OROGENIES AND TECTONIC CYCLES NORTH AMERICAN CRATON LESS GREENLAND SHIELD Eon Era Ga Orogeny / Epi sode Salient Units and Events Nutak Segment (Nam Province) U O M O CH o X u a: < a < zz < aj < .62 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.9 Pre-Archean (Hadean) . Avalonian VA (Franklmra lapetus: Atlantic - Arctic-Pacific (?) opening. Local Craton Accretions. Windermere, Rapitan, Grand Canyon, Avalon, Ocoee and Great Smoky sediments including diamictites and local BIF - volcanics. Pericratonic Rifting - Accumulation in Arctic. Cordllieran and Appalachian Belts Full Craton Accretion (Grenville Belt). Grenville Front Tectonic Zone (1.2 - 1.0 Ga ). Midcontinent - pericratonic rifting and volcanism : Keweenawan, Seal Lake, Coppermine, Muskox (c.I I Ga). Grenville Supergroup (1.3-I.I Ga ). Belt-Purcell, Wernecke, etc. Supergroups (1.4-0.9Ga). Anorogenic Intrusion and Craton Rifting (1.5 -1.4 Ga). Anorthosites, gabbros, rapakivi granites, rhyolites. Grenvillian ^}(East Kootenay, Racklan) X/A Elsonian ^ Mazatzal Central Plains Central Orogenic Belts ( Craton Accretion ). (Labrador)! Southern Province (USA) (1.7 - 1.5 Ga). y.Northern Province (USA) (1.8 - 1.7 Ga). p^J Hudsontan Eplcratonic rifting : Athabasca, Dubawnt, Martin, Sioux. Quartzite redbeds (1.8-1.5 Ga). (Penokean Major Cratonization : deformation, metamorphism. plutonism. Major deformation Wopmay) Trans- Hudson, Wopmay, Kapuskasing , Penokean fold belts (1.9-1.8 Ga). and metamorphism. Circum-Superior BIF-bearing fold belts (c. 2.0 Ga). Sudbury Irruptive (1.84Ga) Nipissing Diabase (2.15 Ga). Huronian Supergroup ( 2.4-2.1 Ga ). Y/A Kenoran Cratonization of Archean Provinces. Major crust forming events (-2.6 <5K\.Major deformation, \y\ (Algoman, Granitoid plutonism (2.76-2.65 Go). metamorphism and Fiordian) Greenstones: Slave Province - 2.68-2.65 Ga. plutonism. Wanipigowan (Laurentian, Hopedolian) Uivakian (Mortonian Superior Province Churchill Province ("mainly 2.76 - 2.70Go, [also 2.85-2.80 Ga, and 3.0-2.9 Ga. Kaminak - 2.7Ga. Prince Albert - 2.9 Ga. Granulite metamorphism. Granulite amphibolite metamorphism; tonalitic gneiss, granite(3.1 Ga). Major Reactivation of gneiss (3.1 Go). Anorthosite -gabbro complexes. Upernavik supracrustals. Slave Province basement gneiss (3.15 Ga) Beartooth supracrustals { Wyoming ) (3.3 Ga). Morton (-Michigan) Gneiss (tonalitic) (+3.4 Ga) Pre - Morton supracrustals ( Minnesota ). Acasta gneiss (3.96 Ga). Slave Province Saglek diabase dikes. Major crust forming event. Uivak Gneiss: deformation, metamorphism (3.5Ga) Pre - Uivak supracrustals. -excluding Greenland Shield but including Nutak Segment of North Atlantic Craton. Fig. 1-3d(ii). Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the North American Craton excluding Greenland Shield. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. DISTRIBUTION AND TECTONIC SETTING OF PRECAMBRIAN CRUST NORTH AMERICAN CRATON 2000 _I - —1— i-_-i_i ^V"?^0' M.a'n 9folog'c outline and divisions of the North American Craton with Greenland Shield in pre-dnft pos.t.on (Hoffman 1989, and published with permission of the author). ARCHEAN SUBPROVINCE TYPE ~T jj^ID Plutonic Volcanoplutonic [£]£23 Merasedimentary FQ\\^J High grade gneiss Proferozoic, Phanerozoic rocks --- Subprovmce boundary 300 km MINNESOTA SS< RIVER -— VALLEY Fig. 2-5. Map of Superior Province showing volcanic-plutonic, metasedimentary-gneiss and plutonic subprovinces or superbelts and other subdivisions. (From Card, 1990. Published with permission of the author). Table 2-6. Lithologic proportions of Archean crust in Superior Province, Canadian Shield. (1) (2) (3) Western Superior Average Superior Ungava Domain Province1 Crust Lithologic unit (%) (%) (%) (1) Banded gneiss, granitic gneiss, migmatite 66 36 50 (2) Massive to slightly foliated granitoids 24 38 31 Tonalite-granodiorite 24 32 28 Granite-leucocratic 0.4 6 3 (3) Paragneiss, veined gneiss, migmatite 9 9 9 (4) Mafic to ultramafic intrusions 0.1 1 1 Metasupracrustal rocks 1 16 9 Volcanic rocks — 11 6 (5) Sediments — 5 3 Size of area (km2) 498000 -231000 1 572000 Weighted average of (a) Red Lake-Landsdowne, (b) Geotraverse and (c) Berens-Sachigo areas Adapted from Goodwin (1978) Table 2-7. Average proportions of metamorphic facies in Superior Province, Canadian Shield. Percentage of total area Metamorphic facies (1 572000 km2) Granulite 22 Amphibolite 66 Greenschist 11 Subgreenschist 1 100 Adapted from Goodwin (1985) Ungava Craton Our knowledge of this large region (498 000 km2 extending from Hudson Bay on the west to the Lai rador Trough on the east and from Cape Smith Be on the north to East Main River (James Bay) vicir ity on the south (Fig. 2-5), is based on reconnais sance studies (Eade 1966, Stevenson 1968) sup plemented by recent local studies (Skulski et i 1984, Avramtchev 1985, Percival and Girard 1988 Percival et al 1992, 1994, Stern et al 1994). Bed rock geology is dominated by granitoid rocks of a least five plutonic suites, both foliated and massive GULF OF 51 LAWRENCE' Fig. 3-8. General distribution of iron formation in early Proterozoic fold belts marginal to the Ungava Craton. (After Gross and Zajac 1983, Fig. 6-1, and reproduced with permission of the authors and of Elsevier Science Publishers). ' 91 MID-PROTEROZOIC CRUST 44 69-1.78Go Oogenic Crusřol Province (Go Anorfhosite Average age (Ga) Anorogemc Evenr (U-Pb' PACIFIC ^CEAN 70°W \ Mafic lavas and intrusive rocks Rhyolite tuffs and flows, and granite Diabase dike Elsoman event 1,500- 1,300 Ma 7-K /MTN P CRYSTAL ÄGROUP-(SPRING v\ Grenville orogeny — 1.000 Ma 5.8 Thickness (x 10^ m) UNKAR AND &CHUAR »Hs " >\ \ QUARTZITE ^\\ AND APACHE ^ ^GROUP Fig. 4-11. Generalized distribution of mid to late Proterozoic rocks (1700-850 Ma) in the North American Craton. (From Stewart 1976, Fig. 1, and published with permission of the author). NORTH AMERICAN CRATON (LESS GREENLAND SHIELD) MacLennan •Sudbury Onwat.in, Chelmsford Fm Onaping Fm X O 3 — Micropegmafire Quarfz gabbro Nonre and quarfz dionre | Sublayer Sudbury brecaafed foorwall Fig. 3-5. Sketch map of the Sudbury Igneous Complex showing the distribution of the complex, sublayer, brecciated footwall, and enclosed Whitewater Group. (Adapted from Grand and Bite 1984, Fia. 12.1. and reoroduced with nennissinn nf the Ontarin rconlnni^ai QnrwovA a -Q CD t D C O Archeon crust >2.5Ga I•••*;:•'.*•.'I Early Proterozoic crust 2.5-1.8 Ga 111111 I Mid-Proterozoic crust 1.8-l.OGa ^/TORNO^ GRENVILLE FRONT AND GRENVILLIAN REWORKING 000 km Fig. 3-2. North Atlantic Precambrian reconstruction showing pre-Grenvillian craton configurations as discussed in the text (after Gorbatschev and Bogdanova, 1993, Fig. 4). The letter symbols are: NQ -New Quebec; U - Ungava; D - Dorset; F - foxe; R - Rinkian; N - Nugssugtoqidian; T - Torngat; L - Lapland Granulite Belt. u O M O O z < tu X u on < SOUTH AMERICAN CRATON Eon Go Orogeny / Episode .57 UJ t— < O o < o 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3 5 < // QtaziUano y Rondoman y (Uruaquanq * Espinha^o Sunsas y Jari-Balsino ^|Son Ignacio (Porguazan, Modeira) 'A Trons-/f amazonian, "A (Minas) Salient Units and Events y> Jequie /, (Aroan, Rio das Velhas) 1 Gurian Final Cratonization Major granitoid plotonism, granolite mefamorphism (0.7-0.5 Ga) Paraguai - Araguai, Brasilia, Don Feliciano, Ribeira Belts. Barborema, Mantiqueira Provinces. San Luis, Luis Alves and Rio de la Plata cratonic fragments in Brasiliano Belt. Final Cratonization of Amazonian Craton Sunsas - A guapei (Rondonian) Belts ( 1.0 Ga) Espmha^o, Uruac^uanos fold systems, Chapada Diamantino cover (1.75-1.2 Ga \ San Ignacio Belt (-1.3 Ga). Rio Negro-Jurueno Belt (1.7-1.4 Ga) (Amazonian Craton). Riffmg and Anorogenic Activities: rapakivi granites, platform sediments. Roraima - Goritore red beds (1.7-1.6 Ga). San Ignacio Belt protoliths. Taphrogenic Rifting; Uatuma Volcanoplutonic Complex (1.9-1.7 Ga). Consolidation of Amazonian Craton and S3o Francisco Province. Major granitoid plutonism ( 2.1-1.9 Ga). Maroni - Itacaiunas Mobile Belt. Minas (BIF). Mirante. Serrinha. and Jacobina (Au. U) Belts. (- 2.2 Ga). Pastora, Vila Nova, Amapa, etc. (BIF, Mn) greenstones (2.25 Ga). Consolidation of Archean cratons in Guiana, Central Brazil, Atlantic Shields. Rio das Velhas (Mn, Au) greenstones (Säo Francisco Province). (2.8Ga) Salobo greenstones. Serra dos Carajäs BIF. Inaja Group (Guapore Shield) (2.75 Ga). Xingu and Pakairama Nuclei (Amazonian Craton). Imatoca migmatites (2.7Ga). Goias greenstones, ultramafic massifs, granulites (Tocantins Province) (- 3.2 Ga). Jequie' Complex (Sao Francisco Province) (3.2 Ga). Boa Vista gneiss (Sao Francisco Province) (-3.4 Ga). Imataca Complex, BIF (Guiana Shield) (3.5-32 Ga). Fig. 1-3e. Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the South American Craton. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. GEOLOGIC SETTING BY CRATON GUIANA AND CENTRAL BRAZIL BELTS AND CRATONIC NUCLEI PAKARAIMA NUCLEUS SHIELDS AND COVER ROCKS OF SOUTH AMERICAN CRATON Fig. 1-5e. Main geologic outline and divisions of the South American Craton showing (1) Guiana and Central Brazil shields; (2) geologic provinces of Brazil; (3) tectonic divisions of South America; (4) shields and cover rocks of the platform; (5) political division of South America (adapted from Almeida et al 1981, Figs 1,2, 3; Litheriand et al 1985, Fig. 4; Gibbs and Barron 1983, Fig. 1; and Hasui and Almeida 1985, Fig. 2). AFRICAN CRATON (1) SOUTHERN AFRICA Eon Era Go 57- 1.0 .5 — O M O UJ I— O 2.0 — 2.5 3.0 - Z < LU X u < 3.5 — 1.0 1.2 o o Orogeny/ Episode 1.6 1.7 2.0 < 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.65 Dor Gorub (Namaqua Solienf Units and Events Zimbabwe Kaapvaol Cope Salem granitoids: Rössing Granite {458 Ma) Finol stabilization of southern Africa. Noma, etc. cover ( Namibia ) (650-550 Mo) Major Damara deformation and metamorphism (-550 Ma). Damara granites (570 -450 Ma). Damara -Gariep - Saldonian - Zambezi Belts (1000-450 Ma) Damara sedimentation ( -1.0 - 0.75 Ga). Continental Rifting to initiate Pan-African Belts. Pegmatites in Namaqua-Natal. Namaqua-Natal and Rehoboth(?) domains accreted to Kolohori Craton(l.2-10Ga) Koros - Sinclair - Ghanzi rifts and redbeds (1.3-1.0 Ga). Granulite metamorphism - Namaqua (-1.3 Ga). Natal (1.0 Ga) Bushmanland sediment accumulation (-1.7 Ga). Epicraronic Cover mainly completed. lomagundi-(Umkondo) Groups (Zimbabwe) (1.8Ga). Huab Complex, NW Namibia (1 8 Ga) Waterberg - Marsap-Soufpansberg Groups (1.8 Go). Kheis, Magondi, Richtersveld domoins(2.0-1.8Ga). Orange River Group (Namaqua)(2.0 Ga). Bushveld Complex and Vredefort Structure (2.0Ga) Transvaal- Griquatown sediments (BIF) (Kaapvaal) (-2.5 - -2.0 Ga) Late granitoids; Great Dyke(2.46Ga). Zimbabwe Croton and Limpopo Belt consolidated Kolohori Croron portly completed. Granulite metamorphism; Major crust-forming event (2.7-2.6 Ga ). Late Bulowayon-Shamvoion Groups(Zimbabwe)(2.6 Ga). Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Groups (Kaapvaal)(3.0-2.6Ga). Mashaba Intrusive Suite (Zimbabwe); Usushwana Complex (Koapvool)(286Ga) Pongola and Early Bulawayan Groups ( 2.95Ga). Vredefort Dome; younger components to 19Ga. Kaapvaal Croton consolidated; major crust-forming event (3.0 Ga). Johannesburg and Vredefort Domes, older components to 3 5 Ga Limpopo Belt (incl. Sand River Gneiss. -3.5 Ga). Mont d'Or Granite ( Zimbabwe )(3.3Ga). Recurrent plutonism, deformation, metamorphism of Kaapvaal ( 3.6-3.2 Go ). Swaziland ( Kaapvaal) and Sebakwian ( Zimbabwe ) Supergroups (-3.45 - 3.10 Ga) Granulite metamorphism (3.5 Ga ). Ancient Gneiss Complex( Kaapvaal) (to3.64Go) Tonalitic gneiss (Zimbabwe). Vredefort protoliths. 4.0 —1 Fig. 1-3f(i). Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the African Craton— southern Africa. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. AFRICAN CRATON (2) CENTRAL - NORTHERN AFRICA Eon U O M O LU t— o z < LU X u < 6 .88 0 _1_0 1.1 1.3 1.75 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.5 Orogeny/ Episode Salient Units and Events Pan-African (West I Congolian, Pharusian f^j Katangan Kibaran YA Ebornean VA (Ubendian Suggonan, Tadilian, Hubian) Y/l Liberi an (Moyo, Aruon ) VA Watian (Musefu; Leonean) \A Bomu Final cratonization of Craton. Submeridional faulting of Tuareg Shield. Climax of Pan-African Orogeny (650-550 Ma), Bou Azzer ophiolite West Africa-Tuareg Wilson Cycle ( 782 - 578 Ma ) Plate collisions and island arc accretions! Arabia -Nubia ) ( 790 - 675 Ma ). Recurrent tectonism throughout Pan-African intracontinental mobile belt network (1.1-0 5 Pharusian Belt (1 1-0.5Ga). Basal beds in Tooudeni and Congo Basins (1.0Ga). Katangan; West Congolian, Mozambique, etc sequences (1.1-0.6 Ga). Continental rifting and initiation of Pan-African Cycle (1.1 Ga). Darfur-Tchad Gneiss (1.2-l.lGo) Aleksod Group (-.l.OGo). Post-Kibaran granitoids (to 11 Ga). Main Kibaran Event (1.3 Ga ). Kibaran (-Burundian - Karogwe - Ankolean), Irumide, and Lurio Belts (1.35-I.IGo ). Zadinian Group ( W. Congo)( *1.2 Ga). Widespread consolidation of African Continent(1.95-1.75 Ga). Post-orogenic, anorogenic magmatism - granitoids, syenites and volcanic complexes. Tarkwaion molosse (W. Africa)(2.0 Go). Kunene Anorthosite (Angola)(2.1 Ga). Main Eburnean Event (2.1-1.95 Ga ). Widespread cratonization. Major crust-forming event. Kimezian Group; Francevillian sediments (W.Congo); Anti-Atlas Gneiss. Ruzizian - Ubendian - Ruwenzon - Usagaran belts ( Zambia - Tanzania ). Birrimian-Yetti volcanosediments (W. Africa); Arechchoum Gneiss (Hoggar)(-.2.1 Go). Luizian metasediments (Kasai); Angola - Zambian cover sequences. Cratonization of Archean nuclei (2.5 Ga). Upper Kibalian and Kavirondian greenstones (+2.5 Ga). Dibaya ( Kasai) and Jebel-Uweinof Gneiss - Migmatite(-.2.5Ga). Granulite metamorphism ; crust-forming event (-.2.9 Go ). Lower Kibalian, Nyonzian and Liberion greenstones (*2.9Go). Bomu-Nzangi Gneiss. Bandas (Gabon ) and Loko (W.Africa ) greenstones(*2.9 Ga ). Ghaliaman, Chegga and Amsaga Gneiss (W. Africa ){-.3.2 Go). Early Ganguan greenstones. Granulite metamorphism; tonalite ( Bomu); Luanyi Gneiss ( Kasai); Red Series ( Hoggar ); Antogil Gneiss ( Madagascar)(3.5 -3.4 Go ). Fig. 1-3f(ii). Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the African Craton— central-northern Africa. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. fffENERAL GEOLOGIC DIVISIONS OF AFRICAN CRATONI (T SOUTHERN AFRICA limpopo. UMKONDO. MAGONDI. KHEIS. okwa. REHOBOTHIAN. GHANZl-CHOBE. NAMAOUA (GORDONlA, RlCHTERSVElD. _ BUSHMAN LAND)* NATAL BASIN Jnama RIFTS I KORAS-SINCLAIR PAN AFRICAN BELTS| saioania. gariep. kaoko. damara (swakop.komas). katangan, LUFlLLIAN arc. zambezi. mozambique ^ H CENTRAL AFRICA | CRATONS| ANGOLAN. KASAI, CHAULU. GABON. BOUCA. BOMU-KIBALIAN. TANZANIA. ZAM8IAN. _ MADAGASCAR (PRE-DRIFT) | BELTS I KIMEZIAN, FRANCE VILLI AN, KIBARAN (-BURUNDIAN KARAGWE - ANKOlE AN). BUKOBAN. USAGARAN. UBENDIAN-RUZlZlAN. IRUMIDES. lURlQ BASIN I CONGO, LINDIAN COVER PAN AFRICAN WEST CONGO. CENTRAL AFRICAN (CAMEROON-WEST NILE). MOZAMBIQUE NORTH-WEST AFRICA _.............. ^f'^Wi^ CRATQNS 1 man (liberian. eburnian). reguibat (amsaga, YETTlfj m \*-*,' r&&>--\ INLIERS I kayes. kenieba (qZ If £ »iOC*J ROKEllDES. KASHA, MARAMPA BASINS I TAQUDENI, GOURMA AULACOGEN. VOlTA (ATACORIAN ) _ Z| PAN AFRICAN BELTS ] pharusian-dahomeyan (trans saharan). t*' tuareg shield (air, iforas, in ouzzal, central and eastern hoggar). benin nigeria shield. ANTi-atlas, berberides. moroccan meseta. rif NORTH CENTRAL AFRICA I east saharan craton JjNLIERS I tibesti, uwe i nat. tchad. west kordofan. east tuareg shield 0f_NORTH-EAST AFRICA-ARARIA CRATQNS | arabian-nubian shield (pan african age). foreland fragments PAN AFRICAN BELT] mozambique. east kordofan and nuba inliERS Ji^ANE^OZOicl [BELTS AND BASINS] CAPE, MAURITANIDES. ATLAS. TINDOUF, WESTERN MADAGASCAR —I— Fig. 1-5f(i)a. Main geologic outline of the African Craton showing general geologic divisions of Pre-cambrian crust (adapted from Saggerson 1978, Fig. 1). 1000 km ANTARCTIC CRATON .57 1.0 1.5 — 2.0 - 2 5 3.0 - 3.5 - 4.0 —I Eon Go .88 1.54 2 4 2 9 Orogeny/ Episode 3.8 Y/\ Ross 06 t^l 4 ^ 3 12 Salient Units and Events Cambnon sediments overlie greenschist basement Greenschist Fades-Oates Land, Marie Byrd Land, Transantarctic Mountains etc. Widespreadmetasediments in 30°W-45°E sector.(<0.6Ga). Granulite amphibolite facies. Felsic magmatismat 1.2-1 OGa. Widespread reactivation including Vestfold Hills, Lutzow-Holm, Rayner Complex, etc. (l.OGa) Coats Land rhyolite porphyries (-1.0 Ga) Prince Charles Mts metasediments with BIF clasts Shockleton Range metosediments; amphibolite fociesat - 1 .4 Ga. Granulite Facies - Dronning Maud Land, Prince Charles Mountains. Felsic mogmatism in Rayner Complex (1.5Ga). Dronning Maud Land metasupracrustals, including BIF. Mafic intrusions sparse, restricted to isolated though widespread localities. Granulite Facies - Lutzow - Holm , Enderby Land, Prince Charles Mts Rayner Complex development (20—1.8Ga) Granulite Facies - major resetting, Napier Complex, Vestfold Hills. Napier Complex crotonized Mainly restricted to 0°-90°E sector; other high grade gneisses Archean in part. Pnnce Charles metasediments Common wealth Bay, Bunger Hills, Windmill Islands, Shockleton Range lithologies. Granulite Facies - Napier Complex, Dronning Maud Land, Prince Charles Mountains and Vestfold Hills metomorphism at 3.1 Go, recumbent gneiss pile. Ragaatt'orthogneiss'and Tula ' parogneiss', Napier Complex Granulite Facies - Napier Complex , Enderby Land orthogneiss. Mount Sones Orthogneiss ( 3.93 Ga ). Fig. 1-3i. Summary chrono-stratigraphlc development of Precambrian crust of the Antarctic Craton. cycles CmStal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic ANTARCTIC CRATON | Fig. 1-51. Main geologic outline and divisions of the Antarctic Craton (from James and Tingey 1983, Fig. 1). [AUSTRALIAN CRATON Eon Era Ga 57 H UJ < .5 - Ö M O UJ I— o a. UJ Q O 1.0 Cycle / Senes Adelaidean 14 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 - 3.0 3 5 - 4.0 - Z < UJ X u or < Musgrovian Carpentorian Orogeny/ Episode Carpentorian Nufloginian (Borramundion^ Yilgarnian Pilbarian 3.53 YA Delamarian (Peterman Ranges, Penguin) I^i Musgrave ' ^ Ormi ston Mt. Isa (NE Yá 1.6-1 5Ga ^ Capricorn (W) „X1 Barramund (Kimban, Tickolara, Ophthal ^ 'Yilgarn' I ^ 'Pilbara' Salient Units and Events Adelaidean System { M - 0.5 Ga ). Adelaide, Officer, Amadeus and Ngalia Basins; S. Kimberley Basin and Mt. Isa Cover, Tasmania Basin. Stabilization of Central Australian Mobile Belt with development of Musgrave Block and Albany-Eraser Province Bangemall Basin ( W. Australia ), Victoria River Basin ( Kimberley)(1.3 -1.0 Ga ); Paterson Province. Albany-Eraser Belt, Musgrave Block, (1.4-1.3 Go). Arunto Inlier-deformation - metomorphism (1.1-1 0 Go), Stabilization of Mt Iso Orogen, Gawler Gaton and Willyamo Inder (1.6-1.5 Ga). Mc Arthur, Mf. Isa, Lawn Hill Plotform deposition (1 8-1 4Ga) Gawler Range Volcanics (1.6 Go) and sediments (1 45 Go). Willyomo deposition (l.69Ga), high grode metomorphism (I 66Ga). Albany-Eraser Belt Metomorphism (17-1.6Go). Kimberiey-Birrindudu Basins, Nabberu Basin (1.8-1 6 Go) Stabilization of North and West Australian Domains. Crust - forming event (1.9-1.85 Ga) Wyloo Cover (W. Austrolio ) (2 0- l.8Ga), Gascoyne Province. AshburtonTrough. Albany - Eraser Belt sediments (W. Australia ). Halls Creek, P ine Creek, Arnhem, Tennant Creek, Arunto, etc Inliers (N. Australia )(2.0 - 1.85 Go) Nabberu Basin: Glengarry Groups (2 2-1 8 Go), Padbury-Earoheedy (BIF) Groups (1.8-1.7Ga) Hamerdav Roc in I an A nl fJ>1_^^ INLIER VICTORIA \^^Q Gulf of <7 XOEN INLIER 0 KING LEOPOLD INLIER HALLS CREEK INLIER- Corpentarto \ o PILBARA BLOCK A5HBURTON TROUGH/-^ ','////. ;hamersley. ^cbasin- birrindudu- basin. .paterson province V^^BASIN ?RTAN'je^TENN ANT\. -TANAMI rPFFk" >BL^y^,RNt,KER NGALIA\Xs^J^ ISA INLIER BASIN/ -^T DAVENPORT •'/^PROVINCE ^^RJJNTA^^OC . AMADaJS-^^,^^^7 GEORGINA BASIN .-. xSPrm9s BASIN -YAMbo inlier -georgetown inlier t^bangemall basin gascoyne block "v_ ^ (4;gl^ngarry ;^T^NBasPnu ~ r^den.son block \a\;;sub-basin,-/////// officer basin \ naturaliste block— '/'////////. ■ //'//'////. '///////. ' / / / f s s / * 'f/'S'ff'/j ■'///////, • / s / / / / /y NULL ARBOR yQ> . block v • , ./albany-fraser province Great Austra I i a n Bight painter block -whlyama block -adelaide geosyncline Sydney' Canberra. /Adelaide phanerozoic 1 1 Rocks proterozoic Sedimentary Basin Block / Inlier-meramorphic or igneous complex »Melbourne archean y/////. Sedimentary Basm '''///' Block/Inlier \ cm ROCKY CAPE BLOCK- TYENNA BLOCK tasmania 'Hobart Fig. 1-5h. Main geologic outline and divisions of the Australian Craton (adapted from Wyborn 1988, Fig. 1). CATHAYSIAN CRATON Eon Ero Go Cycle / Senes U O M O O Oč. Z < UJ X V < 85 1.05 Qingbaikou Jixian I .4 O Changcheng 1.85 Hutuo at < 2.2 Wutoi 2.5 Fuping 2.9 a o Oianx 3.5 Tsaozhuang Orogeny/ Episode Jinningian (Yongtze) Sibooan M (Wuling) F^Do ngon ^ Luliangian (Zhongtian) ^ Wutai Fupingion Oianxi I (Songyang) to Salient Units ond Events Widespread Simon Cover; lower elastics with hllites; upper orgillifes - carbonates Start of Yangtze Platform Cover. Final consolidation of Yangtze Craton ond northern margin of Tanm Oaton. Jixian Uplift. Arc-trench volconics; turbidites, ophiolites along SE Yongtze Craton. Platform sediments in northern regions Partial cratonizofion of Yangtze Craton. Profound organic changes. Luanxion Uplift. Arc-trench volconics; turbidites, ophiolites along SE Yongtze Craton. Aulacogens with clastic - volcanic fill on Sino-Koreon and Tarim Cratons. Oinglong Uplift. Stable sedimentation in northern regions. Final consolidation of Sino-Korean and main Torim Cratons. Consolidation of Sichuan, etc. massifs of Yangtze Protocraton. Pronounced orogenesis, widespread metamorphism and plutonism. Hutuo ( Liaohe ) shelf sediments, volcanics; inc. redbeds. Cratonization of Sino-Korean Craton. Folding, metamorphism, plutonism. Wutai volcanics - turbidites with BIF. Consolidation of Protocontinents. Formotion of Ordos and Jilu Nuclei. Granulite-amphibolife facies; migmatites; granitoid plutonism (2 6*2.5 Go). Bodaohe, Dantzi, Dengfeng etc. supracrustals(2.5Ga ). Taihua gneiss {2.8 Go). Granulite metamorphism; migmatites; granitoid plutonism. Oionxi, Fuping, etc. supracrustals (2.7-2.9Ga). Tsaozhuong mafic enclaves; granulite metamorphism (3.5 Go). Fig. 1-3a. Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the Cathaysian Craton. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. Fig. 1-5a. Main geologic outline and divisions of the Cathay-sian Craton showing craton outline, main geologic features, and relevant political and geographic divisions (adapted in part from Atlas of Palaeogeography of China, 1985, Map 141). SIBERIAN CRATON 57- 1.0 1.5 2.0- 2.5 - 3.0 3.5 — 4.0—1 Eon^ Era U O M O O Qu UJ -.68 1.0 U O M OS < £ z < LU X u < Z < UJ X u oc < Ga .56 .65 1.40 1.65 1.95 2.6 2.9 3 2 3.4 Cycle/ Senes Vendian — Kudash — Karatavian Yurmafinian Bourzianian Akitkan Oudokan Subgan Aldan Orogeny/ Episode ~f^J Boikalian Stanovoyan Salient Units and Events Aldanian ^ Omolonian Ultramafic-alkaline intrusions; kimberlites. Tillires; carbonate-petite sequences; flysch and mixtites; Ediacara-type metazoa. Final consolidation of full platform with addition of peripheral massifs and fold belts. Local granitoids. Mojor subsidence and vast platform cover (Plotform stage): cyclically alternating psammite-corbonote- pelife deposits. Thick deposits in peripheral geosynclines, sites of future fold belts. Ulkan Laccolith (alkaline granitoid) (165 Go). Aulacogen stage : elastics and bimodal volcanic fill. Craton border rifting with development of major pericratonic fold belts Final consolidation of main craton : thick. extensive crust. Stanovoy Fault (1.9Go); granitoids; retrogression. Extensive reworking and metamorphism of belt network across the platform; local granulite metamorphism. Epicratonic rifting with bimodal volcanic red-bed fill, including Oudokan-Kodar and Ulkan Troughs (to 19Go). Epi-Archean Platform Consolidation. Granitoid intrusion and granulite facies metamorphism (2.6-2.5 Go). Gneiss terranes and greenstone belts (2.96 Go). eg. Aldan and Stanovoy Domains. Anabar Gneiss. Aldan mafic gneiss (3.2 Go). Gneisses of Onotsk Graben, Sayon Province (3.2Gal Sayan greenstone belts (*3.2 Ga). Granulite facies metamorphism (3.4 Ga) ( Omolon Massif). Aldan basement gneiss (3.4 Ga). Fig. 1-3b. Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the Siberian Craton. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. Fig. 1-5b. Main geologic outline and divisions of the Siberian Craton showing the main positive elements (exposed shields, fold-belts and adjoining anteclises) and negative elements (buried syneclises and troughs) (adapted from Salop 1977, Fig. 6 and Shatzki and Bogdanoff 1961, Fig. 1). INDIAN CRATON 57- Eon Ero VENDIAN Go .68 1.0 1.35 1.65 2.5 2.6 3.0 Orogeny/ Episode VA in*'an Ocean YA Cuddapah VA Eastern ™ Ghats (Orogeny m, Satpura) X/A Aravalli Orogeny j^/j Orogeny Orogeny va Gc Salient Units and Events AAarwar Suite: rhyolites, alkalic granites, sediments (0.6-0.5 Ga). Narmada-Son thrust fault-graben ( Vindhyon - Satpura Contact). Kurnool sediments ( Cuddapah Basin ) (1.0 - 0.5 Ga). Sausar sediments ( Bhondara Craton) (1.0 Go). Vindhyan intracrotonic basin sediments (1.1 -0.6 Ga ). Additional metamorphism of Eastern Ghats Belt Granulite metamorphism in Sri Lanka (IIGo) Alkaline plutonism, anorthosites in Eastern Ghats Belt(1.3Ga). Nallamalai sediments ( Cuddapah Basin ) (1.5 -1.0 Ga). Copper Belt Thrust ( Singhbhum ) and Eastern Ghats Front (1.6 Go) Charnockltes of Eastern Ghats. Coherent Indian craton (1.6 Ga) Bijawar sediments. Delhi sediments (Aravalli Block) (1.8-1.5Ga). Cuddapah sediments (Cuddapah Basin )(2.0-1.5 Ga ); Kaladgi and Godavori sediments. Mayurbhonj alkaline granites { Singhbhum) (2.1 Go). Aravalli sediments (+ phosphates ) in rift-induced rroughs(2.5-2.0Ga) Sakoli sediments, Bhondoro Craton (2.2Go). Singhbhum and Dhanjori Groups (2.3 Go). Dongorgorh Granite (Bhandaro Craton) (2.2 Go). Kolor terrenes juxtoposed (2 4 Ga). Cratonization of Dravidian Shield. Major crust-forming event. Thick stable crust. Closepet, Chitrodurga.Bundelkhond.etc. gronifes. Chornockites of S. India and Eastern Ghats (?)(2.6Ga) Platform sediments ( S. Highlands - Granulite Domain). Dharwar schist belts: Chitradurga and Bababudan Groups ( 3 0 - 2 6 Ga) Kolor schist belts (3.0-2.6Ga). Peninsular Gneiss. Chornockites. Major crust-forming event(3.3-3.0 Go) Metamorphism of Older Metamorphic Group, Iron Ore Group (Singhbhum)(3 1Ga) Kolar gneisses (*3.2 and 2.5Ga). Khondalite metamorphism (Eastern Ghats)(3.1 Ga). Sargur enclaves (Dharwar Craton) (3.1 -3.0Go). Singhbhum Granite: Early phase, 33Go, Lore phase. 3.1 Go. Gorur Gneiss. Tonolites. Crust-forming event (3.3Ga). Older Metamorphic Group (Singhbhum ) (+3.4-3.3Ga). Banded Gneissic Complex ( Aravalli Craton )(-.3.4 Go). Fig. 1-3g. Summary chrono-stratigraphic development of Precambrian crust of the Indian Craton. Salient crustal units and events are arranged in relation to internal orogenies and resulting tectonic cycles. GEOLOGIC SETTING BY CRATON 4 Fig. 1-5g. Main geologic outline and divisions of the Indian Craton showing main tectonic divisions; insets include (1) main cratons and thrusts, (2) Aravalli-Delhi Belt, (3) Chotanagpur-Singhbhum Craton, (4) Bhandara Craton, and (5) Dharwar Craton (adapted from Naqvi and Rogers 1987, Figs 1.1, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1).