Morphosyntax
Pavel Caha
1/35
traditional view (lexicalism)
► morphology = build words out of morphemes
2/35
► traditional view (lexicalism)
► morphology = build words out of morphemes
► syntax = build sentences out of words
► traditional view (lexicalism)
► morphology = build words out of morphemes
► syntax = build sentences out of words
► non-lexicalist approaches (syntax all the way down)
□ s
► traditional view (lexicalism)
► morphology = build words out of morphemes
► syntax = build sentences out of words
► non-lexicalist approaches (syntax all the way down)
► build sentences out of morphemes
► or maybe out of something even smaller...?
□ si
Repetitive vs. restitutive
(1)     Petr tu televizi znovu z-tiš-i-l petrtheTVset again silenced 'Petr silenced the TV again.
The Lexical Hypothesis is about the organization of the grammar into modules. It suggests that the system of words in a language is independent of the system of phrases in a language in a particular way. [...]
The essence of the hypothesis is the separation of the two systems and the asymmetric relation between them. Perhaps most of the information about the structure of a word as determined by the word system is "hidden" from the phrasal system, so we have information encapsulation. [...]
The encapsulation prevents analyses. It narrows the scope of word/phrase interaction. For example, the parts of a word are not accessible in the phrasal system, nor even whether the word has parts. From this flows many mun- dane but important facts, such as the following: although how can modify complete, as in (a), it cannot do so when complete is a part of completeness, as in (b):
(2)     a.    How complete are your results?
b. *How completeness do you admire?
c. [how complete]-ness do you admire?
4/35
the building blocks of the word syste
incremental theories
6/35
► incremental theories
► the units that we build words out of are Saussurean sig (<Plural, s>)
► incremental theories
► the units that we build words out of are Saussurean signs (<Plural, s>)
► realizational
6/35
incremental theories
► the units that we build words out of are Saussurean signs (<Plural, s>)
realizational
► the building blocks are abstract ([+pl])
(3) suppletion
7/35
suppletion
a.    bad-worse
7/35
suppletion
a. bad-worse
b. man-men
7/35
suppletion
a. bad-worse
b. man-men
c. go-went
7/35
suppletion
a. bad-worse
b. man-men
c. go-went
7/35
Aapo vuite. 3SG run.SG 'S/he is running/ Vempo tenne 3PL     run.PL 'They are running/
8/35
(4) a. Aapovuite.
3SG run.SG 'S/he is running/ b. Vempotenne 3PL     run.PL 'They are running/
(5) a.    Aapo/Vempo uka    koowi-ta me'a-k
3SG/3PL      the.SG pig-ACC.SG kill.SG-PRF 'He/They killed the pig/ b.   Aapo/Vempo ume   kowi-m sua-k
3SG/3PL      the.PL pig-PL kill.PL-PRF 'He/They killed the pigs/
□ s
Realisational theories are of two kinds
a. Features don't have structure (lexicalist, A-morphous morphology)
b. Features have structure (usually non-lexicalist)
Korean short negation (Chung 2007)
(7)
Regular NEG
a. ca-n-ta sleep-pres-decl 'is sleeping'
b. mos/ani ca-n-ta
neg sleep-prs-dcl 'is not sleeping'
(8)    Suppletive NEG
a. al-n-ta know-pres-decl 'knows'
b. *mos/ani al-n-ta
neg y-prs-dcl 'does not know'
c. molu-n-ta neg+y-prs-dcl 'does not know'
10/35
Korean short negation (Chung 2007)
(7)
Regular NEG
a. ca-n-ta sleep-pres-decl 'is sleeping'
b. mos/ani ca-n-ta
neg sleep-prs-dcl 'is not sleeping'
(8)    Suppletive NEG
a. al-n-ta know-pres-decl 'knows'
b. *mos al-n-ta
neg y-prs-dcl 'does not know'
c. molu-n-ta neg+y-prs-dcl 'does not know'
10/35
Korean negation again
(9)     a. al-li-
know-caus
'let know, inform'
11/35
Korean negation again
(9)
a. al-li-know-caus
'let know, inform'
b. ani/mos al-li-neg ^-caus 'did not inform'
4  □ ►
11/35
Korean negation again
(9)     a. al-li-
know-caus
'let know, inform'
b. ani/mos al-li-neg y-caus 'did not inform'
c. *molu-li
neg+know-cause
11/35
Korean negation again
(9)
al-li-
know-caus
'let know, inform'
ani/mos al-li-neg y-caus 'did not inform' *molu-li neg+know-cause
(10)
NegP
Neg
caus
caus VKNOW
11/35
Korean negation again
(9)
al-li-
know-caus
'let know, inform'
ani/mos al-li-neg y-caus 'did not inform' *molu-li neg+know-cause
(10)
NegP
Neg
caus
caus VKNOW
(11)
molu <—>
NegP
Neg VKNOW
11/35
Korean negation again
(9)
al-li-
know-caus
'let know, inform'
ani/mos al-li-neg y-caus 'did not inform' *molu-li neg+know-cause
(10)
NegP *=> molu
Neg
caus
caus VKNOW
(11)
molu <—>
NegP
Neg VKNOW
11/35
12/35
Syncretism
(12)     Personal pronouns in English
	singular	plural
1st	1	we
2nd	you	you
3rd	he / she / it	they
Syncretism
(12)     Personal pronouns in English
	singular	plural
1st	1	we
2nd	you	you
3rd	he / she / it	they
(13)     a.   you (sg) = addressee
b.     yOU (PL) = addressee + others
13/35
Conjecture: syncretism reflects similarity in meaning
(14)     a.    The soup is cool.
b. The soup cool-ed.
c. Mary cool-ed the soup.
□ a?
Conjecture: syncretism reflects similarity in meaning
(14) a. The soup is cool.
b. The soup cool-ed.
c. Mary cool-ed the soup.
(15) a. cool
b. become+cool
c. cause+become+cool
□ S1
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou
3.	DAT	dv-ěma
4.	ACC	dv-a
5.	VOC	dv-a
6.	LOC	dv-ou
7.	INS	dv-ěma
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou
3.	DAT	dv-ěma
4.	ACC	dv-a
5.	VOC	dv-a
6.	LOC	dv-ou
7.	INS	dv-ěma
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a	1.	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou	5.	VOC	dv-a
3.	DAT	dv-ěma	4.	ACC	dv-a
4.	ACC	dv-a	2.	GEN	dv-ou
5.	VOC	dv-a	7.	LOC	dv-ou
6.	LOC	dv-ou	3.	DAT	dv-ěma
7.	INS	dv-ěma	7.	INS	dv-ěma
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a	1.	NOM	dv-a	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou	5.	VOC	dv-a		
3.	DAT	dv-ěma	4.	ACC	dv-a	ACC	dv-a
4.	ACC	dv-a	2.	GEN	dv-ou	GEN	dv-ou
5.	VOC	dv-a	7.	LOC	dv-ou	LOC	dv-ou
6.	LOC	dv-ou	3.	DAT	dv-ěma	DAT	dv-ěma
7.	INS	dv-ěma	7.	INS	dv-ěma	INS	dv-ěma
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a	1.	NOM	dv-a	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou	5.	voc	dv-a		
3.	DAT	dv-ěma	4.	ACC	dv-a	ACC	dv-a
4.	ACC	dv-a	2.	GEN	dv-ou	GEN	dv-ou
5.	voc	dv-a	7.	LOC	dv-ou	LOC	dv-ou
6.	LOC	dv-ou	3.	DAT	dv-ěma	DAT	dv-ěma
7.	INS	dv-ěma	7.	INS	dv-ěma	INS	dv-ěma
NOM	dům (house)
ACC	dům
GEN	dom-u
LOC	dom-u
DAT	dom-u
INS	dom-em
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
1.	NOM	dv-a	1.	NOM	dv-a	NOM	dv-a
2.	GEN	dv-ou	5.	VOC	dv-a		
3.	DAT	dv-ěma	4.	ACC	dv-a	ACC	dv-a
4.	ACC	dv-a	2.	GEN	dv-ou	GEN	dv-ou
5.	VOC	dv-a	7.	LOC	dv-ou	LOC	dv-ou
6.	LOC	dv-ou	3.	DAT	dv-ěma	DAT	dv-ěma
7.	INS	dv-ěma	7.	INS	dv-ěma	INS	dv-ěma
NOM	dům (house)	NOM	my (we)
ACC	dům	ACC	nás
GEN	dom-u	GEN	nás
LOC	dom-u	LOC	nás
DAT	dom-u	DAT	nám
INS	dom-em	INS	námi
15/35
Case syncretism
► the numeral 'two/
1.	nom	dv-a
2.	gen	dv-ou
3.	dat	dv-ěma
4.	acc	dv-a
5.	voc	dv-a
6.	loc	dv-ou
7.	ins	dv-ěma
nom	dům (house)
acc	dům
gen	dom-u
loc	dom-u
dat	dom-u
ins dom-em
masc.
1.	nom	dv-a
5.	voc	dv-a
4.	acc	dv-a
2.	gen	dv-ou
7.	loc	dv-ou
3.	dat	dv-ěma
7.	ins	dv-ěma
nom	my (we)
acc	nás
gen	nás
loc	nás
dat	nám
ins	námi
ňom dv-a
acc	dv-a	
gen	dv-ou	
loc	dv-ou	
dat	dv-ěma	
ins	dv-ěma	
		
nom	kluk (boy)	
acc	kluk-a	
gen	kluk-a	
loc	kluk-ovi	
dat	kluk-ovi	
ins	kluk-em	
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
NOM	ACC	GEN
dv-a	dv-a	dv-ou
dv-ěma	dv-ěma	LOC dv-ou
16/35
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
NOM	ACC	GEN	
dv-a	dv-a	dv-ou	
dv-ěma	dv-ěma	LOC dv-ou	
-r	-r		
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
- a	+ a	- a	
NOM	ACC	GEN	
dv-a	dv-a	dv-ou	
dv-ěma	dv-ěma	LOC dv-ou	
-r	-r	+r	
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
- directional	+ directional   - directional	
NOM dv-a	ACC GEN dv-a dv-ou	
dv-ěma	dv-ěma dv-ou	
-r	-r +r	
16/35
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
- directional	+ directional   - directional	
NOM dv-a	ACC GEN dv-a dv-ou	- peripheral
dv-ěma	dv-ěma dv-ou	+ peripheral
-r	-r +r	
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
- directional
+ directional
- directional
NOM
dv-a
- peripheral
+ peripheral
- quantificational   - quantificational   + quantificational
16/35
Jakobson's decomposition
► the numeral 'two/ masc.
- directional
+ directional
- directional
NOM
dv-a
- peripheral
+ peripheral
- quantificational   - quantificational   + quantificational
► -a <—> [-peripheral, -quantificational, (-fern)]
► -ou <—> [+quantificational, -directional]
► -ěma <—> [-quantificational, +peripheral ]
► -ěma <—> [-quantificational, +peripheral ]
16/35
rker competition
- directional        + directional        - directional
NOM	ACC	GEN	-peripheral
zen-a	zen-u	zen-y	
INS 1	DAT	LOC	+peripheral
zen-ou	V V zen-e	V V zen-e	
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
17/35
Marker competition
- directional        + directional        - directional
nom	acc	gen	-peripheral
zen-a	zen-u	zen-y	
ins 1	dat	loc	+peripheral
zen-ou	V V zen-e	V V zen-e	
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
(16)     a.    -e <—> [+peripheral] (ins, dat, loc)
b.   -ou <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, -directional] (ins)
17/35
arker competition
- directional        + directional        - directional
NOM	ACC	GEN	-peripheral
kluk	kluk-a	kluk-a	
INS			+peripheral
kluk-em	kluk-ovi	kluk-ovi	
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
18/35
Marker competition
- directional	+ directional	- directional	
nom	acc	gen	-peripheral
kluk	kluk-a	kluk-a	
ins			+peripheral
kluk-em	kluk-ovi	kluk-ovi	
-quantificational	-quantificational	+quantificational	
(17)
(18)
a. -ovi <—> [+peripheral] (ins, dat, loc)
b. -em <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, -directional]
(ins)
a. -a <—> [-peripheral] (nom, acc, gen)
b. -0<—> [-peripheral, -quantificational, -directional] (nom)
18/35
rker competition
- directional
+ directional
- directional
NOM
místnost
INS
místnost-í
místnosti-i
mistnost-i
LOC
mistnost-i
-peripheral
+peripheral
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
19/35
Marker competition
- directional
+ directional
- directional
nom
místnost
ins
místnost-í
místnosti-i
mistnost-i
loc
mistnost-i
-peripheral
+peripheral
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
(19)
a. -i <—> [0] (nom, acc, gen, ins, dat, loc)
b. -i <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, -directional] (ins)
c. -0<—> [-peripheral, -quantificational] (nom,acc)
19/35
A system gone wild
(20)     a.    -e <—> [+peripheral] (ins, dat, loc)
b.   -ou <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, -directional] (ins)
- directional
+ directional
- directional
nom
zen-a
ins
zen-ou
-peripheral
+peripheral
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
20/35
A system gone wild
(20)
a. -e <—> [+peripheral] (ins, dat, loc)
b. -ou <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, +directional]
(dat)
- directional
+ directional
- directional
nom
zen-a
ins
zen-ou
-peripheral
+peripheral
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
20/35
A system gone wild
(20)     a.    -e <—> [+peripheral] (ins, dat, loc)
b.    -ou <—> [+peripheral, -quantificational, +directional]
(dat)
- directional        + directional - directional
nom acc gen -peripheral
-quantificational   -quantificational +quantificational
20/35
near constraint on syncretism
21/35
McCreight and Chvany
(21)     Russian, plural inanimates of the declensions l-lll
	place, pl	horse	red, pl	lip	one, fem.
nom	mest-a	kon-b	krasn-yje	gub-a	odn-a
acc	mest-a	kon-ja	krasn-yje	gub-u	odn-u
gen	mest	kon-ja	krasn-yx	gub-y	odn-oj
loc	mest-ax	kon-e	krasn-yx	gub-e	odn-oj
dat	mest-a m	kon-ju	krasn-ym	gub-e	odn-oj
ins	mest-a mi	kon-em	krasn-ymi	gub-oj	odn-oj
"syntactic features are inappropriate to the modeling of paradigms; and that geometric representations [...] can provide more insight, particularly in the description of syncretism/'
22/35
Czech
horn-i (upper,m.sg)	
NOM	horn-i
ACC	horn-iho
GEN	horn-iho
LOC DAT INS	horn-im
	horn-imu
	horn-im
23/35
Czech
horn-i (upper,m.sg)	
NOM	horn-i
ACC	horn-i-ho
GEN	horn-i-ho
LOC DAT INS	horn-i-m
	horn-i-mu
	horn-i-m
23/35
Czech
	horn-i (upper,m.sg)	he, strong
NOM ACC GEN	horn-i horn-i-ho horn-i-ho	je-ho je-ho
LOC	horn-i-m	ne-m
DAT	horn-i-mu	je-mu
INS	horn-i-m	ji-m
23/35
Czech
	horn-i (upper,m.sg)	he, strong
NOM ACC GEN	horn-i horn-i-ho horn-i-ho	je-ho je-ho
LOC	horn-i-m	(n) je-m
DAT	horn-i-mu	je-mu
INS	horn-i-m	ji-m
23/35
Czech
	horn-i (upper,m.sg)	he, strong
nom	horn-i	
acc	horn-i-ho	je-ho
gen	horn-i-ho	je-ho
loc dat	horn-i-m	(n) je-m je-mu
	horn-i-mu	
ins     horn-/-m y/-m
(22)     Historically, the adjectival declension developed by suffixing a pronoun to the adjective, leading to the lengthening of the initial syllable of the pronoun.
23/35
Czech
horn-í (upper,m.sg) he, strong
NOM	horn-i	
ACC	horn-/-ho	ye-ho
GEN	horn-/-ho	ye-ho
LOC	horn-/-m	(n) ye-m
DAT	horn-/-mu	ye-mu
INS	horn-/-m	yY-m
(22) Historically, the adjectival declension developed by suffixing a pronoun to the adjective, leading to the lengthening of the initial syllable of the pronoun.
(23) a.    měl — mít 'have, past—inf b.   zněl — znít 'sound, past—inf
23/35
Czech
horn-í (upper,m.sg) he, strong
nom	horn-i	
acc	horn-/-ho	ye-ho
gen	horn-/-ho	ye-ho
loc	horn-/-m	(n) ye-m
dat	horn-/-mu	ye-mu
ins	horn-/-m	yY-m
(22) Historically, the adjectival declension developed by suffixing a pronoun to the adjective, leading to the lengthening of the initial syllable of the pronoun.
(23) a.    měl — mít 'have, past—inf b.   zněl — znít 'sound, past—inf
(24) a.    ADJ-LENGTH-je-m (loc) b.    ADJ-LENGTH-ji-m (ins)
23/35
binary vs. privative, cross-classification vs. sub-classification
(25)
word
noun verb
tense
24/35
case
nominative dependent
accusative oblique
{genitive, locative, dative, instrumental}
25/35
case
nominative dependent
accusative oblique
genitive special
{locative, dative, instrumental}
26/35
case
nominative dependent
accusative oblique
genitive special
locative directional
{dative, instrumental}
27/35
case
nominative
dependent
accusative
oblique
genitive
special
locative directional
dative source
instrumental
□ iS1
28/35
a.	nom =	[ case ]
b.	acc =	[ case, dependent ]
c.	gen	[ case, dependent, oblique ]
d.	loc =	[ case, dependent, oblique, special ]
e.	dat	[ case, dependent, oblique, special, directional ]
f.	ins =	[ case, dependent, oblique, special, directional, source ]
□ S1
nom =	[ case ]
acc =	[ case, dependent ]
gen	[ case, dependent, oblique ]
loc =	[ case, dependent, oblique, special ]
dat	[ case, dependent, oblique, special, directional ]
ins =	[ case, dependent, oblique, special, directional, sou
[ source ] characterises ins
[ directional ] characterises ins, dat
[ special ] characterises ins, dat, loc
[ oblique ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
[ dependent ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
[ case ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
a. [source] characterises ins
b. [ directional ] characterises ins, dat
c [ special ] characterises ins, dat, loc
d. [ oblique ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e. [ dependent ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f. [ case ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(26)     a.   a <—> [ case ] (nom, acc, gen, loc, dat, ins)
□ e
a. [source] characterises ins
b. [ directional ]   characterises ins, dat
c. [ special ] characterises ins, dat, loc
d. [ oblique ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e. [ dependent ]   characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f. [ case ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(26) a.   a <—> [ case ] (nom, acc, gen, loc, dat, ins)
b.     ß <—> [ oblique ] (gen, loc, dat, ins)
30/35
a. [source] characterises ins
b. [ directional ]   characterises ins, dat
c. [ special ] characterises ins, dat, loc
d. [ oblique ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e. [ dependent ]   characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f. [ case ] characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(26) a.   a <—> [ case ] (nom, acc, gen, loc, dat, ins)
b.     ß <—> [ oblique ] (gen, loc, dat, ins)
nom a pet
acc a pet
gen ß pet-i
loc ß pet-i
dat ß pet-i
ins ß pet-i
a.	[ source ]	characterises ins
b.	[ directional ]	characterises ins, dat
c.	[ special ]	characterises ins, dat, loc
d.	[ oblique ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e.	[dependent]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f.	[case ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(27)	nom a	
	acc /3	
	gen a	
31/35
a.	[ source ]	characterises ins
b.	[ directional ]	characterises ins, dat
c.	[ special ]	characterises ins, dat, loc
d.	[ oblique ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e.	[dependent]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f.	[case ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(27)	nom a	
	acc /3	
	gen a	
(28)     a.   a <—> [ case ] (nom, acc, gen)
31/35
a.	[ source ]	characterises ins
b.	[ directional ]	characterises ins, dat
c.	[ special ]	characterises ins, dat, loc
d.	[ oblique ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e.	[dependent]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f.	[case ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(27)	nom a	
	acc /3	
	gen a	
(28)	a.    a <—>	[ case ] (nom, acc, gen)
	b.   [5 <->	[ dependent ] (acc, gen)
31/35
a.	[ source ]	characterises ins
b.	[ directional ]	characterises ins, dat
c.	[ special ]	characterises ins, dat, loc
d.	[ oblique ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen
e.	[dependent'	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc
f.	[case ]	characterises ins, dat, loc, gen, acc, nom
(27)	nom a	
	acc /3	
	gen a	
(28)	a.    a <—>	[ case ] (nom, acc, gen)
	b.   [5 <->	[ dependent ] (acc, gen)
(29)	nom a	
	acc /3	-6k
	gen /5	
31/35
(30)     nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
32/35
(30) nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
(31) higher numerals
a. pet studentu five.nom/ACC students.gen
'five students' (numeral requires genitive)
b. pet-i student-um five-DAT students-DAT
'to five students' (but not always)
□ a
(30) nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
(31) higher numerals
a. pet studentu five.nom/ACC students.gen
'five students' (numeral requires genitive)
b. pet-i student-um five-DAT students-DAT
'to five students' (but not always)
(32) nom—acc | gen | loc—dat—ins
□ e
(33)     nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
33/35
nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
nominalisations
a. Stavěl dům He.was.building house-ACC 'He was building a house/
b. stavba dom-u building house-GEN
'the building of the house'
nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
nominalisations
a. Stavěl dům He.was.building house-ACC 'He was building a house/
b. stavba dom-u building house-GEN
'the building of the house'
a. pomáhá babičc-e
he.is.helping grandma-DAR 'He helps his grandma/
b. pomáhání babičc-e helping grandma-DAT 'helping grandma'
nom—acc—gen—loc—dat—ins
nominalisations
a. Stavěl dům He.was.building house-ACC 'He was building a house/
b. stavba dom-u building house-GEN
'the building of the house'
a. pomáhá babičc-e
he.is.helping grandma-DAR 'He helps his grandma/
b. pomáhání babičc-e helping grandma-DAT 'helping grandma'
nom—acc | gen | loc—dat—ins
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
► Jakobson — cross-classification by binary features
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
► Jakobson — cross-classification by binary features
► McCreight and Chvany — there are reasons to think that this approach is not correct
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
► Jakobson — cross-classification by binary features
► McCreight and Chvany — there are reasons to think that this approach is not correct
► subclassification: derives the linear constraint
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
► Jakobson — cross-classification by binary features
► McCreight and Chvany — there are reasons to think that this approach is not correct
► subclassification: derives the linear constraint
► offers ways of understanding the grammar of case
34/35
conclusions
► There are reasons to believe that syncretism reveals similarity in meaning
► We know basically nothing about the meaning of case, but we can use syncretism to get some insight
► Jakobson — cross-classification by binary features
► McCreight and Chvany — there are reasons to think that this approach is not correct
► subclassification: derives the linear constraint
► offers ways of understanding the grammar of case
► the meaning contribution of individual features is still very tentative
34/35
TBC
Chung, Inkie. 2007. Suppletive negation in Korean and distributed morphology. Lingua 111. 95-148.
35/35