Leaving no one behind Climate change and environmental degradation undermine progress achieved Global emissions of carbon dioxide have increased by over 50 per cent since 1990. Water scarcity affects 40 per cent of people in the world and is projected to increase. Overexploitation of marine fish stocks led to declines in the percentage of stocks within safe biological limits, down from 90 per cent in 1974 to 71 per cent in 2011. Photo: © UN Photo.'Kv Chung Climate change and environmental degradation undermine progress achieved How can environmental issue (CC) worsen social issues (8MDG)? Start the presentation to see live content. Farscneen share software, share the entire screen. Get help atpollev.com/app HISTORIES 1 August 2012 Climate change: The great civilisation destroyer? War and unrest, and the col lapse of many mighty empires, often followed changes in local dimes. Is this more than a coincidence? HISTORIES 1 August 2012 Climate change: The great civilisation destroyer? War and unrest, and the col lapse of many mighty empires, often followed changes in local dimes. Is this more than a coincidence? tiryjWiOCl Year {Data In normalised units to show neFatlue amplitude) Where is a Middle East? TIME U.S. POLITICS WORLD SCIENCE • CLIMATE CHANGE Middle East Drought That May Contribute to Syrian War is Worst in 900 Years, Study Says HISTORIC DROUGHT A NEW NASA STUDY SAYS THE MIDDLE EAST HAS BEEN HIT BY THE WORST DROUGHT IN 900 YEARS I § I BY JUSTIN WORLAND MARCH 3, 201.fi O ocial scientists have warned in recent years that drought along the ^ Mediterranean Sea in the Middle East may contribute to instability and conflict in the region. Now, new research shows the drought may be the most devastating to strike the region in 900 years. Na Blízkém východě trvá nejhorší sucho za 900 let. Vědci se bojí změn v celém Středomoří Environmen degradation as a culprit of social issues ^JERUSALEM POST ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT ISRAEL NEWS OPINION MIDDLE EAST DIASPORA As the civil war in Syria shows no sign of slowing down, prompting millions of refugees to flee from that war-torn shell of a country towards an overwhelmed Europe, a study appearing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences earlier this year added an entirely new perspective to my understanding of the causes of the current crisis. The broader implications of the research provide a chilling reality check for the future of our planet as a whole. In the paper, lead researcher Colin Kelley claims that climate change was a key contributing factor to the war in Syria that has claimed as many as 300,000 lives to date. A prolonged and devastating drought from 2006 to 2010, exacerbated by the Syrian's regime's failure to prepare or respond effectively, led to a mass migration of some 1.5 million rural workers who, without sufficient water, could no longer farm their lands and headed for the cities. This unprecedented concentration of "angry unemployed men" - what Kelley calls a "huge population shock" in Syria's most affected urban centers - may have helped "trigger [the] revolution," says Aaron Wolf, a water management expert at Oregon State University. Other factors - broad feelings of discontent in rural areas and the growing gap between rich and poor during the 2000s - undoubtedly played a role as well, adds Dutch researcher Francesca de Chatel. Now, a long-term decline in rainfall in the Fertile Crescent, which includes Syria, has been ongoing since 1931. But the researchers determined that PuCIsté v Turecku udělali cľiybu, že Erí ega novi nesebrali teLefon, fík j htstorlk Snyder r .''□I É Cd DO iWinlircvtvi Oľ 1 hl * H* turívikŕdiikninl rirmn MíLtlnfliwt* ¥ii«ndii prUel americky prePfwr historii eil VaLaůvi luilvtnlüTlmatliy Snydůr. * YroEHoAiru rmvofl oturEťWrnpoicuju o voffTHkS pffV7*taTV7dlríe udj.2s.Li talíľvjr.priu arjbsbchc , ara nuly # len Logické pri-Einy. ' "Podobrvt iiwidůiYtp ta bud úl opakoval, jŕit.iiii rteubrúiimH promorÄ BLizkŕh-3 výthodu i řeve r rvi Afriky f poucrt," fiká y r h ho voru. C 1 7flkl?tCíilN&K0n ľVLjhndrtfnfiu vit Nemuset o víkendu absolvovat ttl vyrtaupenf na debatním Uni WeltlnqptH; kteří se konalo v iámc.i ľťiíi-.-.dlu LíriuĽPi. ul Ostravu, dmerldrý hiitoiik I immlliy rJnyiJe- Lrf iLtlu tleJuvdL jrfk plíiu clŕjiiijí. Jkikn ruyiie^líiŕil tirFKil n l*rnii'.rií ký útnk v Nir p, retľ iln luľa \hijdf Jrllř rwAir ovujpjL^ky pili y TiiriM ku,' íiki Siller v MUtaCu mi|xsliilrir ,i luu-ri <\ |Ki-,[i-ikHr, Ir v Usvůvt níiTíl d«T tasu nejriovÉlír drní nastudil vat. HS.CZ Názory E16,ci Zprávy Praha I -Finance Midis Rwhnwnrv Konvniľťfl I Anatyiv I R+íiorrilii I Prc/fc I 7aŕiranfriind( I Hloov Timothy Snyder: Muslimský svět ju první obětí zmčri klimatu. Přijdou další „Sýrie" Svfrlcvnŕ vftlmňc i svy mi chybams př;spfvfl|l k tomu. rtfry sh □ japorítnelc;. lekce která mu ijcIMiI hoIntaLsE Kíiriuťhr.ké Tniňny nahráván tomu aoy so politici opůt cnopw myälcnty. ze my ismů W více než on., varunř aflioncw historik rirnodw 5«rr(icr i? /či-, r ?a i T*fri Do Pruhy Jsite přijel pfewiit cenu Nadace Da-gmar b Václava Havlrn^ch víre 97. Co pro vas toto ocenení mámena? Jo to pro me olizMasic volkä pocta, protož o tato cena vyc hazf z tradice rrjnpi jibqd COMMENT 2 December 2015 Climate as a cause of Syria s conflict? It's far from settled World leaders and commentators including Prince Charles talkupclimatechangeasa factor in Syria's war, but its role is debatable, finds Fred Pearce IT HAS been repeatedly claimed that refugees fleeing Syria are victims of climate change as well as victims of a vicious civil, and now international, conflagration. Scientific American declared that global warming "hastened" the war, and US president Barack Obama said "drought and crop failures and high food prices helped fuel the early unrest". The latest intervention comes from UK royal Prince Charles, who echoed those views in a TV interview broadcast last week. PuĚisté v Turecku udělali chybu, že Erdoganovl nesebrali telefon, fiká historik Snyder * Ni MtrivUoMlfkiiinl titan] Meltlnflpol * vintndj pŕ(|ŕl amENílíyprŕPmr historii ni Yaldovii nnlvtrzlw TTmůth^Snydor 4 vrochowům hwoFI o tureckém nákupu o vojensky pfowrt4hmir£* Lidamsl i takzvaného arabckiriD |ara moly r ^o.?c : ■; přftiny ' "PtKlofan* Irvridanrtyia budou opikavat, jůMiia naiabíjnlmu promine BLIzkóho i ýchodu ■ HHiri Afriky v point,' n káv m hovoru. ZotoZtftdNGKon TvtjhKlnřnniJ -^ľ NŕfTiuiŕt o vlk*iidu atMoLvovat tu v^E-taupEm na debatním Um MeLtlnqpo^ které se konalo v 1-biilir i lK!itivdLij Lxiluuci í>irrjvrjr^nieiický hiituiik ľ iinuthy rJriyd«: by zuiLd jiilŕ i-Leifí^dL jrtk plJĽ.'H yfilmuLi svými Ľhybamj pftspNajf k tomu. sty lirJsluo rafiomňĚlo Ififcce které mu udrali talK.aLtsE Kíimirttií.kŕ jmŕny nahrávali tomu. atv se pfllidei opi( chopili iwälcnlíy ze mv isme • více než ořu. waruie aniericJíy riistoriK rimcn?v simtor Eq Prahy Jste pŕljel pfeYift cenu Nadace Dagmar a Václava Havlových vím 97. Co p*o Vis toto oeenŕru iramenji? Jo to pro me odzviasitvciiía pocta, proiozc tuto cena vychází z tradice 2015-2030 Sustainable development goals (SPG) - Continuation of successfull 8MDG - set 17 goals with 169 sub-goals !!! Which development goal(s) do you consider the most urgent today? Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app ^SUSTAINABLE/^«'* A I C * DEVELOPMENT V7WMLO ZERO HUNGER DECFNT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH iti LIFE BELOW WATER GO 00 HEALTH KM WELL BEING LIFE ON LAND 4QUALITY EDUCATION V* Iii in REDUCED IU INEQUALITIES i Z ► PEACE JUSTICF ANBSTRONG INSTITUTIONS GENDER EQUALITY SUSTAINABLE CITIES ANB COMMUNITIES 17 PARTNERSHIPS 1/ FOR THE GOALS CLEAN WATER ANB SANITATION RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AM PRODUCTION -I GO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2015-2030 Sustainable development goals (SPG) - Continuation of successfull 8MDG - set 17 goals with 169 sub-goals !!! „many priorities = no priority" How to prioritize the „best"qoals? A New Way to Set Goals for Fighting World. Poverty Experts have long argued overthe best way to reduce poverty and disease around the globe. A group of leading economists has been gathering periodically overthe past several years to assess the wisest ways to spend limited funds to promote global development. Their conclusions and ranking methods offer both a new perspective and a challenge to some current orthodoxies about foreign aid. In their most recent assessment, in June, the group—convened by the Copenhagen Consensus Center—offered a preliminary assessment of the targets proposed by the UN's Open Working Group on Sustained Development Goals. The Copenhagen Consensus Center group compared the cost of each goal to its likely benefits on a scale from phenomenal to poor or uncertain. Their question: For every dollar spent, how much good is done forthe world's poor? Here are some of their rankings. ("Related article: Five Ways to Outgrow World Poverty) Ratings key: PHENOMENAL- Robust evidence for benefits more than 15 times higher than costs GOOD- Robust evidence of benefits between 5 to 15times higher than costs FAIR- Robust evidence of benefits between 1 to 5 times higherthan costs POOR-The benefits are smallerthan costs or target poorly specified (e.g. internally inconsistent, incentivizes wrong activity) UNCERTAIN -There is not enough knowledge of the policy options that could reach the target ORthe costs and benefits of the actions to reach the target are not well known Note: We excluded any goals that had ratings across several categories or any that the group didn't assess. See tfte full report here. «first < prev 1 2 ~3J[^ next > last » Target Proposed Goal •»■ Rating By 2020, provide legal identity for all, including birtti registrations Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Good Forge unity in diversity through democratic practices and mechanisms at the local, national and international levels Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Poor Promote freedom of media, association and speech Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Poor By 2030, reduce levels of violence and related death rate byxKi By 2010, end abuse, exploitation and violence against children Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Uncertain Uncertain By 2030, increase inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making atall levels, taking into consideration the interests of present and future generations By 2020, provide information and education on a culture of non-violence Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions Uncertain Uncertain By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing to restore by 2030 fish stocks to ecologically safe levels that can produce maximum s jstainable yield Attain conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas Phenomenal By 2020, eliminate subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, taking into account the need of developing countries, notably least developed countries and SIDS Attain conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas Phenomenal Smarter Global Targets to 2030 PEOPLE • LOWER CHRONIC CHILD MALNUTRITION BY 40% • HALVE MALARIA INFECTION • REDUCE TUBERCULOSIS DEATHS BY 90% • AVOID 1.1M HIV INFECTIONS THROUGH CIRCUMCISION • CUT EARLY DEATH FROM CHRONIC DISEASE BY 1/3 • REDUCE NEWBORN MORTALITY BY 70% • INCREASE IMMUNIZATION TO REDUCE CHILD DEATHS BY 25% • MAKE FAMILY PLANNING AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE • ELIMINATE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PLANET • PHASE OUT FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES • HALVE CORAL REEF LOSS TAX POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM ENERGY CUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION BY 20% PROSPERITY • REDUCE TRADE RESTRICTIONS (FULL DOHA) • IMPROVE GENDER EQUALITY IN OWNERSHIP, BUSINESS AND POLITICS • BOOST AGRICULTURAL YIELD GROWTH BY 40% • INCREASE GIRLS' EDUCATION BY TWO YEARS • ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • TRIPLE PRESCHOOL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ??? Can the 1.7 m tall man change the Earth in 128-1012 m2 ??? 0.37 Santa Cruz, Bolívia Al'lsawivah, Saudi Arabia Almeria, Spain Brief history of the Earth 1 MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 £,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 < 3 AEON J ERA Hadean ftrdiean PfOtflHHOlC Phanerozofc BOB Brief history of the Earth i MILLIONS OF'YEARS AGO 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 ?,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Hadean ftrdiean PfOtflrOZOiC Phanerozoic A 8 B AEON ERA W___5M_(__ i 00 ZOO mm?, 100 A: Palaeozoic B: H'.'bczoii C: Cínůzoít Cambrian Silurian Dtwnlin tarboniftrouj Permian Tfisssfc Juraiiic Cretaítou* 0 E ERA PERIOD D; Pi In cog cue Eccene Geology of mankind Paul J. Crutzen For the past three centuries, the effects of humans on the global environment have esca lated. Because of the sea nthro-pogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, global climate may depart significantly from referring to the "anthropozoic era". And in 1926, V. I. Vernadsky acknowledged the increasing impact of mankind: "The direction in which the processes of evolution must proceed, namely towards increasing consciousness and thought, and forms having greater andgreater influence on their ------------|j----" ----1 -i- r-l-----1;„ ----1 TheAnthropocene The Anthropocene could be said to have started in the late eighteenth century, when analyses of air trapped in polar ice showed the beginning of growing global concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane. — 12 II 10 9 8 7 S 5 1 THOUSANDS OFYEAHS BEFOHE 2000 A.D. Anthropocene - Geological term popularized by Paul Crutzen ^™ - From industrial revolution / WW2 (V218. cent or V2 20. cent) - Period, when man become the most dominant force changing „the Earth system" Earth system - integrated bio-physico-soci-economic processes and interactions among hydro-, cryo-, bio-,geo- a antroposphere in spatial (from local to global) and time scale, determining the state of the Earth in the space. What can be considered as geologic marks of ongoing Anthropocene? Try to see it from the perspective of a geologist living/digging one million years later. Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app Home | Opinion | Environment | Tech | Opinion Is Earth in a new geological phase thanks to us? 10 November 2014 by Jan Zalasiewicz Magazine issue 2994. Subscribe and save > For similar stories, visit the Comment and Analysis Topic Guide It may be time tor science to recognise Earth's new era - one shaped by humans. So argues a geologist involved in defining new phases in geological time WHAT is the legacy that short-lived humanity will leave to an almost eternal Earth? The casual observer might point to tourist sights such as the once mighty city of Angkor, now lying ruined amid the Cambodian jungle, or what survives of the great monuments of ancient Egypt. They are wonderful, of course, but there is another way to address that question. A little-known working group, part of the International Commission on Stratigraphy, recently met to consider if the human imprint on Earth is now so great, and likely to be detectable for so long, that it deserves to be regarded as a geological epoch in its own right. That would be our real legacy. Such discussion is not new. George Perkins Marsh, North America's first conservationist, wrote of humans changing the face of the Earth. In 1873 the Italian geologist Antonio Stoppani coined the term Anthropozoic -the era in which humans change the course of geological history. Most geologists declared the idea nonsense. The constructions of civilisation may look impressive, they said, but must surely be trivial when set against the collisions of continents and the growth and disappearance of the oceans. When humans disappear, the world will resume its course, and few of our monuments will be left. But over the past few decades it has become clear that human activities can have geologically far-reaching effects. Science writer Andrew Revkin suggested we were living in what he called the Anthracene; John Curnutt of the US Geological Survey, awed at the transplanting of species across the globe, proposed the Homogenocene; marine biologist Daniel Pauly saw the oceans' future as one of slime and jellyfish as a result of overfishing and pollution, and invented the Myxocene. But it was one of the world's most respected scientists, the Nobel-prizewinning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen. who proved most influential. He argued that the Holocene, the geological epoch of post-glacial stability in which civilisation arose, had ended and been replaced by the Anthropocene, an epoch shaped by humans. The idea took off. The term was used as if it were a formal epoch. It isnt - but DAILY NEWS 7 January 2016 Marks of the Anthropocene: 7 signs we have made our own epoch By Sam Wong Even if humanity is long gone in tens of millions of years., there will still be a clear sign of us and the way we lived left preserved in our planet's geological record. There is now overwhelming evidence that our impact on Earth constitutes its own distinct geological epoch, dating from the middle of the 20th century. Here are the seven signs that will clearly identify the Anthropocene epoch for future geologists. 1. Nuclear weapons Our war efforts have left their mark on geology. When the first nuclear weapon was detonated on 16 July 1945 in New Mexico, it deposited radionuclides - atoms with excess nuclear energy - across a wide area. Since 1952, more explosive thermonuclear weapons have been tested, leaving a global signature of isotopes such as carbon-14 and plutonium-239. Why should we care? a Low risk of transition b High risk of transition High resilience Low resilience nature Vbl4Ě1|24 September 2009 FEATURE A safe operating space for humanity Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human a ct i v it i es f ro m cau si ng u nacceptable enviro n m enta I c h ange, a rgu e Jo ha n RockstrOm and co I leagues. SUMMARY • New approach proposed for defining preconditions for hjman IT31 devetopn>ent • Crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous i consequences for humanity • Three of nine interlinked planeta ry boundaries have al ready been ICOPEHHMEN overstepped Although Earth has undergone many periods of significant, environmental change., the planet's environment has been unusually stable for the past ]0h000 years'"". This period of stability — known to geologists as the Holoccne — has-seen human civilizations- arise, develop and thrive. Such stability may now be under threat. Since the I ndustrial Revolution, a new era has- arisen, the Anth ropocene*, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change1. This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environ mental state of the Holoccne, with consequences that are detrimental or even catastrophic for large parts of the world During the Holoccne, environmental change occurred naturally and Earths regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Regular temperatures, freshwater availability and biogeochemical flows all stayed within a relatively narrow range. Now, Largely because of a rapldty growing reliance on fossil fuels and i ndustrlaliied forms of agriculture, human activities have reached a level that could damage the systems that Iceep Earth in the desirable Holoccne state. The result could be irreversible and*. In some casts, abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to human develop ment*. Without pressure from humans, the HcJocenc is expected to continue for at least several thousands of years'. Planetary boundaries To meet the challenge of maintaining the Holoccne state, we propose a framework based on ""planetary boundaries'. These 2009 Ua=-nilbi Pj3Irinas Imlcd.ai rtjh-fc rsoved boundaries define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet's biophysical subsystems or processes. Although Earth's complex systems sometimes respond smooth!)1 to changing pressures, it seems that this will prove to be the exception rather than the rule. Many subsystems of Earth react in a nonlinear, often abrupt, way. and are particularly sensitive around threshold levels of certain key variables. If these thresholds are crossed, then important sub systems* such as a monsoon system: could shift into a new state, often with deleterious or potentially even disastrous consequences fur humans9'. Most of these thresholds can be defined by a critical value for one or more control variables, such as carbon dioxide concentration. Not all processes or subsystems on Earth have well-defined thresholds, although human actions that undermine the resilience of such processes or subsystems — fbi example,, land and water degradation —can increase the risk that thresholds will also be crossed in other processes* such as the climate system. We have tried to identify the Earth-system processes and associated thresholds which, if crossed, could generate unacceptable environmental change. We have found nine such processes for which we believe it is necessary to define planetary boundaries: climate change; rate of biodiversity loss {terrestrial and marine); interference with the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles; stratospheric ozone depletion; ocean acidification; global freshwater use; change in land use; chemical pollution; and atmospheric aerosol loading(see Fig. I and Table). In general, planetary boundaries are values for control variables that are either at a 'safe' distance from thresholds — for processes with evidence of threshold behaviour — or at dangerous levels — for processes without Figure 11 Beyern ti the boundary. i be inner green shading represents the proposed safe- op erat bi g space for nine plane t ary systems. The red wedges represent an estimate of the current position for each variable. The boundaries in three systems (rate ad"biodiversity loss, climate change and hu man interference with the nitrogen epele!1, have already been exceeded. 472 A safe operating space for humanity (Rockstrom et aL 2009) 1a) In which geological period, and when human civilization arise and thrive? 1 b) Why the development of our civilization was possible in this period? 1c) What can jeopardize a continuity of our development in the future? Although Earth has undergone many periods of significant environmental change, the planet's environment has been unusually stable for the past 10,000 years1"3. This period of stability — known to geologists as the Holocene — has seen human civilizations arise, develop and thrive. Such stability may now be under threat. Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen, the Anthropocene4, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change5. This could see human activities push the Earth system outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene, with consequences that are detrimental or even catastrophic for large parts of the world. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally and Earth's regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Regular temperatures, freshwater availability and biogeochemical flows all stayed within a relatively narrow range. Now, largely because of a ranidlv ernwine reliance on fossil fuels and industrialized forms of agriculture, human activities have reached a level that could damage the systems that keep Earth in the desirable Holocene state. The result could be irreversible and, in some cases, abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to human development6. Without pressure from humans, the Holocene is expected to continue for at least several thousands of years7. A safe operating space for humanity (Rockström et aL 2009) 2a) What are the "Planetary boundaries" about? 2b) Which Earth-system processes were identified (9)? We have tried to identify the Earth-system processes and associated thresholds which, if crossed, could generate unacceptable environmental change. We have found nine such processes for which we believe it is necessary to define planetary boundaries: climate change; rate of biodiversity loss (terrestrial and marine); interference with the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles; stratospheric ozone depletion; ocean acidification; global freshwater use; change in land use; chemical pollution; and atmospheric aerosol loading (see Fig. 1 and Table). Planetary boundaries To meet the challenge of maintaining the Holocene state, we propose a framework based on 'planetary boundaries'. These boundaries define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet's biophysical subsystems or processes. Although Earth's complex systems sometimes respond smoothly to changing pressures, it seems that this will prove to be the exception rather than the rule. Many subsystems of Earth react in a nonlinear, often abrupt, way, and are particularly sensitive around threshold levels of certain key variables. If these thresholds are crossed, then important subsystems, such as a monsoon system, could shift into a new state, often with deleterious or potentially even disastrous consequences for humans39. Planetary Boundaries A safe operating space for humanity o o ^5 Beyond zone of uncertainty (high risk) In zone of uncertainty (increasing risk) Below boundary (safe) Boundary not yet quantified I. Biosphere integrity - genetic x functional Earth-system process Control variable(s) Planetary boundary (zone of uncertainty) Current value of control variable Change in biosphe re integrity (R2009: Rate of biodiversity loss) Genetic diversity: Extinction rate Functional diversity: Biodiversity Intactness Index (Bll) Note: These are interim control variables until more appropriate ones are developed < 10 E/MSY (10-100 E/MSY) but with an aspirational goal of ca. 1 E/MSY (the background rate of extinction loss). E/MSY = extinctions per million species-years Maintain Bll at 90% (90-30%) or above, assessed geographically by biomes/large regional areas (e.g. southern Africa), major marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs) or by large functional groups 100-1000 E/MSY 84%, applied to southern Africa only Biodiversity loss - 6. great species extinction in the Earth history - For the first time as a consequence of human activities - Threatened with extinction 13 % birds species, 23 % mammals species, 25 % conifers, 41 % amphibians Population Index = 100 in 1970 120 - Insect? 100 80-60- 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source: WWF, UNEP-WCMC freshwater, and marine ecosystems Biodiversity loss ? Not enough data for insect Loss of some species (e.g. butterflies, dragonflies...) Some others are not changed, mainly pests (eg. aphids) Some are more abundant Species homogenization Functional diversity is kept NEW SCIENTIST LIVE 2018 Tickets selling fast: book your place now! NewScientist News Technology Space Physics Health Environment Mind | Travel Live Jobs Home I Features | Life FEATURE 25 July 2018 Is life on Earth really at risk? The truth about the extinction crisis Earth's biodiversity isn't just beautiful, it ensures human survival. But to protect nature's bounty we first need to know exactly how we're harming it "why is a functional biodiversity important?" Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Gethelpatpollev.com/app Why is a genetic biodiversity important? Top Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at pollev.com/app Regions » Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou combed ancient Chinese texts for malaria cure International Edition + O — Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou combed ancient Chinese texts for malaria cure By Katie Hunt and Shen Lu, CNN © Updated 1126 GMT (1926 HKT) October 6, 2015 O O O • This photo taken in the 1950s shows Tu Yoiiyou, right, a young pharmacologist with the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing. News & buzz Mi? Russian forces fire on US-backed Syrian rebels in Julia Louis-Dreyfus makes Emmy history L . ba ■ H«ji■-. are City UBAI HEALTH ' Arf'jRFlJseiTient Story highlights Scientist Tu Youyou combed ancient Chinese texts for a malaria cure (CNN) — In the turmoil of China's Cultural Revolution, scientist Tu Youyou joined a covert mission to find a cure for malaria. Her research has earned her the highest accolade in medicine -- the Nobel Prize "Project 523,1' was set up In 1967 by Chairman Mao Zedong, who wanted to help Communist troops fighting World Africa Americas Asia Australia China Europe India Middle East United Kingdom Edition v Q, vitaltasigns " Dr. Sanjay Gupia 3 scientists share Nobel Prize for medicine for work on parasitic diseases 8y Holly Yan and Jethro Mullen, CNN J*f © Updated 1712 GMT (0112 HKT) October 5, 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine awarded 00:10 Story highlights William Campbell and Satoshi Omura are honored for their work fighting elephantiasis and river blindness (CNN) — The Nobel Prize for medicine has been jointly awarded this year to three scientists for their work on parasitic diseases. Ulalf ^if fho inararH rtr.c*^ tri Irol^nrTc William PanrhrbKoli 3nH Significance of biodiversity Functional biodiversity • providing and sustaining of ecosystem services • maintaining of the resistence and resilience of the ecosystems • even more important in the changing environment (climate, pH, eutrophication, etc.) Genetic (species) biodiversity • each species = unique surviving strategy • pool of know-how for the pharmaceutical, chemical, etc. industries (50% of drugs are of plants' origin) • source of an aesthetic joy • value of life itself Causes of the biodiversity loss = solutions? Mammals Amphibians : Habitat Loss Over-exploitation | Invasive Species J Human Disturbance Pollution Natural Disasters Species Dynamics Incidental Mortality | Disease Persecution Birds 1 1 I Hi r ■ 1 1 r I i 1 1 1 1 I 0 40 80 0 40 80 0 40 80 Percentage Species Affected Evolutions traps - a case study - People are creating such environments where instinctive behaviour of animals (or populations) can be deadly for them „ Do you prefer the thing that's worse for you?1 Junk food Albatrosses and other seabirds are drawn to bottle tops, cigarette lighters golf balls and other plastic rubbish floating on the ocean. Mistaking them for food, the birds swallow them, often to regurgitate to their chicks. Many subsequently die. foil but starving. (Image: Rebecca Hosking/FLPAf Mirages Many aquatic insects need to lay their eggs in water and so have evolved vision sensitive to the polarised light that signals a water surface. Unfortunately, glass buildings, cars, road surfaces and solar panels often polarise light in the same way. leading billions of insects to lay their precious eggs on barren ground. (Image: Achim Mittler Frankfurt am Main/Flickr/Getty) Beetle beer goggles Some brown beer bottles have an uncanny similarity to the colour, sheen and texture of female giant jewel beetles. Males have been known to try to copulate with them in a futile embrace. (Image: AlamyGelebnfy/Atamy) Turtle Nesting BeachV Street Lights Turned Off Mar Thru Oct NEXT I 1/2 MILE Turn, turtle! Newly hatched turtles instinctively head for the horizon. Unfortunately, street lights often bamboozle them into heading away from the sea, towards busy tourist resorts where they are crushed to death. (Image: Jeff Greenbsrg/ASamy)