1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212570_28446780.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Ecotoxicology Current issues in Research vs Regulation Ludek Blaha + ecotox colleagues 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif When & where the toxicity assessment is needed? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Anytime! … depending on researcher’s budget As the law says! … what are the law(s)? View of the researcher View of the regulator 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif http://navier.engr.colostate.edu/whatische/images/ChEL02t01f01big.jpg • Industrial chemicals • • Cosmetics • PPP (pesticides) • Biocides • • Human pharmaceuticals • • Veterinary pharmaceuticals • Chemical laws („bulk“) REACH (ECHA) PPP (EFSA) MPs (EMA) §§ §§ WFD – surface w. GWD – ground w. Air quality Food and feed Soil & Sediments Wastes SOIL AIR WATER Two §§ approaches: ØProspective (chemicals…) Ø ØRetrospective (mixtures …) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Nanoparticles - examples https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR52Y7PdqKN5Z97ZhIFGfyoY41Qv9l41niNcuE3T-F9sWy IjSKMpA http://nano.anl.gov/images/bifunctional_nanoparticle.jpg https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR9LiHxdv4f1xLBnJm7j0ey82mAIkrqpx6dVbyiFdDTwcR n5G35 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTRyUwtGdjXOTAe8emSb0Ngkn0R-l8krCeEyFVPeK8-f5Y rg322ug https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS1YFciG79F0BpdYj74qJmGI-zgvfT7pAazIR4bDRuhmll hzbqG https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQzw3I5Xb7Vq_3twyU5AzgXl6TZPl1WvVm-RGpTGUQSGNu BdlDu 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Toxicity of nanoparticles … http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0165993611003748-gr1.jpg (Mostly unknown) Parameters may Affect ecotoxicity Composition (chemical) Surface (size, area) Charge Reactivity Interactions with ions, other chemicals… è Effects on environmental Fate and toxicity 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles – RECETOX example Comparison of toxicity - 4 „appeared to be the same“ particles (one producer – 4 different lots) (zerovalent iron – ZVI – Fe0) ?? Why is H16 so toxic ?? … despite of detailed investigation never revealed 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif PHARMACEUTICALS 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example 1 - DICLOFENAC •Unexpected effects at NON-TARGET species • - nephrotoxicity at vultures • - Relevant also in EU • (ESP, EL,CY) • • • • • • • • • http://img2.allvoices.com/thumbs/image/609/480/103574038-diclofenac-drug.jpg http://www.painstopanswers.com/images/diclofenac.jpg 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example 2 – AVERMEKTIN-like antiparasitics Ivermectin – antiparasitics in large herds nUsed 2-times per season per sheep/cow nKills 100% parasites in sheep nReleased in dung - kills 80-90% larvae of dung flies nHigh concentrations in dung (released 2 days post application) nPersistent in the soil (half-life 30 days) nCan be washed into adjacent streams (highly toxic to water insects) https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDHBMH2T3nCNNs0D0dL3i9DAZFsRcqXDrax6t3C410Rx3E OLYBWg http://www.aphotofauna.com/images/flies/fly_scathophagidae_scathophaga_stercoraria_yellow_dung_15-0 4-06.jpg Moxidectin – used e.g. in home „spot on” products https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQYuav5FXXhPNb_O-2Bpl0rfQjaDBUqZl867IJ47-6yMdCb b36UkA ? 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Boyles et al. (2011) Science 332 (60251) 41-42 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Stress à multigeneration effects Epigenetics à DNA methylations 2x difference Výsledek obrázku pro stickleback http://helicase.pbworks.com/f/DNAmeth.jpg 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif MIXTURE TOXICITY EU interlaboratory test Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Main questions: Are current limits (for individual compounds) safe? Relevance of “Something from Nothing” phenomenon ? 3 samples à 12 European laboratories – different bioassays à ČR – RECETOX: 11 bioassays Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif EU WFD priority substances Different concentrations EQS = limit (Environmental Quality Standard) MIXTURE TOXICITY EU interlaboratory test Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif ISO-A-3C ISPRA-A-C-6c ISPRA-A-a-1c Example: Effects of mixtures on D. rerio fish embryos Control Effects of RM 3 (i.e. safe) mixtures MIXTURE TOXICITY EU interlaboratory test Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Example: Effects of mixtures on X. laevis frog embryos ISPRA kontrola s popisky (2).JPG ISPRA roztok C s popisky.JPG Controls MIXTURE TOXICITY EU interlaboratory test Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment Effects of RM 3 (i.e. safe) mixtures Carvalho, R. et al. (2014) Mixtures of chemical pollutants at European legislation safety concentrations: how safe are they? Toxicol Sci 141(1): 218-233 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif What to assess for toxicity? Výsledek obrázku pro government icon Current research topics As required by law Individual chemicals (prospective) Engineered nanomaterials/particles Ecological effects (e.g. of pharmaceuticals) Endocrine disruption & chronic diseases Industry & biocides (REACH) PPPs = pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Mixtures (prospective) Multistressors +T°C, salinity, pathogens, irradiation, food Exposome Contaminated samples (retrospective) Can analyzed chemicals explain observed effects ? Chemical analyses & limits (see lectures: RISK ASSESSMENT part) Effect testing rare: Remediation, dredged sediments (CZ), effluents (DE) 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif •Active sampling particles vs gaseous phase • •Reference locality – agriculture (Košetice observatory) •Region A – industrial (historically OCPs production) •Region B – combined: industry, agriculture, traffic • Novák et al. (2009) Environment International 200470718-001 63632 600-00171325 CB035867 Contaminated samples? Case study “air“ 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Chemical analyses 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Dioxin-like effects o Difference B>A o Difference B vs A – particles vs gas 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Antiandrogenic effects o Quantitative – comparable o Clear differences in patterns … no effects on particles in „B“ (?) o 1212569_21823227.jpg logo_mu_cerne.gif trojlogo.gif Summary on When, Where, What •Regulatory world –Assessment of „chemicals“! – •Contaminated samples - effects rarely tested –Great value of bioassays in assessment of contaminated samples –Effects observed (!) –How to set the „limits“? • •Research issues and questions –Nanomaterials, Pharmaceuticals, EDCs –Mixtures! –Exposome – http://www.observatoiredescosmetiques.com/media/photo/1436012289.jpg http://www.theispot.com/images/source/Michael_Waraksa__Mapping_the_Exposome.jpg