 Two relevant statistics (issue awareness by political knowledge and education) III. MEDIA AND POLITICS: KOREA, JAPAN, AND TAIWAN IV. OLD/NEW MEDIA, POLITICS, AND POLARIZATION Familiar Examples… UK referendum on EU membership Pro EU (The Westminster elites) VS More pro-Brexit (the mass) 2016 US presidential election Anti-Trump (The Washington elites) VS More pro-Trump (the mass) Page2 IV. OLD/NEW MEDIA, POLITICS, AND POLARIZATION Media’s influence (Elite vs Tabloid newspapers or Old VS. New media) Old Media Brexit: Daily Express and The Sun (tabloid newspapers) VS. Guardian, The Times (elite newspapers) Page3 Pag e 4 IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  Korea’s Newspapers and Broadcasting Companies  Chosun Ilbo (2,450,000)  Joong-ang Ilbo (2,350,000)  Dong-a Ilbo (2,100,000)  Hankook Ilbo (700,000)  Kyunghyang Shinmun (450,000)  Hankyoreh Shinmun (450,000)  Korea Daily News (400,000)  Kukmin Daily (350,000) IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization KBS 1TV KBS 2TV MBC EBS SBS  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  Relaxing a media law in 2009 (ties between newspapers and cable TV)  Political Cleavage?  Chosun Daily VS. Hankyorae on foreign policy issues  Choogang Daily and Samsung connection? IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  Japan’s Newspapers and Broadcasting Companies NHK Nippon Television Network System (NNS Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) Fuji Network System (FNS) TV Asahi Network (ANN) TV Tokyo Network (TXN) IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization Yomiuri Shimbun Asahi Shimbun Mainichi Shimbun Nikkei Shimbun Sankei Shimbun Nihon Kezai  Ties between Newspapers and TV  Large Circulations  Kisha Club (Journalist Club): Japanese news-gathering association of reporters whose reporting centers on a press room set up by sources such as the Prime Minister's Official Residence, government ministries, local authorities, the police, or corporate bodies. IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  Taiwan’s Newspapers and Broadcasting Companies  Apple Daily  China Times  Liberty Times  United Daily News IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization Taiwan Television China Television Chinese Television System Formosa Television Public Television Service Hakka Television Station Taiwan Indigenous Television  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  Explicitly politicized media, e.g. Formosa TV or Aborigine TV  Media Inflation: In a population of 23-million market, the country has 7 twenty-four-hour news stations (compare to 3 in the US, 3 in UK, and 0 in Japan). And about 2,500 newspaper publishers IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization  Ownership Structure of East Asian Media  A competitive market, sometimes the shows tend to include sexual and violent contents IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization Media’s influence (Elite vs Tabloid newspapers or Old VS. New media) New Media Newspapers (old media) VS. Facebook or Twitter (new media) Anti-establishment/populist leaders declaring war against the old media, e.g. Trump in the U.S., Erdogan in Turkey, Orban in Hungary Page12 IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization Ideal conceptual boundary? Ever-increasing issue/value-related polarization? Can increasingly self-select relationships based on their value orientations and preferences (Kriesi, 2010). Constantly self-fed by various channels tailoring information to specific tastes and identities. Value cleavages should be added, for example… Material and post-material values (Inglehart, 1997) Tension between democratic and authoritarian values (Berglund, 2013) Domestic protectionism against international integration (Stubager, 2003, Deegan-Krause, 2007). Page13 IV. Old/New Media, Politics, and Polarization Topic 4 Social Movements and Civil Societies in Northeast Asia Government and Politics in Northeast Asia By Jaemin Shim I. Social Movement? • Definition: Organizational structures and strategies that may empower oppressed populations to mount effective challenges and resist the more powerful and advantaged elites • Different types (Aberle, 1966): degree & who - In addition, a) targets b) methods of work, c) type of change, d) old and new, I. Social Movement? • Frequently observed movements in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan ▫ Environmental movement ▫ Consumers movement ▫ Handicapped movement ▫ Women’s movement ▫ Labour movement ▫ Students movement ▫ Aborigines movement (Taiwan) impeachment movement (Korea) anti-militarization movement (Japan) I. Social Movement? • To give you a feel of what it is like.. ▫ Korea: Korea-US FTA protest ▫ Japan: Anti-constitution revision movement ▫ Taiwan: Sun Flower movement I. Social Movement? • Political Cleavage (week 1 reminder)? ▫ Korea, Japan, and Taiwan: foreign policy issues plays an important role in politics and tend to be elites-driven  Korea: diplomatic and military stance towards North Korea or the US  Japan: preserving/reserving peace constitution and military alliance with the US  Taiwan: diplomatic and military stance towards mainland China II. A Systematic Approach • Motivations of Social movement The Rise of Post-materialists? Giving top priority to... Belonging, self-expression and the quality of life. Which can be related to LGBT, anti-nuclear, women, disabled, consumer movement Post-Materialists have a larger amount of psychic energy available for politics, they are less supportive of the established social order Questions Has there been any shift in people’s values since the postwar era? If so, what are the reasons? II. A Systematic Approach  Theory: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy  We must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first  Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs  Method: Cohort tracing survey  A group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period  The advantage of prospective cohort study data is the longitudinal observation of the individual through time, and the collection of data at regular intervals, so recall error is reduced. VI. Asian Financial Crisis  Relevant statistics… VI. Asian Financial Crisis  Relevant statistics and real-world implications: debts of banks and firms were denominated in US dollars…. Devaluation of domestic currencies does not work.. VI. Asian Financial Crisis  Relevant YouTube Clips…  General: https://youtu.be/eocI_JZK5_g  Korea: https://youtu.be/h_TcP73_nmE VI. Asian Financial Crisis  Linking domestic causes to the developmental state…  Dismantling of the convoy system? Borrowing in foreign currency, speculative investment, poor supervision… The End Government and Politics in Northeast Asia By Jaemin Shim