Paleoentomologie Blok č. 1 Přednášející: Mgr. Ondřej Dostál Informační zdroje • Rasnitsyn et al. 2002. History of Insects, Kluwer Academic Publishers • Carpenter, F.M. 1992. Treatise on Invertebrate Palaeontology. Pt. R. Arthropoda 4.Vol. 3. Superclass Hexapoda. Geol. Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, and Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas: 655 p. • EJE – European Journal of Entomology • Journal of Paleontology • Nature • Canadian Entomologist • Struktura přednášky – Co je to paleoentomologie – Historie oboru – Podmínky zachování hmyzu – Prostředí umožňující zachování – příště – systém a časový výskyt hmyzu Co je to paleoentomologie Paleoentomologie paleos – starý entomon – hmyz logos – věda Vědní obor zabývající se studiem hmyzu v geologické minulosti Země Hraniční obor mezi paleontologií a biologií Historie oboru • Původně spojena s biologickými studiemi Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723-1799) Ernst Friederich Germar (1786-1859) • Charles Brongniart (1859-1899), entomologist in Paris • Anton Handlirsch (1865-1935), professor in Wien Andrey Vassilievich Martynov (1879-1938), professor in Leningrad and Moscow Boris Borissovich Rohdendorf (1904-1977), professor in Moscow „Otec moderní paleoentomologie“ Frank Morton Carpenter (1902-1994) Tafonomie • 1. community or biocoenosis (all organisms inhabiting certain habitat) • 2. thanatocoenosis, or death assemblage (all corpses in the habitat; the organisms predated upon or which drifted away have been removed while others may be transported in from the outside) • 3. taphocoenosis, or burial assemblage (all organic remains entombed in unconsolidated sediments; the corpses consumed by scavengers, decayed, mechanically removed or destroyed have been excluded) • 4. oryctocoenosis, or fossil assemblage (all fossils preserved inside the rock after its lithification; those crushed by pression or crystallisation, chemically dissolved, etc., have been lost) • 5. collection (all fossils in hands; the specimens overlooked or badly damaged during collecting have been abolished). Environments • 1. biotope (habitat) • 2. thanatotope (death environment) • 3. taphotope (burial environment) • 4. oryctotope (fossilisation environment) • 5. depository Factors • 1. autotaphonomical, intrinsic (characteristics of organisms which may be important at any stage of the taphonomical process) • and allotaphonomical • 2. ecological or pre-burial (environmental factors operating within bio- and thanatotopes including both biotic and abiotic agents) • 3. taphotopical or burial (related to burial environments) • 4. post-burial (depending on diagenetic, metamorphic, and hypergenetic rock alteration) • 5. technical (depending on methods of collecting, conservation and studying of fossils). • Each class may be further subdivided into taphonomically positive (i. e. favouring to preservation) and negative factors. Direct burial Autotaphonomical factors • The chitinous exoskeleton • development with ecdysis • capacity of flight • small body size • Mass migrations • Circadian activity • The polarised light reflected by water surfaces • swarming behaviour • The swimming ability • The mode of oviposition and of adult emergence • The disarticulation pattern • A merocoenosis composed of moulting casts of aquatic immatures of the heptageniid mayfly Ephemeropsis melanurus Cockerell (dark, wide in the uppermost left and lowermost right corners; note their shrivelled condition indicating drying-out), coptoclavid beetle Coptoclava longipoda Ping (dark, slender, numerous), and hemeroscopid dragonfly Hemeroscopus baissicus Pritykina (pale, wide) in the Early Cretaceous of Baissa in Siberia (PIN 3064/6642, photo by D.E. Shcherbakov); slab 92 mm high as shown. Autotaphonomical factors • The chitinous exoskeleton • development with ecdysis • capacity of flight • small body size • Mass migrations • Circadian activity • The polarised light reflected by water surfaces • swarming behaviour • The swimming ability • The mode of oviposition and of adult emergence • The disarticulation pattern Ecological factors • weather • environmental dynamics Mortality factors • place of death (thanatotope) • Mortality rate • natural traps. • Weather conditions • Volcanic eruptions • The biotic factors of mortality • parasites and pathogens may Post-morten ecological factors • surface tension • Wind • Water density • Water current • Weathering • Rapid mineralisation • shore vegetation • The benthic scavenger activity • Microbial activity Taphotopical factors • The sedimentation rate • Thermal conditions • The mechanical composition of sediments • Infaunal benthos activity • The subaerial taphotopes Postburial factors • diagenesis Technical factors • The availability of fossiliferous rocks for sampling • Techniques of collecting and studying fossils INDIRECT BURIAL IN FOSSIL CONTAINERS. • FOSSIL RESINS • Chemically the resins are composed by a complex mixture of diverse terpenoids, i. e. mono-, di-, tri- and polymers of the isoprene unit • CH3 • | • — CH2 — C = CH — CH2 — Products of the taphonomical process: insect fossils and ichnofossils in different palaeoenvironments and modes of their preservation • Marine deposits • Non-marine subaquatic palaeoenvironments • Lacustrine deposits • Swamp, marsh and other wetland deposits • Fluvial deposits • Spring deposits • Subaerial palaeoenvironments