DELIVERY Delivering effective oral presentations involves three components. (adapted from Effective Presentations by Jeremy Comfort and Derek Utley, 2000, and materials by Hana Němcová.) 1. verbal (what you say) § don’t read, don’t memorize your full text X memorize the outline/tree structure of main points and sub-points § avoid fillers ("well, um, so, yes") simply pause – (2-3’’ of thinking time is ok) § use preferably the informal approach - the audience will appreciate it and you will feel more comfortable/relaxed 2. vocal (how you say it) § modulate your voice for meaning, complexity, and importance, vary the tone, rate, volume of your voice § avoid monotony, be dynamic and expressive § don't be afraid of pauses, they can add emphasis to key points § give stress to important words, pause after stressed words § slow down for important points § prepare a list of key technical words [DEL: :DEL] and difficult words – if you are unsure of how to pronounce some words or phrases, check online dictionaries that offer phonetic spelling or audio rendering 3. visual (what is seen) § posture - try to keep your posture upright but relaxed, look straight ahead, not down at the floor or up at the ceiling § movement - don’t stand completely still – a little movement is more interesting; don’t move around too much, or the audience may watch you instead of listening to you § eye contact – establish eye contact, maintain good eye contact with different people in the audience. don’t just look at one person § facial expressions - (e.g. smiles) to emphasize your feelings. § gestures – make large and deliberate gestures, use your hands to emphasize what you say; it is safer to keep hands out of pockets – in some cultures this shows disrespect; hold a pen or pointer if you feel more comfortable, but don’t play with it. Exercises. 1) Watch the two version of the video. As you watch, make notes on Dr Linden’s presentation. Use this checklist to help you. Version 1 Version 2 Eye contact …………………………. …………………………………. Language complexity sentence length use of pauses (im)personal Manner open or closed (un)interested 2) What are the differences between written and spoken language? Divide the statements into two groups. long sentences simpler arguments personal style complex vocabulary shorter sentences impersonal style complex arguments simpler vocabulary 3) Decide whether these extracts are spoken or written. a. You can see here, 35% of the group of managers classified as participative reached senior management positions. On the other hand, 74% of the more individualistic managers achieved senior management status. b. An individualistic style appears to be closely associated with rapid career path progression, whereas a group or participative style, despite its evident attractiveness to all members of staff, is correlated with a relatively slow career progression. c. Although lip service is paid to the concept of participative management, their real perception of leadership qualities completely contradicts this view. It can be further seen that such surveys… d. So, we find there is a massive contradiction. Good managers are supposed to be participative – to make sure they consult and discuss. Good leaders are supposed to be strong individuals – able to make decisions on their own. 4) Make these sentences more personal by using the active not the passive. a. The issue of restructuring was discussed. We ………………………………….. b. Money is being directed into the wrong accounts. The Finance Manager ……………………………………………………………………………………. c. The agreement will be signed later this month. Both companies …………………………………………………………………………………….. d. It has been found to be rather unreliable. I ……………………………………….. e. It is reported that shares are due to rise. The press ……………………………….. 5) Now try to do it the other way round. a. I favour a reduction in working hours. …………………………………………… b. The boss forced him to resign. …………………………………………………… c. They have transferred the money via the bank. ……………………………….. d. We are planning an autumn sales campaign. …………………………………….. e. Susan will reorganize the Research Department. ………………………………… 6) Match the more formal verbs with their less formal (spoken) equivalents. formal informal 1 to acquire a to put into action 2 to reduce b to pull out 3 to access c to get worse 4 to appreciate d to buy 5 to capture e to pay 6 to deteriorate f to cut down 7 to implement g to get into 8 to rationalize h to take 9 to remunerate i to understand 10 to withdraw j to make simple Word stress 1. Stress can be used to gain maximum impact.[DEL: :DEL] Examples: So, for starters, let's look at the history of the telephone (the word stress implies that other aspects of the telephone are going to be discussed, not just its history) So, for starters, let's look at the history of the telephone (the word stress implies that the history of other items will be discussed, as well as telephones) 2. Try to predict where the word stress will fall. OK, let's start by looking at where paper was actually invented. Now, I'd like to move on to the next part of my presentation, which is how Hitler got the support of the German people. Next, I'd like to look at my second point today: some of the ways in which mobile phone technology has developed. This leads us to my next point: suggestions for improving your English speaking. Right, I'm going to finish off today by looking at Alexander Fleming and the antibiotic penicillin. This brings us to the final part of my presentation today: what countries can do to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Golden ratio – listening http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVb-U a) What is the golden ratio and where can we find it? Listening – fill in the missing information 1. The golden ratio can be found in ............................................................................ 2. Each number in the Fibonacci sequence is ………… ……….............................. 3. When you divide one number in the F.S. by the number before it, you obtain ...................................................................................... 4. Da Vinci and Le Corbusier used the golden ratio ................................................. 5. t/s ratio is always .........................................................to the golden ratio. 6. The golden ratio applies to an ............................ human body. 7. List some examples of the golden ratio in human body. a) ............................................................. b) ............................................................ c) ............................................................. d) ............................................................ List some examples of the golden ratio on human face. a) ................................................................ b) ............................................................... c) ............................................................. 8. The study of American physicists revealed the golden ratio in ..................................... 9. The cochlea serves to .................................................................. 10. DNA consists of two intertwined ................................................................. Golden ratio From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [LINK] [LINK] The golden section is a line segment divided according to the golden ratio: The total length a + b is to the length of the longer segment a as the length of a is to the length of the shorter segment b. a) Answer these questions. 1. What does it mean when two quantities are in the golden ratio? 2. How many synonyms are there of the golden ratio? How would you translate it into Czech (Slovak)? 3. How do you distinguish (in notation) the golden ratio and its reciprocal? 4. Why was the golden ratio interesting for architects? 5. Why were mathematicians interested in it? In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. The golden ratio is an irrational mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887. Other names frequently used for the golden ratio are the golden section (Latin: sectio aurea) and golden mean. Other terms encountered include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion, divine section (Latin: sectio divina), golden proportion, golden cut, golden number, and mean of Phidias. In this article the golden ratio is denoted by the Greek lowercase letter phi ( \varphi \, ) , while its reciprocal, 1/\varphi \, or \varphi^{-1} \, , is denoted by the uppercase variant Phi ( \Phi \, ). The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship that defines this constant. Expressed algebraically: \frac{a+b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} \equiv \varphi\,. This equation has one positive solution in the set of algebraic irrational numbers: \varphi = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} = 1.61803\,39887\ldots\, At least since the Renaissance, many artists and architects have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio—especially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratio—believing this proportion to be aesthetically pleasing. Mathematicians have studied the golden ratio because of its unique and interesting properties. b) Study the drawing of the golden rectangle and try to write instructions for its construction. [LINK] \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{F(n+1)}{F(n)}=\varphi. [LINK] Construction of a golden rectangle: 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. c) Pyramids Study the picture and describe it, using these words: triangle, proportions, golden ratio, edges, height, semi-base, apothem, isosceles, and regular. [LINK] d) Mathematical pyramids and triangles. Read the text and try to supply the missing prepositions. A pyramid 1…. which the apothem (slant height along the bisector of a face) is equal 2…. φ times the semi-base (half the base width) is sometimes called a golden pyramid. The isosceles triangle that is the face of such a pyramid can be constructed 3……… the two halves of a diagonally split golden rectangle (of size semi-base by apothem), joining the medium-length edges to make the apothem. The height of this pyramid is \sqrt{\varphi} times the semi-base (that is, the slope of the face is \sqrt{\varphi} ); the square of the height is equal to the area 4…….. a face, φ times the square of the semi-base. The medial right triangle of this "golden" pyramid , with sides 1:\sqrt{\varphi}:\varphi is interesting 5…….. its own right, demonstrating via the Pythagorean theorem the relationship \sqrt{\varphi} = \sqrt{\varphi^2 - 1} or \varphi = \sqrt{1 + \varphi} . This "Kepler triangle" is the only right triangle proportion 6………. edge lengths in geometric progression, just as the 3–4–5 triangle is the only right triangle proportion with edge lengths 7………… arithmetic progression. The angle with tangent \sqrt{\varphi} corresponds 8………. the angle that the side of the pyramid makes 9……… respect to the ground, 51.827… degrees (51° 49' 38"). A nearly similar pyramid shape, but with rational proportions, is described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (the source of a large part of modern knowledge of ancient Egyptian mathematics), based 10…….. the 3:4:5 triangle; the face slope corresponding to the angle with tangent 4/3 is 53.13 degrees (53 degrees and 8 minutes). The slant height or apothem is 5/3 or 1.666… times the semi-base. Egyptian mathematics did not include the notion of irrational numbers, and the rational inverse slope (run/rise, multiplied by a factor of 7 to convert to their conventional units of palms per cubit) was used 11……… the building of pyramids. Another mathematical pyramid with proportions almost identical 12…….. the "golden" one is the one with perimeter equal to 2π times the height, or h:b = 4:π. This triangle has a face angle of 51.854° (51°51'), very close to the 51.827° of the Kepler triangle. This pyramid relationship corresponds to the coincidental relationship \sqrt{\varphi} \approx 4/\pi . e) Word study: When do we say "gold"? (© Robert E. Jones, 2004) Generally, we use gold before a noun when we are talking about something that is made from the metal we call gold (chemical symbol - Au). For example, we can use it when we talk about gold jewellery: an Olympic gold medal, a gold necklace, a gold ring. We also use gold in these expressions: a gold card: a very special type of credit card, which buys more goods and services than a normal credit card; a gold mine: a place where you can dig gold from under the ground; a goldsmith: a person who makes things from gold. When do we say "golden"? MEANING ONE: the colour of gold. She has beautiful long golden hair. MEANING TWO: (something) very special. The Golden Age: the most important time in the history of a country or cultural movement (e.g. The 1950s and 60s were the golden age of rock and roll); golden handshake: a large sum of money which is given to someone when they leave their job; golden boy / girl: a person who has been very successful at something and become very popular (e.g. It seems that Wayne Rooney might replace David Beckham as the new golden boy of British soccer). Use some of the above golden + noun expressions to fill in the blanks below: 1. You've been offered a job by the BBC! Well, don't turn it down. It's a _______. 2. My parents have been married for 49 years, so next year will be their _______. 3. Ai Fukuhara could be called the ________ of Japanese table tennis. 4. My uncle had to retire early through ill health. His company gave him a ________ of £100,000. 5. The Momoyama period (1576-1600) was when a lot of Japanese arts such as noh drama, kabuki and the tea ceremony were developed. Some people call it Japan's _________. 6. Constant practice is one of the ________ of language learning.