Biochemistry II

   

   1. Metabolism, general features. Anabolism and catabolism, relationships, energetics. Primary
   and secondary metabolism.

   

   2. Protein degradation, proteases, their specificity, types, representants. Aminoacid
   catabolism, transamination, deamination, biogenic amines. Degradation of aromatic aminoacids.
   Survey of degradation of other aminoacids. Genetic disorders..

   

   3. Elimination of nitrogen compouds. Ornithine (ureosynthetic) cycle, reaction steps and
   energetics. Uric acid. Ammonia assimilation. The role of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine
   synthetaase.

   

   4. The metabolism of nucleic acids and proteosynthesis. Synthesis and degradation of bases.
   Breakdown and synthesis of nucleic acids. Phosphodiesterases, palindrom, restriction
   endonucleases. The DNA replication, replication fork, DNA polymerases. Transcription, factors,
   mRNA, codons and their relations to the protein structure. Reverse transcription. Translation,
   tRNA – structure and role, anticodon. Ribosomes, posttranslation modifications. Mutations
   (point, insertion, deletion). Regulation of gene expression in prokaryons (inducible and
   repressive mechanisms, operon, repressor). Methods of study (DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide
   synthesis, PCR).

   

   5. Biochemistry of hemoglobin, structure, properties, function. Allosteric effect, Bohr
   effect, R and T forms, myoglobin. Fetal Hb, HbS.

   Immunoglobulins, structure, properties, function types. Applications in health care and
   technology.

   

   6. Metabolisms of polysaccharides, breakdown of starch and glycogen, hormone regulation.
   Interconversions of monosaccharides. Hexosemonophosphate shunt and pentose cycle, reaction
   scheme, reasons. Glycolysis, reaction sequence, enproducts, energetics. Substrate
   phosphorylation in glycolysis. Cori cycle. Gluconeogenesis. Regulation principles.

   

   7. Metabolism of lipids. Degradation and synthesis of fats and phospholipids. Fatty acids
   degradation and synthesis. Ketone bodies.

   

   8. Citric acid cycle, reactions, energetics, importance. Anabolic relationships, anaplerotic
   pathways, glyoxylate shunt.

   

   9. Biochemical redox reactions. Respiratory chain, composition, localization. RC complexes
   structure, role of cytochromes and ubiquinone. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation,
   chemiosmotic theory, protonmotive force, transmembrane potential. ATP synthesis, ATP synthase
   structure and function. Inhibitors and uncouplers, ionofors. Quantitative relations.
   Alternative respirations. Microsomal electron transport. Nitrogenase system.

   

   10. Photosynthesis. Light reactions, chlorophylls, reaction center structure. Photosynthetic
   electron transport and its components (cytochromes, quinones, PC, ferredoxin). Photosystems 1
   and 2. Mechanism of ATP synthesis. Equation of light phase and its balance. Dark reactions,
   CO[2] fixation, RUBISCO, Calvin cycle.

   

   11. Membrane transport. Facilitated diffusion, active transports, permeases, mobile carriers,
   ion channels. Trasport of amino acids, sugars and ions. Uniport, symport, antiport. Membrane
   fusion. Structure and operation of NaK-ATPase. Lactose carrier, structure of K-channell. Nerve
   cell excitation membrane transports.

   

   12. Isoprenoids, carotenoids, steroids (cholesterol and its synthesis, conformation, bile
   acids, vitamins D, steroid hormones). Porfyrine synthesis, heme, its degradation, regulation.

   

   13. Principles of metabolic regulations, levels, mechanisms (endpoduct feedback inhibition).
   Allosteric regulations, cooperativity, Hill’s equation. Molecular principles of hormone
   regulation, hierarchy and structure of hormone system.