Diamond Graphite ' Sodium chloride Water Methane Copper Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide 8. Chemical bonds In graphite and diamond. Complete t box. with the adfe [Ives and nouns from the parallel s abras ve ' ^perpendicular % planar ^.tetrahedron In graphite the carbon atoms are arranged in 1 P V sheets, and each atom has only three near neighbours. The covalent bonds between 2fjcl i^^fcarbons within each layer are quite strong and are • c&rbon has its orbital 3jggl^ gg cfc 0ffl& mine n Oi + 2HiO Two molecules of hydrogen peroxide go to form one molecule of oxygen gas plus two molecules of water, CHi + 20i ■* CCb + 2HiO Methane and oxygen ....„......._..-..„„.... carbon dioxide and water. IC +■ Oi- ->2C0 Two atoms of carbon plus one molecule of oxygen............................... two molecules of carbon monoxide. C * Oi' ->co2 Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. 2 NaOH + H1SO4 ■#> NaiS04+2HjO It takes 2 molecules of sodium hydroxide..... sulphate and 2 molecules of water. 1 molecule of sulphuric acid to produce 1 molecule of sodium -*H* + OH Water can break down Into hydrogen and hydroxide Ions, but hydrogen and hydroxide ions can also combine back together to form water. IffeOi -—» ZH2O + 0i[g) 2 molecules of HiOj decompose to form 2 molecules of HiO plus one OR: Hydrogen peroxide _.„....„.___._........... water and oxygen gas. lecule of oxygen gas .. , 4. '1 ypes of reactions - suggest the wot 1. A complex molecule breaks down to form simpler ones. / K5l3|c/_s' lá 2. Reaction between an acid and base which yields a salt and water. 3. One reactive element is replaced by another element in a compound formula. i r i byjari--, 4. Molecules of two reactants exchange some atoms or groups of atoms and give two new Uof>t Jrr 5. Two or more reactants combine to form one product. l( 1 6. Reaction of a compound or element with oxygen to form an oxide and produce heat. COM_/?/^ -T7 '\ 5. Read these equations and identify the type of reaction according to ex.2. fr A. The burning of naphthalene B. The combination of iron and sulphur C. The electrolysis of water D. Magnesium In water E. The formation of an insoluble salt CioHa + 12 Oj —> 10 CO2 + 4 H20 8Fe + Ss—>8FeS 2HjO —>2Hi + 02 Mg + 2 H2O—> MgtOHljt Hj BaClj + H2SO4 —> 2 HCl + BaSOi F. The reaction of hydrobromic acid with sodium hydroxide HBr + NaOH —> NaBr + HjO [Zadejte text] Ca /T i 0 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the infinitive (with or without to) or the ger 1 I learned to speak French when I was at school, (speak) 2 Do you fancy_a film tonight? (see) 3 Laura's mother doesn't let her_when she wants, (go out) 4 I can't afford_a holiday this year, (have) 5 It's getting late. We'd better. 6 I'm going to canyon_ 7 What are you planning__ 8 Would you rather _ couldn't help_ . much longer, (not stay) . until 8.00 tonight, (work) _ to the party? (wear) . in the country or in a town? (live) 9 I 10 Did you manage. _ when my brother fell off his bicycle, (laugh) _all the homework I gave you? (finish) 11 We're really looking forward to _____ you again, (see) 12 Ifl tell you, do you promise_anybody? (not tell) 13 My boss made me_late last night, (work) 14 Since I've moved abroad I really miss_my friends, (not see) 15 Would you like me. 16 I don't mind_ a 1 . you with the dinner? (help) 17 You're not allowed. I'm not in a hurry, (wait) _here, (park) _if you want to pass your English exam, (speak) 18 You need to practise_ 19 I like_early in the morning in the summer, (get up) . tomorrow. She's ill. (not come) 20 Monica might,__ 21 I enjoy_time with my grandparents, (spend) 22 Will you be able_me a lift to work tomorrow? (give) @ Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the gerund or the infinitive with to. 1 You forgot to buy the milk, (buy) 2 Could you try_late tomorrow? (not be) 3 The sheets on this bed are dirty. They need_. (change) 4 Don't you remember, 5 I'll never forget_ . his wife at that party at Christmas? (meet) . in New York for the first time, (arrive) _ the irregular verbs, (revise) _James about the meeting tomorrow? (tell) 8 If the computer doesn't work, try_it off and switching it on again, (turn) 6 I think you need_ 7 Did you remember. 25-30 Excellent You can use gerunds and infinitives very well. 16-24 Quite good, but check the rules in the Grammar Bank (Student's Book p.140) for any questions that you got wrong. 0-15 This is difficult for you. Read the rules in the Grammar Bank again (Student's Book p.140). Then ask your teacher for another photocopy and do the exercise again at home. V © Complete the verb column with the correct form of the verbs in bracket; © Ask your partner the questions in a. 1 Do you remember your best friend for the first time? (meet) 2 Did your parents let you in the street when you were young? (play) 3 What kind of things do you tend about? (worry) 4 When did you learn ? (drive) 5 What's the next thing you really need ? (buy) 6 Have you ever tried a winter sport, e.g. skiing or ice skating? (do) 7 Would you avoid to a party if you knew your ex-partner was going? (go) 8 Would you ever risk and leaving your front door unlocked? (go out) 9 Have you ever forgotten something important for a holiday? (pack) 10 If you didn't want to go to school/work one day, would you pretend ill? (be) 11 Would you agree a friend's dog for the weekend? (look after) 12 Can you imagine speak English totally fluently? (be able to) @ Complete the verb column with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 0 Ask your partner the questions in a. 1 Are there any programmes you really can't stand on TV? (watch) 2 Do you always remember your mobile phone? (charge) 3 Do you think you'll cany on English here next year? (study) 4 What is there that you would really tike to have but can't afford ? (buy) 5 Would you rather a film at the cinema or on DVD? (see) 6 Who taught you ? (swim) 7 Is there anything at your home which needs ? (repair) 8 Have you ever tried something but then given up? (learn) 9 Would your or your family manage without a car? (live) 10 What can you do to practise English outside the class? (speak) 11 Do you sometimes forget things or have you got a good memory? (do) 12 Could you give up chocolate if your doctor told you to? (eat) VERB 8 VERB 210 172 IVIOOIJLE 7 KfepihB iii' y i'th the wAw-. Language development! ^^nnsAaUsmtd v to smoke, are we? Permission and necessity: present 1 a Look at these comments made hi a restaurant Which ones are more likely to be made by a waiter, and which ones by a customer! b Write the words and phrases in correct place in the table below. Function A Giving permission B Prohibiting C Expressing ob ■ the speaker feels it's necessary s the rules or situation make it necessary D Expressing lack of necessity Grammar reference pages 200-201 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. You may need to make the verb negative. 1 They're very busy at the weekend, so we {must/book}_____a table. It's a formal dinner. You_. (fan/wear) jeans. Lorna's a dub member. Of course she {allow/came)_______ml I think we (suppose/wait)- waiter to show us to our table. You {have to/have)---- don't want one. You (must/bring) .Sora a starter if you your own food or drink to this restaurant! Children under 16 (allow/drink}--- alcohol; they're too young. You (can/pay)______by cash, cheque or credit card. th^ in | ratt or n-stwnrant that- Permission and necessity-; past 3 a Read the extract from a letter about a new restaurant and answer the questions. 1 Was it necessary to wear a suit? 2 What was the worst thing about the restaurant? I Advice and recommendation 5 Find and correct the mistakes in these sentences. You ought complain about that soup -ifs cold. You shouldn't having a dessert if you're fun up. If you don't like pasta, you'd better to hive a pizza. You must have try that new restaurant in CasUe Street. ■ & tnbiiijW'if,wuid bV vtrii fonriia; but in Uf rtten't.. l..yWffi-ukffitffi infor&iajSati Iwl Hmjgrf.' ■ alloSfcd'io usfr fe'pty'irardtt&,Tti ihnl myi^jL : W^«K*'lr»u^);;;'W rUI'V j«f fc^tf^ifcfaM teiaisV. 8» Grammar reference page 191 . • W didn't hsw-' rtaxijn mon^'whtf'ut And WSwt'of:att'[. ■' j\ ,:' aasri't illowd^to iniokel['//i,?':.:\-'\'S;:,.:'i-.- i. -, '. 6 lteplace the words in italics in the letter below /•Trtai^wnjl from the list in the correct form. b Complete the table with:examples from the letter. ....._ ___;___t,.. _......r,......____ I feaiung /__ 1 Example must have to had better X When I was\a student I worked during the holidays fi) needn't hav&pald/dldi ' my meals, as they w allowed to /had to eat as mi during breaks, but the work was tiring because we (3) could /had to work long hours. And -although customers (4) had to /could give us Hps, we (5) couldn't have kept/couldn't keep the money - we (6) Had to /were allowed to share It with the other staff. I was nervous when (started because they said that sometimes I would (7) need to have cooked /have to cook tjie food, but I (8) couldn't worry/needn't Have worried because I (9) was allowed to / didn't have to cook at all while I worked there. ^flt^mfffj ;r'rarnr|i 11 ill -V^tti—IPWPWBPi -n-f n—■ b What rules about food and earing did your family have when you were a child? Dear Melanie, Thanks for agreeing to look .after our house whild; we're away. Just a few things to remember: Be careful with the front door lock. Irs neassaj (o{l)............_.....------- pull it up before turning it, But it's very important fiat to (2)_______________________ force the^cey or itfll breakl Please feed the cat twice a day. You areaUoivedto[3)................................. anything from the bottom It's riot necessary for you to (4)____,..n,M,_____pay us to use the phone, and toe kids are permitted to (5).....___._____use the PlayStation. We strongly recommend you (6) .____________......„.. try the local restaurant It's a good idea to (7) .....____________________book though. Have fun, Louise Complete these sentences about yourself. 1 This year I really must... but T mustn't.. 2 At college/work we have to ... but we don't have to .... 3 Wheal was younger I could ...butl wasn't allowed to — I had to ...butl didn't have to____ b. Transform the sentences Deiow. 1. Now that you have heated the substance, you can see that it softens. (3 words) Now that the substance..............................................., you can see that it softens. 2. It is important that the report is finished today. (2 words) The report...........................................,. finished today. 3. If you don't keep test tubes and burets on their racks, they might tip over or roll away. (3 words) Unless................................................on their racks, tubes and burets might tip over or roll away. 4. In the second year at the university you can decide which two subjects you will attend. In the second year at the university you are free............................................two options. (2 words) 5. I advise you to check the number of significant figures you started and ended with. You.................................... check the number of significant figures you started and ended with. (1 word) 6. Write a new sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the original sentence, using the given words. 1. Maybe we will look at the fluorescence properties of organic material. We.......................................... at the fluorescence properties of organic material. (2 word) 2. Soft materials are easily scratched. It is.....................................................soft materials. (3 words) 3. Exothermic reactions tend to be more probable than endothermic ones. Exothermic reactions are...............................................happen than endothermic ones. (3 words) 4. Our team was required to submit the report in extremely short time but we didn't mind. • We didn't mind..............................................our report in extremely short time, (l word) £M0 ^~ 27 Yrtflawafajsarinst*fce,Uark.'soldthecoach. PRAISED Merit . . ___i__ let scoring twica. 20 Vcuarawelcr^BloMnactmoifyounoftdmaraSnfafmflriQn. TOUCH Plsw*fastl™a.-.__,, a, ., ■ msifyuiiMeanionMMtntllaa. 19 TssKbis Sjj- lha cansert cannct us bouchi balsni 52th May. SALE TldBB lor th> concert wil not____---------12th May. 30 I didrrt buy (he camera be causa It wu so expsnslvo, BEEN I would hava bought the camara------*---„.~aoexpffn5lv (V) Wi 5. Use the word given in brackets in capital letters to form a word that fits in the gap. Do not use -ing or -ed forms. 1............................. makes the immune system act to protect the body against the foreign material. (VACCINE) 2. In polar covalent bonds, electrons are shared................................(EQUALITY) 3. We can observe electrical.............................. between positively and negatively charged ions. (ATTRACT) 4. Sulphur dioxide is used in food.............................(PRESERVE) 5- A...............................reaction may reach equilibrium in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal. (REVERSE) 6. In the process of......................................., a complex molecule breaks down to form simpler ones. (COMPOSE) Substances may explode if exposed to fire or heat. (EXPLODE) 8.................................. materials are easv to draw intn thin wiro im ir-ni r*v» CLASSfFYlMG -ANIMALS, Intro to presentations a| The lone of thoseashcre between high- and low-water marks, erthe cone near a Take ihore wfth rootid vegetation - b) The region of the earth between rtieTropi: of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, jr-d between the Tropk of Capricorn and the Antarctic and*-* c) T>e regiori of the eaitb that surrounds the equator, from 23,5 degreesnorthi to 23.5 degrees south - d) An area where a freshwater ri'j-i:- meets the ocean, resulfr-e in *Huc:ua:ici:5 in Eaii-iity- e) Any water In a sea that Is neither date to the bottom nor near the shore- iirndro, coniferous fares?, deddvous forest, pelagic, desert, mountains, estuarine, reef, (ittarat, savannah, swutnp, rainforest, coastal, tropical, fakes and ponds, sea bed, temperate, urban, farmland, wttdflowermeadow, taiga, grassland marsh, parkinnd, rivers and streams 6- Whteh habitats arestow^ in the pictures? plants, describing a process f 1* Dtscuss: a) Haw important are plant* ft?.'humans? b) Some plants are under threat. What Is tha reason? 2. Listen to a talk about one project run to save plants, and complete the table below. 7. Now classify all these habitats frrto following three ca^rie;; TERRESTRIAL HABITATS FRE5HWATER HABITATS MARINE HABfTATS Agniesttca Sudiomelnva-Po3DmskaH Hana NtaFowd PlANTS, DESCRIBING A PROCESS *. Categorize adverbs of frequency bekrw Into words/phrases to a) start process description: b) refer to preceding actions; c) refer to simultaneous actions Bret, atthLs point, Initially, first of all then, simultaneously, before.,., next, later, afterwards, after that, after..,, at the nexte^age, finally, before that, when, evertua.ly, in the end. at the and cr_., subsequently, meanwhile, at the same tune, prior to.-, following that I the way of saving plants 2 species most under timet 3 no of countries in the project 4 no of cooperating institutions- in the project 5 the temperature at which the seed* are stored 6 the, time, for which laese seeds are undoubtedly Capftblo of germinating: 7 collected plants seeds in the world-wide scale I the country running b similar project the ana ui the USA under restoration 10 iiveni^e cost; □ f pruning per 3, Lookat the definitions of phrasei describing anatomicpaits of a plantarta lahef the picture. root system the part of a plant in the ground shn^ system the part of a plant above the ground stem main part of a plant from which leaves and flowers grow lateral root pjtFnd horizontally fram the primary root taproot main aart of a plant through which water and mineral an absorbed, usually in the ground rcpraductfre shoot a shoot bearing a flower yefteutive shoot a shoot not specialized for reproduction node a part of a stem that normal lv bears a leaf fcteniede section between two nodes axfltary bud growing from the place where a leaf/shoot Is connected to a stem terminal bed ';' bud ending a shoot blade flat part of a leaf petiole y connects the flat part of a leaf with the main part of a plant O 20h Etfpyekvirti Brttnfet ha IX. Grammar revision: look at the sentences from ex £. -What time do underlined parts refer to? With sunlight and water this seedling, will grow larger and more mature. Before roots and teavea deweba, buds, will forg, -Can we say thest sarrtencts wfrtri "going to" or present continuous for future references? -Give examples of sentences with these two structures to show the difference in meaning. Now carry on with the acthrities from the grammar handout. 5. Complete the text about the plant Eft ctfde with suitable adverbs of sequence from ex. 3 and 4 ftpy to use a different advert each time). Like all living things, plants tun have a ilfe cycle. The fiewering plant lifecyde begins with a seed. __h the seed Is sown._some time it will germinate and a tiny, immature plant called a seedling will grow. The tiny roots will work their way down, and_the tiny stem will work its way up. With sunlight and water, this seeding will grow larger and mare mature. The stem and raotwil grow longer, and new leaves wilE appear on the plant. _. roots and leaves develop, buds will fbnm and,__, the plant will start flowering._, the flower is poQioated. Gnco fertilised, the flowers will begin developing seeds. Some plants protect the seeds Inside the fruit that house* the seeds until they are ready._the fruit Is ripe, the p lent will use all kinds of techniques to let the seeds disperse. For some plants, this means dropping: fruit onto the ground to Source?: Maerr.lllaji Vocifcutiry Practice StOH - 5£fcn» OftOM ■n jitJiCIrfl. ViKHd hily 5. 20.17 !ifrTtpHin iHllIJuly5,2D17 http://en.wikiMdla.fl« Agnle^zka ^uchorneiova-Pn^nrn*ka, Hana rtemeova AgnleskaSuchomelova-Poiomsla, Hana Nemcova1 Kingdoms The first division of living things in the kingdoms. The five kingdoms ore: ssification system is to put them into one of five animals (all multicellular animals) plants [all green plants) fungi (moulds, mushrooms, yeast) protists {amoeba, chtarella and Plasmodium) prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae) Further divisions Living things con then be ranked according to: pHyiiim doss order family Phylum follows Kingdom and has many different organisms, including three examples from the Animal Kingdom below choidwhich have backbones arthropod, which have jointed legs and an exaskeleton annelids, which are segmented worms . Class is an additional sub-division, which for example, results in theChordata phylum being divided into: mammals birds amphibians fish reptiles Order follows class and as an example, mammals can be further sub-divided into a variety of different groups such as: carnivores primates OASSIFYIItS - animals, Intra to Now classify the Items into these four categories (use classifying language); social behaviour locomotion Acnvrrv patter n food .-tABľ3S-"' specialized for swimming eating plants eating everything active in the daytime capable of climbing living in big groups active In the night-time feeding on leaves feeding on meat in a dormant state In winter capable of running living alone or in pairs eating fruits defending certain territory Agnleszka Sucnamelová-ťotomska, Hana Nemcova CLASSIFYING - AMMAL^ Intro to prEscntationi GRAMMAR REVISION: ADJECTIVES Look at different ways of forming adjectives in English. Write a few examples appearing in today's lesson into each category. arJIectrve endings -ins -OLK -able Now choose one word from each category and make a sentence with it 12. In groups of five, choose an animal and present it to the rest of the class (In 5 minutes). Give information on its: * Taxonomy: class and species (use Engish, not Latin terms, where possible] • geographical range, habitat ■ conservation status * lifespan, behaviour activity pattern, locomotion, social behaviour, food habits • reproduction: techniques, no of offspring, parental Investment When presenting, remember to speak loudly, dearly, TO the audience, and to use vocabulary which d well, your audience Is able to understand, or which you are able to explain well. Remember to have an Introductory sentence in the beginning: Let us introduce/present a.-to you. We would like to present a.-to you today. What we- would like to talk about today is _ And a final statement in the end: * What you am see in the picture is... „. are very Interesting/ specific/ etc animals. This Hell about*,, we hope you have enjoyed it And that's the end of our presentation, thank you for your attention. To end our presentation, we want to thank you far listening, and hope you found It interesting and informative Be ready to give feedback to other presentations as far as thair CONTENT, ORGANISATION, PRESENTATION SKILLS/ DELIVERY, LANGUAGE Do activities on adjectives from the two grammar handouts (so vs such and adjectives/nouns - word formation) Sources: Ex.1-3: Wharton, Jennifer [2009] Academic Encounters, the Natural IVorW; CUP httpi/ywww.bbc.co.uk/nature/habltats handout: Mammals by Hana Nemcova, bwd on: \ Agnleuka Suchomelová-Potomska, Hana Nemcova Agniesika Suchomelová-PDtomtka, Hana Nemcova