DENTAL CALCULUS EVA CHOCHOLOVÁ LABORATORY OF BIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY DENTAL CALCULUS [1] [1] bit.ly/3ElVHaE CONTENT SAME DNA, DIFFERENT PROTEINS DNA VS PROTEINS AMPLIFICATION MISTAKES AND CONTAMINATION NO AMPLIFICATION DNA VS PROTEINS AMPLIFICATION MISTAKES AND CONTAMINATION CAN DISTIGUISH CLOSER SPECIES NO AMPLIFICATION OFTEN CONSERVED DNA VS PROTEINS AMPLIFICATION MISTAKES AND CONTAMINATION CAN DISTIGUISH CLOSER SPECIES WORSE PRESERVATION NO AMPLIFICATION OFTEN CONSERVED BETTER PRESERVATION DNA VS PROTEINS AMPLIFICATION MISTAKES AND CONTAMINATION CAN DISTIGUISH CLOSER SPECIES WORSE PRESERVATION THE SAME FOR ALL CELLS NO AMPLIFICATION OFTEN CONSERVED BETTER PRESERVATION SHOWS FUNCTION AND ACTIVE PROCESES – TISSUE DIFFERENCES CHALLENGES LIMITED AMOUNT UNIFIED PROTOCOLS MORE SENSITIVE METHODS OMICS Chocholová et al., 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00370Fagernäs et al., 2020; DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105135 LIMITED AMOUNT CONTAMINATION CHALLENGES LIMITATION OF PRE-LABORATORY CONTAMINATION DECONTAMINATION SPECIALISED LABORATORY PROCESSING OF NEGATIVE CONTROLS AND SOIL BIOINFORMATICS INTERPRETATION LIMITED AMOUNT CONTAMINATION SHORT TIME PERIOD CHALLENGES COMBINATION WITH OTHER METHODS INTERPRETATION LIMITED AMOUNT CONTAMINATION SHORT TIME PERIOD FRAGILITY, LOSS CHALLENGES EARLIER SAMPLING CARE IN HANDLING (E.G. WASHING SKELETAL MATERIAL) MODIFICATION OF DECONTAMINATION PROTOCOLS LIMITED AMOUNT CONTAMINATION SHORT TIME PERIOD FRAGILITY, LOSS UNPREDICTABILITY OF CONTENT, PREDOMINANCE OF MICROORGANISMS CHALLENGES RESEARCH DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES COMBINATION WITH OTHER METHODS PATIENCE UNPREDICTABILITY OF CONTENT Warinner et al., 2014 CONTENT Armitage 1975 Power et al. 2014 Blatt et al. 2011 HABITS Fialová et al., 2017 USED GRINDING STONES BRONZE GRAVE GOODS OPENED PAPER CARTRIDGES (GUNPOWDER + BULLET) HUMAN DNA NEANDERTHALS Weyrich et al. 2017; DOI: 10.1038/nature21674 IMMUNE REACTION Warinner et al. 2014; DOI: 10.1038/ng.2906 EXOTIC FOODS Scott et al. 2020; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201495611 Scott et al. 2020; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201495611 Scott et al. 2020; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201495611 EXOTIC FOODS SESAME WHEAT OR RELATED GRASS FAMILY BANANA TURMERIC SOYBEAN Scott et al. 2020; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.201495611 FAMINE Geber et al. 2019; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908839116 MILK CONSUMPTION CONCLUSION COMPLEX MATERIAL CONCLUSION COMPLEX MATERIAL WORTH STUDYING CONCLUSION COMPLEX MATERIAL WORTH STUDYING INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH, COMBINATION OF METHODS CONCLUSION COMPLEX MATERIAL WORTH STUDYING INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH, COMBINATION OF METHODS INTERPRETATION IS CRUCIAL ! • What we can find • Better preservation