■ Lekce 9 — ^ ENV912 Chemická bezpečnost a hazardní materiály Improved Personal Radiation Protection of Responders against Radioactive Sources Ing. Pavel ČastuVik, CSc castulikdčbrecetox.muni. cz Jaro 2012 ■ f™.™1^- ^^^m^^^m MINISTERSTVO ŠKOLSTVÍ, OP Vzdělávání ^f^B^ř ■ fondvCR EVROPSKÁ UNIE mládeže a tělovýchovy pro konkurenceschopnost '-Mna*^ INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ Příprava tohoto předmětu je spolufinancována Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky 1 Radiation Safety Protective Devices Leaded Glares Lead Thyroid Collar Lead Aprov ron Badge [Red kán] or [Bid ton] Onfler-Apran Badge Finger Ring Dosimeter Dosimeters ■ Source of radiation (type/amount/energy) ■ Dose Limits ■ Time ■ Distance ■ Shielding ■ Decontamination ■ Dosimetry Courtesy of Sorenson, 2000 Radiography Technologies Scattered Radiation Exposure RDDs and REDs Alter Ihe explosion, radioactive material is dispersed and shrapnel causes injuries. TNT Radioactive material Radiological Exposure Device 150 Ciof lridium-192 Source Under Seat Cochabamba in Bolivia on 2002 Exposure of bus passengers with192lr (18Ci) from malfunction defectoscopy device Large scale dispersal Properties of Nine Key Radionuclides for RDDs Isotope Half Life [yrs] Spec. Activ. [Ci/g] Decay Mode Alpha [MeV] Beta [MeV] Gamma [MeV] Am-241 430 3,5 a 5,5 0,052 0,033 Cf-252 2,6 540 a (n) 5,9 0,0056 0,0012 Cs-137 30 88 P - 0,19; 0,065 0,60 Co-60 5.3 1100 P - 0,097 2,5 lr-192 0,2/72d 9200 P - 0,22 0,82 Pu-238 88 17 a 5,5 0,011 0,0018 Po-210 0,4/140d 4500 a 5,3 - - Ra-226 1600 1 a 4,8 0,0036 0,0067 Sr-90 29 140 P - 0,20; 0,94 - Cs-137 Incident in Goiania-Brazil on 1987 The Caesium-137 teletherapy unit became totally insecure at an abandoned cancer clinic Soon afterward, a junkyard worker pried open the lead canister and discovered a pretty blue, glowing dust: radioactive CsCI of 93 grams. In the following days, scores of people were exposed to the substance - some parents painted their children with it and sold tickets to neighbors to watch them dance. As a result, 112,000 people had to be monitored. Of those, 249 were contaminated; 28 suffered radiation burns and 4 people died. More than 67 square kilometers was monitored, large areas had to be decontaminated and 3,500 cubic meters of radioactive waste was generated. For years afterward, the region was stigmatized and its economy devastated . Fukushima's Nuclear Power Plant Response to Radiological Events Absorbed Dose; 028 rad/hr Minimize Time Cs-137 Raduton Maximize Distance Source Gamma rays Dose Equivalent: O^Brem/hr At this rate, irc •1 hr-Receive average an Dual dote ■ 19 hrs - Beach occupational annual dote limn for adults of 5 rem •125hfs-pQtsiWy experience mild radiation medical effects 3 feet away behend concrete Exposure: 0.06 RoentgeiVhr t gram of Cesium-137 (about the size of a BB pellet] RadioacttvityS? Curies 10 feet from 20 feet from 30 feet from source source source Exposure: 2.8 Exposure: OJ Exposurr 0.28 Roerwgen/hr FtoentgerVhr RoentgervTir Minimizing radiation exposure Courtesy RST Inc. Decontamination Drill of Victim(s) Discrepancy of Theory and Reality Decontamination Drill of Victim(s) Discrepancy of Theory and Reality Decontamination Drill of Victim(s) Discrepancy of Theory and Reality Israeli Radiation Drill Radiation Contamination Control Multi-trauma patient (contaminated) transferred directly into Emergency Care Room Ambulant and Non-ambulant Victim Decontamination Drill How to reduce radiation exposure of responders and victims ? Three key concepts that apply to reduce exposure of all types of ionizing radiation TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING Ee.= »mR/hr{Jffi']i = lOmFWir Personal Radiation Protection Apparel Gauntlets Lead Apparel-Concerns ■ Weight ■ Embrittlement ■ Mechanical sensitivity ■ Microsized fillers ■ Aging ■ Attenuation limits ■ Lead is toxic ■ Disposal Defects in Lead Protective Aprons Current CB(RN) PPEquipment All fabrics and skin block a-particles Inhaled or ingested a-particles are hazardous Provides Low Energy a and ß-particles protection only Impermeable PPEs are heat sinks and limit operations Protection against x and y-ravs is „Zero" and High Energy ß-particles is also negligible Inadequate Radiation Protection of Responders Tokaimura accident Fukushima NPP Controversies in radiation protection of citizens in radiation-hazards drill Multi-hazard protection CBRN available now Demron PPE's articles are the only protective gear available today providing complete multi-hazard protection Currently, most PP Ensemble only provided protection from chemical/biological agents and very limited radiological contamination, but no practical protection against nuclear and radiological threats, involving radiation sources with high energy penetration rays ■ This is because the standards, which had been set to address the major chemical and biological threats of the past, had not been updated to address new emerging threats Improving Radiation Safety through Protection Shielding RDD Suppression Shield BRN Suit Mini mrze Til 3fe*f tway 1 gum of Cesium' 137 löieetffom 30 feet from 30 feel from behind concrete (about [tlí íize ůffi 08 source source 0.07 source Q.02B Exposure: 0.06 peflet) Exposure: Exposure; Exposure: Roentgen/hr Ftadi0Ktivriy87 Curi*s f-'oentguir'h' Roentgen/rir Roeni9*iVhr Absorbed Doit: 0,028 rad/hr Oose Equivalent 0.28 rem/hr At this rate, Ire ahn' Receive avertoe annual dose 4 hr* - fteach cupatkhul nrnial dose limit radulli Of Slim 250 hrs-POiiibiy experience mild radiation medical effects Minimizing radiation exposure Courtesy RST Inc. Some applications of shielding Radiation CBRN Shielding Suits-Class 2 Certification according Standard NFPA 1994:2007 on „ Protective Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN Terrorism Incidents" Complementary shielding with Thyroid Shielding Collar Radiation Suppression and Ballistic Blanket Radiation-shielding surgical mask The disposable nonwoven Demron-M surgical mask has a non-breathable area to cover the bridge of the nose and cheeks, and a breathable protective construction below the nose. Shielding bra for female in radiology/surgery departments and/or for stewardess in aircrafts. Personal Dosimeter RAD Triage ©Lufthansa Miles & More $ Lufthansa stab aluanc WO 05% Sill 3b0 DR PAVEL CASTULIK This is nol a credit card £5 5l§ RADTnagelO s an acute dose radiation monitor The sensor s a instantly develop color if exposed to gamma/X-ray Match the sensor s color * the adiacent bars under fluorescent light to estimate the dose (mSv) Avoid prolonged O —^— -- _____ exposure to heat ' and UV/sunlght 7- 100 50 20 10 I« I (mSv) {fMkM Expires -1 year from issue date or when the color of the area sucroundJ the dots of the FIT indicator matches the bar to its right The do; calibration is invalid if the FIT indicate* is red Void if tampered in my Next version will be Thermo-Luminescence Detector with „flip-out" microchips starting at 0,05 mSv Personal Dosimeter RAD Triage RADTriagelO is an acute dose radiation monitor. The sensor is always active & will instantly develop color if exposed to gamma/X-ray. Match the sensor's color with the adjacent bars under fluorescent light to estimate the dose (mSv). Avoid prolonged q exposure to heat and UV/sunlight. ~ 100 50 10 0 I • • • FIT 250 (mSv) U indicator wti Expires ~1 year from issue date or when the color of the area surrounding Jb3/ the dots of the FIT indicator matches the bar to its right. The dose jpSbi' calibration is invalid if the FIT indicator is red Void if tampered in any way 4,000 I 2,000 I 1,000 I 500 Color change of the sensor responds to gamma/X-ray (energy higher than 30 KeV) and high energy (e.g., above 0.5 MeV) electrons/beta particles Self-Indicating Radiation Alert Dosimeter (SIRAD) Dose Radiation range 10 mSv-4000-10000 mSv r^pTo Name & Issue Date: yfyo;iii.ivDose & Return Date: User agrees to read and follow instructions in manual (www.iplabs.com). It is recommended to learn about the effects of radiation dose, symptoms, treatment needed and whom to contact. Useful information is available at www.epa.qov/radiation/rert. Visit www.sirads.com for other helpful links. U.S. Patents 7,227,158; 7,476,874 and other issued and pending U.S. & international patents. A product of JP Labs distributed by XT Safety, LLC 101 DataFarm Road, Falmouth, KY, 41040; Tel: +1 859 654 6636 Email: info@xtsafetvnow.com Made in U.S.A. XS9F71109000000366 (I XS9F71109000000366 Nano-composite shielding material Test results Gamma and X-rays Attenuation Gamma (y) and X-rays radiation consists of highly energetic photons with high frequency. They can be stopped by a sufficiently thick layer of material with high atomic number "Z", such as Lead (Pb-82) or depleted Uranium (U-92). ■ Photoelectric Effect of attenuation coefficient u is proportional to atomic number "Z" |Ll = fZ3 ■ E.g. Pb aprons (Z = 82) absorbs y and X-rays ~ 1,000 more rather than soft tissue with approx. Z ~ 8 Elements incorporated into some commercial radiation-shielding garment materials ELEMENT ATOMIC NO. Density (g/cm3) K absorption e Cadmium (Cd) 48 8,65 /2Ó.7 Indium (In) 49 731 / 27.9 Tin (Sn) 50 730 / 29.2 Antimony (Sb) 51 6,69 30.5 Cesium (Cs) 55 \xi 36.0 Barium (Ba) 56 15 37.4 Cerium (Ce) 58 6,66 40.4 Gadolinium (Gd) 64 7,90 50.2 Tungsten (W) 74 19.3 \ 69.5 Lead (Pb) 82 11.36 \ 88.0 Bismuth (Bi) 83 9,75 \90.5 McCaffrey era/..Med. Phys. 34 ,(2) February 2007 Shielding through Pb composite Shielding layer with micro-sized particles Pb-equivalent shielding fabrics Pb Sheet Pb/PbO Nano-particle 0,25; 0,35; micro-sized composite 0,5; 0,75; in vinyl or 1,0 mm butyl rubber composite Absorption and deflection of Rays on nano-particles ■ Different shape of nano-particles Nn-Particles / Nn-Platelets Nn-Tubes Nn-Hollow Spheres Oft^ Nn-Shell Nn-Powder Nn-Cylinder Nn-Parabollas Nn-Hemisphere Shielding composite with nano-particles radiation Shielding layer with nano-size particles Multiple Hazard Protection Composite Material Polymer with radiopaque fillers is sandwiched between layers of fabric and/or foils/membranes Chemically resistant foil/membrane Chem/Bio Carrying and binding fabric ^ Mechanical, Fire, Ballistic Nano-Radiopaque filler in a polymer > > .»s .vy .t Ik. Radio/Nuclear (Chem/Bio) Inner fabric Skin contact Inverse Square Law E2 = E1 [D,l D2]2 Double the Distance Quarter the Exposure Inverse Square Law Source E,.= MmWhr(2,Wf = 0-5 mFWir --- 6'- 60° Radiation shielding suits and radiation suppression and ballistic blankets allows significant reduction of radiation exposure during approaching to radiation source 90° ■ 60° Cover of radiation source with Radiation suppression and ballistic blankets reduce radiation exposure and mechanical hazards of potential explosion Low angles of approach, in the range 10o-30° are especially desired 90° ■ 60° Cover of radiation source with Radiation suppression and ballistic blankets reduce radiation exposure and mechanical hazards of potential explosion ■ 90° 60° Cover of radiation source with Radiation suppression and ballistic blankets allows operations with less shielding protective ensemble 90° ■ 60° 45° 30° 20° 10° Radiation suppression blanket attenuation factors change with angle, corresponds to thickness of blanket traversed by the radiation 28% (50%- 2 blankets) 11 30° 39% (75%) 20° 51% (84%) 10° 65% (92%) / " \ Cs-137 Point gamma-ray source 14 mCi, 662 keV Attenuation factor at 100 cm from the source Ref.: Battelle, Radiation & Health Technology 90° 26% (39%) 30° 34% (43%) 20° 38% (60%) 10° 48% (72%) t t \ Ra-226 Point gamma-ray source, 1,7 Ci, 186-610 keV Attenuation factor at 100 cm from the source Ref.: Battelle, Radiation & Health Technology 17% (24%) 30° 23% 20° 33% 10° 46% Co-60 Point gamma-ray source, 320 |jCi, 1250 keV Attenuation factor at 100 cm from the source Ref.: Battelle, Radiation & Health Technology 110% 105% 100% 95% J 90% IL 85% 80% o 75% 70% 65% 60% 20 Attenuation F versus Voltage of RTG 40 60 80 Voltagftit RTG U [kV] 100 120 ♦ Dein ron 1 Layer Denmon 2 Layers Demron 3 Layers a Demron 4 Layers ' Demron 5 Layers • Apron 0,25 Pb O Apron 0,35 Pb ^—Apron 0,5 Pb 140 Courtesy VF a.s. Černá Hora Normalized Ration of Attenuation F (0,5 Pb Apron) versus Voltage at RTG 2,500 -.2,000 Č Ik 11,500 0,000 Voltage at RTG U [kV] ♦ Deinron 1 Layer ■ Demron 2 Layers Oemron 3 Layers Demron 4 Layers Demron 5 Layers * Apron 0,25 Pb 0 Apron 0,35 Pb ——Apron G,5 Pb 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Courtesy VF a.s. Černá Hora Cs-137 (ß)512 keV and (y)662 keV Dose Rate and Attenuation Ratio of DEM RON Shielding with Cs -137 ItemsofDose Rate and Attenuation Ratio Measurement ■ During the measurement background dose rate fluctuated between 0,04-0,05 uGy/h and Cs-137 source gave dose rate of 0,552 uGy/h. Folding of DEMRON layers provide synergy effect in increasing of attenuation rate. 4 layers of DEMRON are surprisingly equivalent to 2 mm of Pb. Sample of multiply DEMRON layers as RDD shield provide effective attenuation of 79% against Cs-137 source. Courtesy VF a.s. Černá Hora Shielding measurement in A or B geometry position with 133Ba DEMRON® Shielding layers p 0,2 g.crrr2 2,7 g.crrr3 DIS-1 dosimetr or EXPLORANIUMGR-135 detector Dos Courtesy by P. Otahal, M. Kozlovska, I. Burian; SUJCHBO, Project VF20112015013 45 cm 17 cm 0 cm Attenuation Factor of DEMRON layers (A geometry) 30,00 25,00 20,00 > 15,00 3. 10,00 5,00 0,00 Blank 133Ba Y80-360 keV DEMRON AF 0,46 Set 2 Set 3 AF 0,53 AF 0,52 Courtesy by P. Otähal, M. Kozlovskä, I. Burian; SUJCHBO, Project VF20112015013 Cleanup operations in Fukushima with Demron Shielding Suits Mr. Kevin Wang, president with PowerPlus Cleaning Solutions, who is leading the radiation cleanup efforts in Japan stated: "We have tested and measured the protection Demron provides, and Demron is the only gear that we trust one hundred percent to protect our team and equipment for the cleanup process in Japan. Our equipment has registered dangerous radiation levels in zones that Japanese officials had determined were 'clean.' Radiation levels are dangerously high at this point, and without Demron, we would not be able to calibrate our equipment, take accurate readings of radiation levels or safely perform our work. After comparing Demron with other gear available today, it's clear that Demron is the absolute best and only choice because it is the only gear that provides the necessary radiation protection. It's also flexible, lightweight and adaptable for multiple uses. We stand by Demron." Demron™ -RST Dr. Ronald DeMeo has been manufacturing Demron products to military and rescue staff around the globe for several years, but he invented the fabric for medical personal. After using a continuous X-ray machine with his patients, he saw sunburn-like skin damage on his arms and hands. And he also saw many colleagues in his field afflicted with different types of skin cancers. More than 200 full-body nuclear radiation protection suits manufactured in Medley have been donated to aid power plant workers and rescue teams in Japan, and the company, Radiation Shield Technologies, is working full-time to keep up with orders from companies in Japan. "We have distributors and have folks that we work with in Asia, and it prompted me to say. We have to just get suits over there as quickly as possible.' and the fastest way to do that is simply to donate them," said RST CEO Dr. Ronald DeMeo. Thank you for your Attention Ing. Pavel CASTUÜK, CSc pcastulik(g)vahoo. co. uk pcastulik(a)recetox.muni. cz www. radshield. com