ne MjiaflO e momhhcto. - Mnaflo, aMH. CejiHHHHb.t 3aMb.jiHa h naK 3arjie,a,a OBueTe, 6e3 %a th bujkrsl. HxKbRe Ha6jiH30 cpefl >KeraTa nnmeme >KbTBap. - ToBa jíHTO mh ce 3aMOjra ,a,a CbM a rrycHeji %a h^e %a jk^hc CnpoMacH CMe, Hy>Kfl,aeM ce, aMa KaTO a meflax TaKaBa cjiaÖHHKa, öojmaBa, He mh ce rrymame. "Mojm th ce, TeÖKO, rrycHH Me, h a3 HCKaM ,a,a h^a c MOMHHeTara." XyöaBO, KaTO e Tb.ii, rrycHax a. Cera KaKBO e CTaHajio, He 6ax TaM, He 3Haa. B Kb.pa jiaraxa, b Kb.pa CTaBaxa. 3Haa ro Tbö, KaKTO mh ro pa3npaBH th. BeflHb.^KKa >KbHajiH Híiji fleH, BenepTa hjih, nocjie nejra momhhctaTa, cmcjih ce. JlerHajiH ch. HoHKa - Tb.ii ce Ka3Ba mohto momhhc - ch jierHajia h th. "Jleraax ch, Kaö, TeÖKO, Me^Kfly CHonHTe, nofl e^hh Kp^creij, jieraax ch Ha 3aBeT, ,a,a He mh ,zryxa h ce 3aBHx. H CbM 3acnajia. no e^ho BpeMe ycerax, Kaö, Hemo tc>kko, Hemo CTyzjeHO, eö TyK Ha r^p^HTe ch. Karo OTBopnx ohhtc ch: 3b.Mii!" -Epe! - Amh, 3b>m>i. HaBHjia ce e h jierHajia Ha rbp,a,HTe h. H3BHKajia, na c BCHHKHH ch CTpax a crpaÔHBa h a 3axBb.pjia! - 3axBb.pjia h! no )icbTBa CTaBa Työ. UyBaji CbM, 3b.Mii e BjiH3ajia h b yerara Ha hhkoh >KeHa. AMa %a a yxanajia, He a e yxanajia, Hajín? - He, He e. Ha rbp^HTe ř jieraajia, 3eMa a h h xBb.pjia! Tb.ii mh pa3npaBH. Cb.h jih e öhjio, HCTHHa jih e öhjio - He 3HaM. OTTora3 MOMHHero He ro ÖHBa. Eíi ro, H3Cb.xHa Karo BeÖKa. Fp^^ra ro öojih. "TaM, Kaö, ^eTO 6eme 3b.MaTa, Me öojih." EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 213 - Amsl paöoTa, aMa paöoTa! - Hyneme ce MoKaHHHa. - Amh cera ro BQZTHLU? Ha flOKTOp jih? - ^oxTopn: KOJiKO flOXTopn npoMeHHXMe. Bo^a ro cera a3... xm... KaK ^,a th Ka)Ka... Ha müh ^,a ocraHe, He BiipBaM, aMa >kchh Hájin ca, nb.ic öojma e, neflo e... TjiacbT My TpenHa h toh 3aMb.jiHa. 3ame,zi,a ce, 3arerjiH 6e3 HyHyja Ty MycTaijHTe ch, Ty öpa^ara ch, He6pb>CHara oxzjaBHa, KopaBa, npomapeHa c nejin CHonneTa ot öejin kocmh. HaMame Hy^a %a Ka3Ba hhkoh Ha MoicaHHHa, ne BceKH öhji KOCbM öeine öejier Ha e^Ha rpn^ica. - OHa3H Benep - npozrbJDKH cejisHHHiaT - flofloxa ch HameHUH ot CKejia. npoflyMajiH KaKBOTO npoflyMajiH - 3HaM jih? Oxojihh xopa, MO>Ke h inera %a ch öhht. HbK flOT-bpnaBa Tora3 y Hac CroeHHua, icyMHna hh e, e^Ha ycTaTa, e^Ha MHoro 3HaiiHHLia. 'TyHHO, BHKa ome or BpaTaTa, icbCMeT ch HMaji, icbCMeT HMajia h HoHKa. Xan^e %a e Ha xanp." "KaKBO HMa?" - ,zryMaM. "^olujih ch ot CKejia HHKOJia h neHio, Cn,a,epoBHTe, Te Ka3Bar, ne b MaHfl^KHjiapn ce HBHjia... HBHjia ce eflHa öajia jracTOBHHica! ^3,0 cym ökna, Karo ciwr." "E?" "Th, icaö 3Haem jih mo e öajia jracTOBHHica? Th, ican, Ha cto roflHHH a ce no^bh BeflHb.^k, a He, aMa kohto a BHflH, ot KaKBaTO h öojiecr fla e öojieH, 03flpaBa! TyHHO, Kaö, ^a BbpBHin, xhh fla He ctohlu. 3aBeflH HoHKa. Ex, mo)Ke jih - 3anjiaKa momhhcto, 3ajiOBH ce MaÖKa My H Ha, floíifloxMe. - AMa HCTHHa jih e? - H3BHKa MoicaHHHa. - Kbj^e önjia Ta3 jracTOBHHica? - HajiH th Ka3ax, Tyic ce HBHjia, b MaHfl^KHjiapn. - Eíijia? - JJpcym ÖHjia. KaKTO öeine ynyzjeH, MoKaHHHa ce 03b.pHa h norae/jHa ki>m inoceTo: BceKH fleH 3anjiaflHHBame CTa^oto Bce Ha Taa nojuma, ho KaTO ne e^BaM cera 3a6ejiH3a kojiko MHoro jwctobhhkh öaxa Haicanajin no Tejierpacfmara >KHna. HbK h He öeine HyuHo: HaÖJiH^KaBame npeo6pa>KeHHe rocno,o,He h no TOBa BpeMe jiacTOBHHKHTe n mb.picejiHTe ce Cbönpaxa, %a ch xqztíit. Tojiko3 mhoto öaxa jiacTOBHHKHTe h Tb.ii Ha rbcro eflHa flo flpyra öaxa Haicanajin, ne >KHnaTa öeine yBHCHajia h Hare^Kajia KaTO öpoeHHna. Mhoto, ho Bce nepHH. - Ta 3aTyö CbM pomejí - Ka3a no-CMejio n c oÖJieicHeHHe c ejihhhhijT ; -PeKOx fla Te nnTaM, mo)Ke %a ch h bh^aji, mo)Ke %a en a nyBaji... - He Cb.m, öpaTKO, He CbM. Eajia jracTOBHHica? Hhto CbM nyBaji, hhto CbM BJDKflajI. Ho Be^Hara MoKaHHHa ce flocera, ne mo^kc CbBceM ^,a ornaa thh xopa, h Ka3a: - HbK mo>Ke fla HMa. Mo)Ke. Ehji öhboji, öajia MnuiKa h öajia BpaHa -HMa. Mo>Ke fla HMa h öajia jracTOBHHica. HbK n Tpaößa ^a HMa, iuom ce e nyjio... - Koíi 3Haö? - Bb.3flb.xHa c e jwHHHbiT. - Ha MeHe ^a ocraHe, He BapBaM, 214 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) aMa )KeHH Hajra ca... Too CTaHa na ch xqzth. Tporaar, MoKaroma Cbmo CTaHa na ro H3npoBQzi,h n fla bhhh momhhcto. KaTO CTHrHaxa ho moceTO, ManKara - )Kbjrra n cjiOMeHa or Terno >KeHa - ome orziajieH 3amefla Mi^a ch, Karo ne jih HCKaiiie no jinneTO My fla no3Hae KaKBO e Haynnji. Momhhcto ome CToeme oöbpHaTO HacTpaHa n meranie jracTOBHHKHTe no )KnnaTa. - HoBeKbT Ka3a, ne cejiOTO öhjio 6jih30 - Ka3a cejuiHHHijT. KaTO ny rjiaca My momhhcto ce oö^pHa. Cjiaöo Gerne, n3nofl 3aBHBKaTa earn jinneiiie CHarara My CToneHa ot oojiecrra, jinneTO My 6eme BOCbK, ho OHHTe My 6axa ome cbctjih, ome Mjiaan n ycMnxHam. To rjieaaiiie ry 6ama en, ry MoKaHHHa. - HoHKe, t03 HHjiHK bh^k^aji jracTOBHHKara - Ka3a cejiaHHH'bT h norjie,zi,Ha MoKaHHHa. - En b OHyn cejio önjia, e! Xaime HaHO a bhhhm h Hne! - Hie h BHHHM jih, HHHO? - npOflyMa MOMHHCTO h HCHHTe My OHH CBCTHaxa. Hemo ce Haanraa b rbpanTe Ha MoKaHHHa, 3a,zryiiiH ro, ohhtc My ce npeMpoKMxa. - Hie a BHflHTe, neap, me a bhhhtc - bhcoko 3aroBopn toh. A3 a bha^x, me a BHHHTe n bhc A3 c ohhtc ch h bhhíix, ÖHjia TaKaBa, okna. Hie a bhhhih h m. J\a fla^e ročnou, na a bhhhih, neap, na 03,zrpaBeeiii... a, Mjiaaa en. Uje a bhhhlu, a3 m Ka3BaM, ne me a bhhhih... n me 03,zrpaBeeiii, neap, He 6on ce... ManKara cmcHa ohh h 3anjiaKa. Bhcokhht, czrbp cejwHHH ce 3aKamjia, xBaHa kohh 3a K)3,a,HTe n ro noBCire. - Xaime Cbc 3flpaBe! - BHKaine cjie^, tax MoKaHHHa. - Bjih30 e cejiOTO. Bee no Tejia, Bce no tohíi! Ton fl-bjiro ctoh Ha moceTO n rjie^a noanp Kapynara. rjieflame ManKara c nepHHH n HyMÖep, momhhcto jiemajio jyo Hea, bhcokhht cejwHHH, kohto Kpaneme nperbpöeH n Bolenie ManKOTO kohhc, a Han, tax, Me^iyry bcckh ,a,Ba Tejierpa(J)hh crbjiöa jihctobkhkhtc ce pasxB^pHaBaxa, nocjie naK ce Bp^maxa n Kanaxa Ha )KnnaTa. 3aMHCJieH, MoKaHHHa ce b^pHa npn OBueTe en n ce 3ajiOBn othobo 3a LľbpByjiHTe, kohto npaBeme ot HemaBeHa BOJiCKa KO)Ka. "Bajia jracroBHHKa -MHCJieme en toíi. - HMa jih h!" Ho Hemo ro nozrnnpaiiie b rbpanTe, Maneme ro. H KaTO nycHa luhjioto h norae^Ha KbM HeöeTO, toíi H3BHKa: - Bo>Ke, KOJiKO whKdL HMa no toíi cbht, 6o)Ke! H naK ce 3arjie,a,a noanp Kapynara. EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 215 AJIBEHA Ha iľbTíí MföKjry KpiaHMaTa n Xopo30BaTa MenHHua öenie ce cnpajia ezjHa Kapyna, roTOBa 3a iľbT. C Taa Kapyna ^Baivia crpaiacapn maxa m 3aKapar AnöeHa b rpa^a. h3 yjiHUHTe n npe3 ,o,BopHinaTa Tnnaxa )kchh ^,a rjieziaT n Tbö Karo öaxa HacKanajiH, Kaicro paöoTexa, öe^KeniKara ce nonpeöpa>Kflaxa, hjih nb>k CBjiHHaxa pb.KaBHTe Bb.3 p^neTe ch. KbM Kapyiiara pyicHaxa h bchhkh ohhji, kohto öaxa b MejiHHijaTa, a nbK HHKora TaM He öenie ce erpyraano TOJiKOBa MHoro cbht, KaKTO cera cpemy BejiHK^eH. Tope Ha öanpa ce bh>Kfl,aiiie Kbmara Ha AnöeHa, or^eTO inaxa %a a H3Be,a,aT. CTpaniHoro yönöcTBO, KoeTO öenie CTaHajio b Hea, KaTO ne c Herno öenie a oeiursajio h otbijH h, ,o,OKaro ^pyrHTe Kbiira 6axa H3Ma3aHH h CBeTexa ot Hncrora, c öejra ctchh h chhh nepBa3H, KbinaTa Ha AnöeHa öenie HanycHaTa, 3ananaHa h pa3KbpTeHa, KaTO ne yzjapeHa ot rpb.m. ^BaMaTa CTpa^Kapn öaxa TaM, ezraHHírr ro BpaTaTa, ^pyrnaT ro npo3opeua, a Bb/rpe öenie AnöeHa. Mhoix) Heina, mhoto .zrpeÖHH cjrynKn, kohto HHaK önxa ocTaHajiH He3aöejiH3aHH hjih nnrxa fla ce 3aöpaBHT, cera ce npnnoMBaxa h ce pa3Ka3Baxa He 3a nb.pBH h He 3a BTopn nb.t. BceKH HCKame %a noKa>Ke, ne e npezryraflHji h yceTHji Hemo. HMame cejiaHH, kohto naKaxa pe^, Ha MenHHuaTa ome OTnpezm Tpn-nerapn flHH h 3aTOBa ce CMHTaxa öjih3kh cbh^eTejiH Ha cjryHKara. Hhkoh ot Tax c Hao-rojieMH nozrpoÖHOCTH pa3Ka3Baxa ^e h KaK öaxa cezjejin ezraH Ken; KaK Haö-Hanpefl npHKa3Bajin 3a nrbpKejiHTe, ne öhjih ^olujih paHo; KaK nocjie norjieflHajiH hhbhtc h 3anpHKa3BajiH koh flpyra ro^HHa ca öhjih Cbino Tbö 3ejieHH, tmí rbCTH h öparacajiH, Ta e craBajio Hy^a %a irymaT .zioÖHTbKa, 3a fla rn noyTbnne. HaK cnea, TOBa - pa3Ka3Baxa Te, - KaTO meziajiH Hacpema KaK )KeHHTe ce Tperorr r& Ma>KaT h ^a hhctht 3a BejíHK^eH, bh^cjih h AjiöeHa fla xqzjh h3 flBopa. H OTflajien, no Bb>pBe:>Ka h no npaßara h CHara, ce no3HaBano KOJiKO AnöeHa e xyöaßa. Ho hhto toh .och, hhto Ha ^pyrna AnöeHa öenie cjiH3ajia Ha HeniMara npn KpiaHMara, hjih nb.k Ha MenHHuaTa, ^eTO paöoTeme MbiK Ř Kynap. Ako yÖHTHHT He öenie toh Kynap, Ha^ajin hhkoh meine %a ro noMeHe. Ton öenie HeyrjieaeH, TpoMaB h npocT hobck, kohto caMO paöoreme h m^jineme. HeyMopnM KaTO ManiHHa, uíiji nocnnaH c nacnaji, toh m^KHenie tokkhtc nyBajiH h, MaKap bcckh .ztch h bcckh nac %a öenie TaM, cpemaxa ro h ro OTMHHaBaxa, KaTO ne He öenie >khb hobck, a Bem- OTHanajio roBopexa 3a Hero, ho KOJiKOTO fla ce nonyziHT KaK e Morjio TaKOBa njiamnjio, KaTO Hero, %a B3eMe 216 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) TaicaBa xyöaßa >KeHa, Karo AnöeHa. "XyöaBara aöbjiKa CßHiurra a H3fl,a,a" - Ka3Baxa, ho nocjie npecTaHaxa na roßopaT h TOBa h noBene He ce 3aroiMaBaxa c Hero. Kynapa öflxa ro 3a6paBHjiH h b cejio. Cera hjikoh ch cnoMiuixa, ne npe3 nocjieflHHTe hhh toh m'bjrrajTHB h TbpnejiHB hobck HeonaKBaHO Genie CTaHan Hemo HajnoTeH h HfloeaH. 3a Hero e,o,hh rocnQzjap caMO HMame - Haryji, MaficTopa Ha KaivrbHHTe Ha MejiHHnara. Hero toh cnymaine, Heivry ce nozrqHHJiBaine Karo poö. Ho ero ,zrßa-Tpn flHH npezjH ^a CTaHe yÖHHCTßoro, Koraro Haryn My roBopeme Hemo orrope, Kynap ce pa3TpenepBaine, Mb>pMopeme Hemo h ro me/iauie h3kphbo, Karo 6hk. H3me>Kfl,aiiie, ne caMrurr bh,zi h caMmiT raac Ha Haryna ro aflOCBar. B cp^ma npe3 CTpacTHara cezjMHna ce ny ne Kynap yMpaji, h flOKaro ce nnTaxa KaK h ot uro, pa3Hece ce cnyx, ne öhji yönr. ^ereTO My m'b.hhhko flere, eppa Ha ppe ro,a,hhh - h TbKMO b TOBa bh^axa npb>cr öo:>kh, - Gerne Ka3ajio, ne npe3 HOiirra Mamca My xBb>pjiHjia npecTHjiKara ch Bpbß jirnjero Ha öama My a czjhh hobck Bjia3bji h 3eji jsß. ce öopn c Hero. Toh öhji c najrro, a Ha najrroTO hm an kcokh. ToBa öeme Ka3ajio fleren) h noBene He TpaÖBame. AnöeHa ce npn3Ha h H3noBHfl,a HCTHHara. Ho koh öeme Mb>:>KbT - TOBa th, Bb.npeKH bchhkh yBeinaHHa h 3anjianiBaHHH, He oöazrn. OnyK HaTarbK npb.b CBHflereji no Taa paöoTa Gerne pfijsp Bjiacio. Hobck 6e3 paöoTa, Becejunc h öböpnna, toh bcckh ^eH oÖHKarame okojio KpiaHMara npn MejiHHnara, Kaicro nceraTa oÖHKajurr Kacannre. 3anHjrr ce hjikoh, .zwjo Bjiacio ce nonpHMb.KHe flo Tax, CMee ce c tax, nee c tax h - Ha Macara Roikpß naniKa h 3a Hero. Tyic, Ha KpiaHMara ^o MejiHHLtara, toh 3aBapn czjhh hobck c Kbco inaenHO najrro h c kcokh Ha AKara. Beine pyc, xyöaBejiaic, KajinaKbT My öjrbCHar Ha3a,zi h nepnaHbT My pa3Öb>pKaH. no3HaBame ce KaKBa Mama e na^Hajia Ha maBara My: Apyrnre BHKar, ne^r HaoKOJio My a toh KaTO ne e myx - Bce AnöeHa rjie,a,a KaK xoflH H3 flBopa h Bce 3a Hea nQzrnHTBa. Ctoa ^Ba ahh h ce H3ry6n. A Ha cyTpnHTa ce ny ne Kynap e yönr. ,Hpöpo MOMne öeme, c Hero jifijsp Bjiacio öeme hji h nnji, ho hmc h Hcnmara He MO>Keiiie pß. Kpne. no HeroBirre ,zryMH pa3Öpaxa koh h ot^e e toh hobck c KO>KeHOTO najrro h ro 3arßopHxa. Cera cjieflOBarejwT ro pa3nHTBame b oöinHHara. Ka3Baji, ne hhiho He 3Hae. Mokc Ho CKopo h toh meine pß. ch OT3eMe h cbmo KaTO AnöeHa meine js& ch Kaiace npaßara. - H^ar! - H3BHKa hhkoh. - Kapar a AnöeHa! HaBanHnara okojio Kapyijara TpenHa; OTrope,OTKbM öanpa, Kleine AnöeHa h cjiea, Hea .zrßaMara crpa^Kapn. Bchhkh 3Haexa, ne Karo nocneziHa mhjioct AnöeHa öeme noncKana ^a h no3BOJWT ^a ce oöjiene, Kaicro ch HCKa. 3aroBa öeme ce h 3aöaBHjia. Eto ne Hfleme npeMeHeHa, Kaicro pa^ko öaxa a bh>Kfl,ajiH. - H 3amp ce e Harn3flHjia - pene hhkoh, - Ha CBaröa jih oraBa, hjih Ha öecmio! - H Ha Bb.>Kero HCKa ^a e xyöaßa. - HycTara h xyöocr! Ta a H3Hfl,e... A #51,0,0 Bjiacio, kohto Cbmo öeme TyK, TOicy pa3Maxßame ToaraTa npe# EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 217 ceöe ch. CeflH, ce^n h naic 3aMaxHC - E, flHflO Bjiace - 3acMH ce e^Ha öyjiKa, - c ahbojihtc jih ce önein? KaKBO TOKy Maxam? - MaxaM a3. DiczjaM .zjajin me crania %a a rjanap^ocaivi, Karo mhhc J\a a xpacHa a3 no rjiaBara, ne %a bh^h. TyK n e Cb^a Hea, Ta3n rnBHHflHH... A AjiöeHa 6eme Bene 6jih30. Th b^pBeme Hanpefl, a cjiefl Hea flBaMara crpa^apn. HaManie hobck, kohto ^a He no3HaBame AjiöeHa, ho KaTO a Bn^axa, naK otöjih30, bchhkh 3aTanxa ,zrbx. AjiöeHa en 6eme Cbmara AjiöeHa, caMO ne He ce CMeeme, ohhtc h He nrpaexa, Kaicro no-paHO, a HaBe^eHn nofl t^hkhtc Be^KflH rjie^axa Ha^ojiy Hoceme chh cyKMaH n Kb.ca CKypTeÖKa c jincnnn. Pb>neTe en flb.p^Keiiie CMnpeHO orapea,, KaTO ne oraBame Ha nepKBa. Ho KoraTO Ta ce Haiviepn Me)k,zry ^BeTe ctchh ot xopa n ^nraa ohh, toh norjiefl, koíito no3HaBame bcckh Mb.:>k n koíito cera 6eme ome no-xyöaB, 3amoTO 6eme HaTemaji ot ivrbKa, n thh t^hkh Be^Kfln, n TOBa öhjio jinne - ot Hea CHKam nojľbXHa Marná, koíito yKpoTHBame n o6Bb>p3Baiiie. rpeiima 6eme Taa >KeHa, ho 6eme xyöaBa. )KeHHTe, kohto ce KaHexa %a a xyjuiT, rbö en n m^jmaxa, a narepnuaTa Ha Aíma Bjiaca He ce n noMp^Ha. H b Taa THLUHHa, b thh HHKOJiKO MHra CTaHa nyzjo, oö^pHaxa ce n Han-KopaBHTe Cbpna, )Kajiocr n ^oöpoTa CBeTHa b ohhtc Ha Mb.:>Ke n Ha jkchh. - Mapn, AjiöeHO, Mapn, ,zrbine - nponjiaKa jkchckh mac, - KaKBO HanpaBn, AjiöeHo! - Ax, AjiöeHO, AjiöeHo! AjiöeHa ce ennpa. - Jlejibo J^HMKe - BHKa th, - npoinaßan! - noejie, KaTO ce o6bpHa Ha flpyrara CTpaHa: - Jliono, TyzjopKn, CaBKe, npoinaBairre! CöoroM, cöoroM bh Ha bchhkh! MH03HHa Bene mianexa. A AjiöeHa Bb.pBeme Bce Tb.ii cnoKOÖHO CKp^ÖHa, Bce Tbü xyöaBa. - npomaBaiiTe! - H3BHKa th Ha bchhkh. - Mjia^a CbM, erpemnx. npomaBaiiTe! 3axbjinaxa xopa n ce crbjinnxa ki>m Hea. JKemne HaBajiaxa Han-MHoro Kb>m Hea, a CTpa^KapnTe rn Bp^maxa. ToraBa Hen^e OT3a,zT, raeBeH n pa3TpenepaH, ce ny rjiacbT Ha fla^a Bjiaca: - MoMHeTa, flpb.>KTe, He a flaBairre. KaKBO e cejiOTO 6e3 AjiöeHa! AjiöeHa craraa %o KapynaTa, Kann ce n, Kaicro 6eme npaßa, H3BHKa ome BCznrb^K: - Crpeiiinx. npomaBaiiTe! noejie ceflHa n 3aMb.jiHa. ToraBa flOBe^oxa ^eTeTO n - CbmoTO, KoeTO a 6eme H3flajio. H Karo Bn^axa KaK th ro nperbpHa n nejryHa, He ocTaHa Bene hobck, kohto fla He ycera Cbji3n Ha ohhtc ch. H3BeflH'b>k MejiHHLtara cnpa. Morop'bT, kohto HenpeKbCHaro ^eHe n Home 218 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 6eme Tynan rope b >Kejie3HH5i komhh Káro Cbpne, roBOzrffMK cnpa n 3aMjrbKHa. rioMHCJinxa, ne Hemp ce e noBpeflnjio. Ho ero n3 mnpoKHTe Bparn Ha MejiHnnara ce noKa3a Haryji, Mancrop'bT Ha KaMtHHTC, npoM^KBame ce roMe^řyry KOiraTa n KOHeTe n Kleine HacaM. "Mo>Ke m e cnpaji MejiHnn,ara, 3a m noraefla n toh" -Ka3axa en hhkoh. Ho Haryji en OTBopn nb>t, flon^e pp Kapyrtara n icaro en oojiene najrroTO -Kbco niaeHHO najrro c KO)KeHa axa, - ckohh Ha Kapyrtara n ce^Ha jsp AnGeHa. AxHaxa orBCHK'bfle: axo Haryji ce ineryBaine, meme #a ce CMee, a toh 6eme noGejian KaTO njiarHO. - J\ony\ - BHKHa My crpa)Kap>rr n ro xBaHa 3a paMOTO. - Cjnrsan! - HaMa fla cjw3a - npo^yMa Haryji. - A3 y6nx Kynapa. - KaKBO, KaKBO Ka3a... - 3aBHKa MapnH Hokoh, kohto 6eme kmctckh HaMecTHHK. - H Ta3 xyGaBa, mo^kc jih? CTapniHHT Max Ha c pijca. - npaBO jih Ka3Ba? - nonnra toh AnGeHa. AjiGeHa KHMHa c raaBa n 3annaKa. Okojio Kapyrtara ce HaTncKame mrbTHa Maca OT xopa. H c^icam cera ce orBopnxa OHjrre Ha bchhkh h Bn^axa, ne n Haryji 6eme pyc n xyGaBejraK, ne KajinaicbT My e oyrHar Ha3a,zi, a nepnaH^t My pa3&bpKaH. H Hoceme n toh Kbco inaenHO najrro c KO)KeHa wsl. Bchhko craHa hcho Karo js^h. 3aBHKaxa, 3arbJiHaxa bchhkh. Koraro yHyzjBaHeTO nonpeMHHa, >KajiocTTa KbM AnGeHa H3ne3Ha b e^hh Mnr ^KeHnre naK a 3acrpejraxa conn, nbjiHn c OMpa3a, Hen^e Ha3afl ce H3flnrHa narepnnaTa Ha wma Bjiaca. "KyHKara- BHKame toh, -pa3Bajin ome eflna Ktiija!" Bpb.3 jinnaTa Ha Mi^eTe na^Ha oojiaK n Maxap ne 3a AjiGeHa He Ka3Baxa ome hhujo, Karo ne He MO)Kexa ,o,a Tbprorr n Haryna ^a ce^n ,0,0 Hea. Ho bchhko flon^e Tbii 6bp30 h Tbň HeonaKBaHO, ne hhkoh He 3Haeme ome KaKBO fla MHCJin n KaKBO js& npHKa3Ba. OG^pKaH 6eme n MapnH Hokoh, kmctckhht HaMecrHHK. - He mo>Ke fla 6b>,a,e - BHKame tom h mekáme Karo TpecHar. - KaK Tbň Haryji... bchhkh ro 3HaeM, necTeH hhjl9k e, He mq>Ke. Cjie3HH, cjie3HH, Haryjie! - Kapan! - H3BHKa CTapmnaT, kohto ce 6eme Kannji Ha Kapyrtara. Ho Hokoh XBaHa KOHere 3a k)3flHTe. - TocnoflnH CTapnin, mojm, nonaKaíiTe. KaK mo)Ke, HOBeKa HMa >KeHa, ,o,ena. ^eMnpe - BHKHa toh Ha Kexairra, - a orbpHn jsčl noBHKam Haryjinna. no-CKopo! - Kapan! - noBTopn crapiiiHirr. - Harare, b rpa^a jih? - He, b oGmnHara, npn cjieflOBarejra. H Kapyrtara 6bp30 norerjin. E^Ha >KeHa flornna OTKbM MejiHnnara, cjiaGa, npe^h BpeMe ocTapajia, noBexHana. Beme Haryjinna. OTHanajio th cjiymaiiie, 6e3 fla pa36npa Tyn, kocto Ř pa3npaBaxa, cjiefl TOBa ce BTypHa cjiefl Kapyrtara, ho ce enpa, Tp^uma ce Ha 3eMirra n KaTO 3aKpn ohhtc ch c pb>ne, 3anjiaKa. EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 219 CEPAKera, toh hobck öenie HaBjuiKbji fl^jiro 3hmho najiTO, KaTO noncKO paco, Ha nraBara My öenie Haxjry3eHO CManKaHO öoMÖe, a KpaKara My öaxa oöyTn c irbpByjin. Ho Han-necTO OHHTe Ha Ehh ce Bp^maxa Bb.pxy najiToro Ha Heno3Haraii: e^HO BpeMe to me e öhjio cnHbO, me e öhjio ot e^hh njiaT, ho cera hhiho He jinnenie -opb.c|)aHO, pa3HHmeHO, HaBpca, Ha^ynneHO, HaBpca, icbpneHO. H Me^y 6e3ÖpOHHHTe pa3HOL(BeTHH Kp^nKH HaÖ-MHOrO C e XB^pjiaxa B OHH flBe-Tpn MHoro rojieMH, B3eTH CHKam ot nyBaji hjih ot Han-npocra aöa h jienHara, KaKTO flOfle, c effbp meß h n3Öejiejin kohuh. Hobckbt flOfle Ha HBe-Tpn KpanKn h ce cnpa. Toü pa30pa, ne Ehk) He MO)Ke na ro no3Ha, h MajiKO oon^eH, c nozrnrHara Be^Kffn, jieico ycMHXHar, ocTaBH ce na ro mena Ehk) h 3anaKa. Toü öenie Mb>pinaB, .zrpeöeH hobck, roryöeH b OK^pneHOTO najiTO KaTO b naniKyji. JlnneTO My 6eme cyxo, nepHO c pa^Ka nepHa öpaaa, onnre My KaTO y nnaHnnnTe hjih y xopa, kohto He ca ch ^ocnajiH, 6axa Bjia)khh h 3aMb.rjieHH. Ehk) npozrbJDKaBaiiie na ro rae^a BTpemeHO, Heno3HarHH ce ycMHXBame noBene. - A 6pe, Cepa(J)HMe, th jih ch? - H3BHKa Han-nocne Ehk). - Yx, ^a Te yonií 3flpaBe, na Te yon! He Mora na Te no3Haa 6pe... - A3 CbM, öan EHbO, a3. HarypajieH KaTO >khb.. Tb.ii ,a,a ce Ka)Ke... - a3 nb.k peKOx, ne e TajiacbM. Homhcjihx, ne njianiHjiOTO ot ^acKaji TozjopoBara öaxna n^e HacaM. J\a Te B3eMe Mb>THara, na Te B3eMe. Mhcjih ch: KaKbB me e t03 H3naflHaji repMaHenJ Cepa(J)HM ce 3acMH thxo, 6e33BynHO, KaTO noKJiainaiiie maBa, toh noflnpa Ha nenKara Toarara ch, CHe h HyBajineTO, KoeTO Hoceme Ha paMoro ch. BcaKa roflHHa, a noroiKora npe3 rozrnHa h npe3 ppe, toíi ce HBHBame no thh MecTa Ha TeprbOBfleH hjih no ^HMHTpoBfleH, Koraro cjryrnTe mchht rocnozjapnTe en. Toíi 6eme ot rpaaa, ho Tbpceme paöora no cejiaTa. Moderne na paöora caMO jiexa, MajiOBa>KHa paöora: Ha hhkoh Mejmnna ce npncraBíiiiie na xpaHn CBHHeTe, fla Hnem oöopa Ha híikoh xaH, hjih nb.k naceme e^hh-ABa aoonrbKa. J\e 6eme ryn jihto? - nonnra ro Ehk). - PaHO en HanycHaji, mt-pKejinre ome He ca en othlujih. J\e 6eme? 220 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) - B EejiHua 6ax Työ jihto, Ha e^Ha KepeMn^apHnna. Hivia e^hh ľlaHanoT TaM, KepeMeKHHH, npn Hero 6ax. KepeMH^HTe My na3ex. Too roBopeme hhcko, Karo ne ce öoeuie ,a,a He ro nye hhkoh, c pa3iiiHpeHH h ynyzjeHH ohh, a nocjie wsBQRWhym ce 3acMHBame h Meiayry noCHHejiHTe My ycTHH CBeTBaxa 3b.ÖHTe My - Cyxo Gerne Tyn jmto - npQzi.b.jDKH toh, - floöpa CTOKa H3Kapaxa xopara. AMa h öepeKeTH Harbö no cejiaTa öenie ,o,o6bp. A Hamme 6b.jirapn, 6an EHbO, Kora HMar napn, Kb>mn npaBHT. KaTO MHHa xapMaH, ne KaTO Ha^ofloxa ohhh TypjiaijH c TajiHrnTe, H33exa mo KepeMn^n HMame... - Xb.m... B3exa rn? - ,7J,o eflHa. Tpn rojieMn KOJiejieTa öaxa. CBb.pinnxa ce. H nop6afl>KHHTa, ITaHaHOT: roiMaM, Kaö, Hyaena ot na3an, 6aö Cepa(J)HMe, CBOOo^eH ch. ^a^e mh xaica h... 0Tpa3a mh KHTaHUHiiTa, rhu fla c e Kdoane... Karo Ka3a TOBa, Cepa(J)HM ce ycMHXHa n rbö KaTO 6eme CbOJMKb.ji najrroro cn, CToeme cera, m^hkhck, cjiaonneK. IIIom ocTaBn najiTOTO Ha neÖKara, toh T03nac ce nonnna Hafl icp-bcra, no na3BaTa. Ehk) pa30pa, ne TaM Heime e ciet/raji napHTe cn. - Ue B3eMH fl,a cn Kynniii e^HO najrro! - nocb^n ro CTporo Ehk). - Bce TpaÖBa fla ch H3Kapaji hhkoh napa. J\a cn Kynniii e^HO najiTo! - Uja, ma, 6an EHbO. E^ho najiTO me ch Kyna. Uje cn Kyna, 3amoTO Tyn Bexe 3a Hnino He ÖHBa. - Ton norjieflHa najiTOTO n ce ycMHXHa - To e, rbö ,a,a ce ksükc, floöpo 3a My3ea... - CeflHH, ceflHH fl,a ch nonnHem - Ka3a Ehk), cjiefl Tyn CTaHa n Bjie3e b Ka(J)eHeTO. KojiKOTO MO^Keme %a ce bh^h npe3 BpaTaTa, Bb.Tpe b Ka(J)eHeTO 6eme flb.ji6oKO h xjiaflHO. To 6eme npocTa črpáka, Karo njieBHHK, HHMame TaBaH, flBeTe crpexH ce cpemaxa HaBHCOKO n Me^k^y Bb.pjiHHHTe, HacjiaraHH HanecTO, ce BH>Kfl,aiiie cchoto nofl KepeMn^HTe. E^ho jiacTOBHHe rHe3flO 6eme 3ajieneH0 ao cpeflHara fleöejia rpe^a. Cepa(J)HM, rojiorjiaB, Cb.c cmrbcreHa nocHBHjia Koča, češeme Ha neÖKara, pe^Keme no ManKO c e^Ha KoerypKa ot xjiaöa ch h cjiaflKO-cjiaflKO .zrbBHeiiie cyxHTe 3ajrbnn. JlacTOBHHKaTa, kohto HMame rHe3flO b Ka(J)eHeTO, TpenHa c KpnjieTe ch TOKy npefl jraneTO My Bjie3e Bb.Tpe, noBb.pTH ce, cjiefl Tyn naK Tb.n 6bp30 ce crpejma HaBb.h. ^Be-Tpn BpaöneTa noflCKanaxa ki>m Cepa(J)HMa n toh ce na3eme %a He Mpb>,a,He, 3a m MoraT ^a cn B3eMaT hhkoh TpoxnnKa. E^Ha >KeHa 3anb.pnojia c nojnrre cn h Bjie3e b Ka(J)eHeTO, ho Cepa(J)HM He a nome^Ha. Cjiefl MajiKO >KeHaTa 3anpnKa3Ba bhcoko h toh fla^e yxo: CKb.nO, BCHHKO CKb.nO, Kpb.CTHHK EHbO! KaKBO fla KynHM c flBe-Tpn anna, fleTO rn B3eMaMe cyTpnH ot KOKomKHTe? E^BaM CBapBaMe %a ch B3eMeM no KpHBan coji h Kajrbn canyH, Ta %a ce one. Tyn khöpht, ra3 - 3a6paBHjiH CMe ro. Ue öapeM ^a CMe no-^oöpe, ^a CMe 3flpaBn Kpb.CTHHK EHbO, a to... EuöJiuomeKa - Řopdan Hoeme 221 - KaKBO npaBH HßaH? KaK e cera? - KaK me e HßaH - jie)kh. Oxue floöfle Ta3 öojiecr, Kpb>cthhk Em>o, orfle floöfle. Cera no Cb. EoropoflHua me CTaHe cefleM Mečena, KaK He e noxBaHaji paöoTa. JJyinn ro Hemo b rbpflHTe, nQzrnnpa ro en TyKa e. OTCJiaHa, fla ro flyxHem, me naflHe. He e floöpe, kp^chhr EHbO, )Kbjrr, nepeH, KaTO npb>cr. JJyMar mh: 3aBefln r b ÖojiHHuaTa, Typn ro Ha KOJiaTa h ro 3aBeflH b ÖojiHHuaTa. - 3a ÖojiHHuaTa TpaÖBar napn - Ka3a Ehk). - TpaößaT aMH, KaK fla He TpaößaT! )KeHaTa Bb.3flb.xHa, cjiefl Työ npoflb.ji>kh: - He Hann hh yivipa h3 oh3h ach, Kpb.cthhk EHbO, h ÖHBOJinnaTa. H3Kapax a cyTpnHTa 3fl,paBa h HHTaBa, hhujo h miMaine, a Benepra KaTO ch flOfle, rb.THa ce npefl caM BparHHKa n yivipa. JJyinaTa mh ce o6b.pHa, njiaKajin CMe, KaTO ne yMpa nejuiK... - BojiecT HMä no flOÖHTbKa - Ka3a Ehk). - H Ha MeHe mh yMpa eflHa Tejinna. - Hh ot Mecoro 3exMe, hh KO>KaTa. JJpj\e (J)ejifl,iiiepa h Ka3a: He ÖHBa, Kaö, fla HfleTe ot Hea, me a 3apoBHTe c KO)KaTa, c Bee... Ox, to HaineTO Terno! He 3HaM, He 3HaM... 3KeHara 3aMb.jiHa, ho KaTO ce ocjiyma no-flo6pe, Cepa(J)hm pa3Öpa, ne ce iiienHe. H3BeflHb.>k Ehk) H3BHKa: - HfliviaM napn a3Í OTfle me th B3eMa napn fla th flaM? HaMaM... - He flyMaö rbü, Kpb.cthhk EHbO... MOJia th ce Karo Ha rocnofla... - OcraBH Me, th Ka3BaM, miMaM napn! - H3Kpem^ Emo. 3KeHara MjrbKHa h 3anjiaKa. Cepa(J)HM a cjiymaine KaK xbjina n KaK Bne KaTO npeÖHTa. üfloeaH, Emo ce noKa3a Ha BpaTaTa h norjieflHa Haflanene, 6e3 fla cnnpa ohh miKbfle. Cepa(J)HM thxhhko npnöpa xjraöa en h ce h3npaBH. 3KeHara H3Jie3e ot Ka(J)eHeTO h ch othac Ta Tb.n öeine ce 3a6pafl,njia, ne jihucto h He ce bh^Kflame. Ho no Bb.pBe>Ka Cepa(J)HM pa30pa, ne e Mjiafla. - napn jih HCKa? - nomenHa too Ha Emi. - napn ncKa. OTfle fla h th B3eMa, a3 6aHKa jih cb.m? HcKajia fla boah Mb>>Ka ch Ha öojiHHijaTa. JlpGpe, aMa KaTO miMaM? KaTO miMaM, KaKBO fla flaM? - Cb.pfl,eme ce ome Emo. - 3HaHH, cnpoManiHH. CnpoManiHH ao mna, a? Tb.n fla ce Ka>Ke... Cepa(J)HM MajiKO paöoTeme, öaBHO nnnaine, ho He oonnaiiie fla ctoh npa3eH. npefl Kb.mara Ha Emi, kohto 6eme Ha6jiH30, öaxa CTOBapeHH koh 3Haö Kora KaMb.hh n Kaicro 6axa HacBajiaHH, Tb.ii en CToaxa pa3XBb.pjiaHH. Cepa(J)hm rn npnöpa Ha eflHO mhcto h rn HapeflH. Cjiefl rym xofln 3a BOfla. Cjiefl Työ -nojiH npefl Ka(J)eHeTO h npeMeTe. BenepTa Cepa(J)hm ocraHa Ha rocrn Ha Emi, ho OTKa3a fla enn b Kac^eHem Too 3acTaHa tohho no cpeflara Ha Merflami npefl Ka(J)eHeTO h TaM B3e fla en npnroTBH jiemo. - He ca 6apeM TyKa nofl crpflxara 6e, ObjirapnHo! - pene My Emo. - J\aŘ 222 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) ch rbpöa Ha crcHara, jierHH Ha nenKara, axo HCicaiii. - He, TyK mh e no-flo6pe mchc - IHe TH flyxa. - He mh flyxa. ,7J,a mh ,zryxa cera, ne KaTO yMpa, roiMa %a mh ,zryxa, roiMa %a mh Ben... Ton rjieflame Ehh h ce ycMHXBame c HacbJi3eHHTe ch ohh. "CTpax ro e fla He ro oöepaT" - noMHCJin ch Ehk), KaTO 3a6ejui3a, ne Cepa(J)HM ce nonnnBa no na3BaTa. Ton ro ocraBH ,a,a npaßn icaKBoro ch me, 3aTBopn Ka(J)eHeTO h ch OTHfle B KIjIIIH. Ha flpyrHH ^eH toh ce 3a6aBH k^cho flo^e %a OTBopn. Ton 3aBapn Cepa(J)hm ceflHaji Ha neÜKara h Kaicro Bnepa, pečenie en xjraö c KoerypKara h 3aicycBaine. Ehk) ce H3npaBn npefl Hero, H3rjiefla ro npofl'bJí^KHTejiHO, cjiefl Ty Ka3a: - Th KaKBO en HanpaBHji? - KaKBO CbM HanpaBHji! HnKOMy Hnino He CbM HanpaBnji - KpoTKO otb-bpHa Cepa(J)hm. - ,7J,aji ch napn Ha naBjínHa, OHa3, ^eTO CHomn 6eme Tyxa, ^eTO ncKame napn ot mchc A3 cera 6ítx y tax, th mh Ka3a. KaK rbö ^aBaiii napn Ha hobck, kohto He no3HaBam? Ue mohkq %a Te n3jrb>Ke, MO)Ke %a He th th Bb.pHe. - Ba, me mh m Bb.pHe th. Heica 3aBe,o,e mk^ku ch Ha öojmnnaTa, MO)Ke %a My noMorHar flOKTopnre. A whK mohtc napn me th B^pHe. Ha Hac, noMe:>K,zry HH, ycjiOBHeTO 3Haem jih KaK e? - Koraro ročnom Ha Hea - h th Ha mchc A3 He 6bp3aM. Ehk) npexana ycTHHTe ch h saM^jina. - A na jito? C KaKBO me ch Kynnm najrro? - Ka3a toh. - Ue HajiH HMaM najiTO? ^roa! - Cepa(J)HM B3e najiTOTO ot neÖKaTa h ro pa3rbHa. XyöaBO ch e to mohto najiTO, rouno He My e... Toíi c e ycMHXHa h jieKO noioiamaiiie raaBa, KaTO ne öpoenie Kp^nKHre HjiH KaTO ne ch cnoMiwiiie Hemo. ,7J,eceT h noBene toakhh HMa, OTKaKTO ce KaHH fla ch Kynn najrro. ,7J,oKaTO 6eme Mjiafl, KaKBOTO H3KapBame, H3nHBame ro. Cera Bene He nneiiie, 3amoTO TB^p^e He 6eme 3flpaB, ho necTO ^aBanie HHKOMy napnTe ch, KaKTO 6eme rn ^aji Taa cyTpnH Ha naBjíHHa. OTTora3 Ha najiTOTO My B3exa %a ce ABABar thh tojicmh Kp^nKn ot cnBa a6a. - XyöaBO en e to, moíito najrro - npQzrbJDKH toíi c HaKaKBa ocoöeHa paflOCT b rjiaca ch. - A3 KaTO ro nosaK^pna naK, me npeKapaM c Hero n Ta3 3HMa. HbK aKO mh e nncaHO, c Hero mohkq h npefl 6ora. To TaM, Ha oh3h cbht, Tyn najiTO MO)Ke %a mh noMorae. Mo>Ke iľbK TaM ,a,a mh fla^aT hobo najiTO, 3Jiarao, TbŘ fla c e Ka>Ke, CK^noneHHO... Cepa(J)HM roBopeme c Ehh, ho He ro norjie^Ha. Ton nycHa nanTOTO Ha KOJieHara ch, no3arjie,a,a ce npefl ceöe ch h ce ycMHXHa. Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 223 1904, 12 airyapH B ceno fleötp (zth. KBapraji Ha rpa^; ITbpBOMaH) ce pa^c^a TeoprH KapacjiaBOB. 1920 rienaTa ntpBOTO ch cthxotb opeHHe b cnHcaHHe "yneHHHecKa MHCbJl". 1922 3aBtpHiBa rHMHa3Haia b ntpBOMaii. 1923 Yhh b Tejierpa(J)o- nomeHCKOTO yHHjiHme b Cocjdhji, Kt^eTO ce yBjíHHa no KOMyHHCTHHe CKaTa h^eonorna. H3KjiK)HeH e, nopain KoeTO ce npeMecTBa b ne^arornnecKOTO yHHjiHme b XapMaHjiH. YnacTBa b CenTeMBpHHCKOTO BtcTamie. 224 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 1924 PaöoTH KaTO yHHTeji b ponHOTO ch ceno. IlyöJiHKyBa pa3ica3H b pa3JlHHHH BeCTHHHH. 1925 CTaBa CTyneH no arpOHOMCTBO b C0(J)HHCKHa yhhbepCHTCT. 1926 H3>gaBa ntpBara ch KHHra -CÖOpHHK pa3Ka3H "ynHHHHHH''. 1927 H3JIH3a BTopnaT My CÖOpHHK c pa3Ka3H "KaBajTbT miane". 1928 H3KJlK)HeH e OT y HHBep CHTcra Karo enHH ot opraHH3aropHTe Ha ciyneHTCKa eraHKa. 1929 3anncBa ce Karo ciygeHT b KapjiOBHa y HHBep chtct b Ilpara. 3a na ce H3ntp»ca paöoTH KaTO o6m paöoTHHK b npaacKOTO npenrpanne Cnop^cHjiOB. 1930 Bptiiia ce b Etnrapna h 3aBtpHIBa arpOHOMCTBO b C0(J)HHCKHa y HHBep CHTeT. Akthbho nnuie »cypHajiHC-THHecKH MarepnajiH. 1931 H3naBa penopraacHHa poMaH "Cnop^cHjiOB". PenaKTop e Ha bücthmk "ílom en". 1932 CTaBa penaKTop Ha xyMopncTHHHHa BecTHHK ")Kynen". H3naBa CÖOpHHK C XyMOpHCTHHHH pa3Ka3H "H3HanHJI anoBH". 1933 IlyönHKyBa noBecTTa "CenKop". 1938 H3nH3a poMaHtT "Taiyn". 1942 H3nH3a poMaHBT "CHaxa". Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 225 1945 PaÖOTH b rioJlHTHHeCKOTO ynpaBjiemie Ha apMHjrra. 1946 IÍ3^;aBa noBecrra "TaHro". 1947 CTaßa ^Hpcicrop Ha Hapqzpnia Teartp b Co(j)Ha. 1950 H30paH e 3a Hapo^eH npe^CTaBHTeji b ITbpBOTO Hapo^HO cböpamie. 1952 CTaßa rjiaßeH pe^aKTop Ha cnHcaHHe "CenTeMBpH". IÍ3JiH3a ntpBaTa nacT ot uiecTTOMHHa enoc "Oohkhobchh xopa". 1958-1962 CTaßa npe^ce^areji Ha CtKßa Ha öbJirapcKHTe nncaTejiH. 1961 H30paH e 3a aica,fl;eMHK Ha BtjirapcKaTa aKa^eMHa Ha HayKHTe. 1980, 26 aHyapH TeoprH KapacjiaßOB yMHpa b Co(j)Ha. M HCTOTO Ha TeoprH KapacjiaBOB b HCTopHírra Ha ö^jirapcicaTa jiHTepaTypa ce CB^psBa rjiaBHO c HeroBHTe jspa poMaHa "TaTyji" h "CHaxa". EflHH bHHMarejieH nome/i b^pxy tükctob ütü, Ha kohto ce cnpaxMe flo to3h MOMeHT, me 3a6ejie:>kh, ne e^Ba cera 3a rn^pBH iht cnoMeHaBaMe Haií-H3BecTHH5i öejieTpHCTHHeH >KaHp b jíHTeparypaTa - to3h Ha poMaHa. Ectcctbcho Bb3HHKBa BbnpocbT flanH b &bjirapcKara JiHTepaTypa npe3 to3h nepnofl ^KaHp^t e b Kpn3a? PoMaH^t b E^jirapmi npe3 cjiefl HbpBara CBeTOBHa BOÖHa He caMO He e b KpH3a, a flopn HanpoTHB - b pe^Hua cboh HanpaBjíeHHa, ocoöeHO mo ce OTHaCH flO HCTOpHHeCKHH pOMaH, e B HCTHHCKH pa3HBeT. ChJICH CTHMyjl 3a pa3BHTHeTO Ha poMaHa OKa3Bar cenTeMBpHHCKHTe CbÖHTiui ot 1923 r. E^ho ot HaH-3HaHHTejiHHTe npoH3BefleHHH Ha CenTeMBpHHCKara JiHTepaTypa e poMaffbT "Xo/?o" (1926) Ha Ahtoh CTpauiHMHpoB (1872 - 1937). He cjrynaííHO t03h poMaH ce b^npHeMa h Karo Haö-CTOHHOCTHaTa TBopöa b öoraTOTO HacjieflCTBO Ha nHcarejra. B "Xopó" CrpaiiiHMHpoB He caMO oÖB^psBa CKxaceTa C flpaMaTHHHHTe HCTOpHHeCKH CbÖHTHH, HO H HSfpa^Kfla MHOKeCTBO TCKCTyajIHH 226 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) HHBa CbC CKpHTH hjih hbhh npenpaTKH WbM ÖhÖJICHCKH h (J)OJIKJIOpHH mothbh. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, too nepnn n,a,eH n orflejiHH tcmh ot CBonre H3CJieflBaHHa b oÖJiacTTa Ha ,zryiiieBHOCTTa h HapofloncHxojiorHírra Ha öbjirapnHa. B to3h CMHCbJi "Xopó" e eflHa Han-nHTepe chhtc TBopön b öbjirapcKara jinTeparypa, ho eflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa h eflHa or Han-cjio:>KHHTe. OcoöeHO BHHMaHHe TpaÖBa fla oö^pHeM Ha pa3Boa Ha ucmopuuecKun pernatí b nepnofla Meoíyry ^BeTe cbctobhh bohhh. CTHMyjinpaHH h noflnoMaraHH or nojíHTHHecKaTa Bjiacr, nHcarejíHTe npe3 30-Te roflHHH 3anoHBar HacTonrnBo fla nnuiaT npon3Be,a,eHHíi Ha ncropnHecKH tcmh. ^o rojiaMa creneH nejinTe, kohto ce npecjieflBaT c tc3h npon3Be,a,eHHíi, ca hhcto yrajinTapHn - ,o,a ce noBHiiiH narpHOTHHHHHT pyx Ha o^jirapHHa cjiefl HannoHajiHHTe KaracrpocfM, kohto nperbpmiBa CTpaHaTa npe3 flecerajieTneTO. C^^aBaT ce pe^nna ÖHöJiHOTeKH KaTO HanpHMep "/Jpeetia E^jizapun"', kohto ca (JMHaHcnpaHn ot npaBHTejiCTBOTO c e^hhctbeHara nejí %a ce oöesnenar (JMHaHCOBO aBTopnTe. B pe3yjrraT ce noflBABar ctothuh npoH3BefleHHH, kohto b no-rojLaMara ch nacr ca Ha MHoro hhcko xya,o:>KecTBeHO hhbo. Ho cpefl Te3H MHoroöponHn TBopön Ha HCTopHHecKa TeMa mojkcm rsl OTKpneM h npon3Be,zi,eHH5i Karo "/Jen nocjieden - den zocnodeiť (1934) Ha Ctohh 3aropHHHOB (1889 - 1969), "ConyncKunm nydomeopeij" (1930) h "fl-biqepfíma na Kajionnď (1936) Ha aHH nonoBa-MyTa(J)OBa (1902 - 1977), TeTpajioiwra "IK-bmea" (1930 - 1933) Ha KoHcraHTHH neTKaHOB (1891 - 1952), "EpamsC (1927) Ha „ZJoöpn HeivrapoB (1882 - 1945), kohto HMar Ba>KHO mhcto b pa3Boa Ha hctophhcckhh poMaH b 6bjirapcKara JíHTepaTypa. EflHOBpeMeHHO C AhTOH CTpaiIIHMHpOB h MH03HHa flpyrH pOMaHHCTH nojiaraT cepno3HH ycnjina ^a Modepnusupam poMcma. HaB^ap MyTa(J)OB HanpHMep eKcnepnMeHTnpa c eKcnpecnoHHCTHHHHTe c3hkobh cpe^CTBa b "Jjujiemanm" (1926), HnKOJian PaÖHOB (1889 - 1954) HHTepnpeTnpa xpncTHHHCKaTa TeojioraHHa Mncbji b "Mejtcdy nycnniumna u Jtcueomď (1919), ^HMHTbp J^HMOB (1909 - 1966) TOHH b^MO^KHOCTHTe Ha nCHXOJIOm3Ma b "ITopyyuK Eenif" (1938). Pa3Önpa ce, peaji u cm u v nam a meiiôemiim cmho m Ma cbohtc cepno3Hn npeflCTaBHTejín b oojiacrra Ha poMaHa, a Teoprn KapacjiaBOB e ot Han-TajiaHTjiHBHTe cpefl tax. nncarejLaT e npeflCTaBHTeji Ha npojieTapCKaTa JíHTepaTypa. B Pycna npe3 n^pBOTO cjieflpeBOjnonnoHHO flecerajieTne npojieTapcKHTe nncaTejín 3amnTaBaT pa3JiHHHn He caMO (J)opMajiHH, ho necTO niaTH n HfleÖHH njiaT(J)opMH. B B^jirapna MajiKO ot Te3n xy^o^KecTBeHn 6op6n flOCTnraT b TaxHara TeoperanecKa n^jiHora n 3pajiocT. He3aBncnMO ot TOBa n oijjirapcKHTe npojieTapcKH TBopnn cnop^t n flncKyTnpaT othocho Feopzu Kapacnaeoe 227 jiHTeparypHHTe npHHUHriH. B oGiiih jihhhh oGane, bchhkh ca ooczthhchh othocho "oGmecTBeHaTa cjry:>K6a Ha jiHTepaTypaTa", "npnopnTeTa Ha CbA^p^KaHneTO Hafl (J)opMaTa" (reoprn BaKajiOB) h ochobhoto mhcto Ha npojieTapcKHH repoň. Bone mo H3HCKBaHe wbM npojieTapcKHTe tbophh e peajIHCTHHHOTO, HO Hfl,eOJIOrH3HpaHO b'bSnpOHSBeJKflaHe HaflCHCTBHTejIHOCTTa. rio to3h HanHH Te ce npoTHBonocTaBHjiH Ha HfleajiHCTHHHOTO, cnopefl Tax, H3KycTBO Ha 6yp>Koa3HHTa, kocto HMajio 3a ueji aa OTKjiOHaBa npeacTaBHTejiHTe Ha paGoTHHHecKaTa Kjiaca or aeHCTBHTejiHHTe hm npoGjieMH h KjiacoBOTO hm 0Cb3HaBaHe. TB'bpae necTO oGane, bmccto >khbh h opnrHHajiHH o6pa3H npojieTapcKHTe nncaTejiH npoHSBOKaajiH niaGjiOHHH TBopGn c ejieivieHTapHH flHaji03H, BOfleHH ot cxeiviaTHHHH h 6e3>KH3HeHH nepcoHa:>kh. 'TocTeHKa", xyn. BacHji Ctohjiob (1927) PofleHOTO npe3 30-Te roziHHH b Pycna noHHTne "coifiiajiucmimecKU peajiusKM" Bee ome Ghjio HenpHjio>KHMO wbM ycjiOBHirra, npn kohto ce pa3BHBajia B^jirapna npe3 to3h hctophhcckh nepnofl. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa, noHTH bchhkh G^jirapcKH npojieTapcKH TeopeTHHH Haojrarar b cbohtc craraH Bbpxy HeoGxoflHMOCTTa ot CbneTaBaHeTO Ha peajiH3Ma CbC coijHajiHOTO mhcjichc Bbpxy oGmecTBeHHTe npoGjieMH. OcoGeHO bjihhhhc b to3h CMHCbJi H3nrpaBa 228 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KHHrara Ha Tbflop ITaBjiOB "Oôiqa meopun hü usKycmeomo" (1937). CaMO roflHHa npe^h hchhoto H3JiH3aHe aBTop^t H3,o,aBa b CCCP Ha pycKH e3HK cboh Tpyfl "Teopun na ompajicenuemó", kohto ce b^npneMa ot CbBeTCKaTa KOMyHHCTHHecKa HayKa 3a enoxajiHO npczj^jDKeHne Ha JleHHHOBHTe h^en 3a oöeKTHBHHH OTpa>KaTejieH xapaicrep Ha no3HaHHeTO. B B^jirapna no TOBa BpeMe hmüto Ha TOflOp ITaBJIOB HMa H3KJIK)HHTejieH aBTOpHTÜT Cpefl JIHBaTa HHTejiHreHijHH. He3aBncnMO or TOBa, ne b oömn jihhhh too npenoBTapa floöpe no3HaTHTe 4)hjioco(J)ckh nocTaHOBKn Ha Mapicc, EHrejic n JIchhh, HeroBnre khhth, ocoöeHO b oojiacTTa Ha H3KycTBOTO, ce Bb3npneMaT or ö'bJirapcKHTe KOMyHHCTHHecKH nHcaTCJiH KaTO opnrnHajiHH Te3H c Ba>KHO TeopemnecKO 3HaHeHHC B CBOírra "Oôiqa meopun na usKycmeomo" ITaBjiOB no^nepTaBa ocHOBHaTa pojia Ha peajin3Ma, kohto e 6a3npaH b-bpxy npnHunna Ha OTpa>KeHneTO, KaTO Han-njiOflOTBopeH mctoa npn OTpa3HBaHe Ha flencTBHTejiHOCTTa. Jlpcra crpaHnun aBTop^t oxzjejLa n Ha 3HaHeHneTO Ha MapKCHCTKO-JieHHHCKHH MHpOrjICfl, KOHTO TpaÖßa J1$l p^KOBOflH TBOpeua b nponeca Ha Cb3flaBaHeTO Ha HeroBara TBopöa. B to3h cmhckji jinTepaTypaTa ce 0Cb3HaBa KaTO oöeKT Ha couuajien ctHCuiu3, th TpaÖBa %a pa3KpnBa np^Kara 3aBHCHMOCT Me^k^y ÖHTneTO n Cb3HaHneTO, Te3a, kohto 3a KjiacnnnTe Ha HCTopnHecKHH MaTepnajncbM HMa ctohhoct Ha HenoicjiaTHMa flonvia. B HHKaKBa CTeneH e creTHHe ckhtc nocTaHOBKn HaľlaBjíOB npeflCTaBjiaBaT ByjirapHOCOijHOJiorHHecKH npeBOfl Ha nflenre Ha Emhji 3ojia, kohto toh pa3BHBa b CBOHTa erárna "EKcnepuMeHmajiHURm poMcrn" (1880). ^OKaTO (J)peHCKHHT poMaHHCT noKa3Ba ">khbhh hobck b oömecTBeHaTa cpe^a, Cb3,a,a,zieHa n npoMeHHHa BceKH fleH ot Hero, b kohto h toh Ha cboíi pe^, nocToaHHO npeT'bpníiBa HaKaKBa npoMaHa", to cnope^, ö^jirapcKna TeoperaK oömecTBeHara cpe^a TpaÖBa ^a ce noKaiace KaTO cnocoÖHa Ha npoMíma, ÖJiaroflapeHne Ha peBOJnonnoHHO ocb3HaTna hobck. KaTO h3kjik)hhm hhcto HfleojiornHecKHTe nocTaHOBKn, OTpa:>KaTejiHHaT xapaKTep Ha H3KycTBOTO cnopefl riaBjíOB CbOTBeTCTBa Ha Hary p ajincTHHHaTa Teopna Ha Emhji 3ojia. Mo>Ke 6n nopain Ta3n npnnnHa hhkoh oijjirapcKH H3CJieflOBaTejin OTKpnBaT b poMaHHTe "Tamyjľ n "Cnaxď BjinaHne ot c|)peHCKHa poMaHHCT. ToBa ne n^pBHiiT ot flBaTa poMaHa, "Tamyji", H3Jin3a ro^nHa n nojiOBHHa cjiefl nyöJiHKyBaHeTO Ha TeoperanecKaTa KHnra Ha ITaBjiOB npe^nojiara HaKaKBO HflenHO BjiHHHne ot Hea. JJpyr e b^npocbT, ne cjiefl H3Jin3aHeTO Ha "Cnaxď KOMyHHCTHHecKHHT TeopeTHK ocK^yja KapacjiaBOB, ne ce 3aHHMaBa ^a noKa3Ba >KHBOTa Ha KyjiaijHTe (ot pycKH e3HK - öorara cejiaHn, eKcrnioarapainn HaeMHHTe paöoTHnnn), a He to3h Ha paöoTHnnecKara Kjiaca. Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 229 J\o noHBaTa Ha HBaTa poMaHa, c kohto Teoprn KapacjiaBOB BjiH3a b HCTopHHTa Ha ö^jirapcKara jinreparypa, aBTop^t caBa jih mokü aa ce noxBajin c Hemo CTOHHOCTHO. fl,opH HanporaB, bchhko, KoeTO H3flaBa jyo 1938 r, ce BnncBa Hanbjmo b udeünomo u (popMCumo KJiuiue na npojiemapcKama jiumepamypa. Taica HanpHMep b cboh paHeH penopTa>KeH poMaH "CnopMcwioé" (1930) KapacjiaBOB njľbTHO cjieaBa HHcrpyKnníiTa npojieTapcKOTO H3icycTBO fla b'b3npon3Be:>íc1aa >KHBOTa h .aenHOdra Ha paöoTHnnecKara Kjiaca. Karo ce HMa npeflBHfl, ne .aencTBneTO ce pa3BHBa b npa^KKoro npcarpaane Cnop:>KHjiOB, KHHra Ha r. KapacjiaBOB e njiaKaTHHHT Hfl,eojiorH3'bM, rapHnpaH CbC cyxn h "KaBajii>t njiane" (1927) m-bpTBopofleHH o6pa3H. TjiaBHHHT repon - Ka3axa -paran npn Han-GoranM cejiCKH cronaHHH, nocreneHHO ce 0Cb3HaBa h o6pa30Ba, nonaaaiiKH cpca KOMyHHCTHHecKH .apyrapn, KoeTO b Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa ro flOBe>Kfla flo H3pacTBaHeTO My KaTO KjiacoBOOCb3Har hhahbha h 6yHT cpemy ÖHBHIHH My rocnoaap. B Kpaa Ha noBeerTa repoírr e npcacraBeH Karo H3rpa,aeH peBOJHOijHOHep h cejiKop (cbKpameHHe Ha cejiCKH KopecnoH^eHT) Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara npeca, nnmem cbohtc .aonncKn noa, ÖJiaraTa ycMHBKa Ha noprpeTa Ha JIchhh. Kojikoto n HeBepoHTHO aa 3Bynn, caMO onen, HBe roanHn Teoprn KapacjiaBOB me rohane cboh poMaH "Tamyjf (1938), kohto, 3aeflHO c MajiKO no-KbCHna "Cnaxa" (1942), me ce npeB^pHe b caHO ot Han-croHHOCTHHTe b xyflO>KecTBeHO OTHOineHne öejieTpncTHHHn npon3Be,aeHHíi b ö^jirapcxaTa jinreparypa Me)k,ay HBeTe cbctobhh bohhh. B "Tamyjí" n "Cnaxď aBTop^t He H30CTaBH HfleojiornHecKHTe npeflnocTaBKH, kohto ro bohíit ho to3h momcht, ho ce OTKa3Ba ot TOBa aa rn eKcnjinnnpa n acfmrunpa, a rn CKpnBa 3a,a xyflO>KecTBeHH ajiK)3nn n aconnaunn. ľlo TaKbB HannH BTaTpeinHara neraypa, kohto KapacjiaBOB en Hajiara, 3a aa roöerHe o^aeinn hobh npoÔJieMn c Bjiacrra n nojiHuníFra, BCbmnocT pa^k^a rojieMna TBopen y Hero. KopnuaTa Ha BTopara b KOeTO aBTOpijT H3BeCTHO BpeMe öhji 06m paÖOTHHK, craBa hcho, ne npon3Be,aeHHeTO e bhcoko neHeHO ot napraíiHaTa KpnraKa n 3apa,an HeroBna nnrep-HaijHOHajieH xapaicrep. Ot hhcto xy^o^KecTBeHa rjieflHa TOHKa poManbT roiMa aöcojnoTHO HHKaKBn floCTOÍiHCTBa, TaKa KaKTO n noBecTTa "CejiKop" (1936), 3apaflH kohto KapacjiaBOB e apecryBaH n e H3npareH hhkojiko Mecéna b 3aTBopa. OOBHHeHHírra cpemy rracarejia ca, ne c TBopöaTa en noacrpeKaBa K'bM oömecTBeHO HenoHHHHeHne n nsB^piiiBa KOMyHHCTHHecKH nonyjncbM. BoaempTO b noBecTTa 230 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) IT flBeTe npoH3BefleHHa ch npnjinHar b hhcto (J)opMajiHO OTHomeHHe -CbCTOHT ce ot no 31 HeTHTyjiyBaHn Hacra n HMaT o6eM or okojio 200 craHaapTHn CTpaHHnn. Te3n 6ejie3n roBop^t 3a TOBa, ne aBTop^t hm e HMaji HaMepeHneTO aa rn bkjikhh b czihh o6m npoeicr, ebcimm ce ot nerapn poMaHa, TpeTnpamn npoGjieivia 3a yHnmo^KHTejiHara cnjia Ha nacraaTa coGctbchoct BepoaTHO nopaan HacT^nnjiHTe apaMaTHHHH ronnHn Ha BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa, KapacnaBOB He ycrorea aa apB'bpiiiH o CTaHajihtc aBe npon3BefleHna. 3aroBa aBara poMaHa ce pa3rjie>KflaT n neTar KaTO caMOcro^rre jihh TBopGn. 3a KaKBO ce pa3Ka3Ba b "Tamy/i". PoMaHbT 3anoHBa c norpeGeHneTO Ha Mhhho - Mjiafl m'bJK, kohto, KaKTO ce pa36npa, yivinpa npn HemacreH cjiynan. IIIoK'bT 3a uhjioto ceMencTBO e CTpameH. Manica My MapbOJia, >KeHa My Tomica n 6par My HBaH c^icam enm npn TponoTa Ha GynnTe np^CT Bb.pxy KOBnera 0Cb3HaBaT y)Kaca Ha cnojieTfljiara rn 3ary6a. CeMencTBOTO e eaHa or GeaHnre cj)aMHjiHH b OTflajieneHO Haicbae H3 TpaKnncKoro none cejio. Te n no to3h momcht Tpy^ho Bp^Bar mBara Kpaa, a cnea, cm^pTTa Ha rojieMna 6paT paGoTnre Tp^rBaT ome no-jiomo. JJpkrto Mhhho e >khb, b ceMencTBOTO HMajio Mnp n "Ea6a h BHyHKa", xyn. BjianHMHp /^HMHTpoB-MaficTopa Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 231 cnoKOHCTBHC Ton öhji He caMO CHjiHara (JMrypa b ,a,OMa, ho Cbmo Taxa Guar h jnoöam Cbnpyr, paöorjiHB CTonaHHH h ,a,o6bp opaTop. Mhhho e öhji h aicrHBHCT Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKara ono3HrjHH - jie>Kaji b 3arBopa 3apa,o,h CBonre n^en, kohto 0(J)opMHji c HeTeHeTO Ha fleöejin KHnrn. CivľbpTTa My oöane He cnjiOTHBa CeMeÖCTBOTO, flOpH HanpOTHB - OTBeflHTj^k npOMeHH B3aHMOOTHOIIieHHHTa b Hero. MapbOJia, kohto BHHarn e önjia cryzjeH h HecbpfleneH hobck, 3anoHBa ,a,a ce flb.pjKH CbC CHaxa ch ome no-CTporo h rpyöo. Mnaflara >KeHa no3Haßa CBoeHpaBHHH xapaKTep Ha CBeKb.pBa ch h npenrbina no,zi,MírraHHírra h 3JiHTe nomeflH KaTO rn oxzjaBa Ha Mb>Kara no 3ary6eHHH chh. CaMHHT HßaH e ynyzjeH or pĺBKara npoMHHa b noBCzjeHneTO Ha Manxa en n Ha hhkojiko nb/ra ce onnTBa fla Ka>Ke, ne ynpennTe KbM ToniKa ca HecnpaBe,zTjiHBH, ho MapbOJia ce HaxBb.pjia n cpemy Hero. Han-HaKpaa CTapaTa >KeHa pa3KpnBa npefl cnHa cn npnTecHeHHHTa cn - 3aKOHb>t no3BOJWBa Ha ToniKa %a npeTeH^npa 3a p?m ot HMOTHTe HM. ITOHTH BCHHKH BflOBHUH OT CejIOTO yCnejIH J1$l H3Mb>KHaT nojiararuHTe hm ce 3eMn. CaMHHT HßaH, kohto ro to3h momcht HHKora He ce öeji 3aMHCJiHji 3a TOBa, cera 3anoHBa m Bn^a b jinneTO Ha ToniKa npnKpnTa jihhhoct, hhhto eflHHCTBeHa MHCbJi e KaK no-öbp30 fla HanycHe Kbmara hm KaTO B3eMe nojiaramnTe Ř ce hhbh. ToBa 6n öhjio tojihm yzjap 3a flBaMara, Tb.n KaTO c HHBHTe, kohto HMar, Te n TaKa eflBa npe>KHBHBaT, a ocbch TOBa HßaH Hanb.jiHO 6n 3ary6nji Bb.3MO>KHOCTTa %a ce ojkchh h ^,a HanpaBn coöctbch ^om. He3aBHCHMO OTTOBa, MjiaflHHT MbiK npQZTbJDKaBa fla He o^oopaBa noBCzjeHneTO Ha MaÖKa cn. „Zlb.jiöoKO b ceöe cn toh BiipBa, ne MaÖKa My mhcjih caMO ^oöpoTO n ncKa fla ro npe^nasn ot jihhho Hemacrae, ho, ot flpyra CTpaHa, onpaB^aßa ToniKa, kohto He caMO c hhiho He e BHHOBHa 3a CMb>prra Ha 6paT My n .zrbjiöoKO črpáka 3a 3ary6eHHH en Cbnpyr, ho flopn n npe3 yMHeň MHHaBa ^a HanycHe flOMa n fla c e ojkchh othobo. B cejiOTO oöane c e pa3npocTpaHHBa Mb>jiBara, ne MapbOJia ce ,zrbp:>kh rpyöo CbC CBOHTa CHaxa. npnírrejín n 6jih3kh pczthhhh Ha HßaH ro CbBeTBaT ^,a roBopn c flBeTe jkchh, 3ainoTO too Bene e maBaTa Ha ceMencTBOTO. MapbOJia pemaBa ^a npoMeHn noBCzjeHneTO en cnpaMO CHaxa en, 3amoTO HHane me HacTpon xopara cpemy ceöe en. ITpe3 ^bjirnre n 6e3CbHHn Homn CTapaTa >KeHa mhcjih KaK 6n Morjia ^a nporoHn ToniKa, 6e3 th ^,a MO)Ke fla B3eMe hhbhtc hm. Pa3roBopnTe c aflBOKara n CbcejisHHTe a o6e3Kypa>KaBaT - 3aKOHb>t e Ha CTpaHaTa Ha b^OBnijaTa. B cbohtc HecnoKonmi pa3Cb>k,zi,eHHíi caMO npeflcraBara 3a CMb>pTTa Ha ToniKa ycnoKOHBa CTapara >KeHa. Ta Kpon pa3JiHHHH njiaHOBe KaK ^a yöne CHaxa en n Han-HaKpaa pemaBa ^a a OTpoBn c TaTyji. Uajia 3HMa MapbOJia ce onnTBa ^a npocryzjn Mjia^ara >KeHa, 3a ^a n fla^e BMecTO jieK OTpoBHara orBapa, CMeceHa c bhho, ho TaKa hjih HHane He ycraiBa b Te3n ch HaMepeHna. Bchhkh b ^OMa e^hh cjiefl flpyr ce pa36ojMBaT n 232 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 03flpaBHBaT, caMO Tomica hhto KHxa, hhto noa.CMb.pHa. CaMara MapbOJia KaTO Bb3pacTHa umadL MHoro tc>kko npexapBa öojiecTTa. Mhcjih ch, ne roiMa ^a a npe>KHBee, ho c rpn^KHTe Ha ToniKa h HßaH othobo CTaBa Ha icpaica. E^hh ,a,eH oöane bh^a 3anepBeHHTe ohh Ha CHaxa ch h h nyBa %a Kaiiijia. Pa3Önpa, ne HflBa BpeMüTO fla ocbmecTBn njiaHOBeTe ch. H3mhcjm noBQii ,zra H3nparH CHHa ch h BHyica ch y>k no paöoTa npn pozthhhh h, npaBema ce Ha 3arpn:>KeHa, npezijiara Ha ToniKa otpobhoto nnTHC Paflocraa ot HeonaKBaHOTO noBCzjeHHe Ha CBeK-bpBa ch, ToniKa ro H3nnBa 6e3 %a nofl03npa hhitio h ne cjiefl .zrbjiro ce CBJIHHa Mb.pTBa. H b "Cnaxď Teopra KapacjiaBOB eKcnjioaTnpa nozjoöeH icaMepeH ckokct. H TyK ce pa3rjie>KflaT B3aHMOOTHOineHHírra b eziHa (J)aMHjiHH - Ta3n Ha lOprajiaHa. Ho 3a pa3JiHKa ot "TaTyji", Kb,a,eTO ck^kcthoto .acHCTBne oöxBama caMO HHKOJiKO Mecéna, b to3h poMaH ce npocjieflHBaT 6jih30 10 roa,hhh ot )KHBOTa Ha repoHTe. 3a pa3JinKa ot MapbOJia, lOpTajiaHa e e^hh or Haö-öorarnTe coöctbchhuh b cztho Cbirio Taxa HeHa30BaHO öbjirapcKO ceno. Too e TpyzjojiioOHB h fleeH CTonaHHH - 3Hae Kora KaicBO m nocee n KaK ^a ro omieľa. Taxa MajiKO no MajiKO HarpynBa TOJiKOBa mhoto 3eMH, kojikoto hhkoh flpyr b cejiOTO HHMa. noflOÖHO Ha MapbOJia, toh e xojiepnK no xapaicrep - HepBeH h HeflOBOJieH, KoraTO oöiiryBa c HaflHHnapnTe, paöoTemn 3eMHTe My a b ceMencTBOTO e cryzjeH h HeoöiiraTeneH. )KeHa My - lOprajiaHKara - e npocTa )KeHa, KOHTO uíiji >khbot ce e rpH)KHjia 3a flOManiHoro CTonaHCTBO h pe^a b Komára h HHKora He e HMajia KaKBHTO n ,zra öhjio flpyrn HHTepecH. „JLBaMara HMaT Tpn fleija, ho poMaHb.t ce 3aHHMaBa non™ caMO Cbc Ctohko, kohto e Mjiafle>kkh OTBopeH h croBopHHB. Ctohko e BjiioöeH b CeB^a, hhhto po^HTejín - Ka3b.ji6aniHTe, He ca or Han-öorarnTe b cejiOTO, ho jxowbT hm e BHHarn nperjiefleH n yiOTHO no,zrpezi,eH. MaÖKara Ha CeB^a, Ka3b.ji6aniKaTa, MHoro ce pa^Ba Ha Bpb>3Kara Ha flb.mepíi h Cbc Ctohko - Haü-MeHTaHHa h öorar )kchhx b cejiOTO. EflHH jsßH lOprajiaHa H3Jin3a m Hamefla cbohtc no-OT^ajieneHK hhbh. ^OKaTO ce pa3xo>Kfla c pa^ocT mhcjih, ne KaKTO BCSKa rozraHa HeroBaTa 3eMH e Haii-floöpa h njiOflopoflHa. 3a6ejui3Ba oöane, ne hhkoh e öpaji or uapeBnnaTa. He cjiefl flb.jiro 3b.pBa n Kpa^eija - MajiKO pycoKOCO momhc - n xyKBa m ro roHH. ^ereTO B3HMa npezjHHHa h b 6e3noMOiimoerTa ch lOpTajiaHa rpaÖBa KaMb.k h ro xBb.pjia KbM momhcto. 3a HemacrHe KaMb.Kb.t yapa 4)arajiHO actcto b rjiaBaTa. lOpTajiaHa e OTnaaH ot HemacTneTO, KoeTO ro cnojiHTa, ho pemaBa fla CKpne npecrbmieHHeTO. BenepTa Cbc Ctohko TaÜHO norpeÖBaT thjioto Ha MajiKOTO fleTe. yÖHToro momhc ce OKa3Ba chh Ha e^hh .zrajieneH pozmHHa Ha lOprajiaHa. Hhjioto cejio e ynyzjeHO ot H3ne3BaHeTO Ha fleTero, a lOpTajiaHa HanpemaT h c nyBCTBO Ha BHHa ^aßa Kypa>k Ha cboh öpaTOBHezi ,a,a npozrbjDKn Feopzu Kapacnaeoe 233 "}KBTBap", xyzj. BjiaflHMHp ^,HMHTpoB-MaflcTopa A,a ro rbpcn H3 rojieMHTe rpa^OBe. MajiKO no MajiKO bchhkh 3a6paBHT 3a H3He3HajiOTO fleTe, a CeB^a n Ctohko ce o^KeHBar n b flOMa Ha K)pTajiaHa npncTnra Mjiaflara CHaxa. B^npexn ne b GoraraniKHH aom OTHomeHHírra ca no-CTyA,eHH otkojikoto b po^HaTa ř Ktma, CeB^a ce nyBCTBa KaTO b npnKa3Ka - pa^Ba ce Ha cbocto macrne, 3amoTO Ctohko h oGnHa ncxpeHO h chjiho. EflHH fleH flBaMaTa ca Ha CBarGa, ki^cto CeB^a Ha^naBa cencKna neBeij n nenejin b^xníiieHneTO Ha bchhkh tocth. BenepTa Ctohh raneHO ř ce Kapa, ne He My e Ka3Bajia 3a to3h cboh TajiaHT, a th ro ynpeKBa, ne cnrypHO h toh ch HMa CBOHTe TaííHH. Ctohko npn3HaBa, ne caMO e^HO Herno e ckphji ot Hea h ř pa3Ka3Ba 3a yGnTOTO momhc CeB^a e y»caceHa ot npecrbnjieHHeTO, ho &bp30 3a6paBH 3a Héro, yHeceHa b^b BceKHflHeBHHTe rpn^Kn. Mnaflara >KeHa ce 6e3noKon noBene ot TOBa, ne roflHHHTe MHHaBaT, a th TaKa h He ycrorea %a 3a6peMeHee. CjryHBa ce h Apyro HemacTne - Ctohko ce pa36ojwBa h Bene He MO)Ke fla paGoTH. Bama My He BapBa Ha onjiaKBaHHírra My n Ha jieKapcKHTe 234 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) npenopijKH ch noHHBa h rsl H3ÖarBa paöorara. EflHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa, no-MajiKHHT My chh, AjieKcn, kohto n3npama fla ce ynn b rojieMHH rpafl, xBama no jioiiin irbTmiia - He ynn n no nenn ahh ctoh h3 Kac^eHeTara. lOprajiaHa ce npoBajia n b onnTHTe en rsl Bjie3e b ynpaBara Ha cejiOTO, 3aujOTO CbcejraHHTe My He ro oönnaT. KyjiMHHannírra Ha Te3n HemacTna n^Ba CbC CM^pira Ha Ctoíiko. OcraHajia caMa, CeB^a OTBe^h-b^k ocb3HaBa Bpa:»yi,e6HOCTTa Ha ny^na ppm. lOprajiaHa ce k'bpiKM ouje no-xjiaflHO c Hea n pemaBa m nporoHH Mjia^aTa >KeHa. CeBfla pa30npa, ne He e >KejiaHa b rocnoflapcKna ^om h ce npnönpa npn poflHTejíHTe en, ho lOpTajiaHa OTica3Ba %a n fla^e nojiaramnTe n ce Bemn. HsnijjiHeHa c OMpa3a wbM cbohtc rbcroBe, e^hh ^eH CeB^a ce cema 3a .zrbjíro na3eHaTa Taima n a pa3ica3Ba Ha po^HTejinTe en. Bama n a no,zrraKBa m H3Hya,Ba lOprajiaHa KaTO b 3aMHHa Ha m^jmaHneTO n a npHHy^aBa %a noncica Han-rojiaMa HHBa. lOpTajiaHa e yacaceH ot TOBa, ne n flpyr 3Hae 3a npecrbnjieHneTO n 3anoHBa %a ce na3apn CbC CeB^a KaTO n npe^jiara flpyrn 3eMn. CeB^a ce HyBCTBa HejiOBKO, ho He OTCT^nBa - nun rojraMara HHBa, hjih hhiiio. B Kpaa Ha poMaHa lOpTajiaHa pemaBa 3a no-flo6pe %a ce npe^afle Ha BjiacTTa cjiefl ^eceT roflHHH npnKpnBaHe, otkojikoto fla H3ry6n HHBara. He caMO b tc3h ^Ba poMaHa Teopm KapacjiaBOB npeflBapnTejiHO 3ajiara eflHa HfleojiornHecKH o(J)opMeHa Te3a, Taxa toh npaßn b^b bchhkh cboh npoH3BefleHHH. B "Tamyji" n "Chcixu" h/jeojioreMaTa TpaÖBa m pa3KpnBa napyôuomo g ji imune na muc m 11 o c o 6 c m a e mm e c ku m a empacm e mnumajiucmunecKomo oôitfecnwo. Kaicro Aoope 3HaeM, Ta3n nocTaHOBKa e Kpaö'brjieHHHT icaMTaK Ha nojinTHKOHKOHOMHHecKOTO yneHne Ha Kapji MapKC n OpnflpnxEHrejíc, cnope^, kohto KannTajin3M'bT HeMHHyeMO me G'bjsß 3aMeHeH ot KOMyHHCTHHecKOTO oömecTBO, 3amoTO cj)HHaHCOBHTe cpeflCTBa He ce ynpaBjMBaT ot peajiHHTe en CTonaHn - paöoTHnnecKara Kjiaca, a or e^hh MajľbK ejiHT - eKcnjioaraTopnTe KannTajincTn. nopain Ta3n npnnnHa n^pBara ^enHOCT Ha peBOjnonnoHHoro npaBHTejiCTBO b CCCP e pß. ocbmecTBn HannoHajin3aLiH5i, t.e. jya. jinKBH^npa nacTHaTa coöctbchoct.. Cnope^, KOMyHHCTnnecKaTa Hfleojiorna nacTHara coöctbchoct noflôy>Kfla b HOBeica HeroBHTe eroncTHHHn HHTepecn, npeflH3BHKBa ro kijM jinneMepne n jrb>Ka KaTO noTHCKa flOÖpofleTejiHaTa My ajiTpyncTHHHa npnpofla. 3apafln coöcTBeHOCTTa hobck 3a HOBeica ce npeBp^ma b 3Bap, Hemo kocto H3KpnBíiBa CbmHOCTra My 3ampTO no npnHunn toh e ocb^eH jy& >KHBee b kojickthb. B t03h CMHCbJi KaTO nocjieflOBaTejieH n yöe^eH KOMyHHCT Teoprn KapacjiaBOB npeflBapnTejiHO nocraBíi nfleonoreMara - ^a pa3Kpne naryÖHHTe connajmn n ncnxojiorHHecKH nocjieflnnn, kohto HMa b^pxy oöhkhob chhíi hobck 4)eTnmn3npaHeTO Ha coöcTBeHOCTTa. To3n npoijec TpaÖBa b Kpaa Ha Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 235 KpaniiiaTa #a flOicajKe, ne npnerpaeriiBaHeTO lebM coöcTBeHOcrra npeBp^ma HOBeKa b npeerbnHHK, b yöneij. ToBa ca HfleojiornHecKirre npeanocTaBKn, 3ajierHajiH b TBopönre, ho nopain pennna npnHHHn Te He ce ma6jiOHH3HpaT, Taxa KaKTO CTaBa npn noBeneTO npojieTapcKH nncaTejin, a ce TpaHC(J)opMHpaT b H3KjiK)HHTejiHO cnojiyHjiHBO peajin3npaHH, KOMno3HHHOHHO ,a,o6pe pa3BHTH h ncnxojiornHecKH yöeflHTejiHH o6pa3H. TeMaTa 3a 3eivmTa BHHarn e HMajia CBoeTO h3kjik)HHTejIHO Ba)kho mhcto, aopn mo>Ke aa ce Ka)Ke, ne th e ocHOBHa 3a peajiHCTHHHaTa jihhhh b ö^jirapcKaTa jiHTepaTypa. HaMa TBopöa, npeocTaBiiiiia CbflöaTa Ha oöhkhobchhh CejICKH hob ck, kohto b HHKaKBa CTeneH aa He 3acara h npoÖJieMa 3a H3TOHHHica Ha HeroBOTO npenHTaHHe. Pennna ot rojieMHTe HMeHa b 6bJirapcKaTa jiHTeparypa KaTO EjIHH riejIHH, KOHCTaH-thh ITeTKaHOB, Hjihh BojieH, HopnaH Hobkob 3acaraT b cboh pa3Ka3H npoöneMü 3a koh(pjiUKmume, kohto nopa^Kna Hacnena-BaHeTO, pa3flejiHHeTO hjih npocTO CTonaHHCBaHero Ha oöpaöoTBaeiviaTa 3eMH. B t03h CMHCbJI Hfl,eOJIOrH3Hpa- HeTO Ha TeMara or CTpaHa Ha TeoprH KapacjiaBOB ce BnncBa b enHa oöinoHannoHajiHa h caivia no ceöe cn hsb'bHHfleojiornHecKa njiocKOCT. ConnajiHOTO KaTO nbpBHHHO HaMepeHHe ce BjiHBa n CTaBa nacT ot ncnxonornHecKara n HannoHajiHara onpeneneHOcr Ha TBopöaTa. KapacjiaBOB He 6n MorbJi na rorpann yöennrejiHO cboh xy^o^KecTBeH cbot, 6e3 na ce noKOCHe no MHoro tí>hkh h bsükhw ncnxojiornHecKH HannoHajmn xapaKTepncTHKH, 6e3 na nocTaBn cbohtc nepcoHa>kh b ennH opraHnneH '5Ki>TBapKa", xyn. Bjia^HMiip /JinviirrpoB-MaHCTopa 236 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) xyflO>KecTBeH cbht. HeroBHTe nempajiHK nepcoHa:>kh - MapbOJia n lOprajiaHa - He ca TOJiKOBa Bb.njrbineHHii na couHajiHHíi ,o,eTepMHHH3'bM, kohto npeflonpeflejw eroncTHHHHH hm xapaicrep, a npeflcraBjuiBaT cjio^kch KOMnjieKC ot nCHXOJIOrHHeCKH, COUHajIHH h HaUHOHajIHH H3MepeHHH, kohto 0(J)OpMHT thxhoto xyflO>KecTBeHO noBefleHHe. 3aMHCJieHH KaTO npoH3Be,o,eHHii, b neHTb.pa Ha kohto Tpaößa ctoh coijHajiHHHT (J)aKTop, "Tamyji" h "Cnaxď b flencTBHTejmocT ce npeBp^mar b TBOpÖH, nOCTaBHIIIH CJI05KHH h OÖinO b3üto Hepa3peiIIHMH MOpajlHH flHJieMH. Be3 CbMHeHHe neHTpajiHHTe nepcoHa:>kh b flBara poMaHa ca npczjcraBeHH b HeraTHBeH njiaH. H MapbOJia, h lOpTajiaHa H3Bb.puiBaT npecTbnjieHHH h He MoraT fla 6b.fl.aT onpaB^aHH ot MopajiHa rae^Ha TOHKa. Ho KapacjiaBOB noflxo>Kfl,a cnpaMO xy^o^KecTBeHaTa fleiiCTBHTejiHOCT, no,o,o6HO Ha rojieMHTe peajiHCTH b eBponeHCKara jiHTepaTypa Emhji 3ojia, ľn flbo MonacaH h TycTaB jio6ep, ocTaBHHKH TeKCTb.t jydL roBopn caM 3a ceöe en, 6e3 no HincaKb.b HannH fla ce HaMecBa b Hero. TaKa nepcoHa:>KHTe My ce npeflcraBirr npefl HHTarejui c BbTpeiiiHHTe ch MOHOJI03H n pa3MHCJiH, ocb>>Kfl,aHHH n onpaBflaHHH, a He npe3 aBTOpCKH MOpajIH3aTOpCKH npHCb>,zth. 06pa3HTe Ha MapbOJia h lOpTajiaHa ce npeBpb.inaT b czjhh ot hüü-yöedumejiHume ompuuamejiuu nepcouamu e ôtmapcKama jiumepamypa. MapbOJia, HanpnMep, He e onncaHa KaTO acmohkhho CbinecTBO, KoeTO yÖHBa 6e3CKpynyjiHO CBOHTa CHaxa, flopn HanpornB. repoHHirra Ha KapacjiaBOB npe3 uíijioto BpeMe e bo^eHa ot .ztkhooko xyMaHHH n neHHOCTHO 3HanHMn b HaijHOHajieH acneKT mothbh - >KejiaHHeTO jya. npe^nasn eflHHCTBeHHH en ocTaHaji chh ot yHH3HTejiHO h öeflHO Cb>mecTByBaHe. Hmchho TyK mohkq jy& ce orKpne h czthh ot Haii-HHTepecHHTe or ncnxojiorHHecKa me^Ha TOHKa momchth b poMaHa - HaHHHb.t, no kohto KapacjiaBOB npe3 Bb/rpeiimHTe mohojio3h h pa3MHCJin Ha repoHTe noKa3Ba CKpnTaTa coöcTBeHa npaBora Ha bcckh czthh ot tax. MapbOJia mhcjih, ne ToniKa me rn HanycHe h me en B3eMe nojiaramoro n ce, flOKaro ToniKa b oöinn jihhhh caMO črpáka ot rpyöoTO noBe^eHne Ha rbina ch, a HßaH e pa3nojiOBeH b mhcjihtc ch 3a ^BeTe jkchh - oönna, ho h ce flpa3HH or rpyöara ch MaÖKa - CTpaxyBa ce ot CHaxa ch, ho h h CbnyBCTBa. KapacjiaBOB 3acara e^Ha hskjuohhtcjiho HyBCTBHTejma nepTa b ncnxojiorHHTa Ha ObjírapuHa, kohto e nacm om nampuapxamiama iiepapxamia ifetíHOcmna cucmeMa - jrnneara Ha KOHTaicr, Ha roBop, Ha oöiiryBaHe Me>k/ry HjieHOBeTe Ha cj)aMH jinaTa. Hhto BCZTHb.:^ TpnMaTa nempajiHK repon He CTnraT AO pa3HCHHBaHe Ha H3Mb>hbamHTe rn Bb.npocn, ^,o otkphtoto hm nocraBíiHe h thxhoto pa3pemaBaHe. ^najiorb.t b "Taryji" e nceBflOflnajior, 3amoro He bqzth AO H3HCHHBaHe Ha npoojieMnre, a flopn HanpoTHB - nejieHaconeHO ce OTKJiOHHBa Feopzu Kapacnaeoe 237 OT tax, H36flTBa th, nOCTOHHHO OTJiara OTKpHBaHCTO Ha HCTHHaTa. ITaTpHapxajiHOTO Cb3HaHHe e KOHcepBarnBHO, 3arBopeHO b coGctbchhtc ch ueHHOCTH h npeflpa3Cbfl'brJH. To OHTOJiornnHO OTpnna pa3HCKBaHeTO h pa3HCHHBaHeTO Ha Heno3HaroTO. B to3h CMHCbJi b cbohtc poiviaHH KapacjiaBOB b MHoro no-rojMMa CTeneH m3b-bpujBa comia.uta KpumiiKa ua KOHcepeamuenomo nampuapxcuiHO ooiifecnwo u Cb3Hcmue, ommjiKomo na juiacoeamapa3dejienocm. H MapbOJia, h K)prajiaHa ca npeflCTaBeHH KaTO jinineHn ot BCHKaKBH h3b,bhjihhhh HHTepecn, OT^afleHH Ha pejiHrH03HH cyeBepna h npe.a.pasc'b.zrbnH, KaKTO h Ha eneMeHTapHHTe erOHCTHHHH Hy)k,ZTH. BCHHKO HOBO H pa3JIHHHO hjih He CbmecTByBa b Cb3HaHHeTO hm (Mapbona) hjih njianra CbC cjio>KHOCTTa ch (K)prajiaHa). E^Ha or ocHOBHHTe npHHHHH 3a CM'bpTra Ha ITaBeji HanpHMep e HCzjOBepneTO, kocto 6ama My npoaBHBa Kb.M flOicropHTe. B CbinoTO BpeMe nepconajtcume c no-pa3JiuuHO Mucjiene, ca npeflCTaBeHH KaTO CTpaxjiHBH h HecnrypHn. Ot e^Ha CTpaHa, TaKb.b e HBaH b "Tamyji", H3rpa,a,eH icaro Hca.ocTaTb.hho aKTHBeH h HHnnnaTHBeH. OcHOBHa npHHHHa 3a yGnncTBOTO Ha Tomica ce OKa3Ba MHoroKpaTHO OTjiaraHHHT h b Kpaa Ha Kpanmara Taica h He ocbmecTBeH pa3roBop MeiKjsy Hea h HBaH. TouiKa flopn h He MO)Ke ,a,a npe,o,nojio:>kh nopa^H KaKBH npnnHHH MapbOJia ApacTHHHO npoMeHH noBefleHHeTO ch cnp^MO Hea npe^H ^a a noryGn. Ot flpyra CTpaHa, TouiKa h CeB^a, He3aBHCHMO or CBOHTa hcbhhhoct h ^oGpoTa, (J)aKTHHecKH ca Hanb.jiHO 6e3noMOinHn cpefl 3aKOCTeHejiHTe h o6inoBajra,zi,HH naTpnapxajiHH B3anMOOTHOiiieHHfl. TouiKa e H3rpa,a,eHa KaTO Hanb.jiHO nacHBHa Harypa, kohto npn BCHKa no-MeKa flyMa Ha CBeiebpBa ch, H3na,a,a b yMHjieHne h Ha,a,e:>k,zTa h He CMee ,a,a norbpcn yTexa h noMom npn 6jih3khtc ch. CeB^a, ot cboh CTpaHa, flencTBa ctphktho cb.o6pa3flBanKH ce c COHHajIHHTe HOpMH Ha CBCTa, b KOHTO >KHBee. TepoHTe Ha KapacjiaBOB ca b mhoto no-rojuiMa CTeneH npooyKT Ha orpaHHHeHara3aTBopeHa cncreMa Ha 6bjirapcKoro cejio, otkojikoto Ha HeroBHre connajmn Hanpe^KeHHH. MapbOJia BejiHKOJienHO Bb.njib.maBa npnpczTara Ha to3h Tnn Cb.3HaHne, cnope^, kocto 3aKOHtm ua poda e no-cujien om 3aKona ua dtpjfcaeama u ua Mopcuia. Cnope^, hchhoto MncjieHe roiMa rpax, axo toh ocTaHe H3Bb.H OHHTe n yuiHTe Ha flpyrnTe. HaMa npecrbrnieHne, axo to ce na3n floGpe b TanHa. B to3h CMncbji cjryxoBeTe, kohto ce hocht h3 cejiOTO 3a Hea, Han-MHoro a njiamar. nopa^n Ta3n npnnnHa th npe^npneMa cjieflBamara KpanHa crbnica npn 3ainnTara Ha cbohtc neHHOcrn n npaBO - npecTaBa ,a,a ce flOBepaBa flopn n Ha cnHa en HBaH. Mb.HHTejiHara 6op6a, kohto MapbOJia BOfln Cb.c ce6e en, ^ajin %a pa3Kpne cbohtc njiaHOBe noHe Ha cecTpa en n b 238 JleKijuu no ábJízapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) KpaÖHa CMeTKa 3ana3BaHeTO Ha Tamara, npezjCTaBjuiBa TpHyM(J) Ha hchhoctho orpaHHHeHHH naTpnapxajieH cbht KapacjiaBOB He pa3BHBa cboh poMaH no Modena Ha ^ITpecmtnjieHue u HaKCßaHue", tb^p^e nonyjrapeH h eKcrnioarnpaH cpefl o^jirapcKHTe nncaTejin, Taxa KaKTO ro npaBH b "Cnaxa". Jlppm HanpoTHB, MopajiHnaT Ka3yc b "Tamyji" e TOTajiHO npeoo^pHaT He3aBHCHMO ot otbopchhh xapaicrep Ha poMaHa, aBropijT HeeflHOKpaTHO noa,CKa3Ba, ne npecTbnjieHHeTO me ocTaHe Hepa3icpHTO. MapbOJia Bb.snpoHSBejK.zi.a b Cb3HaHHeTO en bchhkh cnoMeHH 3a cjiynanHO noHHHajiH xopa ot cejioro, kohto ca en othlujih 3,zrpaBH h npaBH, 6e3 %a nopoA^t y HHKoro n Kannnna nofl03peHHe. Ocbch TOBa npecTbnjieHHeTO Ř e nepc|)eKTHO ocbmecTBeHO - roiMa cbh^eTejin h npea, HHKoro He e pa3KpHjia HaMepeHHaTa en. TaOHara th me 3aBjieHe n b rpoöa, 3amoto nocjie^HOTO Hemo, KoeTO MO)Ke jydL ce onaKBa ot repoHHírra e npoHBa Ha ry3Ha CbBecT. HanpoTHB b CKajiara Ha HeÖHaTa neHHOCTHa cncTeivia th Bb.3CTaHOBHBa e^Ha HecnpaBCzmnBoer -npeiviaxHajia e 3anjiaxaTa 3a cboh pozi. "^CtTBap", xyzj. BjiaflHMHp ^HMHTpoB-MaöcTopa Feopzu Kapacnaeoe 239 Han'bjiHO h^eHTHHeH e npe^CTaBeH Momuetm 3a MtJiyatmemo b "Cnaxa". 3HaHHeTO 3a yGhhctboto b paMKirre Ha ceMeficTBOTO aBTOMarHHHO "aMHHCTHpa" npecT^njieHHeTO, 3amoTO no to3h HaHHH to He CbinecTByBa n 3a o6mHOCTTa. CMb>pTTa Ha Ctohko h HerbpnHMHflT xapaicrep Ha K)prajiaHa oGane npe,o,H3BHKBaT CeB^a %a HanycHe flOMa n (JjaicraHecKH th ce npeBpb.ru a B'bB b^HineH HOBeK. ITo to3h HaHHH TairaaTa Bene ry6n Marn^Ta Ha 3amHTeHOCTTa b 3aTBopeHna /jom. Th ce eKCTepnopH3npa, CTaBa nyGjinnHO flOCTOHHne h no to3h HaHHH ce jiernTHMnpa KaTO npecrbnjieHHe. KapacnaBOB b HHicaicbB cjiynan He npeBpb>ma CeB^a b >KepTBa Ha K)pTajiaHa. ,7J,o rojuiMa CTeneH th Cbino e pa3KpnTa KaTO npo,zi,yKT Ha CbinoTO TOBa orpaHHneHO naTpnapxajiHO MHCJieHe, a h HHMa KaK ,a,a He e Taica. HbpBOHaHajiHO th no CBoeMy npneivia "3aKOHa" 3a m^jinaHneTO, KoraTO Bee ome e nacT ot ceMeficTBOTO Ha K)prajiaHa MHoro 6bp30 "3a6paBa" 3a npeerbnjieHHeTO. Ho ToraBa, Koraro e BO^eHa e^HHCTBeHO ot HHTepeca h oivrpa3aTa H3BeflH'b>k en b'bSCTaHOBHBa cnoivieHa, 3a ,a,a H3BjieHe noji3a hjih Han-Man koto yziOBjieTBopeHHe, Bn>Kfl,aHKH erpaflaHneTO Ha cboh CBeicbp. nocjieflHOTO Hemo, kocto MO)Ke %a ce ica:>Ke 3a o6pa3HTe Ha Mapbona n K)prajiaHa e, ne npeflCTaBjiaBaT rana^kh. JJppw HanpornB, Te ca e^HO cjio>kho CbHeTaHne ot hhcto ncuxojiozuuecKU xapaxmepucmuKU - jioiii n rpy 6 xapaicrep, CTyzieHHHa n mhhtcjihoct, coijuajinu 6ejie3u - orpaHnneHOCT, CTpax ot cnpaBefljiHBOCTTa, (J)eTHiiiH3HpaHe Ha 3eMHTa, n naifUonajiHU uepmu -H3flnraHeTO b icyjiT Ha Tpyzja h ceMencTBeHOCTTa. B to3h CMncbJi Mapbona h lOprajiaHa ce pa3KpnBaT KaTO .ztkhGoko flpaMarnnHn o6pa3H. Upes tax Teoprn KapacnaBOB ocbinecTBABa kojikoto corrnajiHa KpnrHica, TOJiKOBa n Ha aHajiH3 Ha e^Ha npocjiOHica or ObjirapcKiui Hapofl - Ta3n Ha KOHcepBaraBHiui 6bjirapcKH cejiHHHH, H30JinpaH or CBeTa. H b to3h cmhckji aBTopb.t ycraiBa b cbohtc HaMepeHHH, 3amoro Cb3,a,aBa 3a G^jirapdcara jiHTeparypa H3KjiiOHHTejiHO >khbh, njib.thh h yGeflHTejiHH o6pa3H, njiofl Ha e^Ha OTMHHajia enoxa ot 6b.jirapcKara ncTopna, ijeHHOCTHTe Ha kohto oGane npo,zrbji:>KaBaT ,a,a CbinecTByBar b Cb.3HaHneTO Ha pe,o,Hna ot flHeniHHTe Objirapn. 240 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) 5HBJ1MOTEKA CHAXA 4 Hafl 3eMHTa ce CHneme Bene >KeraTa Ha hchhh jictch ^eH, 3ajiHBanie H3noMaHKaHHTe erbpHnma h pe^KHTe yrapn h yracBame b nocbpHajiaTa 3ejieHHHa Ha napeBHHHHTe noneTa. TyK-TaM pe>Kexa b^pinn h Han, oroneHHTe MaMynH, HaneHH cbc s^pHO h pa3KpHBeHH Hafl ,zrbji6oKHTe Kap^HH, ce Mapicaxa GejiH icbpnn, GjiacBaxa CbpnoBe, npo3BynaBaxa oncbCJieHHn necHn, mohotohhh H >KajIHH. YT'bnKaHHHT icpan n^THmaTa nepH03eM 6eme ce Hanyicaji, 3eMHTa KaTO ne Jin HCKame ,a,a ch noeMe fl^x, npeMajiajia ot CTpaniHHTe ropemnHn, 3a>KaflHHjia 3a Bjiara h jxb~x.j\. Ha,zi x^jiMOBeTe ce cnjiHTaxa n^pBHTe orHeHOCBeTjiH >khhkh Ha paHHara Mapami h hhbhtc naaaxa h ce ryGexa, ynjieTeHH nozi 6e3KpanHa h HeyjiOBHMa Mpe^ica, npocHara or CHHicaBHTe b'bpxoBe Ha CTapa njiaHHHa %o MopaBHTe onepraHHa Ha Poflonnre. Ilo KpnBHTe Me>KflycejiCKH nTaTHiiia ciebpnaxa kojih, HaroBapeHH Cbc CHonn. Te3H CHonn 6axa ot Han-,zi,ajieHHHTe hhbh, tax npeHacaxa Han-no cue. Ha Mecra K)pTajiaHa KHMame Ha paHo6ya,HHTe cronaHn, Ha MecTa Maxame bhcoko c p^Ka: - JJpGpa cpema! JSpGpa cpema! Ako ce cjiyHeme hhkoh no-6jin3'bK, ^eTO My 6eme no Cbpne, toh ro cnnpanie 3a MajiKO, nozjaBaiiie My icyra^Ta c nnrapnTe n KHMame c niaBa icbM HaroBapeHara KOJia: - Te)KH jin? Te>KH jih? - Cpe^Ha xyGocT. YMopeH, H3noTeH, toh ce florKrpn ^o EMHHaroBOTO KanHane n ce Tp^nma b csHicaTa Ha caMOTHara ninnKa. Haicora - toh ro noMHn - TOBa KanHane 6eme rojiHM Gncrbp H3Bop. Beme KanTnpaHO n orpafleHO c tc>kkh Rsmami KaM^Hn or Haicon en Emhh ara. Hhkoh Bene He noMHeme t03h 6jiaropo,a,eH rypnnH -OTflaBHa, ome no Cp^GcKO-otjirapcKara BOHHa npe3 1885 ro,a,HHa, 6axa ce H3CejIHJIH BCHHKH OKOJIHH TypUH, - HO HMCTO Ha T03H HC3HaeH GjiarOflCTejI EuôJiuomeKa - Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 241 ocTaHa cb"bp3aHO c H3Bopa n c nejina t'bflHBameH Kb.p. CaMO ne npe3 EBponeöcKara BOÖHa KanHaneTO öeuie CbCHnaHO - e^Ha Hom KMerbT 3a,o,HrHa KaivľbHHTe h cera to Cbji3eme KaTO m^tho, rypejiHBO oko. ,7J,Be-TpH >Ka6n ce rypKaxa b 3ejieHHcajiHTe My bqzth, no iuihtkoto ^aHO inaBaxa m^Mapnun, HepBeÖHeTa, bqzthh öyöojieHKn. lOpTajiaHa ce HaBe^e, HaMp^mn ce, ho nn. HaMame hhto KaHne, hhto KpaTyHKa, bchhko Kpa^axa h H3noHynBaxa npoKjieTHTe My xopa. Toh ce H3npaBH, npojiOMOTH eflHa Te>KKa ncyBHH h noe wbm HHBaTa ch, kohto 3anoHBame ot Opjiobhh ,zrb6 n ce H3BHBame Ha^ojry naK ^o 3mhhh ^oji. Eto, ot Ta3H napeBnna toh naKaiiie Han-MHoro Ta3n ro^HHa. Ta öeuie 3acHTa MajiKO no-Kb>chhhko or flpyrHTe, ho Ha Bjiara jih ce ynynn, BpeMeTO jih öeuie TaKOBa, He mo^Keme %a ce pa3Öepe, ajia CTaHa e^Ha napeBnna 3a nyzjo. Bb.piiiHTe n ome ne öaxa 3a pa3aHe, MOiacexa ^a nonaKar ^o e^Ha ce^MHija. Acjib. Tb.KMO flOKaTO %a npeHecar (J)hh. lOpTajiaHa orflaBHa He öeuie MHHaBan HacaM, Ta He öeuie bh^hji c ohhtc ch, ne uapeBHuaTa My e H3ÔyHjia TaKa h e 3aBb.p3ajia TaKOBa e,zrpo, 3,zrpaBO 3b.pHO. Tji erárne a toh h My craBaine jieKO, h r^p^HTe My ce H3,ayBaxa, h flHínaHeTO My 6eme a'kjiöoko h cjia^ko. ^Ba^eceT h ^Ba ^eKapa - uíijio nojie. Ohhtc My He ce OTKb.CBaxa ot BHCOKara CTeHa Ha njiOflOHOCHnre crp^nn, ot paflOCT He černáme CTpauiHaTa ropemnHa, ne 6bpineine noira, kohto ce CTHHame no nejioro My h no .zrbjiöoKnre crpaHHHHH 6pb>HKH CTnranie flo onnre, CMb.fl,eine ro n 3aMpe>KBaine norae^a My. Ton Mnranie caMO h b yMa My ce npeMírraxa icynoBe MaMynn, nperbnKaHH kojih, npocHaroro Ha xapMaHa 3b>pHO, KanjiaflHcaHH nyBajin n TonneTa hobhhkh, ome HennnaHn öaHKHOTH. ",7J,a HMa ... fla HMa... - npecMírrame toh, Karo 6bpineine nejio - %a HMa Han-ManKO neT xHjiHflH KHjiorpaMa." HaMa %a npo^aBa napeBnnaTa, me a js^p^Km naK ,a,o HanpojieT, ^a nocK-bmie, ne ToraBa. me a npofla^e Ha neHa, Ta %a Ř bh^h cjiaflOCTTa. AMa kojikoto h r& mhhc, KaKBaro neHa n ^a My ,o,aBar, Bce e^ho flBaíiceT h neT xhjdiuh jieBa me B3eMe ... lOpTajiaHa HaBjie3e naBvrpe. Fbcra inyMa 6eme ce cnjiejia Ha,a, KaptijHTe, eflpn MaMyjin, oöbcchjih pb>>Kfl,HBOKa4)hbh pecHH, ce Kp^crocBaxa Ha bchhkh CTpaHH h ro Tynaxa no KpaKaTa, no cjiaÖHHHTe h no Kp^cra. - J\ee, no-nojieKa! - rbjineme rn toh rajieHO. - ^aiŕre nnT ,a,a MHHa. Eto, 3aMHCJia ce toíi, cnoMiw en KaK a icynn Ta3n HHBa n ce ycMHXHa. Kb.CMeT HacHjia My a THKaxa b p^neTe, ^eTO HMa e^Ha npnKa3Ka. ^OToraBa TOBa MHCTO MHHaBame 3a cjiaöoBaTHHKO. Toicy-mo 6eme ce Bb.pHaji ot BOHHara, 3a HHBH h 3a hmot ome He My c e Mncjieme. KaTO bchhkh c|)poHTOBanH h toíi He Modeme ome fla ce Hapa^Ba, ne cjiefl TpnroflHííiHH m^kh h cpa>KeHHH e 3ana3Hji flymaTa ch. Ajia He mem jih, H3Tb.pcn ce e^hh ^eH npn Hero HßaHHO rionTOflopoB, Ha CTapna non To^opa Han-MajiKHH chh - npoflaBan en ^ejia, m^Ji fla ce mccth b rpa^a. Kynnji ch TaM HMoreij, a He My flocrnrajin napHTe. 242 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) lOprajiaHa My aaae mBanceT xmianH jieBa - KaTO Ha mera. H B3e rnnnnKOTO My MOMne, Ta ckjiohh. KaKBH ronnHn 6axa ToraBa - njiarn a HaBeziH'b^K, TOicy-penn, c aBe kojih mneHnna. npezrn rozrnHn, ome no BajiKaHCKaTa BOHHa, IlonToaopoBHTe 6axa a paGorajin Ta3H HHBa, ho h 6axa H30CTaBHjiH h ce o6b>pHa th Ha irejiHHa, 6e3njioaHa h 3ary6eHa nejinHa. KaTO a 3aKynn, lOpTanaHa ce 3anpeTHa, Ta a H3opa ,zrbJi6oKO, cerae CbGpa MHa>khh, OTKapaxa TpHHcerHHa kojih Top, pa3XBb>pjDixa ro HaBCHK'bae, H3aaoxa eaHa OBna Ha hihiii h ce pa30THaoxa. BnperHa naK lOprajiaHa bojiobctc h h H3opa BTopn nbT, ho cera no-njiHTKO. 3acea a c mneHnna h CTaHa eaHa nineHnna - 3JiaTO. Ho He CB^pinn c TOBa. Ome loom h oiacbHa, cna3apn ce c PanKO Mypa>KeB, Han-rojieMna OBnap b cejiOTO, aa OTKapa cranoro ch Ha erpeK cpemy aBe kojih (J)HeBa cjiaMa. B^pth PanKO OBneTe ch hhkojiko Mecena H3 nonMeTHaroTO cn>pHHme, CbB3e ce Taa HHBa, ne KaTO pene - th ceii, nbK a3 me th pa>KaaM! - Ta ro He H3jrt.ra hh enHa rozrnHa. lOprajiaHa cjie3e Haaojiy, 3anepBeH ot 3a,zryxa h Bb>jiHeHne, HaMecTH ce Ha crp'bMHHa chhop noa naa'bpecTaTa Kpyma h ce 3arjieaa 3aa 3hmhhh hoji KbM KopnHTa. Ot cpemHHH toji 6par no HHCKaTa ,zrb6oBa ropnnKa bchhko 6eme 3acHTO c uapeBHira. Bejie3HHKaBHTe imeTOBe Ha bhcokhtc CTpb>nn 3ajiHBaxa TOBa 3ejieHO Mope Karo HJiKaKBa HOKHa, nyxKaBa roiHa. no-cyrapHHTe napeBnun ce oraejiaxa h ohhthoto oko hcho MO^Keme na pasjinnn TbHKnre jihhhh Ha TexHHTe CHHopn. K)pTajiaHa rjieaame ynopnTO HaTaM h OHepTaBame c noraea rpaHHHHTe Ha Han-Mjianara napeBnna. ToBa e HeroBara napeBnna, toh h TaM HMa HHBa, ocTaHajia ot 6ama My /Jejinxa a c 6par ch - TbMH03ejieHOTO nerHO OTAiiCHO e HeroBHHT nan. 'THe HaMHHa na a Bnna h Hea! - xpyMHa My H3BeaH'b>K. - He e MHoro nanene, a npyr nvr HaaanH me Mora na OTCKona HaTaM." lOprajiaHa noe Hanony h noTbHa KaTO b HJiKaKBO 6e3,zrbHHO Mope. Beme thxo, cnoKOHHO, 3anyiiiHO, OTHHK'bae He ce HyBame hhto 3ByK, hhto myM, othhk'bae He nneine nopn csHKa ot nonb>x. CaMO ot BpeMe Ha BpeMe, Koraro MHHaBame npe3 TpeBflcannre chhoph, b KpaKaTa My ce crpejiKaiiie n^praB rymep. B TaKOBa BpeMe, cpea TaKOBa Macro, caM, nanen or xopcKHTe nornenn, lOprajiaHa 6eme KaTO y npMa ch. Toh MHHaBame ot HHBa b HHBa h no TpocKOTa n Kap^nnTe, no rbCTOTaTa Ha crp'bnHTe MO)Keiiie na no3Hae KaKbB e cronaHHHbT - paGoTjiHB hjih Mb.p3ejiHB, HexaeH hjih npecMeTjiHB. Ho toh 3Haeme BCHKa CT^nKa ot to3h Kbp, HanH H3 Te3H hhbh, cpe,o, Te3H KopnH Geine H3pacHaji! - Aa, 6an Ctoho - Mncjieme macHO lOpTanaHa, Karo ce nocnnpame Ha eaHH chhop, - He en HamcKaji pajiOTO, He en! Ha npyro Macro toh npexanBame ycTHn n raenaine 3aBHCTjinBo: - il ro bh>k th HbiiiHH Tbro - me ane KanaMaK! npea enHa MajiKa HHBa toh ce enpa cjincaH n .zrbjiro ctoh, 3aKOBan anneH n peBHHB norjiea. EuôJiuomeKa - Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 243 - Eto TOBa e croica - pene caMO too h Tp^raa naK nojieKHHKa. lOpTajiaHa Hara3H b HHCica, noiacbjrouia napeBnna: - Ta3H e Ha ^hhh ^Jp^h^aBejiOB - o6xqzi,h h too c acrpeooB nomefl. - He ch HaTHCKaji pajiOTO, ^HHbo! - 3aKaHH ce toh, KaTO ne jih CTonaHHH'bT 6eme npefl Hero. - He nijjiHírr xaMÖapa tc3h BpeTeHa! lOprajiaHa cnpa npefl CHHopa Ha CBOírra roiBa, CBajín ch rymara, H36bpca 6aBHO h BHHMaTejiHO norra ot jihucto ch h m>3jxbxndL pa^ocTHO. HapeBnnaTa ce OTflejraine ot bchhkh flpyrn napeBnnn - ôynHa, Hare>Kajia or e^pn MaMyjiH KaTO öyxajiKH. - H Ha LtapeBHijHTe CbM np^ß! - oraycHa ce toh, rpoxHaji or 3a,zryxaTa h ffhjimm iľbT. - XapHO HanpaBnx, ne HaMHHax ^,a a bh^h. HancTHHa cbce^HTe a xBajiexa, ho Ha tax toíi He xBainame tb^p^e Bapa. TaKHBa ca xopaTa - ny^KflOTO hm rome^a no-xy6aBO. CaMO e^HO - 6eme MHoro cyrapHa. ^ona^Ha n e^hh xyöaB js^xw, KoraTO flpyrHTe napeBnnn 6axa cneicjiH Bene s^photo. H OTnpa ome no-,zrbJirH jincra, KaTO ne jih 3a BTopn iľbT ce 3acHjiH fla pacre. lOpTajiaHa ce Brae^a b czjhh bhcok crp^k h njiaMHa: - KbpiiiHjiH c a 3a neneHe! Ho He 6eme caMO e^hh crp^k - MaMyjiHTe 6axa OKbpiiieHn Hapefl h Bce Kpaö CHHopa. - Hjikoh HexpaHHMaíiKO e m^pcyBaji, aMa ^e %a bh^hm! - 3aKaHH ce toíi. - me naflHe híikoh b KjionKara, Ta me ro nHTaM ceTHe OTK^e H3rpaBa cjrbHueTO. CrbnKHTe H3BHBaxa HaBisTpe. KpafleLfbT 6eme o6xqzi,hji nejma mojich Kpaö h HaBCHK^e 6eme HanpaBHji nopa3HH. Pa3ÖejiBaji MaMyjiHTe Ha crp^Ka h KoeTO s^pHO He My xapecajio, Tau ch rn h ocraBíiji. - A, me BHKaM komhchh! - peuin lOpTajiaHa, no3ejieHíiji ot thhb. - B^jina paöoTa - eflHO h3hji, cto Cbcnnaji... Too ce san^ra wbM rojraMara Kpyuia no cpe^ara xeM ^,a en noce^He Ha CHHKa, xeM fla bh^h ^ajín roíMa y3pejin Kpymn. H KaKTO en Bb.pBeiiie, 3aMncjieH n HfloeaH 3a rojraMara naKOcr, rbö en n ocTaHa npnKOBaH Ha mhcto: cnyxa My ce CTbnKH otkijM KpyíiiaTa, aojiobh HíiKaKijB iiiyM, KaTO ne jih híikoh pasrp^mame mnpoKHTe 3ejieHn jincTa. - HíiKoe floönne! - noB^nraa ce Ha np^era lOpTajiaHa n ce Brae^a. HaMaiiie Hnino, bchhko ce cnoTan naK, caMO ^ajiene HaKb,zje no n^ra TpaKame mohotohho KOJia. npe3 ropemuTe jieran ahh mhoto ^p^rjinBH OBnapcKH KyneTa rbpcexa npoxjia^a n cnaceHne ot MyxnTe b Kp^crunTe h3 bhcokhtc crbpHHina n noa, ceHHecTHTe .zrbpBeTa h3 napeBnnnTe. Hhkoh KpaBn öaraxa ot nep^aTa n Cbino naKOCTHxa no Kbpa. H3 napeBnnnTe necTO CKHTaxa n MarapeTa, kohto Haií-Hanpefl en nonjiexa hcbhhho Kpaíi cnHopnTe n cjiefl TOBa xnTpo n 6bp30 244 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) xjTbTBaxa b uapeBHUHTe. Ho Te oöhkhobcho cnnpaxa noa, hhkoh c^HKa n öejiexa jieHHBO jiHCTara Ha MaMyjiHTe. - Kyne Tpaößa %a Genie - penin lOpranaHa. KyHeTara H3ne3Baxa Taxa öbp30, 6e3 Liiy m h 6e3 cjie,a,a. Ho OTKbM KpymaTa naK ce cnyxa CTbiiKH h jiHCTaTa naic npomyMOJuixa. KaKBOTO h fla e, toh me ro 3ajiOBn, ine ro OTBe^e b oömnHaTa, ine ro npeflafle TaM h ine ncica oneHKa Ha 3aryönTe. B TaKHBa cjrynan rniaina oh3h, kohto na^He b KjionKaTa. CaMO TpaÖBaine m npucTMia npe,zi,na3JiHBO, 3a %a ro H3fleÖHe. Ako e icpaßa - KpaBHTe ca MHoro njianiJiHBH >khbothh, - me BnpHe pora, ine H3(j)yHH - h h^h h tohh. Ho k^eTO h ^a n,a,e, lOpranaHa roiMa m a ocTaBH. Ako e Marape, jiecHO ine ce Hapczjn. XeM öb>p30 ine ro xBaHe, xeM HHMa fla 6ne nema naK ^o cejioro ... Me^iyry cnjieTeHHTe ninpoKH jiHCTa ce MepHa nberpa pn3a. JlnneTO He ce bh^ame, 3ainpT0 KpaflercbT öeme hsb^pHaT rbpöoM. Toh öeme pa36ejiHji Czjhh MaMyn h cera ce Mtneme ^a ro orKbCHe. npeBHBame ro rope, 3a ^a öi^e 6e3 fl'bjira ^p-b^KKa, ho, bh^h ce, paöoTara He öeme jieKa, 3ampT0 nbuiKame ot BpeMe Ha BpeMe. lOpranaHa npeKpann öaBHO jspa pczra h ce HaBCije b .zrbjiöoKHfl Kap^k. Bn>Kfl,axa ce Goch KpaneTa h onb.pnaHn KpaHOJiHera Ha H36ejiejiH naivryHHH norypKH. JJpe pijHHHKH nnnaxa neBp^CTO. MoMne! Koe jih me fla e? JJp. e CBoe, poahhhcko? He, He e! Moiyry bhcokhtc crp^nn ce noKa3a e^Ha cyxa rjiaBa c HeraHecra K03HHa. He ce Bn^Kflaine xyöaBO npe3 rbCTHTe JiHCTa, ho Ha flBa-rpH nbra, KoraTO to ce MapHa b OTBopa Me:»yry ^Bara pe^a, lOpranaHa mo>Ka fla ro 3b.pHe b jinneTO. He öeme paraiiHe-flpyrocejiHe, ho Tpaößa m öeme ot aojihhh Kpan Ha cejiOTO. lOpranaHa He no3HaBame TaMomHHTe Aena, ho Te Bce öflxa ce MapKajin H3 ynnnnTe, no xopa n CBarön. lOpranaHa npexpann ome czjhh pca,, cbht Karo KOTKa, ho momhcto flOJiOBn Te3n jieicn crbnKn, omycHa p'bne, pa3rjiefla ce n ce ocjryma. H ^BaMara öaxa HaocrpeHH, noT^Hajin b .zrbjiöoKara rarnnHa Ha 3a,zryniHaTa jurrHa njiaflHH, npe3 kohto MMauie HHKaKbB nojTbx, n flopn JiHCTaTa Ha flb.pBeTaTa öaxa 3aK0BaHn. CTonaHHH'bT cjiefleme >KepTBaTa cn, ^nmame c,zrbp:>KaHO, ho .zrbJiöoKO n Kp^BTa öneme b cjiennTe My ohh. TpaÖBame %a ce öb.p3a, 3ainpT0 MajiKrorr Kpa^ei; Moderne m ro bh^h h A,a xyKHe. J\a 3Haeme öapeM ot koh e, K)pTajiaHa me ro HaMepn n b cejioro. HbK no-HararbK KOMncnaTa me bh^h KaKBn nopa3nn e HanpaBnji. Ho He ro no3HaBame. no e^HO BpeMe momhcto naK ce H3npaBn n naK ce ocjryma. Ajia TO3H nb.t He pa3Öpa OTKb,o,e ro fleÖHar, 3amoTO ce nsB^pHa KbM KopnaTa. Berne thxo, cnoKOHHO h HcrbpnHMO ropemp. ^ojinTaxa caMO OTKbCJieHHn CKbpnaHiui ot HaroBapeHara KOJia. noroiKora n Te 3anrbXBaxa. TaKa cnnpaxa kojihtc, Koraro ce pa3MecTHxa CHonnTe hjih Koraro ce cnyneme Hemo. Toji^MaTa pyca rjiaBa ce HaBCije naK n p'bHHHKHTe 3anennxa Bb.pxoBeTe Ha 3ejieHHTe Mapyjin. "Ax, pa3ÖonHHK! - rae^ame ro K)pTajiaHa n Knneme ot Hfl. - KaK CbcnnBa CTOKara!" He Moderne fl,a Tpaa noßene, ^a ce öaßn n rae^a EuôJiuomeKa - Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 245 TÜ3H nopa3HH. Toö HanpaBH KjieHeiiiKOM ppe crbnKn, BnjieTe ce b e^Ha thkbeHa BjiacTyHa n na^Ha b Kapb>Ka. Momhcto ckohh Karo y>KHjieHO, orae^a ce KaTO 3aeK, BHflH ro n xyKHa KbM Kopnjrra. - Ctooh! - H3BHKa noBejiHTejiHO lOpTajiaH n ce xBb>pjin cjiefl Hero. ITo cjiaÖHHHTe ro nyKaxa e^pHTe MaMyjin, no jinneTO ro innöaxa MeTjiecTHTe uBeTOBe n mnpoKHTe ocTpn jincTa. Ton KpnBeme n nyneine crp^nn, cn^Baine ce n ce öjrbCKame or pe^nna b pe^nna. A momhcto ce npoBnpame OTflOJiy KaTO jiajiyrep, cnraeine c öocnTe cn KpaneTa n B3eMame Bce no-rojwMa npeflHHHa. Ha rbpöa My ce npeMirraine innpoKa cnBa Topöa c HaöpaHHTe MaMyjin. Eii c Ta3n Topöa npe3 paMO n c Te3n MaMyjin Ha r^p^HTe me ro npeKapar npe3 cejiOTO, a orapca, me one 6apa6aHb>t. Ule ce cnnHe itajioto ceno, Ta fla ro bh^h 3a npnKa3 n npnMep. J\ere jih öhjio? He KaKBO KaTO e fleTe! HeKa n crapnTe %a ce noynar ot Hero. J\e mo HMa xaimyra-xapcbsn, ^a ce CBHHT b nepynKHTe cn. Ule bhaot koh e lOpTajiaHa n KaKBO MO)Ke %a HanpaBH too. Ule ro cnnna, Kaicro n ,a,a rana n Kb>,a,eTO n ,a,a n^e. B MHina .zrynKa ,a,a ce CKpne, n OTTaM me ro H3Mb>KHe. Ho momhcto HaÖJin^KaBaiiie Kopnírra. Ako ce inMyrae Bb>Tpe, mhho 6h ro xBaHaji. To me ce npoBnpa KaTO rymep npe3 xpacrajianHTe, me ce CBne HKKbRe n me ce cnoranBa KaTO apeonna. Eto Ha, mna KaTO BnxpyniKa, ocTaBa My ome MajiKO n me ce rMypHe b Kopnírra. Ctoh! - 3aKaHH ce naK lOpTanaHa n rjiacbT My CBnpen n CTpameH, KaTO ne jih ome noBene noflnjiamn npb.KHa.noTO momhc ",ZIa My ce He bh^h MaKap! - Koceine ce lOprajiaHa. O^eBe Tponame KOJia no ni^ra, a ome HHKaKBa a HHMa..." no TOBa BpeMe nojieTO ocnporaBaine, xopaTa roBCzjHbJK ro H30CTaBaxa KaTO HyMaBO n norbBaxa b cejioro - h3 xapMaHHTe n no flBopnmara. E^hh Bbpineexa c flHKaHn, flpyrn öaxa flOBb.pinajin n nonncTBaxa xapMaHHTe, Tpera ome CBjiHHaxa CHonn ot flajienHHTe hhbh h naKaxa Bb>pinaHKara. BojiOBapn, nb^apn n cjiynanHn paöoTHnnn no Kbpa ce npnönpaxa no TOBa BpeMe Ha csHKa Kpan KjiafleHun n H3Bopn. Kon 6eme jrya, na xohh cera h3 Kopnirra hjih fla ce injiae h3 3anajieHna nb.t? Pa3rbp,a,eH n 3a,zrbxaH, pa3HopjieH n npaineH, lOpTajiaHa ce xBb.pjiaiiie KaTO jrya, h3 BncoKaTa napeBnna. npefl ohhtc My nrpaexa caMO 3ajieHHTe Bbpinn Ha KopnaTa n rojurMara pyca rjiaßa Ha MajiKna Gemen,. Ton He rjieflame Bene Kb.fl,e CTb.nBa, He na3eme KpexKnre crp^nn, He pa3rpb>inaine c pb.ne mnpoKHTe ocTpoBb.pxn jincTa, KOHTO ro nepKaxa no jinnem H eTO, momhcto H30CTaBa, me ro HacTHrae ho nb.th. Ho Ha e^HO mhcto lOprajiaHa cnjieTe KpaKa, h3bh ce n rpoxHa no jinne b flb.ji6oKHH Kapb.k. "Ille ro npeona!" - noöecHH too h ce xBb.pjin naK Hanpefl. B to3h hhb, HenoBeiiiKH ckok pb.Kara My ^OKona HiiKaKbB pb>6ar KaMb.k. Momhcto naK 6eme B3ejio npcznmHa, a ho Kopnirra ocTaBaxa ome TpnflecemHa pa3Kpana. - Ctoh! - peBHa lOprajiaHa n 3aMaxHa c KaMb.Ka. 246 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) MoMHcro ce noxjrynH no ohh h He Mp^Ha. TopöaTa c MapyjiHTe ce npeMeraa n TynHa npefl rjiaBaTa My /LiCHaTa My p-bica 6eme npeBHTa, fljiaHTa onnpame Ha nejiOTO %o BQzjaTa, CHKam to ome ce Maneme %a ce 3ana3n ot HftKRWbB yzjap. JLaBara My p^ica 6eme npoTeraara Hanpefl, b crncKara en 6eme crpaÖHHjio MajiKO np^CT. lOpTajiaHa BpiAJieTii b^pxy Hero. "3HaeM rn Hne Te3n .zLaBOnnn - yxnjin ce 3JiopaflO to. - Cera n^ic me ce npecrpyBa!" HMame rn n TaKHBa xnTpn n KopaBH fleija - njianexa, Ta ce icbcaxa, 6e3 m en rn flOKOCHaji, npaBexa ce Ha CMa3aHH ot 6on, 6e3 %a en rn yzjapnji, pnraxa n nnmaxa, axo hhkoh ce onnraine fla rn ,a,HrHe, n^xaxa np^CT b Hoca en n nanaxa jinnCTO en c Kp'bB, MOJiexa ce fla rn nycHar n ce icbjiHaxa b MannnHOTO en mjdiko, ne HHKora Bene HaMa %a noMHCJiHT 3a jryzjopHH n naKOCTH. H to3h xan^yTHH, o too ce npaßn Ha npeÖHT n HHTO m^iinca, HHTO flHina, KaTO ne jih e b 6e3Cb3HaHne. Mhcjih ch, ne Taxa me ce orbpBe caMO c iwKoe ml>MpeHe. Ha cejio me b^pbh, Ha cejio. J\a ro BHflHT BCHHKH - 3a npHKa3 n 3a npHMep. lOpTajiaHa ro xBaHa 3a MniimnnaTa n ro /ipMHa rpyöo. - OraBan! Ho pijKaTa Ha momhcto 6eme OTnycHaTa, fljiaHTa Bncenie KaTO npeTpomeHa. n^CTpaTa H3Bexmjia pn3ica 6eme HaöpaHa icbM paMeHeTe, H36ejiejiHTe norypKn 6axa 3ajienHajin OT3afl, HanyicaHHTe neronicn n omaBeHnre nonepHejin crbnajia 6axa H3paHeHn. To jie^Keme HenoflBn>KHO n no thjioto My He Tpenicaiiie hhto e^HO MycKyjine. "^a ce e cn-bHajio n ^a ce e yzjapnjio jioiiio npn na^aHeTO? - norjieflHa ro 03aflaneHO lOpTajiaHa. - Rbfle me ce yzjapn b Ta3H poxKa np-bCT! ... J\a e b 6e3Cb3HaHne? J\a He CbM ro yzjapnji a3 c icaM-bica? Cml/tch, CMpa3HBam CTpax pa3Ha CbpneTO My. - Hrpae en c MeHe!" - OKypa>Kn ce too, H3Mepn ro ot rjiaBaTa ro Kpaicara n ce HaBe^e, Ta ro XBaHa 3a p^Kara n Kpaica. - CTaBan, pa3ÖOHHHKO, %a Te Hayna a3 KaK ce öepe ny^a napeBnna! -KpecHa CTporo lOpTajiaHa n ro o6bpHa. TojraMaTa pyca rjiaBa c neTHHecraTa Koca ce OTMeTHa HacTpaHn icaro oncbCHara. B jieBna b.r'bji Ha ycrnnaTa 6eme noTeKjia cjiiOHKa n ce 6eme nojienHajia np^CT. Ohhhkhtc My 6axa nojiyOTBopeHH, rojieMH p'bJKflHBH Kjienann nanaxa b^pxy tax h icaro ne jih ncKaxa %a npnicpHirr cryzjeHHii crbKjieH ÖJiHCbK Ha 3eHHUHTe. lOpTajiaHa OTMajra n n3CTHHa, Tp^nicn Ha yacac n crpax npomjjmxa ot Kpaicara My npeMHHaxa no rbpöa n H3ne,zi,Hxa Ha nejiOTO My CHTHH Kannnnn cryzjeHa m^nnTejiHa noT - En, MOMHe! - onyjin ce too h pa3,zrbpna yBHCHajiaTa p^Ka. - CTaHn pß, He en nrpan! ... MyBaui jih? CTaHn - hhiho HHMa %a th CTopa! H KaTO ro npnxBaHa BHHMaTejiHO, flnraa ro Ha p^ne n ro cjio>kh b cxyTa en. MoMHeTO 6eme njiemecTO, HaönTO - Tepeme. - CTaHn fl,e, CTaHn! - Bnicaiiie too, 3a,zryiiieH ot b^jmeHne, KaTO ro EuôJiuomeKa - Feopzu Kapacjiaeoe 247 Lujumaiiie jickhhko no 6y3aTa. - Xan^e! ... Bh)k Me! A3 CbM hhho th Toziop ... Xan^e npnöepn cn TopönnKara, me th ,a,aM napeBnna, kojikoto ch ncKani. MoMHeTO KaTO ne jih ce noMp'b.zma. lOpTajiaHa xjrbUHa oÖHafle^KfleH. Ho to ce H3nbHa caMO, npo3a ce eziBa 3a6ejie>KHMO n ce OTnycHa. Cb^pluh. lOpTajiaHa ro rjiea,aiiie BTpemeH, Mnrame n My ce crpyBaine, ne CbnyBa CTpameH, Mb.HHTe.jieH CbH. TaicnBa Cbroima My ce HBHBaxa, Koraro 6eme MajľbK. H KOJIKOTO nO-M'bHHTejIHH h CTpaiIIHH Öiixa Te, TOJIKOBa no-o6jieKHeHO BbSfl'bXBaiiie too, cjiefl KaTO ce cböyzjeine. He öenie jih TOBa TaKbB y)KaceH CbH? /.../ 1909, 7 ^eKeMBpH 1924 1926 1927 BarmapoB. EaHCKO. Pa3Jior. B EaHCKD ce pa^zja Hmcojia 3aBtpniBa nporHMHa3Ha b 3aBtpniBa rHMHa3Haia b nenejiH c KOHKypceH h3iiht MaCTO b MopCKDTO MaillHHHO yHHJlHIUe BtB BapHa. OTnenaTBa ntpBOTO ch CTHXOTBOpeHHe "KtM CBeTJIH h^eajlH!" BtB BecTHHK "Eopöa". Akthbho ce 3aHHMaBa c öbJirapcKa jiHTeparypa h Teaxtp. HuKOJia Banifapoe 249 1931 Cjiy^cH Ha KopaÖHTe "KaMHHa" h "flptSKH". 1932 PaÖOTH KaTO MexaHHK b TtproBCKHa (Jwiot h ntiyBa no Cpe^raeMHO Mope. IlpHÖHpa ce b EaHCKO, cne/i Karo 3aBtpHiBa MopcKOTO yHHjiHme. 3anoHBa paöoTa Karo oraap b xapTHeHaTa (jmöpmca b c. KonepHHOBO (6jih3ko EjiaroeBrpa,zi). 1933 CTaBa HJieH Ha KOMyHHCTH-necKara napnia. 1934 O^ceHBa ce 3a EoiÍKa ^HMHTpoBa. H3Haca CKa3Kara "Tpare^naTa Ha ÜBopoB h Jlopa" no cnynaii 20 to^hhh ot CMtpira Ha noeTa. 1935 HanncBa ^paMara "BtjiHaTa, KoaTO 6yHH". 1936 Ybojihch e ot (jraöpHKara b KonepHHOBO h ce npeMecTBa etc CeMeilCTBOTO ch b CoCJMJL CaMO Ha HaKOJIKO Mecéna yMHpa chhbt My PaÖOTH KaTO MaiHHHHCT b CTOJIHHHa MejlHHna h k3to oi"h>ip b EtjirapcKHTe ^tp^caBHH »cejie3HHnH. IlyöJiHKyBa bbb BecTHHKa "KopMHjio". 1937 nenejiH jíHTepaTypeH KOHKypc Ha cnHcaHHe "JleTen" etc CTHxoTBopeHHero "PoMaHTHKa". IlyÔJíHKyBa btjB BecTHHK "HoBa KaMÖaHa". 1939 YMHpa 6ama My Hohko. 1940 IÍ3JiH3a e^HHCTBeHaTa CTHxocÖHpKa Ha BannapoB "MoTopHH necHH". YnacTBa b pe,a;aKHHOHHara KOJierna 250 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Ha BecTHHK "TexHHHecKH mac". ApeeryBaH e b EaHCKO 3apa^h "KOMyHHCTHHecica nponaraH^a", ho Belara e ocBOÖo^eH. 1941 Pe^aKTHpa bccthhk "JlHTepa- TypeH KpHTHK". YnacTBa b aicuHa 3a CKjiKHBaHe Ha cbk)3 mok^y Etnrapna h CtBeTCKHa cbk)3, nopain KoeTO e no^Be^eH no^; ct^eÖHa orroBopHOCT. BicjiiOHBa ce b TepOpHCTHHHHTe BoeHHH rpynn Ha HejierajmaTa KOMymic- THHecKa napína. 1942 IlpeHaca optána h pa^HOCTaHu;hh, ocnrypaßa KBaprapH Ha HjieHOBe Ha 6oiÍHHTe rpynn. IIpe3 MapT BannapoB e apecTyBaH or nojinnnaTa. MajiKO no-KtCHO ca apecTyBaHH h /rpyrn KOMyHHCTHHecKH aKTHBHCTH. Oct^eH e Ha CMtpT npe3 pa3CTpeji, 3apa^h npoTHBO- ^tp^caBHa ^eiiHOCT. Ha 23 kwih e pa3CTpejiaH Ha rapHH30HHOTO CTpejiÖHiue b Co(j)Ha. 1 lpe3 45-roflHiiiHOTO KOMyHHCTHHecKO ynpaBjíeHHe b B^jirapHH, Bcaica HCTopHH Ha jíHTeparypaTa 3afl'bJi>KHTejiHO saB^piiiBame pa3rjie>KflaHeTO Ha MOKflyBOeHHHa nepnofl c hmcto Ha HnKOJia BanuapoB. ,7J,o rojuíMa CTeneH TorajiHTapHara BjiacT npeB^pHa npojieTapcKHH noeT b HKOHa - toh TpaÖBame fla 6bfl,e TajiaHTjiHB, BceoT^afleH Ha Bapara ch h )KeprBoroTOBeH. ^Khbotbt h noe3Hírra Ha BanuapoB BejíHKOJienHO ce BnncBaxa b Ta3H HfleojiorHnecKa Marpnua. J\opw cjiefl fleMOKparHHHHTe npoMeHH oöane npe3 1989 r hmcto Ha BanuapoB npo,zrbJi:>KaBa %a npncbCTBa b^b bchhkh yneÖHH nporpaMH. To3h cj)aKT KpacHopeHHBO roBopn 3a TOBa, ne He HfleojiorHnecKHTe, a ecreTHHecKHTe flOCTOHHCTBa ca BOfleruHH (J)aKTop npn onpeflejiHHe Ha bhcokoto mhcto Ha noe3Hírra Ha HnKOJia BanuapoB b ncropnaTa Ha 6bJirapcKara jíHTepaTypa. noe3HHTa Ha BanuapoB npeflCTaBjwBa cjio>kho xy^o^KecTBeHO HBjíeHHe, 3a pa3ÖHpaHeTO Ha kocto TpaÖBa %a ce B3eMar npejspwji, híiji KOMnjieKC ot HuKona Banijapoe 251 (J)aKTopH, hhkoh HarrbjiHO H3B'bHjiHTepaTypHH. Ha nbpBO Macro cpefl tax me pa3meflaMe Snorpa^HHHHTe. BannapoB e po^eH npe3 1909 r. b BaHCKO. Ako flHec rpafl^t npeziCTaBjraBa c/jhh ot Han-MO,zi,epHHTe n kojiophthh ckh-TypHCTHnecKH neHrpoBe Ha H3TOHHa EBpona h EajiKaHnre, to npenn ezjHO CTOJieTne, b ronHHaTa npe3 kohto ce pa^a noeTbT, toh Bee ome e b paMKHTe Ha OcMaHCKaTa HMnepna. BaHCKO ce HaMHpa Ha MajiKO )KHBonncHO rniaTO, orpaneHO ot TpnTe Han-KpacnBn njiaHHHH b B^jirapna - nnpnH, Pnjia h Pononnre. Ot bcckh KbT Ha rpana ce OTKpnBa (j)aHTacTHHHa raeziKa KbM e^hh ot Hafi-BHCOKHTe b'bpxoBe Ha BajiKaHCKHH nojiyocTpoB - BnxpeH, ToflopKa h KyTejio. CaMHHT BannapoB no BpeMeTO Ha cbocto neTCTBO e bh>Kfl,aji HaflBHCHajiHTe njiaHHHCKH CKjiOHOBe ot caMHH flBop Ha GamnHara en k^ma n oGnnaji necTO na ce pa3xo)k,zTa H3 riaCTHTe GopoBn ropn b noflHO^KneTO Ha nnpnH. Cjiefl ocBo6o>KflaBaHeTO Ha Maice/jOHHJi npe3 1912 r. BpeMeHaTa He ca npennojiarajin TOJiKOBa noBonn 3a ecTeraHecKn Hacjiann, kojikoto flpaMaTHHHH 6op6n mqukjij pa3 JIHHHHTe nOJIHTHHeCKH MaKCZTOHCKH opraHH3ai;hh. XopaTa ot to3h icpan Ha BajiKaHHTe BHHarn ca HMajin cnaBaTa Ha GynHH n njiaMeHHH rjiaBn, kohto He nonGnpaT cpencTBa npn peajin3npaHeTO Ha njiaHOBeTe en. He cjiynanHO b GbJirapcKara ncTopna czthh ot Han-Kp^BonpojiHTHHTe n )KecTOKH nojiHTHneckh yGnncTBa ca CB^psBaHn c npnB'bpjKeHHLiHTe Ha e^HO hjih flpyro Kpnjio Ha BMPO (B^TpeniHa MaKeflOHCKa peBOjnonnoHHa opraHH3annfl). H aico npenn 1912 r. ycnjinaTa Ha MaKenoHHCTHTe Ghjih oGennHeHn ot oGmaTa neji 3a nocTnraHe Ha OcBoGo^KfleHneTO, to cjiefl TOBa HacrbnBa pa3flejieHne Ha pa3JiHHHn c^paKnnn, 3amnTaBamn noBene jinnepcKHTC aMGnnnn Ha TexHHTe BO>KflOBe. /LiflOTO n Gamara Ha BannapoB noGpe HjnocTpnpaT nyxa Ha Te3n nponecn. /Lino My 6nBa y6nr ot rypnnTe 3apa,a,h cbocto ynacrae b peBOJiionHOHHHTe 6op6n, a daiifct My Hohko cjiefl ynacTneTO en b ocBoGonnTejiHHTe komhtckh Hera, cjiefl HbpBara CBeTOBHa BonHa aicrHBHO ce BKjiiOHBa b^b b'bTpemHHTe 6op6n Ha MaKenoHCKara opraHH3aijH5L B Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa, cjiefl KaTO noBene or ppe roflHHH e ,zrbp:>KaH icaro 3ajio>khhk ot cbohtc nporaBHHnn, CMa3aH n H3TopM03eH ot Gojiecra, Hohko yMnpa b ezrHa co(J)HHCKa GojiHHna. Karo flere HnKOJia BannapoB oGnHaji na cjryiiia pa3Ka3HTe Ha 6ama en 3a KOMHTCKHTe My nQzrBH3H H3 HnpHH nnaHHHa. Hohko yHacTBaji b earn BbcraHnnecKa nera c rojieMna 6bJirapcKn nncaTeji ^bopob, kohto b CBoara MeMoapHa KHnra "XaiidyiuKU Konmnu^ Ha hhkojiko nbra cnoMeHaBa cboh GaHCKannncKH npyrap. To3n cj)aKT 6hji fl.on'bjiHHTejieH noBQo, 3a ropnocr Ha Hohko, kohto, orpaneH ot neuaTa en, pa3KpacaBaji ome noBene cbohtc xan,a,yiiiKH pa3Ka3n. 252 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Taxa hmüto Ha ÜBopoB npH^oÖHBa .zion'bjiHHTejiHa Márna b onnre Ha objemná noex Ome ot ^eTCKa Bb>3pacr ÜBopoB BjiH3a b HeroBOTO cb3HaHHe KaTO Moa,eji 3a noBefleHHe c opeojia He caMO Ha TajiaHTjiHB noer, ho h Ha CMeji öopeii 3a CBOÖOflara Ha ObjirapcKna Hapofl. ITo-icbCHO BannapoB He caMO me Haynn HaH3yCT nOHTH bchhkh CTHXOTBOpCHHÍI Ha ÜBOpOB, HO h npe3 HbpBHTe rOflHHH Ha CBOHTe paHHH jiHTeparypHH onHTH Cb3HaTejiHO me My no^pa^KaBa. EflHOBpeMeHHO CbC CBOHTa fleÖHOCT Bb>b BMPO, Hohko HMa cjiaBaTa Ha e^hh ot Haö-npHÖJiH>KeHHTe öaHCKajinn ,zio rjapcKaTa BjiacT b Eb>jirapníi. Hap epflHHaHfl ro npaBH CBoe flOBepeHO jinne h npexapBa nbpBHíi ^npeicreH Tejie(J)OH b BaHCKO ot HeroBna ^om AO flBoperja b Co(J)hh, 3a ^a Morar ^a HMaT 6b>p3a h yflOÖHa Bpb.3Ka. HeeflHOKpaTHO napírr rocTyBa b KľbmaTa Ha Hohko b njiaHHHCKHH rpafl, KaTO bqzih Be^h-b^k CbC ceöe ch y BaniiapoBH flopn repMaHCKna HMnepaTop Bhjixcjim II. Ectcctbcho Hohko na3H CHjiHa CHMnarna h KbM HacjieflHHKa Ha npecTOJia Bopnc III. RbM yBjíeHeHHHTa Ha cboh chh no jieBHTe Hflen toh BHHarn ce OTHacaji c npeHeöpoKeHne n OTpnnaHne. OnnTBau ce ,a,a My BHyinn, ne KOMyHHCTHHecKHHT poKHM Ha CTajiHH e Han-crpainHoro Hemp, KOCTO MO>Ke fla cnojieTH e^Ha CTpaHa. ,TJp rojuíMa CTeneH erpacrra, c kohto HnKOJia BannapoB ce BKonnBa b KOMyHHCTHHecKHTe n^en, ce .zrbjDKH Ha hhcto ncnxojiornHecKaTa peaKuna Ha Mjiaflna hobck MaKCHMajiHO ^a ce ocboöoah ot cnjiHara jihhhoct Ha cboh 6ama. ^Ipes tax toh e HaMepnji CBoe 3amnTeHO none n ajiTepHaTHBHa caMon,zi,eHTHc|)HKanHíi npczi HOBeKa, kohto H3o6mo He npn3HaBaji HeroBoro npaBO Ha CBOOo^a n mhcjichc CaMO no TaKbB HannH MO)KeM fla en oÖHCHHM nOHTH pejiHrH03HaTa Bapa Ha HnKOJia BannapoB b yTOnHHHHTe KOMyHHCTHHCCKH. Tß^p^e MHoro 6b,a,emHíFr noer .ztkidkh h Ha CBOírra MCtüm Ejiena, kohto e ÖHjia paflKO o6pa30BaH n HHTejinreHTeH hobck 3a cbocto BpeMC 3aBb>pinnjTa HHKOJia BaniiapoB c 6ama ch b Mop-CKaTa rpaflHHa Ha BapHa npe3 1926 r. HuKOJia Banifapoe 253 AMepHKaHCKHfl npoTecTaHTCKH naHCHOH b rpafl CaMOKOB, th He caMO 3Haejia aHrjiHHCKH e3HK, ho npoHBHBajia cnennajiHO OTHOineHne h KbM jíHTepaTypaTa. BcHKa Benep th Cbönpajia cbohtc ,o,ena h hm neTHjia pa3JinHHH KHHrn hjih fleKjiaMHpajia crnxoBe Ha jiioöhmh noeTH. ľlo to3h HannH HnKOJia BanuapoB ome or CbBceM MajľbK HaynaBa MHoro CTHxorBopeHHH He caMO Ha Han-rojieMHre ö^jirapcKH nncaTejiH XpncTO Eotcb, Ueno ÜBopoB h HßaH Ba30B, ho h Te3n Ha UleKcnnp h TbOTe. Taxa mojkcm ^,a ch oöhchhm h (J)aKTa, ne e^HHCTBeHaTa aMÖHHHii Ha BanuapoB önjia %a ce peajiH3Hpa b JíHTepaTypaTa. ToBa H3o6mo He ce xapecBajio Ha HeroBna 6ama, kohto KaTO bcckh ^eeH oömecTBeH hobck, CHHTaji H3KycTBOTO 3a npa3Ha paöoTa. B Kpaa Ha KpanmaTa nparMaTH3Mb>t Ha Hohko Haflflejiaji h cjiefl 3aBb>piiiBaHe Ha ynnjinine HnKOJia BanuapoB 6hji 3acTaBeH ^,a ce 3anHine b MopcKOTO ynnjinme bi>b BapHa. H3HeHa,zrBaino oöane MjiaflHHT hobck ycroiji ^,a ce a^anrapa b tc^kkhtc nonra Ka3apMeHH ycjiOBHH KaTO b CbmoTO BpeMe npoflb.jiJKaBaji cbocto caMOODyneHne b JíHTepaTypaTa. HeTHpHroflHííiHHHT nepno,a„ kohto npexapBa b MopcKOTO ynnjinine, He e npa3eH nepnofl b >KHBOTa Ha noeTa. JJppm HanporaB, TaM BanuapoB 3a nb.pBn nb.t e OMarbOcaH ot TexHHKaTa. B pe^Hija cboh nncMa toh H3Ka3Ba Bb.3XHmeHHeTO ch ot Kpacorara h jiorHKaTa b npnHnnnnTe Ha MaiiiHHara. C HHTepec neTe He caMO noera, .zrpaMarypsn h öejieTpncrn, ho h pb.KOBOflCTBa no MexaHHKa n ycTponcTBOTO Ha ,o,H3ejiOBHíi flBnraTeji. BepoaTHO n nopain Ta3H npnHHHa npe3 cboh KparbK >khbot HHKora He 6hji npnMaMBaH ot khh>KOBHa paöoTa. JlnTeparypara h3uhjio Bjia^eejia Cb3HaHneTO n neHHOCTHTe Ha noeTa n tohho nopain Ta3n npnnnHa He ncKaji %a a npeBb.pHe b 3aHaHTHHHCTBO. B CO(J)hh toh cmchh mh05kcctbo tokkh npO(J)eCHH, HO Haíl- flb.jiro ce 3aflb.p>Ka KaTO oraap Ha jiokomothb b 5Kejie3HnnnTe. Taxa en cnenejiBa npo3BnmeTO orHapa HHTejinreHT (no HeroBOTO CTnxoTBopeHne "OzHRpouHmejimeHCKď). JJpyr Ba>KeH (J)aKTop 3a (J)opMnpaHeTO Ha Bb.3meflHTe Ha BanuapoB H3nrpaBa oôiHecTBeHonojíHTHHecicaTa oôcTaHOBKa npe3 30-Te h 40-Te roflHHH Ha XX BeK b Eb>jirapníi n b Eßpona. ľlpe3 30-Te roflHHH npoTHBopeHHjrra Me^iyry 6yp>Koa3HaTa BjiacT n oöaBeHara Bene 3a HejierajiHa KOMyHncrnnecKa ono3HijHH ome noBene ce h30Ctpht. KoMyHHCTHTe oöaBHBaT bchko 6yp>Koa3HO npaBHTejiCTBO 3a (j)aiiiHCTKO, OTXBb.pjiaT H3ÖopnTe Karo nb.t 3a cnenejißaHeTO Ha BjiacTTa n BíipBar, ne e^nHCTBeHO peBOjnonníiTa no pycKn MO^eji MO)Ke ^a flOBe^e flo TaKa 6jieHyBaHOTO paGorannecKO ynpaBjíeHne. TexHHTe pa^HKajmn Hflen npeflH3BHKBaT n CbOTBeranTe KpaÖHn MepKn Ha ynpaBjuiBainHTe. Bb.b BCHHKH eBponeiiCKH .a^p^KaBn cjiefl n^BaHeTO Ha BjiacT Ha AzíojkJ) XnTjiep npe3 1933 r. ce HaÖJiiOflaBaT n,a,eHTHHHH nponecn Ha nojinranecKa pa,o,HKajiH3anHíi. 254 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) EjieMeHTapHHHT npHHunn Ha OTXBb.pjuiHeTO - kohto He e c Hac, e npoTHB Hac, He npeflOCTaBHji MHoro tojihm pa3yMeH H30op Me^Kay CTajiHH h XnTjiep. ITopaflH Ta3H npHHHHa hm& HHKaKBa 3aKOHOMepHOCT b TOBa, ne npe3 cbmaTa 1933 roflHHa, b kohto HauHOHajicouHajiHCTHTe OKynnpar BjiacTra b EepjiHH, HHKOJia BanuapoB CTaBa HjieH Ha E^jirapcKara KOMyHHCTHnecKa napraa. "KaMeHapH", rpa$HKa Ha BecejiHH CTaÖKOB (1938) HHKOJia BanrjapoB bqzth axmueeH nojiumunecKU otcueom - 3aHHMaBa ce c npoBe^k^aHe Ha arHTarjHOHHH CböpaHHH cpefl paöoTHHne ckhtc kojickthbh, npHfl,py>KeHH c jiHTeparypHH nereHwi hjih TeaTpajiHH nocTaHOBKH. npe3 1941 r. oöane cjiefl npeKparaBaHeTO Ha aproBopa 3a HeHanaaeHHe Me:>iyiy CCCP h repMaHHH E^jirapcKara KOMyHHCTHnecKa napraa npeflnpneivia nojiHTHKa Ha TepopncTHHHH aKLjHH cpemy öbjirapcKOTO npaBHTejiCTBO h 6yp>Koa3HHTa. Hejrra e ÖHjia Hpe3 yönöcTBa h HHBepcHH ,a,a ce flecTaÖHjiH3Hpa Bjiacrra, koato otkphto noflKpenajia repMaHCKaTa nojiHTHKa. B TaKaBa oöcTaHOBKa, KoraTO BceKHflHeBHO ca npocTpejiBaHH nojiHTHnecKH h oömecTBeHH JiHua hjih ca B3pHBHBaHH CKjiaaoBe h BjiaKOBH KOMno3HijHH, HHKOJia BanuapoB aKTHBHO ce BKjiiOHBa b KOHcnnpaTHBHaTa aeiÍHOCT. npeHaca opisné, ynacTBa b HuKOJia Banifapoe 255 opraHH3HpaHeTO Ha aTeHTara. He cjiefl fl^jiro e apecryBaH h ocb^eH Ha civľbpT. JJppm Bp^KKTe c topena, kohto HeroBHaT poo, noAzrbp^Kaji, He Morjin ^a npeflOTBparHT nsn^jiHeHHeTO Ha CM^pTHara npncb,a,a npe3 1942 r. He3aBHCHMO or cboh aKTHB eH KOHcnnpaTHBeH >khbot, HnKOJia BannapoB e no-CKopo HHTejieKTyajma ^nrypa. CßerbT Ha KHHrnTe, Ha TearpajiHHTe nocTaHOBKH h Ha KHHonpcMceKHHHTe HMaji CHKam MHoro no-peajiHH H3MepeHHH 3a Hero, otkojikoto caMara ^eiiCTBHTejihoct. Ta3H BnpTyajiHa peajiHOCT Ha h^eHTe h H3MHCJieHHTe o6pa3H H3rpaflHjia y Hero e^Ha (J)opMa Ha HfleajncbM, kohto too TpaÖBajio %a a^anTHpa KbM .zjencTB HTe jiho CTra. Mo>Ke %a ce Ka>Ke oöane h oöpaTHoro, ne npe3 TBopnecTBOTO ch noerbT rorpa^aji CBOHTa bh3hh 3a 6bfl,emeTO. nopain Ta3H npnnHHa b HeroBHTe craxoTBopeHna ce npenjíHTaT HHKOJiKO xyflO>KecTBeHH njiacTa Ha cumgojihu cucmejwu, kohto me pa3me,zi,aMe no-BHHMaTejiHO. Ome OT lOHOinecKa Bi^pacT BannapoB ycbp^HO He caMO neTe h H3ynaBa noe3HH, ho Chino TaKa h nnine cthxobc OcoöeHO aicTHBeH e nepno^a, Koraro e KypcaHT b MopcKOTO ynnjiHine. Ot TOBa BpeMe ca 3ana3eHH ctothuh HeroBH CTHxorBopeHHa, a MHoro flpyrn ca H3ry6eHH. B b. b (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHne noBeneTO or tax ca H3rpa,a,eHH npe3 cpe^CTBaTa Ha icjiacnneckhh cthx KaTO ocoöeHO noflnepraHO ce flOJiaBH enunnuerno na jiupuKoma na Xpucmo Eomee u TIeüo Heopoe. MHoroöpoÖHH ca orarraTe Ha KypcaHTa ^a ce aoöjihjkh ,a,o (J)OJIKJIOpHHTe CTHJIH3aUHH Ha flBaMara KJiaCHHH, HO TaKa HJIH HHane BCHHKHTe My ycHjiHH ocTaBaT b paMKHTe Ha no^pa^KaHHeTO. B t03h CMHCbJi MHCTOTO Ha BannapoB b ôtJirapcicaTa jíHTepaTypa e ocoöeHO HHTepecHO. no TOBa BpeMe 6bjirapcKara jíHTeparypa Bce ome HMa cpaBHHTejiHO Kijca HCTopna - okojio 60-65 roflHHH. MnHajiH ca hhkojiko noKOJieHHH 6bjirapcKH nncaTejín, ho b no-rojuíMaTa ch nacr Te chjiho ca noBjíHHHH ot Hy^KflHTe o6pa3UH. Mo>KeM fla ch oÖHCHHM TOBa c (J)aKTa, ne Bce ome He e floCTHraaTa OHa3H .nncTaHUHpaHOCT b^b BpeMeTO, OHOBa "orcTpaHeHHe" ot jíHTepaTypaTa, kohto ^a no3BOJiHT Ha Mjia^HTe nncaTejín ,o,a noji3BaT TBopnecTBOTO Ha npeflxoflHHTe noKOJieHHH KaTO TeMaraneH h (J)opMajieH H3Bop. Bce ome h neHHOCTHO He e otchto tbophcctboto c HeoôxQZTH-MHTe BHCOKH xyzjoíKCCTBeHH KanecTBa. BannapoB e e^hh or n^pBHTe noeTH, kohto noji3BaT 6bjirapcKaTa JíHTeparypa KaTO 6a3a, Ha hhoto ocHOBa ^a nojio>kh coöcTBeHHTe ch xyn,0)KecTBeHH KOHcrpyKUHH. Ajco^BopoB npeflCTaBjíHBa Hao-6e3cnopHaTa h oneBH^Ha OTnpaBHa TOHKa, b HeroBOTO paHHO tbopnectbo m05kcm fla OTKpHeM CHJIHH BJIHHHHH h OT CTHXOBCTe Ha ^eÖejIHHOB, JIhJIHCB h KnpHji XpncTOB. no-KbCHO nocTeneHHO 3aTHXBaT npeKHTe 3aeMKH h mothbh ot THXHara noe3HH, ho 6e3cnopHO h b 3pajiOTO My TBopnecTBO npofl'bJDKaBa ,o,a ce ycema cnenHc|)HHHHíi hhthmch ,zryx, kohto xapaKTepH3npa Te3H noeTH. 256 JleKUUu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Ba)KeH (J)aKTop npn (J)opMHpaHeTO Ha jinpHnec-khh e3HK Ha BannapoB nrpae ^yTypHCTHHHaTa pycKa jiHTepaTypa. noerbT He Bjiafleeji HHicaiebB hjoka e3HK C H3KJIK)HeHHe Ha pycKHH. fl,opH, 3a fla CMe CbBCeM TOHHH, Tp^Ößa J1$l Ka)KeM, ne too no-CKopo noji3Baji pycKHH e3HK, rbö KaTO HHKora He ro e ynnji CHCTeMHO h 3a,zrbJi6oHeHO. He3aBHCHMO ot TOBa e CTpacTeH noHHTaTeji Ha cjieflpeBOJnoijHOHHaTa pycKa JiHTepaTypa, kohto ro nanajiOTO na 30-Te toahkh «Be3pa6oTeH mhhbop", xyfl. Ctohh Cothpob 6e3cnopHO ce pa3BHBa HHTeH3HBHO. JTk)6hmhht My noeT e BjiaduMup Murkobcku, ot kototo 3Hae HaH3ycT MHO>KecTBO CTHxoBe h noeMH h He nponycKa no BpeMe Ha cönpKH ,a,a peijHTHpa jiioÖHMHTe or tax. Be3 CbMHeHHe pycicnaT noeT e e^hh ot Han-H3BecTHHTe h MO^epHH aBTopn no OHOBa BpeMe. Too e BQzjemara (JMiypa cpe^ t. h. Ky6o(pymypucmu -paflHKanHO TBopnecKO Kpnjio Ha pycKHH (jtyTypnsijM, KoeTO h3uíijio OTpnHar flopeBOJuouHOHHOTO H3KycTBO h njie,zi,Hpa 3a Han^jmo hob xyn,o>KecTBeH e3HK. He3aBHCHMO ot CBOírra b^Top^KeHa no^Kpena Ha HOBara BjiacT cjiefl 1917 r., (jtyTypncTHTe ca b apocTHa ono3HUHii Ha npojieTapcKHTe jiHTepaTypHH opraHH3aijHH, kohto He npneMaT npHHunnHTe Ha eKcnepnMeHTajiHOTO H3Ky CTBO. MajiKO npe^h ,a,a ce caMoyöne npe3 1930 r., MaaKOBCKH e npHHyzjeH fla CTaHe hjich Ha Ka3HOHHara PA1JI1 (Pycxa acouHauHii Ha npojieTapcKHTe nncaTejin), kohto caMO ppe roflHHH cjiefl TOTajiHTapHHTe hhctkh Ha OrajiHH ocTaBa e^HHCTBeHaTa jiHTepaTypHa opraHH3aijH5i nofl hmcto IThc aTejiCKH CbK)3. Ot MaaKOBCKH BanuapoB ycBOHBa TexHHKara Ha ver libr (cboöoahhh cthx), ynorpeöara Ha paszoeopnuR e3UK h Ba^KHara pojia Ha cunmoKCUca b CTHxocjio>KeHHeTO. BanuapoB HaynaBa, ne He caMO My3HKajiHOCTTa Ha (J)pa3aTa npeBp^ma noe3Hírra b H3KycTBO, ho h ne Tpaößa ,a,a Haöjiara Ha CMUCJioeomo ydapenue, 3a %a nocTHrae ome no-rojuiM xy^o^KecTBeH e(J)eKT. Ho b cmijoto BpeMe BanuapoB ce pa3JiHHaBa ot pycKHH noeT c TOBa, ne noumu ne npujiaza HuKOJia Banifapoe 257 nezoeuR deKJiaMamueen cmux. ľIoe3HHTa Ha MamoBCKn ochobho önjia npeflHa3HaHeHa 3a neTeHe b orpoMHHTe 3ajin, n'bjíHH c peBOJnonnoHepn h npojieTapnar, KaTO caM toh Ka3Baji, ne HeroBHTe n,a,eajiHH cjryínaTejiH ca xopara or "njiomafla h ynnnaTa". Cthxob ctc My TpaÖBajio %a b^flencTBar CbC cboh Gjiws^k flo MacHTe, pa30npaeM h b Comoro BpeMe exenjio3hbe h e3HK. ,3,0 rojMMa CTeneH h jinpnKara Ha BannapoB HMa Cbmnre nenn. Mhoto HeroBH CbBpeMeHHHijH pa3Ka3BaT icaic no BpeMe Ha jinTeparypHn neTeHna 3ajiHTe, nsn^jiHeHH c paöoTHnnn, H3naflajin b ey(J)opHH ot HeroBHTe CTHxoTBopeHna h TO npnHy>imaBajiH fla npenoBTapa MHoroKpaTHO jiioöhmh naca>kh. B Comoro BpeMe oöane, jinpnKaTa Ha BannapoB ce xapaKTepn3npa c TOBa, nepa3Kü3ea sa edun irndiieiidycuiiisupciH nepcouaotc, a He 3a KOJieKTHBHna o6pa3 Ha HOBHH KOMyHHCTHHecKH HOBCK. BannapoB npe^noHHTa ^a npczjcraBíi MajiKHTe peBOJnonnn, HacrbnBaiira b orflejiHna hobck, npe3 kohto toh OTKpnBa CBOHTa Bíipa b e^HO cnpaBe^jinBO oömecTBO, cnopefl ToraBaiiiHHTe yTonnHHn npeflCTaBH Ha KOMyHHCTHHecKHTe aKTHBHCTH n nncaTejin. ripe3 1940 r. H3Jin3a eflHHCTBeHaTa CTnxocönpKa Ha BannapoB "Momopnu necnu". BijB (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHne npoH3BefleHHHTa b Hea ca pa3flejieHH Ha nerapn rana "IlecHH 3a HOBeKa", "IlecHH 3a po/jH-HaTa", "IlecHH" n "IlecHH 3a e/ma CTpaHa". CaMH no ceöe en 3araa- BHHTa flOCTaTbHHO KpaCHOpeHHBO roBopHT 3a xapaKTepa Ha OTflejIHHTe CTHXOTBOpeHHH. YVhG-BHHT flHJI "IleCHH 3a HOBeKa" CbffbpiKa 8 TBopön, nacT ot kohto npeflCTaBHT Bapara n Hafle>KflHTe Ha jinpnHecKHH a3 b e^HO cnpaBefljiHBO oömecTBO - "Bnpd\ "PoMCtHmuKa", "JJeyöoü" n "IIUCMO", KaKTO n TaKHBa, noKa3Bamn tc>kkoto e^KCzmeBne Ha paöoTHHKa - "IJpojiem e 3aeodď\ "3(2600", "CnoMeu". IlocjieflHOTO npon3BefleHne - noeMaTa "IJecen sa Hoeexď npeflCTaBH HyzjOTBopHoro HpaBctbeHO npeoöpa^KeHne Ha e^hh OTneyöneij. /i W k. H OH K O ß 1, ÁA OTO PH l/l KopHuaTa Ha "MoTopHH necHH", xyzj. Eopnc AHrejiyuieB (1940) 258 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) CTHxoTBopeHHírra b "IlecHH 3a po/jHHaTa" ca oömo mecT Ha öpoö -"Podirnď, íí3eMM,\ "ľleceď, "Hmüm cupodunď, "XaiidyiuKď h "EjimencKď'. ^OKaTO KpaTKHTe flBe TBOpÖH b TpeTHH flHJI "IleCHH" - "OzHxpouHmejiuzeHcmKď h "Jljoôoena", b^naBaT c|)Hjiococ|)H5rra Ha paöoTHHKa HHTejiHreHT h HeroBOTO jiioöobho hybctbo. "MoTopHH necHH" saB^pniBa c neT cthxotbopchhh, nocBeTeHH Ha rpa^aHCKara BOÖHa b HcnaHHH - "Hctícihum", "Ct>h", "Ilecen na dpyzapsľ, "Ilecen na Jtcenamď h "ľlucMo". Kaicro floöpe e h3bcctho npe3 1936 r. b HcnaHHH H3ÔyxBa rpa^aHCKa BOÖHa, cjiefl KaTO jmboto npaBHTejiCTBO Ha Kaöajiepo e CBajieHO npe3 (J)aiiiHCTKHH npeBpar Ha reHepaji OpaHKO. B öopöara, npofl'bJíJKHjia Tpn roflHHH, ce BKjnoHBar MHoro flOÖpoBOJirjH ot rjajia Eßpona, a noHTH bchhkh eßponeöcKH HHTejieKTyajiHH h nncaTejiH 3acTaBaT Ha crpaHaTa Ha penyöJiHKaHijHTe. TBopuHTe ot B^jirapna Cbmo He ocTaBaT 6e3pa3-jiHHHH icbM CbÖHTHHTa b HcnaHHH - nHHiar ce mho^kcctbo KHHrn h penopTa>kh KaTO ecTecTBeHO Haií-aKTHBHH ca penyöJiHKaHHHTe. B ueHTbpa Ha cboh uhkkji "ITecHH 3a eziHa CTpaHa" BanuapoB nocTaBH czihh nepcoHa>k, Ha30BaH OepHaHflec, kohto e öopeu, b 3aiiraTa na penyöJiHKaTa. B nerapn or nerre CTHxoTBopeHHH aBTopb/r npocjie-,zriiBa pa3JiHHHH MOMeHTH ot Cbflöara Ha repoa: b "Ct>«" - öapHKaflHHTe mchth 3a 6b,a,eiriHíi macTjiHB >khbot, b "Tlecen na dpyzapď' - ÖHTKara, b kohto cDepHaH^ec e yÖHT, b "Ilecen na Jtcenamď -TpeB05khoto onaKBaHe Ha HeroBaTa jiioÖHMa h b "IIucmó" - h3bccthcto ro MaÖKaTa Ha epHaHflec 3a CM^pira Ha repoa. IToe3HHTa Ha BanuapoB HMa ezniH-ezraHCTBeH TeMarnneH HHrepec, to3h Ha 3aBOACKHH paôoTHHK. ObBceM He e cjTynaíiHO, ne TOJiKOBa necro b HeroBHTe CTHxoBe ce cpemaT ,zryMH h tcpmhhh, CB^psaHH c paöoTHHHecKOTO OKCzmeBHe KaTO "3aBQzi", "MauiHHH", "TpaHCMHCHH", "inyM", "Konena", "cryp", "ca^Kfln" h t h. PaöoTHHHecKara Knaca ce b^npneMa ot bchhkh npojieTapcKH nncaTejiH KaTO 3aKOHHHHT h eflHHCTBCH XereMOH b nOÖeflHJIOTO KOMyHHCTHHeCKO oömecTBO. KaTO iiíijio OTHomeHneTO Ha noeTa KbM .zreHCTBHTejiHOCTTa e eflH03HaHHO. 3Khbotkt ce npezjcraBíi Karo HenocmiHO 6peMe, a paöoTHHUHTe ca BKapaHH b 6e3KpanHHH KpuoBpar Ha ivľbHHTejiHHH poöcKH Tpya, h cnrypHaTa dvľbpr ("3aeoď', "CnoMen") hjih Karo CBexjia Ha/jejK/ja b yrpeinHHa ,a,eH, KoraTO Te caMHTe me ca cronaHH Ha cpeflCTBara 3a npoH3BQzi,CTBO ("/Jeyôoň", "IIucmo"). MoTHBb.T3a Hecpa3HMaTa Bnpa b no-flo6pOTO 6i»flemo oômecTBO, ce cpema H3BefleH KaTO ochobch b^b "Bnpa" h ^PoManmuKď. Enxivie moejih ,a,a OTKpneM pa3HrpaH h mothb& 3a ny^OfleřÍHOTO HpaBCTBeHO npeo6pa3HBaHe, ÖJiaroflapeHHe Ha ^ocera c xopa, noBírpBajiH Bene b KOMyHHCTHHecKara h^ea ("Ilecen 3a noeeKď). HuKona Banijapoe 259 B ocHOBara ch Ta3H noe3na HMa cftyHKunflTa na nsn'bjiHflBa eniia hhcto h^eojiorHHecKa sa/jana, a hmchho na BHymaBa onpenejieHO nojiumuuecKO nocjianue. riopann Ta3H npnnnHa hchhhht e3HK h (J)opMa ca HarrbjiHO pa3JinHHn or Te3H Ha HHTHMHara jinpHKa, He3aBHCHMO ne necTO rn>th ce 3aHHMaBa c nymeBHHTe npeo6pa30BaHHH y HOBeKa. OcHOBHa xapaicrepHCTHKa Ha yHnKajmna cbht Ha BannapoBaTa JinpHKa e HefiHara KOMyHUKamueHOcm. ITohth bchhkh H3CJie,a,OBaTejiH roBopnr 3a CneUHC|)HHHaTa "nnajIOrHHHOCr", "nHCKypCHBHOCT", "pa3Ka3HOCT", KOHTO OTJiHHaBar cthxobeTe Ha BannapoB. HancTHHa BHHMarejiHHflT norjieo, b'bpxy "MoTopHH necHn" me hh yGenn, ne noHTn bchko craxoTBopeHHe npnre:>KaBa cboh cjojfcem, kohto ce npezjCTaBfl b noBene hjih no-MajiKO pa3rbpHar bh^,. KpacHopenHB npnMep 3a TOBa e, ne cthxob eTe Morar na ce npepa3Ka3BaT no nofloGne Ha enHO GejieTpncrnHHO hjih npaMaryprnnHO npoH3Bea,eHne. TnnnneH n b CbmoTO BpeMe Han-nozrpoGeH e CK»KeTbT Ha noeMara "IleceH 3a HOBeKa", k-b^eTO aBTop^t npezjcraBH cnopa Ha jinpnHecKHH a3 c ea,Ha naMa othocho Mopajia Ha HOBeica (Kaicro b noeiviaTa ce Ka3Ba, cnop'bT e Ha TeMa "HoBeKbT b^b hoboto BpeMe"). B nenrbpa Ha noeMaTa jinpnHecKHHT a3 npezjcraBa pa3Ka3 3a e^ho npecTbnjieHne - chh yGnji 6ama en 3apa,a,h napn, cjiefl kocto e BicapaH b 3aTBopa, TaM oGane "nonaflHaji Ha xopa / n CTaHaji / hobck". B Kpaa Ha Kpanmara npenn nsn^jiHeHneTO Ha CM^prHaTa npncbna reponr 3anoHBa na nee neceH, KoeTO nopoflnjio crpax b OHnre Ha CTpa^Kapnre, a nbK 3Be3,a,HTe My ce b^xhthjih Ha CMejiocTTa. Cjiefl Kpaa Ha Hcropnjrra naMara ce pa3njiaKBa, yacaceHa ot npaMara, npKaro jinpnHe ckhjit a3 CbC 3aflOBOJiCTBO npaBn 3aKjiK)HeHneTO "Ton neeji HOBeKa. - / ToBa e npeKpacHO, Hajin?" To3n onnT 3a npepa3Ka3 6n TpaGBajio na HapeneM KparbK, npocTO 3amoTO nponycHaxMe noBene hjih no-MajiKO 3HaHHTejiHH ejieMeHTH ot jinpnHecKOTO ckckctho pa3rp,biiiaHe. rio nofloGeH HannH MoraT na ce npeacTaBar bchhkh npon3Be,zieHHfl ot n^pBara n TpeTaTa nacT Ha crnxocGnpRara - "ITecHii sa yoeeKd" n "ITecHii sa edna cmpand\ To3n cnenn(J)HHeH BKyc Ha BannapoB KbM CK»KeTHOCTTa b jinpnKaTa mo)KeM na en oGhchhm c HeroBna nonnepTaH HHTepec ki»m H3KycTBOTO Ha TeaTtpa. BannapoB itaji >khbot ce 3aHHMaBa c TearpajiHOTO H3KycTBO. Cpefl paGoTHnnecKHTe kojickthbh nocTaBH neceTKn nnecn ot G^jirapcKna n CBeTOBHHH Tearbp KaTO caM ynacTBa b npezTCTaBjieHnnra Ha noBeneTO ot tax. Abtop e n Ha enHa nneca, kohto nopn npe^jiara 3a nocTaBHHe b HapoflHHH Tearbp b Co(J)hh, ho nojiynaBa OTKa3 ot ToraBanmnfl npaMarypr. B JinpnKaTa Ha BannapoB "TeaTpajiHHTe" ejieMenrn ca hcho OTKpnBaeMn Kaicro Ha hhboto Ha CKxaceTa, TaKa n Ha hcctoto npncbCTBne Ha flnaji03n, oGp'bmeHHH h MOHOJI03H. 260 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) "Kbm K0MyHH3BM", xya. BjianHMHp /I,HMHTpoB-MaHCTopa (1945) Cjiefl 1989 r. b ö^jirapcKara jiHTeparypa mhctoto Ha HnKOJia BanuapoB oe nocTaBeHO noa, CbMHeroie. ToBa oe ecTecTBeHa peaiajHíi Ha fl^jiroronHiiiHOTO KyjiTOBCKO h CHjiHO nojiHTH3HpaHO neTeHe Ha HeroBOTO TBopnecTBO. Koraro ce noHBHxa MaTepnajin, oöckthbho npencTaBíiiiiH KOHcnnpaTHBHaTa TepopncTHHHa neÜHOCT Ha noeTa, ecTecTBeHO ce npHCT^nn h icbM npeoijeHHBaHe Ha CMHCbJia Ha nnenHnre nocjiaHna Ha cthxobctc My Pennna H3CJieflOBaTejiH OTpeKOxa ronano TBopnecraoTO Ha BanuapoB, apryMeHrapanicH ce c apxaHHHara nneojiornii, kohto too 3amHTaBa. IT ot TaicaBa menHa Tonica HuKona Banuapoe 261 HMaxa rrbjiHO ocHOBaHne. Ho, ot flpyra CTpaHa, aico ce 6a3npaMe caMO Ha xyflO>KecTBeHHTe (j)aKTH, Tpaößa fl,a npn3HaeM, ne b^b (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHne noe3HHTa Ha BanuapoB HSB^piim e^Ha hskjhohhtcjiho Ba>KHa Kpanxa Hanpefl b G^jirapcKaTa jinpHKa. Ton b^Be^e TeMaTa 3a Cbflöara Ha paöoranKa h b Cbmoro BpeMe ro HanpaBH no e^hh Han'bjiHO Heno3HaT, KOMyHHKaTHBHO aKTHBeH h arpaKTHBeH b^b (J)opMajiHO OTHOineHne HannH. Cnefl BanuapoB G^jirapcKaTa noe3na npnfloön CBOÖOflaTa Ha (J)opMajiHOTO pa3HrpaBaHe Ha bchhkh b'bSMOKHH tümh, 3afflOTO TOH nOKa3a TYbTft, YIO KOHTO TOBa e BlßMOKHO a,a ce HSB'bpiiiH TOBa c e^Ha aHTnxy,zi,o:>KecTBeHa caMa no ceöe cn TeMa - Ta3n 3a 3aBOflCKHH Tpyfl. A HHane mp ce OTHaca jip BapaTa My "ne yTpe me ö^e / >KHBOTa no-xyöaB, / >KHBOTa no-m'b.zrbp" mojkcm Bene caMO CHH3xoflHTejiHO n c jieica rbra a,a noBTopnM e^HO ot HcycoBHTe cjiOBa "6jia>KeHH ohhh, kohto, 6e3 fl,a bh^jit, ca noßapBajin" (HoaHa 20:29). ^o BTopara CBeTOBHa BOHHa KOMyHHCTHTe ca öhjih pa3fl,ejieHH Ha 6e3Hafl,e>KflHH nfleanncTH n Ha 6e3Hafl,e>KflHH TepopncTn. BanuapoB no crpaHeH HannH CbneTaBa He caMO flBara Tnna, ho h ome e^hh -Ha H3KJiK)HHTejiHO TajiaHTjiHBna TBopei;. H, KaKTO necTO rn>th ce cjiynBa, flencTBHTejiHOCTTa pa^KO rbpnn npeKaneHO ycjiOKHeHHTe KOHcfMiypaunn, nopain kocto HHKaK cn Haö^pso n 6e3npe,o,MeTHO ro H3XB'bpjLa ot >KHBOTa. HcTopnaTa, kohto BanuapoB TOJiKOBa oönHame n Ha kohto 3ajiarame TOJiKOBa Ha,o,e:>k,zi,h, 3amoTO BapBaiiie b HenHna npeflonpefleneH xoa (bh)k CTHxoTBopeHneTO "Hcmopun"), hpohhhho n nanaBO fleMOHCTpnpa cbocto HenocTOHHCTBO n nrpnBOCT. Ako Bapara b öi^emeTO 3a noeTa Bene e e^HO GesB'bSBpaTHO MHHajio 3a Hac, 3a kocto hhkoh He 6n ncKan ^a cn cnoMiw, to noe3HHTa My me ocTaHe b CbKpoBnmHnnaTa Ha 6bjirapcKara jinTepaTypa Karo Ba>KeH eTan ot hchhoto pa3BHTne, TaKa KaKTO Ta3n Ha MaaKOBCKn b ncTopn^Ta Ha pycKaTa jinreparypa. HHTepecHO e ^ajin caMHHT BanuapoB 6n ce pa3Cbpflnji Ha jiornHHOCTTa Ha CBOHTa jnoönMa ncTopna, TaKaBa KaKBaTO cj)aKTHHeckh e. 262 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) /|U\!M\ BUEJlklOTEKA BJIPA Eto - a3 flHiuaM, paöora, h CTHxoBe nHiua (tbh KaKTO yMea). C >KHBOTa nOfl Be^KflH ce menaMe CTporo n 6opa ce c Hero, flOKOJiKoro Mora. C >KHBOTa CMe b pa3npa, ho TH He pa36npan, He Mpa3H >KHBOTa. HanpoTHB, HanpoTHB! - /Eopn na yMHpaM, >KHBOTa CbC rpyönre jianH nejiHHHH a3 naK me oonnaiví! A3 naK me oonnaiví! J\$l Ka)KeM, cera mh OKanar BIj^KeTO n nnraT: "KaK, HCKam jih nac na )KHBeem?" BeflHara me KpecHa: "CBajieTe! CBajieTe! Eio-CKopo CBajieTe Bi^eTO, 3JiOflen!" 3a Hero - ^řCnBora -HanpaBHji 6nx bchhko. - EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 263 JleTHji 6hx CbC npoÖHa MaiiiHHa b HeGero, ÖHX BJie3Hajl B'bB B3pHBHa paxeTa, caMHH-bK, ÖHX TbpCHJI b npocTopa flajieHHa njiaHeTa. Ho Bee naK me HyBCTBaM npHHTHHH n>,zjeji, fla meflaM KaK rope Heöero CHHee. Bee naK me HyBCTBaM npnHTHHH n>,zjeji, ne ome jkhbch, ne ome me ö^a. Ho eTO, fla KaiaceM, BHH B3eMeTe, KOJIKO? - nmeHHHeHO s^pHO OT MOHTa Bepa, 6nx peBHaji ToraBa, 6nx peBHaji ot öojiKa Karo paHeHa b CbpneTO naHTepa. KaKBO me ocTaHe ot MeHe ToraBa? -Mnr cjiefl rpa6e>Ka me ö^fla pa3HnmeH. H ome no-acHO, n ome no-npaBO -Mnr cjiefl rpa6e>Ka me öbfla a3 hhiho. Mo>Ke 6n ncKaTe fla a cpa3HTe MOHTa Bapa b'bB flHHTe HeCTHTH, MOHTa Bapa, ne yrpe me ö^e >KHBOTa no-xyöaB, >KHBOTa nO-M'bffbp? 264 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) A KaK me mypMyBare, mojih? C KypmyMH? He! HeyMecTHo! PecTo! - He crpyBa! - Ta e öpoHHpaHa 3flpaBO b rbpflHTe h öpoHeöoÖHH narpoHH 3a Hea HHMa otkphth! HiiMa otkphth! EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 265 3ABO/J 3aB0fl. Hafl Hero oöjiann ot ahm. Hapo,zrbT npocT, >KHBOTbT - TOKľbK, CKyHCH. - tŤCmbot 6e3 MacKa h 6e3 rpHM -03b>6eHO, CBHpeno Kyne. H TpaÖBa fla c e öopnin HeyMopHO, h TpaÖBa fla ch CTpauiHO ynopnr, 3a fla HSTp^rHem ot 3b>6nTe Ha ryn Hacrp-bXHajio, BÖeceHO nee napneHne xjieö. Bb>B 3ajiHTe njnoirjHT icannin, TpaHCMHCHH CKpnnriiT OT BCeKH KľbT. H CTaBa TOJIK03 flyruHO, ne fla flHinain He 6n MorbJi cnoKOHHO, c n-bjíHa rp-bfl. A Heflajiene npojieTHna BíiTbp jiiojiee HHBH, cjTbHLieTO öjiecm... ^pBeTara onnpar B'bB HeöeTO, a ceHKHTe- B 3aBOflCKHTe CTeHH. Ho KaK e Hy>K,a,o n HeHy>KHO ryica, cbBceM 3a6paBeHO TOBa none! EflHa pb.Ka H3XBb>pjin Ha ooKjiyica HflHJIHHTe C CHHbOTO HeÖe. 3amoTO mht Ha HeicaKBa 3a6jryzi,a, 3amoTO Mnr c pa3MeKHaTO Cbpne, 6n 3HaHejio Hanpa3HO %a 3ary6nin paöoTHHTe CH )KHJiaBH p-bne. 266 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) H t03h lu y m h TfmCbK Ha MaiIIHHH me TpiÖBa HenpeMeHHO na KpeinHin, fla Morar nyMHTe pa3ÖpaHO na npeMHHar npocTpaHCTBOTO, KoeTO Te flejiH. H a3 Kpeinax roflHHH - HHJia BeHHOCT... ^ojiaBHx, ne h .zrpyrHTe icpeinaT - MaiIIHHHTe, 3aBOfla h HOBeica or HaH-3aTyjieHHH TbMCH KľbT. H t03h KpacbK CTaHa cnjiaB, C KOHTO öpoHHpaxMe >KHBOTa ch Taxa, ne cji05khiii jih My npijT bt^b KOJiejiaTa - me CHynHin CBOírra p^ica... H th, 3aBOfl, ce m^hhiii naK orrope fla Tpynam ahm h cdcaajxyi njiacT cjiefl njiacx Hanpa3Ho! Th hh ynn ,a,a ce 6opHM -me CHeMeM Hne cjľbHrjeTO npH Hac. 3aBOfl, npHTHCHaji c m-bica tojik03 xopa c oca>KfleHH OT nepeH Tpya, jraua, e^HO Cbprje b^b Teöe HeyMopHO nyjicnpa c xhjdihh Cbpua. EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 267 POMAHTHKA A3 hckcIm fla HanHina flHec noeMa, b KOHTO fla flHIIia Ha HOBOTO BpeMe CTHXbT. J\a Tp^nHar b^b Hea KpHjiara Ha ropflHH fleMOH, oöxoflHji OT nojnoc 30 nojiioc CB QT'bT. 3amp e to3h xjichh? 3amo b^AHmar xopaTa no HHKaKBa poMaHTHKa H3CTHHajia? PoMaHTHKaTa e cera b MOTopnTe, KOHTO ne^t nofl HeöeTO cnHbO. H Hepa3ÖpajiH Ta3n neceH rop^a, Hanpa3HO Mp^mnTe nana. Ta hoch BeHHara HOBeiIIKa ÖOflpOCT Ha HKHTe CTOMaHCHH Kpnjia. A3 bh>Kfl,aM b 6bfl,emeTO Te3 OpjiaUH fla np-bCKar JXb'jKJX OT ceMeHa. 268 JleKUiiu no ó-bjízapcna Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) H b necHHTe hm, pyKHajiH OTrope, fla GjiHKa Tpyfl h CBoGo^a. A3 bh)KflaM KaK npejiHTaT Hafl MopeTaTa, bhcoko Hafl eKBaropHHíi neK, npejiHTaT Hafl 3ejieHHTe noneTa h Hafl apKTHHecKHH CHer. ToBa e HOBaTa poMaHTHica, KOHTO ce pa>Kfl,a h flOGHBa CBOH njIIjT. H B^nnoTeHa b caMOJieTHO HTO, o6xo>Kfl,a flHec ot Kpaň Kpaň CBCTIjT. EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 269 IIECEH 3A HOBEKA Hne cnopHMe flBaMa Cbc flaMa Ha TeMa: "HoBeicbT b^b hoboto BpeMe". A flaMara conHaTa, 3HaeTe -Tpona, HepBHpa c e, fla>Ke nponjiaKBa. 3ajiHBa Me c icajiHH noTOun OT ponoT h rpafl OT cjiOBecHa aTaica. - iloHaKaíiTe - ica3BaM, - noHaKaiŕre, HeKa... -Ho Ta Me npeicbCBa Cbp^HTo: - Ax, Mona, 3anpeTe! A3 Mpa3H HOBeica. He CTpyBa too BauiTa 3amHTa. A3 HeTOX KaK hhkoh Hacíiicbji c ceKHpa, HacHK-bji caM 6par ch, HOBeica. H3MHJI ce, Ha nepKBa OTHiiľbji noflHpe h... nocjie My CTaHajio jieKO. -CMyreHO noTp^nHax. H CTaHa mh tc>kko. Ho a3 noHaKyijBaM b Teopna h peKOx nojieKa, 6e3 3Jio6a, HOBeiUKH, fla npoÖBaM CbC Ta3H HCTopna. - Th, cjryHKaTa, CTaHajia b ceno Mornjia. 270 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) Eamara 6hji cicbTaji napH. ChhijT th no,zryiiiHji, B3eMaji rn HacHjia h nocjie 6ama ch 3aTpHji. Ho b Meceij, hjih n^k b^b ceflMHija caMO BjiacTTa ro OTKpHjia h... Cbfl. Ana b^b CbjxbT He noTynBar no paMOTO, a ro ocb>KflaT Ha civľbpr. OTBejiH ToraBa 3JiOflea 3JIOCTOpeH, 3aTBOpHJIH t03h CyÖeKT. Ho BiaB 3arBopa nonaflHaji Ha xopa h CTaHaji h o b e k. He 3Haa c KaKBa e 3aKBaca 3aKBaceH, He 3Haa h KaK e 3aMeceH, ho CBOHTa ynacT OT KHHra no-acHa My CTaHajia c HHKaKBa neceH. H nocjie pa3npaBHji: "Epen, KaK ce oo-bpKax n ero TH Te6e öecHjio. He CTHra th xjieöa, 3ajiHTHein or wbKdL h crbnnin b norpeiiiHOCT Ha thhuo. H HaKain TaKa Karo ckot B CKOTOÖOHHa, B^pTHLU Ce, B OHHTe TH - HO)Ka. Ex, jioino, ex, jioino CBerbT e ycTpoeH! A mo>Ke, no-HHane Moace..." ToraBa 3aroiBaji toh CBOirra neceH, EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 271 3aiMBaji a 6aBH0 h thxo ripefl Hero >KHBOTa H3njiaBBaji nyzieceH -h nocjie 3acnHBaji yCMHXHaT... HO b KOpHflOBa thxo rOBOpHT Cerae ceKyH^a noKOÖ. Hhkoh nojieKa Bparara otbophji. - Xopa. 3afl tax nacoBOH. Hhkoh ot rpynara, njiaxo h myxo, Ka3aji My: "Xaöfle, CTaHH." DieflajiH xopara TbYlO h Kyxo CHBHTe, BJia>khh ctchh. Oh3h b jierjiOTO pa30paji, ne >KHBOTa e cb^pineH 3a Hero, h b MHr CKOHHji, H36bpcaji norra ot hcjioto h rjieflaji c ahb norjico, Ha 6hk. Ho jieKa-nojieica HOBeKa c e ccthji -CTpaxbT e 6e3 noji3a, me Mpe. H HHKaK b flyuiaTa My CTaHajio CBeTjio. - J\& Tp-braeM jih? - Ka3aji. - ,TJ,o6pe. Too Tp^raaji. Cjiefl Hero Te Tp^raajiH Cbmo h HyBCTBajIH HilKaiCbB xjiafl. BohhhkijT ch Ka3aji: "Bozi,hk>k fla ce cb^piira... 3ara3Hji ch 3,zrpaBaTa, 6paT." Bb>b KopHflopa thxo rOBOpHT 272 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) MpaK ce b "brjiHTe Tan. Cjie3HajiH nocjie Ha flBopa, a rope Bene 3opara ojiecra. UoBeK-bT norjieflHaji 3opara, b KOHTO ce Kanena c ôjiacbíc 3Be3,a,a, h MHCJiejI 3a CBOHTa TOKKa, HOBeuiKa, >KecTOKa, 6e30Ka Cbflöa. "Til - MOHTa - cb'bpiIIH... Hie BHCHa oöeceH. Ho öejiKHM ce cb^puiBa CbC MeH? ^KnBorbT me floöfle no-xy6aB OT neceH, no-xy6aB ot npojieTeH ,a,eH..." CnoMeHaji 3a neceH n Hemo ce ceraji. B OHHTe My njiaMijK irbíjroiji. VcMHXHaji ce Tornio, mnpoKO n cbctjio, oxznrbnHaji ce, nocjie 3araiji. KaK MHCJiHTe, mohkq 6n TyKa ce icpne eflHH HCTepnHeH KOMnjieKC? MncjieTe rbö KaKTO en meTe, ho Bne rpeniHTe, npnirrejiKO, HHec. -UoBeicbT cnoKOHHO, TbŘ - ayMa cjiefl flyMa n tb-bpflO peanji neceHTa. Ohc3h ro rjieflajin c norjiefl 6e3yMeH, OHe3H ro rjieflajin c crpax. ^opn n 3aTBopa Tpenepeji no3opHO, n Mpaxa ya,apnji Ha 6er VcMHXHaTH Hyjin 3Be3flHTe orrope EuôJiuomeKa - Humna Banuapoe 273 h BHKHajra: "BpaBO, HOBeic!" HaTarbK e hcho. Bi^eTO H3KyCHO npe3 LUHírra, nocjie ClVľbpTTa. Ho TaM b pa3KpHBeHHTe, b CHHHTe yCTHH HanHpajia naK neceHTa. H TyK 3anoHBa pasBp^KaTa, 3HanH. KaK mhcjihľu, HHTarejiK), th? -Ta, öe^HaTa ^aivia, 3anoHHa %a njiane, 3anoHHa b^b TpaHC m Kpeinn: "y>KacHo! y>KacHo! -Pa3Ka3Bare, CHKam KaTO ne TaM cre öhjih!"... KaKbB th TyK y>Kac?! - Toh neeji HOBeKa. -ToBa e npeKpacHO, Hajra? 274 JleKijuu no 6-bJizapcKa Jiumepamypa (1918 -1944) OriMPOHHTEJIHrEHTCKA C^hho TpaicaT pejiCHTe b^b Mpaica. Ot yMopa CTaBHTe ÖOJIHT. Hhkoh 6h b'b3fl'bXHaji: "He onaKBaM..." He! OnaKBaivi! Haica Me CBerbT. 3Haa CBOHTO MHCTO BbB >KHBOTa h Hanpa3HO HHMa fla c e ,zraM. HecTHO me yivrpa KaTO paÖOTHHK b 60H hh 3a xjiHÖ h CBOÖOfla.