Unit 9 Cause and Effect In academic writing, events or actions are frequently linked with their cause and effect. Look at the following diagram which summarises this relationship. back in time ' event 1— or sequence situation cause action reason idea purpose problem forward in time or sequence effect consequence result solution Now look at these examples of the cause and effect relationship. Heat Prices rose. connective causes As a result iron to expand, fewer goods were sold. Any marks on the leaves are probably due to the same virus. There are a large number of ways to express the relationship shown in the diagram on the left. You will need to look at Appendix 8: Connectives (section e: Result, page 120) and especially the Structure and Vocabulary Aid at the end of this unit (page 60). Sometimes the cause will be named before the effect; sometimes the effect will be named first, e.g. 1) X causes r cause 2) Y is caused by T effect Y (active verb) t effect X (passive verb) T cause The caused | is in a box; the effect is underlined. Connectives and Markers Look carefully at the Structure and Vocabulary Aid at the end of this unit (page 60), then do the following exercises. 1 The parts of the sentences below have been mixed up. Join the 6 parts on the left with the correct parts from the 9 on the right. 1 There is acid in that bottle: therefore . .. 2 The effect of the fluctuation in temperature 3 Bad labour relations caused , . . 4 The accident occurred because of.. . 5 He passed his examination because . .. 6 Delayed treatment often results in .. , a b c d a the road was icy. b he was unsuccessful. c prolonged illness d it must be handled very carefully. e careful storage. f the icy road conditions. g the strike. h he worked hard. i was to kill the laboratory specimens. Making use of the information in the correct answers from the previous exercise complete the following sentences. Inside the box write the appropriate connective or verb marker (see the Structure and Vocabulary Aid). The first one has been done as an example. e.g. Icy road conditions caused the accident he worked hard Prolonged illness is often The strike was [_ The laboratory specimens were killed e That bottle must be handled very carefully 1 Read the following carefully. Relationships Climate For the last hundred years the climate has been growing much warmer. This has had a number of different effects. Since the beginning of the 20th Century, glaciers have been melting very rapidly. For example, the Muir Glacier in Alaska 5 has retreated 2 miles in 10 years. Secondly, rising temperatures have been causing the snowline to retreat on mountains all over the world. In Peru, for example, it has risen as much as 2700 feet in 60 years. As a result of this, vegetation has also been changing. In io Canada, the agricultural cropline has shifted 50 to 100 miles northward. In the same way cool-climate trees like birches and spruce have been dying over large areas of Eastern Canada. In Sweden the treeline has moved up the mountains by as much as 65 feet since 1930. 15 The distribution of wildlife has also been affected, many European animals moving northwards into Scandinavia. Since 1918, 25 new species of birds have been seen in Greenland, and in the United States birds have moved their nests to the north. 20 Finally, the sea has been rising at a rapidly increasing rate, largely due, as was mentioned above, to the melting of glaciers. In the last 18 years it has risen by about 6 inches, which is about four times the average rate of rise over the last 9000 years. Now look at the following cause and effect table. From the text above copy into the table where necessary the causes and effects mentioned; also write in the central column, the appropriate connective or marker of the cause/effect relationship. Where an example (e.g.) is asked for, only write the first one if more than one is given in the text. The first section has been done as an example. top: glacier centre: spruce trees bottom: silver birth Table 1: Climate Cause Connective or Marker Effect The climate has been growing much warmer (different) effects 1 glaciers have been melting very rapidly, e.g. the Muir Glacier in Alaska has retreated 2 miles in 10 years 2 e-g- 3 e-g- 4 e-g- 5 e-g- Structure and Vocabulary Aid Cause-effect relationships Look carefully at the connectives or markers of cause-effect relationships shown below. Notice particularly how they are used in a sentence construction. The shaded boxes refer to causes. higher prices was an increase in demand. of an increase in demand is higher prices. raise \ increase/ prices. The demand has increased (;) Therefore, So, , result, a i consequence. Accordingly, Consequently, Because of this, Thus, Hence, For this reason, *Now, the prices are higher. Because As Since *Now (that), the demand has increased, the prices are higher. (* includes in its meaning a presenr time element) An increase in demand often causes results in leads to produces higher prices. Higher prices are (often) caused by due to because of. an increase in demand. because of as a result of on account of owing to through because the demand has increased. If ? j there is in increase in demand, (then) prices rise. Look at this diagram relating to the situation in the Czech Republic. Write one paragraph describing some of the causes and effects. Give a title to your writing, o »tbrJti. frJ. "M^ SOME CAUSES enough/lack of experience qualifications lack of education age (-»23) age (45->) single woman married woman - with small children - with mature children - without children single man married man illness SOME EFFECTS in/adequate, in/sufficient or no opportunities possessions comforts wages/salaries stress unemployment alcohol, gambling dis/satisfaction lack of confidence enormous self-confidence frustration resignation high/low status Tvoření otázek - testování a) Vytvoření otázky se zadaným tázacím slovem ( které se vztahuje k výchozí větě) Example: Susart has been married for 30 years. Who ...has been married for 30 years? I have been living here for ten years. How long.......................................................here? She can speak many languages. How many.............................................................................? He passed the exam on May 12"1. When ................................................................................? Helen did not attend the seminar last year. Who.........................................................last year? The tsunami was caused by an earthquake. What...................................................................by? The missing child was found last week. When.........................................................................? b) Vytvoření otázky z daně slovní zásoby (někdy jevíce správných možností) e.g. How / you / hear / this job? .......How did you hear about this job? What / you / look at ? ................................................................................... She / like /swimming? ....................................................................................... When / you / go dancing?.................................................................................... Who / kill / Abel?................................................................................................ He / be asked / to come? ....................................................................................... When / you / be told / that? ..................................................................................... c) Vytvoření otázky na zvýrazněnou část věty = Ask so that you can answer by the underlined words ( v hovoru se tak ptáme na část věty, které jsme nerozuměli) Example: Much of the recycling and redistribution of the earth's water takes place in the atmosphere. Question: What takes place in the atmosphere? Susan got married in 1977.......................................................................................................... Particles settle to the bottom....................................................................................................., The slopes of the riverbed have become more gentle.................................................................. Gravity causes a rockslide............................................................................................................ Rainfall can cause a landslide................................................................................................. The wedding ceremony took place in the local church.................................................................. Champagne is made in France...................................................................................................... They were taken to the hospital.................................................................................................. 3 000 people came to watch the ceremony................................................................................... The house was buried by a landslide. ............................................................................................ /