Studying Chinese
LI XIN YU
xué zhōng wén

usually
píng cháng


                early
    zǎo


早(zǎo, Good morning!) is heard quite often in Chinese cities. Other morning greetings, such as
早上好(zǎo shang hǎo) and 早安(zǎo ān) , still sound rather formal to many Chinese people.
早(zǎo, Good morning!)

                 late
   wǎn


morning
 zǎo shang


Both 早上(zǎo shang) and 上午(shàng wǔ) are usually translated as “morning” but the two Chinese words
are not interchangeable. 早上(zǎo shang) refers to early morning; and 上午(shàng wǔ) to the latter part
of the morning or to the first half of the day (until noon).
早上(zǎo shang,morning)

so;this(late,ect.)
 zhè   me


homework；schoolwork
 gōng kè


            everybody
  dà    jiā


to go to a class; to start a class; to be in class
  shàng kè


to begin, to start; beginning
  kāi   shǐ


 how；how come
 zěn   me


怎么(zěn me,how; how come) in Questions
怎么(zěn me,how; how come) is an interrogative pronoun. It is often used to ask about the manner of
an action as in(1), and sometimes the reason or the cause of an action, as in (2) and (3) below.
1、请你教我怎么写“懂”这个字。
      qǐng nǐ jiāo wǒ zěn me xiě “dǒng ”zhè ge zì.
      Please teach me how to write the character “dong.”

怎么(zěn me,how; how come) in Questions
2、你怎么才来？
      nǐ zěn me cái lái ？
      How come you`ve just arrived?
3、你怎么没去看电影？
      nǐ zěn me méi qù kàn diàn yǐng ？
      Why didn`t you go to the movie？

怎么(zěn me,how; how come) in Questions
Both 怎么(zěn me,how; how come) and 为什么(wèi shén me,why) are used to ask about the cause of or reason
for something. However, 怎么(zěn me,how; how come) conveys the speaker`s bewilderment or surprise
whereas 为什么(wèi shén me,why) does not.

          to read alond
   niàn


        text of a lesson
  kè   wén


        sound recording；to record
  lù     yīn


      to study; to learn
 xué    xí


           handsome
   shuài


                cool
    kù


帅(shuài)



The 的(de) Structure
We have a 的(de) structure when an adjective is followed by the structural particle 的(de).
Grammatically, a 的(de) structure is equivalent to a noun. When Bai Ying`ai says, “他是一个男的(tā shì yí
ge nán de),” it is clear from the context that she means a male(one).
我写了十个字，五个难的，五个容易的。
wǒ xiě le shí ge zì ，wǔ ge nán de ，wǔ ge róng yì de.
I wrote ten characters, five difficult ones and five easy ones.

The Use of Noun and Pronouns in Continuous Discourse
If a noun serves as the unchanged subject in a continuous discourse, its later appearances in the
ensuing clauses or sentences generally should be substituted by an appropriate pronoun or simply
omitted. The pronoun, in turn, can also be omitted after its first appearance.

The Use of Noun and Pronouns in Continuous Discourse
1、小白很喜欢学中文。(她)晚上预习课文、复习语法、练习写汉字，常常很晚才睡觉。
xiǎo bái hěn xǐ huan xué zhōng wén. (tā) wǎn shang yù xí kè wén, fù xí yǔ fǎ, liàn xí xiě hàn zì,
cháng cháng hěn wǎn cái shuì jiào.
(Little Bai likes to study Chinese very much. At night, she previews the text, reviews the grammar,
and practices writing the characters. Often she doesn`t go to bed until very late.

The Use of Noun and Pronouns in Continuous Discourse
If we keep repeating the subject as seen in (2) or the pronoun as in (3), we will end up with a
bunch of choppy, seemingly unrelated sentences:
2、小白很喜欢学中文。小白晚上预习课文，小白复习语法、小白练习写汉字。小白常常很晚才睡觉。
xiǎo bái hěn xǐ huan xué zhōng wén. xiǎo bái wǎn shang yù xí kè wén ，xiǎo bái fù xí yǔ fǎ 、xiǎo bái
liàn xí xiě hàn zì 。xiǎo bái cháng cháng hěn wǎn cái shuì jiào.

The Use of Noun and Pronouns in Continuous Discourse
If we keep repeating the subject as seen in (2) or the pronoun as in (3), we will end up with a
bunch of choppy, seemingly unrelated sentences:
3、小白很喜欢学中文。她晚上预习课文，她复习语法、她练习写汉字。她常常很晚才睡觉。
xiǎo bái hěn xǐ huan xué zhōng wén. tā wǎn shang yù xí kè wén, tā fù xí yǔ fǎ, tā liàn xí xiě hàn
zì. tā cháng cháng hěn wǎn cái shuì jiào.

（李友跟白英爱说话）
李    友:白英爱，你平常来得很早，今天怎么这么晚？
白英爱:我昨天预习中文，早上四点才睡觉，你也睡得很晚吗？
李    友:我昨天十点就睡了。因为王朋帮我练习中文，所以我功课做得很快。
白英爱:有个中国朋友真好。

（上中文课）
常老师:大家早，现在我们开始上课。第七课你们都预习了吗？
李 /白 :预习了。
常老师:李友，请你念课文。...念的很好。你昨天晚上听录音了吧？
李    友:我没听。
白英爱:但是她的朋友昨天晚上帮她学习了。
常老师:你的朋友是中国人吗？
李    友:是。
白英爱:他是一个男的，很帅，很酷，叫王朋。

1、Why did Bai Ying` ai come so late today?
2、Why was LiYou able  to go to bed early last night?
3、How did Bai Ying`ai describe Li You`s friend?