fdroje obrázků a informací v prezentaci uvedených: ac.ksu.edu.sa/sites, Schaberg 2010 (USDA Forest
Service),  Pearce 2001(Ann. Bot.), MIZ MEDI Hosp. Preservation of Germs, Jiří Zámečník, Iva
Faberová (VÚRV), Lukatkin et al. (2012), Kawahara (INTECH Open)

ÐTeplotní stress / temperature stress
ÒTemperature stress: Low or high temperature, called frost injury or heat injury, respectively.
Ò2.1 Frost ( freezing )injury
ÒThe injury is caused by low temperature below freezing point (〈 0℃）,companied with frost.

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Ò
INTECH OPEN, 2013


Ò2.1.1 Mechanism of freezing (frost )injury
Ò2.1.1.1.Freezing:(intercellular and intracellular freezing)
Ò(1) Intercellular freezing
•
•Freezing
•Intercellular freezing  occurs when temperature falls gradually.
花岗岩 花岗岩 花岗岩 花岗岩
•ice

ÒGrowth–melt asymmetry in ice crystals under the influence of spruce budworm antifreeze protein
ÒNatalya Pertaya1, Yeliz Celik1, Carlos L DiPrinzio1, J S Wettlaufer2,3, Peter L Davies4 and Ido
Braslavsky1,5  ÒPublished 10 September 2007
Ò
http://cdn.iopscience.com/images/0953-8984/19/41/412101/Full/5680405.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTp1wPXedsITVOMv1-YcRMwqWaIRO-mR6BAHyDTLukAI08
zwKiSKA

Ò



ÒJohn et al. (2009): Ice recrystallization
Òinhibition proteins (IRIPs) and freeze tolerance
Òin the cryophilic Antarctic hair grass
ÒDeschampsia antarctica E. Desv.

Ò



ÒDiferenční skenující kalorimetr (DSC) je vhodný přístroj pro měření a interpretaci fázových
přechodů vody v rostlinách. DSC se většinou používá pro přímé měření skelných přechodů a teploty
ledové nukleace s následným vyhodnocením pomocí termické analýzy. Teplotní podmínky a úrovně
hydratace při kterých se začíná tvořit sklo byly porovnány na základě rozdílných mechanismů
tolerance nízkých teplot rostlin z přirozených podmínek.
https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=56517e786307d98c2e8b4597&assetKey=AS%3A298
508449009664%401448181368166







Ò（2）Intracellular Freezing :
ÒIntracellular freezing  often occurs when temperature falls suddenly. ÒIce results in the direct
injury in cytoplasm, biomembrane and organelle, and damages to cell compartmentation  and metabolic
disorder. ÒMuch more serious damage is caused by Intracellular Freezing than by Intercellular
Freezing.
Ò2.1.1.2  damage of protein:
ÒSulfhydryl group hypothesis（disulfide bridge hypothesis ）

•—SH      HS—
•S
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•S
•Before freezing
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•frozen
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•defrozen
•—SH     H S—
•—S—S—
•—S—S—
•—S—S—
•—S—S—
•HS—
•SH
•
•S
•—S—
•SH
•—S—S—
•Illustration of sulfhydryl group hypothesis

ÒSupported Exp：
Ò(1) －S－S一increase and soluble －SH decrease after plant tissue faces to freezing. Ò (2)
Less－S－S－and －SH of protein in the resistant-freeze plants. Ò(3) The plant with
free－SH,glutathione, is more resistant to freeze. Ò (4) Artificial －SH,mercapthanol increases
resistance of plant to low temperature.

Ò2.1.1.3.Damage of biomembrane
ÒElectric conductivity↑，cell material leakage↑，photochemical activity and ATP production ↓, while
photoinhibition ↑，CF1 and PC depart from membrane.
ÒChange in state of lipid and protein denuturation

Ò2.1.2  Chilling injury
ÒChilling injury in tropical or subtropical plants is caused by temperature above 0℃ (freezing
point )..
ÒMaize, cotton rice seedling——10℃。
ÒRice pollen-mother cell division，23℃ for O. sativa and 20℃ for O. japonica.
ÒBanana tree——13℃。
ÒOak tree——5℃。

Chilling stress
Freezing stress


Ò2.1.2.1. Change in state of lipid
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•Low temperature
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•Solid-gel state
•Electric conductivity as an index for resistance to low temperature in pruduction




ÒMetabolism disorder
Ò（1）Uptake function of roots declines and water balance disorders
ÒTranspiration>water absorption. The plant loss water and leaf curl 。
Ò（2）Photosynthetic rate lowers 。
ÒPhotosynthesis< respiration, starvation to death
ÒRubisco losses activity under low temperature，PSP uncouples and free radicals breaks suddenly.

Ò（3）Aerobic respiration decreases and anaerobic respiration increases。 ÒCytaa3 activity ↓,
respiratory electron transport and phosphorylation activities ↓. Ethanol poison.
Ò（4） Organic substance degrades。
Ò protease↑，protein↓，RNA、ATP ↓.

https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/274/3338599/3338599_pone.0036126.g001.png
Chilling stress--the key predisposing factor for causing Alternaria alternata infection and leading
to cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf senescence.
Zhao J, Li S, Jiang T, Liu Z, Zhang W, Jian G, Qi F - PLoS ONE (2012)
http://inspq.qc.ca/moisissures/photos/Alternaria_alternata-5%20copie.jpg
Čerň střídavá je druh vřeckovýtrusné houby,
způsobující skvrny na listech nebo poškození
různých orgánů u celé řady druhů rostlin

ÒPhysiological reaction of plant to low temperature
Ò(1)  Water content, metabolism, growth decrease .
ÒTotal water content↓，bound water↑，free water and ratio (free water/bound water) ↓。
Ò(2)  Protective substances increase。
ÒNADPH——reduces－S－S－ to － SH，ATP and sugar↑, bound water↑.

Ò(3) Unsaturated fatty acid increase in membrane。
ÒUnsaturated fatty acid↑ and saturated one ↓.
Ò
Ò(4)  ABA↑，GA↓, dormancy appears.
Ò
Ò(5)  Proteins-resistant to freezing accumulations.
Ò
ÒFreezing resistant protein —— Ice-Box——The genes expression induced by freeze——freeze-resistant
protein.

ÒMethods to increase the resistance to low temperature。
Ò(1) The resistant cultivars.
Ò(2) Low temperature hardening.
Ò(3) Chemical control.
ÒABA ,CCC，PP330，Amo-1618).
Ò(4) Others.
ÒPK application, keep warm with artificial things.

•Total photosynthetic rate
•Pn
•Respiration rate

winter injured spruce > 03MtElWI7
Zimní poškození


Cold tolerance of several north temperate conifers
(sampled in Wolcott, VT on March 3, 1998)
Species
Mean cold tolerance (ºC)
Red spruce
White pine
-61.0
-90.0
-38.1
-59.5
Eastern hemlock
White spruce
Red pine
-90.0
DeHayes et al. 2001

2003 – high winter injury year
Picea rubra
> 03WIAir

Mechanisms for acid-induced
freezing injury of red spruce
Acid deposition (H+)
Foliar Ca leaching
(2-8X increase, P<0.05)
H+ displacement
of  membrane-associated Ca
(-20%, P<0.05)
Membrane destabilization
(+20%, P<0.05)
& reduction in messenger Ca
Reduced cold tolerance
(-10%, P<0.05)
Increased susceptibility
to freezing injury
DeHayes et al. 1999, Schaberg et al. 2000, Schaberg et al. 2001




ÒLipid composition of a plant’s membranes can help predict whether the plant will be sensitive or
resistant to chilling
ÉThe more unsaturated the membrane lipids are, the more resistant the plant is to chilling
ÒSupercooling – survive as low as –40oC
ÉLimits ice crystal formation to extracellular spaces
ÒAntifreeze proteins
•33

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