Lenka Suchánková Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS ÚSTAV CHEMICKÝCH PROCESŮ AV ČR INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS OFTHEASCR Global Change Research Centre of the Czech Academy of Science--* (CzechGlobe - Recetox - Masaryk University UNI I RECETOX SCI D D -\r https://pollev.com/lenkasuchankova345 What comes to your mind when I say "CLIMATE CHANGE"? PnwprpH hv m rl Prill Fvpruwhprp Start the presentation to see live content, For screen share software, share the entire screen, Get help at pollev.com/app II. Climate Change (CO Earth System Control variable Threshold avoided Planetary State of knowledge* process or influenced by Boundary (zone of slow variable uncertainty) Climate Atmospheric CO2 Loss of polar ice sheets. Atmospheric CO2 1. Ample scientific change concentration j Regional climate concentration: 350 evidence. ppm; disruptions. ppm 2. Multiple sub-system Loss of glacial freshwater (350-550 ppm) thresholds. Energy imbalance supplies. 3. Debate on position of at Earth's surface, Weakening of carbon Energy boundary.! W m"2 sinks. imbalance: + l W m"2 (+1.0-+1.5 W m"2) Boundary: Atmospheric C02 concentration no higher than 350 ppm Pre-industrial level: 280 ppm •ClIITGnt level : January 2022: 418.19 ppm Maiina Loa January 2021: 415.52 ppm Diagnosis: Boundary exceeded History of Climate Change Research Can you guess the year when the greenhouse effect was DISCOVERED? PnwprpH hv m rl Prill Fvpruwhprp Start the presentation to see live content, For screen share software, share the entire screen, Get help at pollev.com/app CC - history 1824 - Joseph Fourier - greenhouse effect in the atmosphere 1861 - John Tyndall - water vapou and other gases are GHG r [ryndairCentre* for Climate Change Research 1896 - Svante Arhenius - hypothesis on enhancement of GH effect due to increase of C02 in the atmosphere as a consequence of fosil fuels combustion - the prognosis on increase of the temperature by several °C when GHG concentration doubles is still valid CC - history 1824 - Joseph Fourier - greenhouse effect in the atmosphere 1861 - John Tyndall - water vapou and other gases are GHG r [ryndairCentre* for Climate Change Research 1896 - Svante Arhenius - hypothesis on enhancement of GH effect due to increase of C02 in the atmosphere as a consequence of fosil fuels combustion - the prognosis on increase of the temperature by several °C when GHG concentration doubles is still vali 1957 - oceanographer Roger Revelle and chemist Hans Suess shown that oceans can not absorb entire C02 produced by people "Human beings are now carrying out a large scale geophysical experiment.,, 1950-Charles David Keeling continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory since 1950 (till now) Recent monthly mean C02 at Mauna Loa Observatory ö. 340 420 e 415 410 405 KAUAI nihue oahu Honolulu • MOLOKAI Kahuhri LANAt • KAHOOLAWE HAWAII big m ISLAND .Hilů Mauna lob Volcano 1 Pacific Ocean 77 eWorld Guide E r _ rj Seasonal varialion What do you think about the seasonal variation of C02? What is the reason for increase in summer and decrease in autumn? PnwprpH hv m rl Prill Fvpruwhprp Start the presentation to see live content, For screen share software, share the entire screen, Get help at pollev.com/app Increase from October to May + I give off C02 E Decrease from May to October Recent monthly mean C02 at Mauna Loa Observatory Just before start to remove large amounts of C02 from the atmosphere (northern hemisphere) 1972 - UNCHE, Stockholm. becomes one of the global priorities CC--- and politics 1990 - 1st IPCC report - „temperature increase by 0.3-0.6 °C is caused also by the human activities" 1992 - Earth summit - UN Framework Convention on CC, Rio de Janeiro 2005 - Kyoto Protocol (1997) I CHINA - developing country, USA - did not sign | 2013 - 5th IPCC report „Scientists are 95% certain that humans are the "dominant cause" of global warming since the 1950s11 2016 - Paris Treaty came into force 2021-2022- 6th IPCC report 2021 - UNCC Conference, Glasgow Greenhouse Effect an global Climate Change - Greenhouse effect (GE) - natural atmospheric effect essential for life on the Earth - GE dampens temperature fluctuation between day and night and thus provides favorable conditions for life - * I * EARTH fi MOON Not to scd How Do Greenhouse Gases Actually Work? ^ @ When poll is active, respond at pollev.com/lenkasuchankova345 ^ :|e Text LENKASUCHANKOVA345 to +420 736 350 959 once to join What is the average temperature on Earth? Total Results: 0 Pn\A/prpH hw Pnll Pvorvwhpro Start the presentation to see live content, Forscneen share software, share the entire screen, Get help atpollev.com/app @ When poll is active, respond at pollev.com/lenkasuchankova345 Text LENKASUCHANKOVA345 to +420 736 350 959 once to join What is the average temperature on Earth? 33 °C 0°C 15 °C -2 °C None of the above Start the presentation to see live content, Forscreen share software, share the entire screen, Get help atpollev.com/app Greenhouse Gasses (GH) in the atmosphere the most important GHG is water vapour - H20(g) that creates some 2/3 of greenhouse effect however H20(g) concentration in the atmosphere is not significantly influenced by human activities second most important GHG is C02 (~ 20 % GH effect) last 13 % of GH effect - mainly gases like CH4, N20, CFC Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector Industrial Water Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide o#o cr'b GO© Atmospheric Concentration 0.01-4%* 385 ppm 1797 ppb 322 ppb Rate of Increase n/a 1.5 ppm/yr 7.0 ppb/yr 0.8 ppb/yr Atmospheric Lifetime Very short 1-5 days Variable 5-200 yr 12 yr 120 yr Global Warming Potential (GWP) nraf 1 21 310 processes 16.8% Transportation fuels 14.0% Agricultural byproducts Fossil fuel retrieval, processing, and distribution Power stations 21.3% Waste disposal and treatment 3.4% 10.0% Land use and biomass burning 11.3% 10 3% Residential, commercial, and other sources 206% ' The amount of water vapor in the air varies according to temperature and density of air (usually -1-3% of troposphere) t Water vapor levels vary strongly according to region, so rates of change and warming potential cannot he assessed 19,2% 12.9% Carbon Dioxide (72% of total) 18.1% Methane (l 8% of total) 26.0% Nitrous Oxide (9% of total) Greenhouse Gasses (GH) in the atmosphere the most important GHG is water vapour - H20(g) that creates some 2/3 of greenhouse effect however H20(g) concentration in the atmosphere is not significantly influenced by human activities MAJOR CARBON STORES AND TRAN5FER5(estimates) Plant animal decay and Vegetation. ^P'^'™ 12^ last 13 % of GH effec 3Bi^ Ctirbo n sto re (in b il lions or tonne z) Carbon lransrer (in billions- o1 tonnes per year) Problem - increase of C02 level in the atmosphere due to the antropogenic action -disruption of the balance between release and absorption of C02 in the carbon geochemical cycle Fossil fuels and eemenl pr&duclion Almosphere H< I 6.4 1? 1-5-| 3 I 1 Global warming / cooling rates over the past 2,000 years ■ Reconstructed warming ■ Reconstructed cooling —Instrumental measurements Upper range of natural (pre-industrial) warming rates: Reconstructions Climate models I 800 ' 1000 1200 ' 1400 1600 ' 1800 ~2000 Year CE T-1 I-1- 200 400 600 GLACIAL/INTERGLACIAL PERIOD (a) Effective radi alive forcing. 1750 to 2019 : m i' ted C ■ ■ m p anenls i CO; (b) Change m global surface temperature, 1750 to 2019 Figure IS. 15: Co ntri b uti o a t o E Ri' a nd b) glo ba I sur fa ce te m p e r atu re cha n ge from component e m issi o a s between 1750 to 2019 based on CMLP6 models and c) net aerosol effective radiative forcing (tRb) from different lines of evidence. The intent of the figure is to show advances since AR5 in the IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridae Universitv Press. In Press. One of the biggest uncertainties in estimation of climate models TINY BY SIZE, HUGE BY IMPORTANCE AEROSOLS . o o Direct Effect Scattering/ absorption Incoming solar radiation y \ Unperturbed cloud Semi-direct Effect Cloud burn-off Increased scattering / I \ 1st Indirect Effect Increased CDNC / 1 \ 2nd Indirect Effects Drizzle suppression Increased cloud height Increased cloud lifetime TINY BY SIZE, HUGE BY IMPORTANCE Incoming solar radiation r \ o o ° o O o O o ° o Direct Effect Scattering/ absorption \ / Unperturbed cloud AEROSOLS \ f Semi-direct Effect Cloud burn-off Increased scattering 1st Indirect Effect Increased CDNC / I \ 2nd Indirect Effects Drizzle suppression Increased cloud height Increased cloud lifetime TINY BY SIZE, HUGE BY IMPORTANCE AEROSOLS Incoming solar radiation \ n ° ° -J 0 0 o o o o o Direct Effect Scattering/ absorption Unperturbed cloud \ Semi-direct Effect Cloud burn-off Increased scattering 1st Indirect Effect Increased CDNC 2nd Indirect Effects Drizzle suppression Increased cloud height Increased cloud lifetime TINY BY SIZE, HUGE BY IMPORTANCE AEROSOLS Incoming solar radiation \ n ° ° -J 0 0 o o o o o Direct Effect Scattering/ absorption Unperturbed cloud \ Semi-direct Effect Cloud burn-off Increased scattering 1st Indirect Effect Increased CDNC 2nd Indirect Effects Drizzle suppression Increased cloud height Increased cloud lifetime INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) AR6 CLIMATE CHANGE 2021: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS CC indicators Climate Change (=) Sea Level Temperature: Air & Ocean (A) Water Vapor @ Ocean Acidity (^) Snow Cover (^) Glaciers and Ice Sheets (@) Permafrost (® Arctic Sea Ice Increase of C0o level - C02 level increased more than >40 % since pre-industrial level - level of other greenhouse gases increases as well - main source of this increase is fosil fuels combustion + deforestation PROXY (INDIRECT) MEASUREMENTS Data source: Reconstruction from ice cores. Credit: NQAA DIRECT MEASUREMENTS: 2005-PRESENT Data source: Monthly measurements (average seasonal cycle removed). Credit: NQAA 4D0 350 300 ISO ?Qfl 150 100 5(1 Ü Thousands of Yoars belore today (0 - 1S5Ö) January 16, 2022 417.87 ppm World Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2016 Total: 49.4 MtC02 End Use/Activity C02 74.4% CH4 173% Source: Greenhouse gas emissions on Climate Watch. Available at: https://www.climatewatel1data.or9 WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE Other indicators (variables) of CC changes in temperature (land/ocean) changes in ice cover in Arctic ocean changes in ice cover in North and South pole sea level rise humidity rise GLOBAL LAND-OCEAN TEMPERATURE INDEX Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)) Credit: NASM3ISS Global Temperature LATEST ANNUAL AVERAGE ANOMALY: 2021 ' 0.85 °C 1.53 °F > CD E o ■1> ■1> E I 0 0.5 -0.5 1880 Annual mean ■ 5 year mean 0 • > is L 1900 1920 1940 1960 _YEAR_ 1980 2000 2020 20 ■ 18 16 14 cd E 12 _o 1 io tu ZJ CT [/] i 8 Average monthly sea ice extent ANTARCTIC WINTER MAXIMUM ARCTIC WINTER MAXIMUM ARCTIC SUMMER MINIMUM ANTARCTIC SUMMER MINIMUM I I I I I I I I r 1982 1990 1998 2006 2014 THAOT OF THE WEEK Less ice in the Arctic ocean - new naval routes from Europe to Asia WORLD ECONOMIC FOR UM Giofcul npnd* Arctic rj; jfp r..i the [r:,ronn»r I G«-«i)ix»inlc) The final frontier: how Arctic ice melting is opening up trade opportunities Asi 11>■ Arctic region becomes more accessible , from reduced Ice cover, nations wjth Arctic real estate are looking 10 develop their remote landscapes. Here are the trade routes and resources attracting their attention. LrnderrteMh thm Arcllc Ctrdm inert! Hk maislve oil and naluroi gas form^Uoru, Ih« harsh* conditions and Ico cov*r«ge rwve limited *!(pio*iitl©r» efforts, bui USGS estimates that [he Arcm contains. ** 13% of the world's undiscovered oil resources 30% of Us undiscavofed natural gas resources ■HiltiltriMiriil jjirs to a* fcijfiairrd. nill rhi nDrldhawtnou^ WEST GREENLAND EAST CANADA OAS IN AST GREENLAND RIFT BASIN Q EAST BARENTS BAS4N Q \ YENISEY-KHATAMGA BASIN Q WEST SIBERIAN BASlN 0 ■ VISUAL Arclk s*« Wirppmg ) C A P I T A LIST Oil »r>d Neural RHAurcM or lhx> Arel* Owotopmenl In lho Arc Be Glacier calving in Arctic ocean Temperature rise scenarios to 2100 - scientific vs. political uncertainty CC consequences Consequences of CC regionally specific e.g. increasing vs. decreasing yields in some regions Likely Scenarios if Climate Change Continues ▼ SELECT CUM AT t IMP ACTS ■ INCREASING . i * DECREASED SNOWPACK ^t^p/EHE STORMS SPECIES LOSSES REDUCED TOURISM HEAT V/A VES * RISING SEA LEVELS I VeryheauHy populated aeraas Actual sea level O 'lili km f 5 million people affected 17t000 km* of land submerged / * REDUCED GROWING SEASONS WATER SHORTAGE os ^ ^J^\f\ • CHANGING YIELDS ^~ INCREASED DISEASE RECEDING GLACIERS UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT * SPECIES EXTINCTION CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION »FLOODING ING RANGE OF DISE 5 '% iSS OF BIODIVERSITY • GUANOING FORESTS WHAT YOU CAW DO TO HELP ► 18 million people affected 22,000 km* of land submerged Consequences of CC A. Observed temperature change relative to 1850-1900 Since the pre-industriai period (1850-1900) the observed mean land surface air temperature has risen considerably more than the global mean surface (land and ocean) temperature (GMST). CHANGE in TEMPERATURE rel. to 1850-1990 [X) 2 - Change in surface air temperature over land(°C) Change in global (land-ocean) mean surface temperature (GMST) CC) issc 1880 1900 1920 1940 1950 1980 2000 2018 Heat waves, floods, drought, storm intensity DESERTIFICATION CHANGES OF BIODIVERSITY higher vegetation cover (Asia, Europe, S Am, SE Australia) drying of vegetation (N Eurasia, Central Asia, Congo Basin) (2019) ARCTiC *3 *= 4-5*3 4*=ks 5th IPCC Assessment Report hAmerica) ,--".iÄt£ a 6= :|L' Filled symbols. = Major conlribulion of climate change 5th IPCC Assessment Report It: CltANGt fa Europe Snow 4 Ice, Rivers & takes, Floods ÍS Drought Terrestrial Ecosystems Coastal Erosion it Marine Ecosystems Confidence in attribution to climate change J* few metf ft0 Jg indicates lonliilencc - " range Physical systems 4:4 Food Production & Livelihoods > Retreat of Alpine; Scandinavian, and Icelandic glaciers (A/joTi confidence, major contribution from climate change] • Increase in rock slope failures in western Alps- (medium confidence, major contribution from climate change) ■ Clwrtoed occurrence of extreme nver discharges and Hoods [very towtmlidence, minor contribution Iran cilmate change) [13 3,23.2 -3. Tables 1S-5 and 18-6; WGI MS 43] * Earlier greening, leaf emergence, and fruiting in temperate and boreal trees {high confidence, major conhibut or from climate change) • Increased colon ization of alien plant species in Europe, beyond a baseline of some invasion [medium confidence, major conth bution from climate change) ■ Earlier arrival of migratory birds in Europe since 1970 (medium confidence, major contribution From climate change) • Upward shift in tree-line in El rope, beyond changes due to land use [low confidence, major contribution from climate change) * Increasing burnt forest areas during recent decades in Portugal and Greece, beyond some increase due to land use {high confidence, major contribution from dimate change) [4.3,13.J, Tables 18-7 and23-S] • Monhward distributional shifts of zocplankton, fishes, seabirds, and benthic invertebrates in northeast Atlantic (fiigfr confidence, major contribution from climate change) ■ Northward and depth shift in distribution of many fish species across European seas (medium confidence, major contribution from climate charge) > Plankton phenology changes in northeast Adantjc (medrum confidence, major contribution from climate change) ■ Spread of warm water species Into the Mediterranean, beyond changes due to Invasive species and human Impacts (mental confidence, major contribution front dimate change) [6.3,23.6,30.5, Tables 6-2 and 13-8, Bones 6-1 andCC-MB| * Shift from cold-related mortality to heat-related mortality in England and Wales, beyond changes due to eiposure and health care {jaw confidence, major contribution from climate change) * Impacts on livelihoods of Sámi people in northern Europe, beyond effects of economic and sociopolitical changes (medium confidence, major contribution from dimate change) * Stagnation of wheat yields In some countries In recent decades, despite improved technology (medium confidence, minor contribution Inom climate change) ' Positive yield impacts (or some crops mainly in northern Europe, beyond increase due to improved technology (medium confidence, minor contribution from climate change) ■ Spread ■: I :.. ii' oi igue virus in sheqi and ol ticks across parts of Europe [met*™ wnfidence, m inor contribution from climate change) [13.4. 23.4-5.Table 18-9, Figure 7-2] Ccmsi.iI erosion andror wa level effects <^?i Mann* ecosystems Outlined iymha\i - íťlinor tontributtúriůf climate Change Filled symbols = Major tonliibulion of climate change Main consequences of CC - summary Present trends caused by CC. Very likely >90 %, Likely >60 % Future trends caused by CC. Virtually certain >99 %, Very likely >90 %, Likely >60 % Phenomena Cold days, cold nights and frost less frequent over land areas More frequent hot days and nights Heat waves more frequent over most land areas Increased incidence of extreme high sea level * Global area affected by drought has increased (since 1970s) Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in North Atlantic (since 1970) Likelihood that trend occurred in late 20th century Very likely Very likely Likely Likely Likely in some regions Likely in some regions Excluding tsunamis, which are not due to climate change. Phenomena Contraction of snow cover areas, increased thaw in permafrost regions, decrease in sea ice extent Increased frequency of hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation Increase in tropical cyclone intensity Precipitation increases in high latitudes Precipitation decreases in subtropical land regions Decreased water resources in many semi-arid areas, including western U.S. and Mediterranean basin Likelihood of trend Virtually certain Very likely to occur Likely to occur Very likely to occur Very likely to occur High confidence - Scientific language is very brief and talking in the words of probability 54 588 zhliadnutí - 10. 3.2021 |^ 1,1 TIS. ^1 68 ,4 ZDIEĽANIE =+ ULOŽIŤ ... „How much do we want to spend on the climate compare to other problems?" „...more heat will damage crop growth in many warmer climates, but it means better agricultural production in cold countries. And, C02 is a fertiliser — commercial greenhouses pump in extra C02 to grow bigger tomatoes. So overall, we can expect agriculture to gain from global warming in the short and medium term..."B. Lomborg Let s discuss! ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Po\A/prpH hv ffl Pnll Funrvu/harp^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sta rt the presents t ion to see live content, For screen share software, share the entire screen, Gethelpatpollev.com/app Moral dimension of CC „...more heat will damage crop growth in many warmer climates, but it means better agricultural production in cold countries. And, C02 is a fertiliser — commercial greenhouses pump in extra C02 to grow bigger tomatoes. So overall, we can expect agriculture to gain from global warming in the short and medium term..." B. Lomborg - yes, increasing yields, but mainly in countries with the actual overproduction, while the agrarian countries in developing world (with significant hunger) will experience even drop in the production HISTORIES 1 August 2012 Climate change: The great civilisation destroyer? War and unrest, and the col lapse of many mighty empires, often followed changes in loca I dimes. Is this more than a coincidence? More than coincidence? ©NewS dentist The decline and fall of many civilisations coincided with periods of climate change, and there are also correlation oetween climate change, population size and the frequency of wars, as data from Europe shows (rigtit) Mycenaean* -1100 EC Centuries-long dry pertnd Temperature in northern hemisphere Western Roman Empire -250 to 500 AD ( limits be-r ill ih extremely variable Hlttites -1200 BC .Centuries-Ion q drypcriod M3ya ~9Q0 AD Century-lrjng dfy period T^rtg Dynasty 907 AD :e niu.il/longrJry period Moche -600 AO Floods and drought s. Egyptian New Kingdom -1100K tenturies-1 Dng dry pc Nod Akkadian Empire flenturies-rong dry period Tiwanafcu -1100 AD (.enturle&long dry period Hanrappan "lSOOBC Shift in rtinnSQDn r^in* Khmer Empire ~13DDAD Fin(irio3nririn?ught war frequency 15U0 1600 17DO luto Year {Data in nprmallsed unlfs %q shour neteTlue amplitude) Solutions of CC? Solutions? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Po\A/prpH hv ffl Pnll Funrvu/harp^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sta rt the presents t ion to see live content, For screen share software, share the entire screen, Gethelpatpollev.com/app The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore Share this: UBODC^DB The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 IPCC INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANCE wr UNEP I n tergovernmenta I Panel or Climate Change (IPCC) Prize shares 1/2 Photo: Ken Opprann Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. Prize share: 1/2 The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change {IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore J r. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to fay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" Politics on CC - main aim - decrease the GHG emissions, mainly C02 - 1992: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - 1997: Kyoto protocol (in force from 2005) - industrial countries should decrease their GHG emissions until the year 2012 for 5.2 % compared to the year 1990 - different threshold for different countries (e.g. EU 8%) - however, industrial countries (Annex I countries with Kyoto targets) contributed „only" with 24 % of global C02 emission (2010) | Signed, ratification pending | Signed, ratification declined [citation needed] Non-signatory Participation in the Kyoto Protocol I Signed and ratified Temperature rise scenarios to 2100 - scientific vs. political uncertainty Kyoto protocol - result (2012) - industrial countries (Annex I countries with Kyoto targets) reduced their emissions for 24.2 % ! (much more than promissed target 5.2 %) - however, emission in other countries have risen so fast, that global C02 emissions increased by 32 % from 1990 to 2010 © - extension of the Kyoto Protocol until 2020 - certain countries (the EU and a few other countries) have committed themselves to further reducing C02 emissions. - EU e.g. by 20-30% compared to 1990 - Average - 18% - generally achieved DIRECT MEASUREMENTS: 2005-PRESENT Paris treaty (2015) - continuation of the prolonged Kyoto protocol (2020) - aim: Limit the temperature rise not more than 2 °C compared to pre-industrial era, ideally below 1.5 °C - came into force April 4th 2016 How to decrease C0o emmisions? decrease the fossil fuels consumption - increase efficiency of the industr. production - end the non-effective industr. production - save the energy and material economic tools to decrease C02 - International Emission Trading (IET) bio-fuels? Probably not... Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7,11191-11205, 2007 www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11191/2007/ © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Atmospheric ■ Chemistry /^w and Physics Discussions Geo-engineering? N20 release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels P. J. Crutzen1-23, A. R. Mosier4, K. A. Smith6, and W. Winiwarter36 'Max Planck Institute lor Chemistry, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany sScripps Institution o1 Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, USA international Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (NASA), Laxenburg, Austria 4Mount Pleasant, SC, USA 5School of GeosciencQS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 6Austrian Research Centers - ARC, Vienna, Austria Received: 28 June 2007 - Accepted: 19 July 2007 - Published: 1 August 2007 Correspondence to: P.J, Crutzen (crutzen@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) Geo-eqineerinq - types and opportunities Transforming Earth It is now possible to identify the methods and locations where planetary geoengineering will have to take place (7) PLANT TREES Plant forests and regularly harvest them, j Trees areacarbonsinkaslongas they are growing, and not allowed to rot. Location: unused farmland BECCS (Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage) Suck out atmospheric C02 by growi ng biof uel crops like sugar cane, burn them for energy, capture the resulting C02, K a and bury it. (BJ BIOCHAR Burn plant material without oxygen to make charcoal -like "biochar". This carbon store can then be buried in soiI, where it acts as a fertiliser. Location: anywhere with rich plant growth (DA) DAC (Direct air capture) Build shipping-container-sized boxes full of a chemical "sponge" that sucks C02 out of the air, ready for burial. You may need 100 million of them. Location: windy and dry areas. More wind means more air is driven th rough t he boxes, increasing uptake © IRON FERTILISATION Trigger photosynthetic plankton blooms in the ocean by dumping irpn into areas that don't have much. If the plankton sinks, carbon is stored. Location: iron-depleted regions of the | OCEAN LIMING Th row lime into the ocean, it reacts with dissolved C02 to form carbonates. This may also help corals by reducing ocean 11 acidification. I ENHANCED WEATHERING Crush common minerals like olivine to powder to increase surface area for reacting with C02 and water. Location: proceeds fastest in warm, wet cond itions, so areas such as humid coasts and rivers are best European Green Deal (December 2019) Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent • The European Commission adopted a set of proposals to european make the EU's climate, _ GREEN energy, transport and DEAL taxation policies fit for ^ reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. BS, Right choice? REUTERS" Worlds Business v Legale Markets^ Breaking views v Technology v Investigations Sports v More v Sign In My View O i—i Following C Saved February 2, 2022 5:13 PM GMT+1 Last Updated 15 days ago Sustainable Business 3 minute read Register now for FREE unlimited Register EU proposes rules to label some gas and nuclear investments as green By Kat« Abnett * H IJ ď S I Summary * Rules Label some gas, nuclear plants as green investments ■ Member states, Investors split over EU plan ■ Green Lawmakers Launch campaign to veto the rules BRUSSELS, Feb 2 (Reuters) - Investments in some gas and nuclear power plants would be Labelled as sustainable under rules proposed by European Commission on Wednesday, a plan that has split countries and investors, and which some lawmakers will attempt to block. BrusseLs has taken more than a year to decide if gas and nucLear energy should counl as green investments in the EUs taxonomy, an investor rulebook My View Business + Aerospace & Defense + Autos & Transportation + Energy ■ ( + Environment + Finance + Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals + Media & Telecom If approved, the gas and nuclear rules would apply from Jan. 2023. Gas plants must switch to run on low-carbon gases by 2035 New nuclear plants must receive construction permits before 2045 to get a green investment label, and be located in a country with a plan and funds to safely dispose of radioactive waste by 2050. SYSTEM CHANGE, NOT CLIMATE CHANGE