Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules on how one should behave in relation to one's neighbor - good / bad? - should / should not behave in any situation? - situation, when there is necessary to decide —> the ethics helps here - indicates by which behavior we get the optimal result Ethics - a set of rules on how one should behave in relation to one's neighbor - good / bad? - should / should not behave in any situation? - situation, when there is necessary to decide —► the ethics helps here - indicates by which behavior we get the optimal result Morality - an area of human behavior observable in terms of ethical values (distinguishing between good and bad, etc.) - ethics conceives the consequences of moral behavior An Issue - it depends solely on our decision whether will behave according to what we have intellectually defined as good! The worlds of facts and values - ethics deals with the world of values (should be) x science deals with the world of facts (is) The world of facts - descriptive - the car is blue, I kicked the door, aa = 9.83 m/s2, etc.) Can you suggest a NORMATIVE sentence by using words "kick11 and "door"? I.e. a sentence talking about values. Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app The worlds of facts and values - ethics deals with the world of values (should be) j x science deals with the world of facts (is) The world of facts - descriptive - the car is blue, I kicked the door, ag = 9.83 m/s2, etc.) The world of values - normative - questions such as "should I do it" or "how we must not behave" - value - the concept of the desired; what we value The worlds of facts and values - ethics deals with the world of values (should be) j x science deals with the world of facts (is) The world of facts - descriptive - the car is blue, I kicked the door, ag = 9.83 m/s2, etc.) The world of values - normative - questions such as "should I do it" or "how we must not behave" - value - the concept of the desired; what we value will tell us what "should be11, what action "is right"? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app The worlds of facts and values - ethics deals with the world of values (should be) x science deals with the world of facts (is) The world of facts - descriptive - the car is blue, I kicked the door, ag = 9.83 m/s2, etc.) The world of values - normative - questions such as "should I do it" or "how we must not behave" - value - the concept of the desired; what we value Who will tell us what "should be", what action "is right"? - Authority (dogma) - eg Bible, King, parents ... - Conventions - eg laws, traditions ... But how to decide if there is no authority? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen, Get help at pollev.com/app The worlds of facts and values - ethics deals with the world of values (should be) x science deals with the world of facts (is) The world of facts - descriptive - the car is blue, I kicked the door, ag = 9.83 m/s2, etc.) The world of values - normative - questions such as "should I do it" or "how we must not behave" - value - the concept of the desired; what we value Who will tell us what "should be", what action "is right"? - Authority (dogma) - eg Bible, King, parents ... - Conventions - eg laws, traditions ... But how to decide if there is no authority? - The Golden Rule: "Do not do to others what you do not want them to do to you" - Categorical imperative (Immanuel Kant) - "Act so that the pattern of your behavior may become a general law" Do we need an Ethics? - it was not needed for a certain period of a history Do we need an Ethics? - it was not needed for a certain period of a history The tribal (traditional) society - the question of values/truth was not addressed - everything was clear - ethics as a search for answers to questions of correctness —> unnecessary - what the shaman said, that was right —> a completely different style of thinking than we know today - why didn't they ask for the correctness? Do we need an Ethics? - it was not needed for a certain period The tribal (traditional) society - the question of values/truth was not addressed - everything was clear - ethics as a search for answers to questions of correctness —> unnecessary - what the shaman said, that was right —> a completely different style of thinking than we know today - why didn't they ask for the correctness? The end of the tribal society - contact with other societies - the end of the world of obvious values - finding out that the world of values can be different -j-- Do we need an Ethics? - it was not needed for a certain period The tribal (traditional) society - the question of values/truth was not addressed - everything was clear - ethics as a search for answers to questions of correctness —> unnecessary - what the shaman said, that was right —> a completely different style of thinking than we know today - why didn't they ask for the correctness? The end of the tribal society - contact with other societies - the end of the world of obvious values - finding out that the world of values can be different -j-- The rise of ethics - after emergence from the non-problematic world of myths (relations between societies) The rise of the environmental ethics - Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app Do we need an Ethics? - it was not needed for a certain period The tribal (traditional) society - the question of values/truth was not addressed - everything was clear - ethics as a search for answers to questions of correctness —> unnecessary - what the shaman said, that was right —> a completely different style of thinking than we know today - why didn't they ask for the correctness? The end of the tribal society - contact with other societies - the end of the world of obvious values - finding out that the world of values can be different -j-- The rise of environmental ethics - after emergence from the non-problematic relations of people x nature The rise of ethics - after emergence from the non-problematic world of myths (relations between societies) Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules of how we should behave in relation to one's neighbor Env. ethics - a set of rules how we should behave towards the environment Do we need environmental ethics? YES - the human relationship to the environment is problematic - „alienation" + 3 factors - we are numerous, powerful and demanding Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules of how we should behave in relation to one's neighbor Env. ethics - a set of rules how we should behave towards the environment Do we need environmental ethics? YES - the human relationship to the environment is problematic - „alienation" + 3 factors - we are numerous, powerful and demanding Alienation from the nature (environment) I. Hunting-gathering relationship - hunter-gatherer does not manipulate with the environment Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules of how we should behave in relation to one's neighbor Env. ethics - a set of rules how we should behave towards the environment Do we need environmental ethics? YES - the human relationship to the environment is problematic - „alienation" + 3 factors - we are numerous, powerful and demanding Alienation from the nature (environment) I. Hunting-gathering relationship - hunter-gatherer does not manipulate with the environment II. Pastoral-agricultural relationship - the farmer is no longer a passive recipient from nature, but stil dependent Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules of how we should behave in relation to one's neighbor Env. ethics - a set of rules how we should behave towards the environment Do we need environmental ethics? YES - the human relationship to the environment is problematic - „alienation" + 3 factors - we are numerous, powerful and demanding Alienation from the nature (environment) I. Hunting-gathering relationship - hunter-gatherer does not manipulate with the environment II. Pastoral-agricultural relationship - the farmer is no longer a passive recipient from nature, but stil dependent III. Craft-market relationship - the insulating layer of the division of labor decrease the awareness of direct dependence of our society on nature Environmental ethics Ethics - a set of rules of how we should behave in relation to one's neighbor Env. ethics - a set of rules how we should behave towards the environment Do we need environmental ethics? YES - the human relationship to the environment is problematic - „alienation" + 3 factors - we are numerous, powerful and demanding Alienation from the nature (environment) I. Hunting-gathering relationship - hunter-gatherer does not manipulate with the environment II. Pastoral-agricultural relationship - the farmer is no longer a passive recipient from nature, but stil dependent III. Craft-market relationship - the insulating layer of the division of labor decrease the awareness of direct dependence of our society on nature IV. Producers-consumers relationship - the idea that meaning of life is to accumulate and consume more goods - awareness of nature as the primary source of life is greatly suppressed Stuff: Humans as hunters and mega-gatherers 30 March 2014 by Alison George Magazine issue 2962. Subscribe and save For similar stories, visit the Human Evolution Topic Guide How did we evolve from indigent apes with no possessions into hoarding humans with more stuff than we can track7 Our urge to accumulate has deep roots f3 To se mi libi □ Share j 20 |re&t a 23 □ I Pa pooses were proba bly a m ong ou r ea rl iest J possessions (Image: Tao images/Getty) — Anthropocentric x non-anthropocentric env. ethics Anthropocentric types of env. ethics I. Selfish predatory attitude - the center of evaluation is man, his needs, interests - every value arises only on the basis of human interest - only instrumental value of nature - justifies nature protection by its usefulness to humans - why to protect the air? animal welfare? forests? Wwhy to protect the air? Animal welfa Forests? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app Anthropocentric x non-anthropocentric env. ethics Anthropocentric types of env. ethics I. Selfish predatory attitude - the center of evaluation is man, his needs, interests - every value arises only on the basis of human interest - only instrumental value of nature - justifies nature protection by its usefulness to humans - why to protect the air? animal welfare? forests? II. The attitude of a noble humanity - nature is cruel, it does not know remorse, hope, good or evil - only man brings value, altruism, freedom = purely human qualities into nature - the ability to act in the interests of others and in the interests of all mankind in the long run = truly human - egoism, selfishness, lordship - loss of purely human traits - why to protect nature? animal welfare? forests? Why to protect the air? Animal welfa Forests? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app Altruism H GUIDE 7Q DEVELOPING LIFE'S MOST IMPORTANT SKILL Happiness I \Li r r h i e li K icard FOREWORD • V [) A s I i: L (j H) I. E.HP "In ■ ^--aiarv: thnjhc-ai-4 j* i cjiimui ■ rl rfi*- rrf UtMfcJhfilu ¥ illi the iciip ■ u.i»2iix:i.'[h>.ih 4.^. 1:1. ,■ is| rights of slaves —► rights of women —► rights of Afro-Americans A HISTORY OF FIMVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Roderick Frazier Nash The ..extended rights" concept I Roderick Nash „The rights of nature" - the idea of extending rights to the whole living world rights of white men -> rights of slaves —► rights of women —► rights of Afro-Americans .... —► rights of animals ... —► rights of all living beings A HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS Roderick Frazier Nash The ..extended rights" concept II Peter Singer „Animal Liberation" 1975 - the idea of equality of all living beings morality of relationship to others (humans and animals —> all living things) - It is not a matter of loving animals, it is a moral principle Sc/iOc/Ô wva^ Viave fowrvíi a t>wr£ for w\oSt &vi($; b(At it Vias f oiW t\o r&wve.^ for t^C uior$t of tViewv a(( - tViC apathy of ViWAan t?£íi\$S. Animal Liberation R SIN GER ANIMAL LIBERATION A New Etliics for Our Ireatment of Animals PETER SINGER -^THE DEFINITIVE CLASSIC OF he animal movement ^Tľ^tEAD BY BURL EAHAN The ..extended rights" concept II Peter Singer „Animal Liberation" 1975 - the idea of equality of all living beings morality of relationship to others (humans and animals —> all living things) - It is not a matter of loving animals, it is a principle - lower intelligence cannot justify our ruthless towards animals - anything that may suffer wants to avoid suffering and this desire deserves respect Sc/ič>c/f3 wva^ Viave fowrvii a owt for w\oSt &vi(S; b(At it ViaS f oiW t\o rtiAtty for th£ uior$t of tViewv a(( - tViC apathy of ViWAan t?í3íi\$S. the ability to suffer is a sufficient reason for respect of animals Animal Liberation ETKR SIN GER ANIMAL A New Ethics for Our Iteatment of Animals PETER SINGER J -^THE DEFINITIVE CLASSIC OF he animal movement -^■^SfcEAD BY BURL EAHAN Home I Life I News Animal welfare: See things from their perspective 23 September 2006 by Andy Coghlan Magazine issue 2570. Subscribe and save Your dog falls ill, so you take him to the vet. After a quick consultation you take him home, and soon he appears to be better. But he is not. You and the vet have failed to realise that he is still in severe pain, and the drugs the vet has prescribed will turn him into a social outcast, a dog that may be shunned or even attacked by others. Such mistakes can happen, say animal behaviour specialists, because our understanding of animal welfare is inadequate, and at times misguided. The human tendency to anthropomorphise means we miss out on animals' real feelings and needs, with the result that we often provide them with inappropriate housing and medical care. This is leading to the health and well being of millions of animals kept as pets, livestock or in zoos being adversely affected. Last week, researchers gathered at a conference held at the Royal Society in London to hear the latest evidence on how animals interpret the world. One thing is clear: they do not see it the same way we do, and only by accepting that can we learn to care for them better. "The matter of central interest is the n To se mi libi □ Share j 0 reet 8-i 1 0 Ö □ □ E ADVERTISEMENT EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory » Click here for all further information ^ Do invertebrates feel pain? ) 25 February 2014 byTamar Stelling Magazine issue 2957. Subscribe and save > Read full article Do invertebrates feel pain? Continue reading page | 1 | 2 | 3 I tHlHlllllHI^5 S S+1 *° ^^g<^«] © □ n □ Video: Pain tests for invertebrates Boiled alive and torn limb from limb - it's time we took seriously the question of whether animals like squid, octopus and lobsters suffer A SCIENTIST and a seafood chef walk into a bar. "We have a mutual interest," says the scientist. "I study crustaceans and you cook therm." But the chef wanted to know just one thing. Do they feel pain? Robert Elwood had been working with crabs and prawns for the best part of three decades when he bumped into TV chef Rick Stein in a local pub on the coast of Northern Ireland. Yet he was stumped. "It was the first time I ever considered the question," he says. Although some people are horrified by the idea of cooking lobsters alive, or the practice of tearing claws from live crabs before tossing them back into the sea, such views are based on a hunch. We know next to nothing about whether or not these animals - or invertebrates in general - actually suffer. In Elwood's experience, researchers are either certain they feel pain or certain they don't. "Very few people say we need to know," he says. ADVERTISEMENT do more Fed better live longer Click here to view our current vacancies This week's issue Subscribe NewScientist THE OTHERS 05 April 2014 - ADVERTISEMENT Latest news Does your client An octopus is poked with increasing force on its mantle ^0 0:01/1:50 » HS □ j$t& NEWS Can lobsters and octopuses feel pain? Scientists say yes, and the U.K. is listening f * Si Can lobsters and octopuses feel pain? Scientists say yes, and the U.K. is listening The British government is reforming its animal welfare laws after Brexit, including a bill that would formally recognize some animals' ability to experience feelings. The extended rights concept II Peter Singer „Animal Liberation" 1975 - the idea of equality of all living beings morality of relationship to others (humans and animals —> all living things) - It is not a matter of loving animals, it is a principle - lower intelligence cannot justify our ruthless towards animals - anything that may suffer wants to avoid suffering and this desire deserves respect —► the ability to suffer is a sufficient reason for respect of animals - any claim to superiority is problematic —► racism of race, nationality, sex or animal species is unjustifiable - sources of cruelty: selfishness structural source —► rootedness in the cultural tradition = experimental animals and meat production - solution? - not to participate in evil by rejecting this social mechanisms —► vegetarianism and protests Sc/i6«vc/£ wva^ V)av£ f ouiv. ... Iii ALDO LT O P OLD cc ASAND COUNTY A L !Í A N A C ahm) county almanac i u tjŕtwrt. The world seen in this way places the ego in the center in the of the word —> the environmental crisis is only a manifestation of a deeper crisis of impoverishment of our selves, which must be replaced by the Self with the capital S. Deep ecology Shallow vs. Deep Ecology SHALLOW • Conservation • Short-term measures • Ego • Cost-benefit analysis • Only humans benefit DEEP •Preservation •Restoration •Cohabitation •Long-term measures •Self •Difficult questions •Symbiosis/coexistence •"Leaky margins" (Peter Russell) Higher animals Human beings Anthrup^wtilrtsm State of being human, persunlioud Ability 10 suffer How much biodiversity will remain in a century from now? Start the presentation to see live content. For screen share software, share the entire screen. Get help at poLLev.com/app Figure 2. How Much Biodiversity Will Remain a Century from Now under Different Value Frameworks? The outer circle in the Figure represents the present level of global biodiversity. Each inner circle represents the level of biodiversity under different value frameworks. Question marks indicate the uncertainties over where the boundaries exist, and therefore the appropriate size of each circle under different value frameworks. Si - With consideration of non-utilitarian values; Additional amount of biodiversity that should be conserved for non-utilitarian values, such as intrinsic values and the equitable distribution of biodiversity, - With consideration of resilience, thresholds, and option values; Additional amount of biodiversity that should be conserved for utilitarian reasons because of its role in maintaining capacity to adapt to change, as precaution against thresholds, and for option and existente values. ■— With consideration of trie biodiversity role in ecosystem services; Additional amount of biodiversity Uiat should be conserved for utilitarian reasons because of its role in providing and sustaining c-nnsystom services. -Business as usual: WTiat will remain under current trends and policies given trade-offs with economic development, agriculture, etc. Sn.jrcfc: Mil enni.im Laiüy-ilerr Ass^M^enl Please note that ihe circle slze-s are only conceptual and do not come&ponc to any calculation, or estimate.