Vitrinite Hydrocarbon Temperature     Reflectance R0(%) generation
Temperature [celsius] 10   50     100    150    200 260
Sweeney&Burnham(1990)_EASY%Ro [%Ro] 0.00 1.00    2.00    3.00    4.00 5.00
OiLTissataEspitafeCI 915}_T2 [hHC&FOC] 000        3.10 0.20 Q.30
IS E
10000
I Temperature - ICN3JCN3
I SweeneyaBurnhamC1990)_EASY%Ro - ICN3JCN3
I Oil_TiSSatSEspiielie(1 575)_T2 - OI3JCN3
I Gas_Ti*sa1SEspitalie<19rSLT2 - ICH3JCHJ
MATURATION AND RANK
LU S
o Š
LU LU
O
<
Q
V?
LU
2:
LU
1
O
C/3 LU
LU
O
Ě
METAMORPH OSIS
COAL RANK
Raše lina
Hněd é
uhlí
Černé uhlí
MICROSCOPIC MATURITY PARAMETERS
LU
Antra cit
Meta
antracit
- 0 2
- 0 3
- 0.4
- 0 5
0.6 0.7
08
09
10
1.2 1 35 15
20
- 2.5
- 3.0
- 4.0
- 5 0
2
ORANGE
THERMAL ALTERATION INDEX (TAI)
TAI
- 1 5
1
YELLOW
-2 3
-2.5
3
BROWN
4
BLACK
5
BLACK
TAIJ
-2 8
-30
-3 5
-40
CONODONT ALTERATION INDEX (CAI)
1
YELLOW
2
LIGHT BROWN
3
BROWN
4
DARK BROWN
5
BLACK
FLUORESCENCE
COLOUR
OF ALGINITE4
GREENISH YELLOW
GOLDEN YELLOW
DULL YELLOW
OKANGfc
RED
non* fluorescent
COLOUR OF
SPORINITE5
BLUE-GREEN
GREEN YCLLOW
ORANGE BROWN
LL ŕ
LU
- 02
- 0.5
- 1.0
- 1.5
1.75 20
- 25
1from Teichmüller and Teichmüller (1982) 2from Staplin (1969)
O <
CiL
co [u
8°
BIOGENIC METHANE. HEAVY OIL AND EARLY CONDENSATE
111 I	
In z LL	
C	
Z	
CO	
c	g
	
SA	
S	OIL
_j	
O	
(0 W	
<,	
oo	
h>	
	
(T Z
(Ľ LU 0
s ~ <2
I- <
DRY GAS
trom Jones and Edison (1978) "from Mukhopadhyay and Rullkötter (1986)
Tepelné zrání
kerogenu a uhlí
Kerogen Types - North Sea
II Kimmeridge Shale
(restricted marine U. Jur.)
Mixed marine (Tertiary)
with Liptinite Coaly Shale (M. Jurassic)
lll/IV Open marine (Cretaceous)
IV Red beds (Triassic) Vitrinite + inertinite
0.0
.....I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I
0.00
OOS 0 10 0.15 0,20 0.25
Atomic O/C Ratio
Jones (1987) in Hunt (1996)
6. Zdrojové horniny - Tepelná zralost
CO
o
N "D
O
0,2
0,4
0,6
1.3
1,5
2,4
* Kvalita zdroje
*   * 0 O 1
4
I .J
1     í? I
L'
4 •
t   «2   *3 A<
* Množství vznikajících
s. Uthlovodíku
\
.0 J
* O
* *
^ v*
- # c?*
íl*''
A?
\
Ropa 1
• V-
Vlhký plyn
r
Suchý plyn
Kerogen
Nezralý
Tvorba ropy
Krakování ropy na plyn
Kapalné uv nepřežijí Přezrálý
Zralý
0   50 100 150 0   20  40  60 Franců et al. 1989
Hl (mg HC/g TOC) S1= Volné uv (mg HC/g TOC)
Continuous Deposition Model
Ed
20
15
Age [Ma] 10
Lozin - Loi1
10ÜQ-
2000-
m
3
CD
3000-
4000'
5ÜÜCT
6000
CENOZOIC
Temperature [celsius]		
Bo.00-15.00		150.00-165.00
■ 15.00-30.00		165.00-180.00
■ 30.00-45.00		180.00-195.00
■ 45.00-60.00		195.00-210.00
■ 60.00-75.00		210.00-225.00
■ 75.00-90.00		225.00-240.00
B90.00-105.00		240.00-255.00
B 105.00-120.00		255.00-270.00
120.00-135.00		270.00-285.00
135.00-150.00	■	285.00-300.00
- U.Bad.L A
M.Bad. B
M.Bad. A
L.Bad. D
L.Bad. C
L.Bad. B
L.Bad. A
Karpat _B
Calibration by
l-S clays, Present Temperature, Ro, Tmax and Biomarkers
2000-
Q. Q
4000
6000
■2000
D.
(D
Q
■4000
1-6000
60    80 100 70
350 0
420   460   500  540 0
Ulite Layers in l-S (%)
Temperature
(°C)
Vi tri nite Reflectance (Easy %Ro)
Tmax
Ste ran e Isomerisation
20S/(S+R) C29 Ster ctctp
0.2 0.4
Hopane Isomerisation
22 S/(S+R) C32 Hopctp
4,0 ,
3.0 A
O
Q
Z
<
DC i
E CĹ
Rekonstrukce teploty na základě od ráznosti vitrinitu
20
1.0
Cerro Prieto East Mesa (Mesa 6*2) Soda Lake (44-5) Sal ton Sea (Sinclair-4) Ra(t River (RRGE-2) Heber (Holtz-1) Borehole Wilson No. 1 Waiotapu (WT-4 & WT-6) Kawerau (KA-17 & KA-E1) Broadlands (Br-9> Wairakei [224)
0 L
0
400
Barker 1983
Calibration Parameters - Vitrinite Reflectance
0
Vitrinite 38%		
— S		
		Inertinite 17%
i-1-r
0.5 1.0 2.0    3 4
Vitrinite Reflectance R0 (%)
Only vitrinite indicates the thermal history
Macerals - Reflectance
Vitrinite & Cutinite (Exinite) - Reflected Light
Supressed Reflectance
Vitrinite & Cutinite (Exinite)
- Supressed Vitrinite Reflectance due to oily Impregnation
Cutiniteis dark in reflected light
- Fluorescent Light Liptinite - yellow fluo.
Maturity Trends
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Vitrinite Reflectance R0 (%)
Maturity trends with depth in Mio-Pliocene basins "cold" Vienna and "hot" Pannonian
Similar Age, Similar Lithology, No erosion just different heat flow
Miocene trend (23-5 Ma) based on 5 wells
0
E
Q. O □
2 -
4 -
Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin
Miocene - 1 Carpathian \ + I Foredeep "
immature
early oil window
v %
4>«>0
oil window
-iIIIIIIIIIIIi-
410   420   430   440   450   460   470 430
Single well
Miocene
Pennsylvania!!
Heat flow during Neogene
T (°C)
1 max \ /
Maturity Trends in Inverted (Uplifted) Basins
o
200 H
400
600
800 H 1000 1200 -t 1400 1600 1800 2000
+ Se Namur.BC ▲ Po-
^ ]!jr Namur-A T Pe
NP-526
NP-879
NP-830 +HH-
Kras-1
Cho16
~ i i i r
0.50 1.00
"Parallel" maturity trends with depth
show similar
paleo-heat flow / geothermal gradients
but different
uplift and second burial
1.50
2.00
Maturity Trends in Overthrust Systems
600 700
800 q
900
^ 1000 E
£ 1100
Q.
° 1200
1300
1400-
1500-
1600
NP-898
L. Miocene
surface of the Carboniferous
Sucha Fm.
Saddle Fm. Namurian B
Pruba Fm. Namurian A
-i-1-1-1-
~i-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-
1-1-1-r~
0.8
0.9
1.0
Rr (%)
1.1
1.2
Vitrinite reflectance with depth
example of deformation (imbrication and stacking) after maximum coalification
Variscan foreland b. U. Silesian Basin
Calibration
Burial History with Uplift and Erosion
Time (Ma bp)
MODEL CALIBRATION Pz
Testing Alternative Scenarios of Heat Flow History for the Late Paleozoic Phase (330-295 Ma)
Calibration of the thermal history model: well NP-879
Vitrinite reflectance      Vitrinite reflectance
Easy %RG Easy %RG
Apatite Fission Tracks
Štěpné stopy uranu v apatitech a zirkonech
Radioaktivní rozpad uranu vyzařuje částice které proráží "tunely" v krystalové mřížce minerálů
(a)
POSITIVE CHARGED PARTICLE
O O © 0 o o
o o © © o o
o o © ß o o o o ©/© o o
O O 0 © o o
o o © © o o o o   © o o
FISSION EVENT
(b)
o o
, PARTICLE TRACK
>^>- USX)
o o o /S© o
ou\; o0o /© o o
o o
o o o o o o
Stopy se uchovají, rostou a množí při T < 60°C
Jak se teplota v zemských hlubinách zapíše do hornin v podobě histogramu AFT
Vi
u
AFTA Diagramy
Fission track age (Ma) 550
Věk podle AFTA
wt% CI
CI (%)
B:
Fraction 1.00
0.75 0.50
0.25
o.on
D: N
40-i
30-\
20H
1 oH
Obsah chlor-apatitu
0 5     1.0     1.5     2.0     2 5 3.0 wl%CI
Délka štěpných stop (jLim)
5 10 15 Track Length (\im)
20
Mean track length 10.97 ± 0.50 um Std. Dev. 1.51 um  9 tracks
Délka štěpných stop AFT a Teplota vrstev Otway Basin reference wells
Otway data and predictions
AFTA
(3
(3 O)
16 r
15 \ 14 \
13 í"
12 i"
11 \
10 !-
9 \
8 I-
7 I-
6 ~t
'25
o +
t
Multi-corn positional model Mean track length (|jm) Laslettet al. (1987) Crowley et al. (1991)
1
1
1
50 75 100
Temperature (°C)
125
from Green et al, 1989a
Little or no post-depositional annealing (T<6ü°C)
4DQ
	-T*- ■ k
+2 + 1 n	
'-■ - 1 -2	— K N _ ■\ V
	im
Moderate post-depositional annealing (T-90°C)	
	
+2 +1 ; -1 ■2	■ ,                        .  . .                      .    . .  . .  . .    .            .    . . . -  v        -   - -\ M v. ■
	■N
80. 1DD Total post-depositional annealing (T> 110°C)	
	
	
+1 : -1 ■2	m - ťW ■ -
	
	-v
	J eo if* T ne of cooling
Slratigraphic age range r ľ: J. "■: í : 157-178 Ma)
■äC
Radiálni diagramy měření jednotlivých zrn
Chladné vrstvy
Středně pohřbené a prohřáté (90°C) horniny
Silně prohřáté horniny při hlubokém afta pohřbení
Green et al, 1989a
Plyno-kapalné uzavřeniny (inkluze) v pískovcích a kalcitových nebo Q žilách
Teplota => Fázová koexistence
Plynová bublina Kapalina Krystalky soli
Výsledky měření plyno-kapalných uzavřenin
AQUEOUS INCLUSIONS
> u
U) 3
a
u
CE
Lb
4H
2-4
70
90
T
T
100 110 120
HOMOGENIÍATlON TEMPEftATUňE («C)
130
140
HYDROCARBON INCLUSIONS
4H
o
70
ao
t-r-r
90 100 110 120
HOMOQENtZATION TEMPERATURE CC)
130
140
Homogenizační Teplota
Plyno-kapalne inkluze P, T interpretace homogenizace
Pressure (bar)
-78 -51 +0.5        Temperature (°C)
Shrnutí - plyno-kapalné inkluze
Z p T podmínek fázových změn (bublina - roztok - krystalek) lze vyčíst podmínky vzniku celého krystalu - teploty a hloubky pohřbení
6. Summary - Calibration
• Calibration make model closer to reality
• From maturity data we read the paleo-heat flow and estimate the amount of erosion
• Only calibrated models can provide reasonable calculation of generated oil and gas