Éra Perioda Čas v mil. let Epocha Kulturní j stupeň Kulturní období 0,01 0,04 holocért neolit | azilien x: o 00 mladý magdalénien i solutrén gravettien aurignacien j chatelperonien j střední á. i moustérien j 0,15 levalloisien j t» "K clactonien \ D GS is 0,5 pleistocén (střední) S (starý) X O, O N O 1 acheuléen 2 w ^ -o o Oh 2 pliocén oldowan j 5 miocén hominoidi, vznik hominidů j »CD 'o (U 25 35 53 oligocén antropoidní primáti, ' j vznik hominoidů í eocén poloopice, vznik antropoidních primátů? j 65 1 paleocén praprimáti, poloopice j LAURASIA Figuře 9-2 Continental drift. Changes in position of the continental plates from Late Paleozoic to Late Eocene, (a) The position of the continents at the end of the Paleozoic (c. 250 m.y.a.). Pangea is breaking up into a northern land mass (Laurasia) and a southern land mass (Gondwanaland). (b) The position of the continents during much of the Paleocene and Eocene (up to c.45 m.y.a.). Note that North America and Europe are still joined but are separate from Asia. Turgai Straight NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA SOUTH AFRICA AMERICA INDIA AUSTRALIA ANTARCTICA (b) ^ 4\ J t Rooneyia Macrotarsius Tetonius s Figuře 1 Postorbital bar. A characteristic of primates. LAURASIA Figuře 9-2 Continental drift. Changes in position of the continental plates from Late Paleozoic to Late Eocene, (a) The position of the continents at the end of the Paleozoic (c. 250 m.y.a.). Pangea is breaking up into a northern land mass (Laurasia) and a southern land mass (Gondwanaland). (b) The position of the continents during much of the Paleocene and Eocene (up to c.45 m.y.a.). Note that North America and Europe are still joined but are separate from Asia. Turgai Straight NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA SOUTH AFRICA AMERICA INDIA AUSTRALIA ANTARCTICA (b) (f A \, * '' ^ V 1 N. ^ A ?kt V '^ FIGURE 9-1 Smilodectes. An Eocene adapid. (From 'The Early Relatives of Man" by E. L. Simons. Copyright© 1964 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.) FIGURE 9-2 Necrolemur. The skull of the omotnyid Necrolemur. (a) (b) Figure 9-4 Tibio-fibula. (a) Necrolemur; (b) modern tarsier. Note the two fused lower leg bones—a characteristic feature of tar-siers. (© 1959 by W. E. Le Gros Clark.) Eocene primates (53 m.y-37 m.y) Modern lorises and lemurs Pliocene 5 m.y. Miocene 25 m.y. Modern tarsiers k \ Modern New World monkeys \xAl/ vi Modern Pongids Old World á monkeys / \ L i I \v/ \ ' ' \ i i ________1_________i___L____ Hominids \ 1/ _L HOMINOIDS / 1/ n Anthropoids Figure 9-3 Summary ear] evolution. Oligocene 37 m.y. Eocene oó m.y. Paleocene 65 m.y. i ? ? i Ĺ f s___ x /x i x/x \l//-kÔftlS LEMUR GRADE; Adapids Vx | Necrolemur //'PROSIMIAN RADIATION ■ -:• •T'ŕ* . .v.viv-.'Jw. .. ">.-.*/.*-■.%.'.'.*.■.- -v v<- ■-.». ^■•::--:S::.í:-; r «f a em- " ^ \ľ; - " * ^ ' '-* ■ m m ■<4< « ^gt^smíi^ •• c o 'tí 03 B u O Ph c a 03 a % £> 0> o a» Vi 03 ■G 01 > O ■s S O) Widan el Faras Basalt (31.0 ± 1.0 m.y.) / Afrotarsius; Apidium; Parapithecus; Propliopithecus; Aegyptopithecus Apidium; Parapithecus; Propliopithecus; Aegyptopithecus Parapithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Apidium; Propliopithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Apidium; Propliopithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Oligopithecus; Qatrania W&ifß&WK Jet*el Qatrani Formation Qasr el Sagha Formation FIGURE 9-4 The Qatrani Formation, Fayu FIGURE 9-5 Apidium. A reconstruction of Apidium, a member of the family Parapithecidae from the Fayum. Oreopithecus bambolii ÉÉ s \ ... . ' "... : ' ■ ■■ ■" ...-'-; FIGURE 9-7 Aegyptopithecus. Tie reconsuu^cu post-Sal skeleton of Aegyptopithecus ^.euxis. Bones shown in color have been recovered. FIGURE 9-6 Aegyptopithecus. The reconstructed skull of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis from the Oligocene of the Fayum. (a) (b) Figure 9-6 Aegyptopithecus skull from the Fayum, Egypt. Oligocene, circa 28 m.y.a., discovered in 1966. (a) Front view; ib) side view. AEGYPTOPITHECUS ZEUXIS DRYOPITHECUS FONTANI LIDOOP EVROPSKÝCH LESŮ -■• FIGURE 9-10 Proconsul. The lower jaw of Proconsul africanus horn Rusinga Island, Kenya. loiu)\JNif\N/ j Golil/LČ\kOV\ FIGURE 9-12 Proconsul. A reconstruction of the skeleton of Proconsul africanus. Bones shown in color have been recovered. FIGURE 9-11 Proconsul. The skull of Proconsul PROCONSUL AFRICANUS /; ,a FIGURE 9-14 Facial skeleton ofSivapithecus. FIGURE 9-13 Sivapithecus. The skull of Sivapith Figuře 9-14 Comp cranium (center) wit (left) and orangutan cus fossil is specime Potwar Plateau, Pakis (a) lateral view; (b) fix Figure 15-7 A Mandible of Sivapithecus from L\ wm& mmm Figure 15-8 (left) Note the large canines and the canine diastema (situated betiveen the canine and the first premolar) of this Sivapithecus mandible, (right) A side view of the same mandible. igure 9-9 Overlapping canines and sec-)rial lower first premolar. (Shown here in a íacaque.) Front CHEEK TONGUE Rear Figure 9-8 The dryopith Y-5 pattern. A characteristic feature of hominoid molars. Table 15-1. Distribution of Some Major Hominoid Sites Site Genus Age Eurasia St. Gaudens, France Dryopithecus Mid-Miocene to Pliocene Eppelsheim, Germany if Vienna Basin, Austria ir Georgia, USSR it Early Miocene Italy Oreopithecus Late Miocene Siwalik Hills, India Sivapithecus Early Miocene Lufeng, China it Turkey if Saudi Arabia n Africa Maboko Island, Kenya Proconsul Early Miocene-Late Miocene Rusinga Island, Kenya if Songhor, Kenya n Koru, Kenya n Moroto, Uganda if Napak, Kenya Micropithecus Fort Ternan, Kenya Kenyapithecus Kalodirr, Kenya Turkanapith ecus Early Miocene Kalodirr, Kenya Afropithecus Early Miocene Maboko Island, Kenya Nyanzapithecus Early Miocene Songhor, Kenya Rangwapithecus Early Miocene ■ Figure 15-11 Upper and lower molars of Gigantopithecus (right) compared with those of modern humans (left). Gorilla Gigantopithecus FIGURE 9-15 Mandibles of Gigantopithecus and Gorilla. (From "Gigantopithecus" by E. L. Simons and P. C. Ettel. Copyright © 1970 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.) GIGANTOPITHECUS BLACKI \ t.. . 1 ■■Hf FIGURE 9-16 Pliopithecus. Pan i Gorilla Homo Pongo Australopithecus ORYOPITHS ? ? Sivapithecus European varieties Gigantopithecus (Dryopithecus) RAMAPITHS ?\ ? ? DRYOPITHSn (Proconsul) «*_._ African varieties m.y.a. Figure 9-20 A pr« possible relationshi hominoids/ 10 20