02 [mm] t mmrni
■-.■:< ■■- : - ■ .! I' !.'        ... . 1 ..........................1 ..........1 . .      . ■ ! .
[2] ft-? £ Art* FTZMtftco
•-rjl-.a [ff] < = §ÜbB| f intransitive verb/gi]iwJ/4^-AM
tu
I] ~*Hlt£
OSP HtHf § — fffllftPl (transitive verb /#,zÖiBj/E^4 j
An object is required for transitive verbs. /ftk^tl\
(ft^SAi*) VTzmntLtzv *^
Li fz
75
(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
(11
(12
(13
(14
(15
(16
(17
(18
(19
(20
(21
(22
(23
(24
(25
16
SMift* sa* ( )
s*é** ( )
It
h^ltr'mi" ( )
rafcsHts sü^ ( )
$£it#>ä w ( )
S^ÍÔM ( )
Afc&fca aä* ( )
^^áŽ^á ( )
t^Itl) gW* ( )
Ťfc^£Í« ( )
rftfcü-t r» ( )
frtefctbi ( )
$m >st—&taji& $m ws-a* ( )
fi^ltéž ( )
r>k£tJá rH^ ( )
feífá ( )
Á&zikbitrf mmtf ( )
M%Íit Mtf ( )
t^y^u-f-Ť tf?y& ( )
líl^lí^t ( )
išikS^t ( )
( )
02 [mm] t [immi
(2) #S^M<
(3) JH#Äfcá
(4) ^(^X^ÍPľJS
(5) fcWílK
(6) TfccoÉ^é^^,
(7) immíii
(8) BĽ^feá
~4kV> k
(10) h
(n) felbta
(12)
(13) Wklř)uiřh
(14) n y? V- hJÔ?'SžS
(15) ftiWi^ffc h.#£
(16) > ^-^6-5
(17) ^ýX^lítiŽ
(18)
(19)
(20) jWs
(21) ^-^Ä^á
22) ít^W-iätlá
23) g^Aiôá
24) L
25) fé^éftá
mute (
( (
^ í
(
*<7)H& (
(
B«£ (
m ( fe« ( » (
Ť'if í) S- (
(
n y ^ "J — h (
(
^ (
^7X* (
1*31^ (
(
S* (
(
g£ ( L;b£ (
(
17
®SS)i5| : -aru    ffeiÖP] : -eru
			
			
		ÄS ■?>	
			
			
			
			
			
			
TM			
			
			
			
		%%	
			
SP ä ■?>	ipi6^>		
			
			l±bb&
			
			
			
			
sc			
			
18
02 imrn] t \\mm\
©ggjlö] : -u     ftbfilPI : -eru			
		t=t»jňMJ	
		#>ŕ -í	
I<			
		<oO<	
< s		L ľ	
			
			
m- -i £#<	M-*t*		
#<	#tt*	SK	
®<	Sitá		Si &
			
	fétWt*		
			
3 éSMrI : -eru    fteS/Išj : -u			
ěíOŠŘI                     'í'feitliHI ĚSjšě]			
	#í£		
< čít*	<*£<	&frt£	$<
	"t*	8tft&	ífc<
			fä ť <
	&<	Sta*	
			
79
(DĚSjIII : -ru    fäW)M ■ -su
			
9-5 í£S	#1-		
^ S	Ü1"		Ü#f1~
áb^s		JÉS	
es • fés	Ě1- • rät		ä-t
		ES	@-r
ks R1"		Ís	«t
©ěfijpl : -reru    ffefijfě] : -su			
iaiu            <mm mm			
Sas • Uns        ^t • íi-r		StiS is-t	
		±|iiS	*f
Mři s	mt	oiítiS	
		<W*tS	00^1"
\±-fiih \ttt		life lig Stria • Jfeft*	Ü1" • ut
litis	tit	SVis	mt
(DĚS&SI : -eru    ffeÉJpl : -asu			
			
Bj^tS	mfrt	itis ^ei-	
*>■<		fetiS	fáht
ĚifS ft^-r			^tt • 1L$t
1**1 £	tht	fctj s	
?#its i#^-r		Ans	•m h t
ibfs		Éítis	m^t
£x.S		SälfS	
Žx.S Jt^1"			
fltts	Mfrt	áx.s	m^t
20
02 imrni t \\mm\
®ĚK)ě5] : -iru     fÉUiPl : -asu
'Y. Š h			íi|'(u'i- • MÉíinľ
ti			
tmmm ■ -iru fteSj	H : -osu		
			
			
DU BUŠI : -u     ftfeiöp] : -asu			
		íf <	
		É á	
		i-	
ii;f			
-N			
			
		ti' K. h	lĽii/jpPJ
		rix. s	
		"SŤŕ	íílíŽX. ä
			
			
			
		í	ff«
	KUS*		
			
(1) KTääftv>fc^ fífcAoTCl&^o
KT* ( )      Sf É#>i:<fc£v\,
(2) m^frottfc(PT% BJ3£<&ofc0
( ) o-c, k* < & o fco
(3) h fr#< @HCT#^of:, fgS^táffm^fc < &ofc0 b*#< ^^3B#Kíi ( ) #\ -5 ä <#tt&>ô»ofco
( ) t, B &£fcó3o
m^\m^ ( ) <7)x\ RHMft-r&zifc%
(7) <řco£féíii&3&s&ofc<7)T\ ^-fe t: ^ Hilf o fco
Šíj*:/; ítti
(8) ^JtO AMÉMT*Uj<P A*;Wfr & ffljvT l ž o fco
n
Ili^^^í, ( ) Ltofco
(9) Iléfíá^ÉÁ^e^^o
Ť^fc^#««i£ ( ) £A,-Cv»a,
(10) l^liftlíofeo
«£*ĽCv*t\ ÄSr ( ) Lfofc
22
( 1) A : m± <D % m      t> o tz ^ tz U o
B        o ^-yT^^fiT, í±g^ ( ) htz0
B :A^££-HŕiU «řio3J»? tf* ( ) Thálii b^v^Ii io
( ) fcZlfcZc
B : vhM±W ( ) Ti^fcho
6) %g!)£cPB U-fc>7S*&Ž   Ž L/:o lOBTtc 4^4t: ( ) tH^ÍUp
ľ la.    » *u>    í) sa
7) A : Ä««WMo/cA7^co/i*ö^ fíW:< g A UŽ ž wxj-foc
■■ ^Bu&ntn^tztzž&vtfti čt?\,*tto ^tiximm* ( )
1+1.' a     t< Dii o •ttv'fr-a < í.
A *• < tÄM#Mo X i fcfa0
23
(14) 6J%ŕjfj-£l£ Lfct š tit CK ( ) <mc, í urát 11 o Ä i -5 fio M
(15) A : j&yy& ( ) i^io ¥-< ,
(16) A : ^JlŽoK^fe^To B : ^ -) (
i"9tiA. itožo     li/tCA, -)*
(17) tltfŕ^ofcjo*, g|fté3EÁ£JiŽx.feo 3BA>ôs ( ) <DX\ ^^í;^L/;o
(18) .loi^- h itfoUtft HoT^H^a fc^L ( K WšMLXfrb
fcB.
(19) A : ÍRhíÍOUJ&ÄM íbLv^fcu
(20) toÄ»<JuIkí) e>ó£#Mtx.<0 W ( ) -ClŽ^Ýl/io ^L£?oŽlŽ>
2¥
03 r-ri^.
CD A : MUI)»„ B : m%mi1T^%(D
Shows an action is underway, /^5!]TiS&fl=IE$Sj4f?cfl« /s
© %m + % + fkwm ixm +
-7
m A
1~r
/A person did the action previously for some purpose and it is now still in its completed state. /iH'J'HSf4'B fi'M^RKf'f'ftjf'f • \
\mt®wffij*&ftjm%£&w>w®m*     *r#°i     7i-*u « «A3 a    ntus yer.
_3j
(Shows that a change has occurred, and the subject is still in that state.
(sm^m + if + umm txm + us
&ftffilftc   -+ &#F£UTU£ ±1&ftWLt£ -*
Z A : hfl, mm^X^&o M Lfz/vtčZic ► ľ£3J ro^J ÍSĚ^tflKÉ^Tggfctt r~W3J r~Tá&^J řio^fclA
It is_not possible to use r í) ž J and |V<6J inp^TV^S   or r~Tí> S J forms / \
£-*^fôftfc«tt&ttfflif, in: r^j rv*  f, /pligg i~-cv>i  --t** . / 1
rmt*j (ftnn) t rÉ<j (gnn>
□mt* (ft»^)
P3 833
□BB< (MU)
7|f|
26
03 r~Tt^_ t r-r&^j
(1) t£-;V^ ( a. Ä^LT   b. V^-ttf»^ t' 3 «A-T < V>0
(2) SM** ( a. fltLT   b. miX) v^"To ffi&$Mi^tf)J:?-ei-fcc
(3) ttttS^fcsSStf* ( a. ffiT b. £B LT ) Äi«£BkT &V^T1T ( 4) X h-7^ott/i!ä>^ T*f^^ ÄM^äfi ( a. ÜfaöT   b. Üot) v>£^A,o
(5) ^yn^ ( a. ±J!LT   b. MflX ) v>ä<DT% ftfÄn?ii*^
(6) MÄA : tÄ?)£^ -f-^tc ( a. flx.T   b. föfcoT) *i5lt^c
7) ^M&iLfcW ( a. M&tT   b. ) i^io
8) v>*0^* bft* ( a. o^t   b. ottx ) lÄT-rfeo
$   Dil f.*
IfS:x.x.o fc? ( a. täoT   b. ?6LT) l>&fc,®v>£-f-a # (0 9 t±mtt LT L 10) IfjeoÄ-^    ( a. ITC   b. lot ) v>^Äv^H;v#H#||T-ro
1) A : £<^#feo£&tfc\ M§fL»o
B : x.j?.>____0 h  t5s to
a. H § ä1~
b. !gV>TV>£t"
c. SttTab^) it
d. JgltäLfc
a. 4\ ^OvpH^LTV^-f
27
Ä2ž K'J JU
d. *E*ŠUL3;-t
(3) A : t-Ž-AmtlX&Xo
B : "5 _ o
a. §o Š =r-fc-££líLfc&rtí
c. fr]L^r i tiLfi
d. ^LTV>£Á,ŕi
(4) A : -(7)WM%\± ?
a. Hv>^f < i
b. Sotí)ži:
c. got^Ži:
d. Iis? í
(5) A : KfcÉtft L i
a. Éä ^ ž Lfz
b. fótf>-Cí>£Á,-C"f
c. BfžaÁ/C-J-
d. MibŤz/vX*t
28
c
od \xm t \tm\
i
mm 2
f S3
(1)
(4) (1) (1) (1)
(5) a
ttyKT&<ŕč>I (i)
C 4
mm 4
a b a b b
(2) 00a ©b
(2) (2) (2)
(3) (3) (3)
ä b b
mm
12
(1) (3)
(5)
(6)
(8) (1) (5)
(9)
CD a
a    (2) a
CDa
(2) 8*o
(4) (4) (4)
(3)
b b a
(m-o r (DM; L T  (4) Ä<T
(7) (DiHtfc (Difc/LT
(9) mštz do) srrfc
a (2) d (3) b (4) c a (6) a (7) a (8) b d   (10) ©b ©c
íH2
(I) H< (2) K Ž-S (3) o< (4) ÍBx.S (5) »Ž (6) itiŽ (7) E o^Ž (8) foil. (9) AŽ á (10) äž £ (11) lo (12) Wo (13) iK£ (14) 31 & (15) (16) Ůpfcá (17) Ž t th (18) UfiS (19) Ťlíftä (20) ftft Ä»S (21) Pltiä (22) ti-fíL* (23) í| 7Lh (24) f£< (25) Ätlž (DíÔÄ-ô   (2) Sita   (3) Ex.ä (4)
pt^-t (5) í»3M- (6) »it (7) n-fj-ita (8) stiĎí (9) f^-r do) m-f
(II) ft^t   (12)|a^t   (13)J£lfá (14) @íď£   (15) f±±tf&   (16) ^hkh (17) #Já   (18) Mt   (19) Hibt   (20) </*< (21) fcWt   (22) ^írf
(25) ttbt FM1   (l)litt^ (2)oWc go   (5) srt (6)
(23) %t t (24)
Í3)jHttf: (4)
ÍÓofc   (7) íf L fc   (8) fi]LT   (9) fHíi'LT (10) LT
Pp1II2 (1) gx.fc   (2) mxi   (3) (4)
P$f9 (5) Eo^o (6) &aŕ> (7) *#) (8) S&fc   (9) _hlf   (10) M^Ž (11)
ft^L£   (12) tfeČofc   (13) Wo T (14)
Mšfz (15) tt-fftT (16) tzt-o (17 ÍÍŽo/i   (18) ifcÔT   (19) tiZlf (20
fóul   (D b    (2) b
mi
m
(5) b (9) a 12  (1) b (5) b
(6) (10) (2)
a b c
(3) b (4) b (7) b   (8) a
(3) a   (4) b
'o
(3)  a    (4) b
©)^& (?M< ®P$ř>£v> (D* o    ®'Xfz^ f z (D v > 4
(Dff o Ä:   ©±^ "C fá &   o ä
©H ť $ ^£ o f* ®muv š %TJ £
®IIL<.%^o£ ®X*)tz^
(DCDSD*   -' & h 4- L   3 /ľa (2) ®*sv>L  ©ft L  ®!Ôvô»»)   (3) (DÄ/i-e v>  ®m   (4) C0MÖ  ©ŤtL<&£ ©
fítt (s) ©s ©£$ ©>tn (6) ®
(1) a (2) b (5) ©a ©b
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8
■V
*m ®MK^^ (7) i m*>
©Há*) @£0&<&i? (1) b   (2) a   (3) b   (4) b (5) ©a ©a (1) ®ÜL^&
(8
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
©ffiÔÝ^ &
(6) : ©jÉ/^íý^
(7) ©iiL-ed ©HL-edľ
(8) é#bfc^H
(d m -e -7