Anthropology of travel and tourism
Ethical issues & tourism


Recapitulation from 22.11.2022
•Pilgrimage: a journey of the religious imagination, a spiritual and a temporal movement, may be
collective or individual, physical movement from one place to another
•The complexity of a pilgrimage site
•Modern perspectives of pilgrimage in anthropology/related studies: communitas - Victor & Edith
Turner, contestation - John Eade, Michael Sallnow
•Other perspectives of pilgrimage in anthropology: tourism as the 'successor' par excellence of
pilgrimage in this age of 'liquid modernity’ (Bauman), shift of identities based on the level of
importance attribute to the peoples, places, or practices with which pilgrims/tourists interact at
the moment
•Pilgrimage and tourism difference: The pilgrim, and the ‘pilgrim-tourist’ peregrinate toward their
sociocultural center, while the traveler and the ‘traveler- tourist’ move in the opposite
direction.
•Ideal place of pilgrimage according to you: nature, art, historical areas, etc. (a place where a
human can think, reflect and expirence himself/herself)
•Song comments by: Miyu and Eliška. Thank you J
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Neocolonialism
•tourism as a new form of imperialism
•tourism as a way to legally and effectively reach for the different resources of distant lands in
the post-decolonization era

Countries with the highest outbound tourism expenditure worldwide from 2019 to 2021 (in billion
U.S. dollars)
From: https://www.statista.com/

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From World Travel & Tourism Council, https://wttc.org/research/economicimpact


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From: www.marriott.com


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From: https://www.marriott.com/hotel-search.mi


Private water areas



Kryspinów Lake, Kraków












Sveti Stefan Island



From:
https://saigoneer.com/vietnam-heritage/16278-photos-on-the-cusp-of-a-tourism-boom,-a-pristine-sapa-
of-the-1920s

From: https://vietnamnet.vn/en/unsustainable-tourism-ruins-sapa-E198084.html






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From:
https://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-govt-greenlights-investment-of-us307-million-sapa-airport-319061.html




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The Maasai
•livestock such as cattle, goats and sheep are traditionally the primary source of income for the
Maasai
•the concept of private ownership was a foreign concept to the Maasai. (till 1960s - 1980s), a
program of commercializing livestock and land was forced
•"We would like to be agents of our change rather than victims of change." Kakuta Ole Maimai,
Managing Director, Maasai Association.

From: https://www.maasaimarakenyapark.com/information/masai-mara-gates/



From: https://www.olduvai-gorge.org/






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Community-based ecotourism?
•cooperation with the local population
•respecting natural resources
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•“The sanctuary is communally owned by 844 local Maasai, who in 1996 had the vision to set-aside
this land as the very first community conservancy in Kenya. Tourism provides a much needed revenue
stream for this community, and is therefore a critical incentive for preserving this important
piece of land. “ [official website of Kimana project]
From: https://www.kimanasanctuary.com/wildlifesecurity

Stereotyping in tourism
•"The tourist's gaze is about signs, and tourism is about collecting signs." John Urry





Stereotyping in tourism
•markers - an information board on the trail, description in a folder, photograph, film, souvenir
- a given view becomes an attraction, i.e. the purpose of visits and the object of a tour or visit,
•markers refer to stereotypes, repeat and perpetuate them, creating easily identifiable schematic
images about certain facts, phenomena, and above all - people and groups,
•can either facilitate mutual relations or inhibit them when is simplifying the way of perceiving
reality.
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Stereotyping in tourism
•refers not only to the cognitive sphere, it also evokes an emotional reaction and, consequently,
influences behavior,
•sometimes neutral, it usually arises around features with a strong positive or, much more often,
negative sign,
•a stereotype that positively portrays one group tends to attribute negative characteristics to
other groups (including its own),
•ethnic stereotypes – ethnocentrism - expressing both the assessment of other groups
(heterostereotype) and the self-esteem of representatives of a given community (autostereotype),
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•the 2 million-strong migrant workforce (India, Nepal, Bangladesh)
•some migrant workers were denied food and water, had their passports taken away and were not paid
for their work
•in the last 10 years, there have been several hundred fatal accidents in the construction sector
in Qatar, probably as a result of failing to meet safety standards
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Is it ethical to go to Doha to participate (as a supporter/fan) in the Fifa World Cup 2022
competition?


•Song comments…