Éra Perioda Čas v mil. let Epocha Kulturní stupeň Kulturní období 0,01 0,04 holocén neolit azilien (svrchní) mladý magdalénien solutrén graveltien aurígnacien chatelperonien j. strední moustérien 0,15 levailoisien S * kvartér 0,5 pleistocén (střední) 1 (starý) a. clactonien O N O W 1 (spodní) acheuiéen 2 5 25 35 53 65 pliocén oldowan -OJ miocén hominoidi, vznik hominidú '0 u oligocén antropoidní primáti, vznik hominoidú eocén poloopice, vznik antropoidních primátů? paleocén praprimáti, poloopice Figure 9-2 Continental drift. Changes in position of the continental plates from Late Paleozoic to Late Eocene, (a) The position of the continents at the end of the Paleozoic (c. 250 m.y.a.). Pangea is breaking up into a northern land mass (Laurasia) and a southern land mass (Gondwanaland). {b) The position of the continents during much of the Paleocene and Eocene (up to c.45 m.y.a.). Note that North America and Europe are still joined but are separate from Asia. NORTH" AMERICA EUROPE Turgai Straight ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA INDIA ANTARCTICA (b) \AL\A D Table 4.1 Genera of fossil apes1 Oligo. 25 Kamoyapithecus Lothidok Kenya e M 21 New taxon Meswa Bridge Kenya e M 720-17.5 Morotopithecus Moroto Uganda eM 720-17.5 Kogolepithecus3 Moroto Uganda eM 19 Ugandaptthecus4 Napak/Songhor K/U e M 19 Xenoptthecus3 Koru Kenya e M 19 Proconsul Songhor/Koru Kenya eM 19 Limnopithecus3 Koru/Songhor Kenya eM 19 Rangwapithecus3 Songhor Kenya e M 19 Micropithecus3 Napak/Koru K/U e M 19 Kalepithecus3 Songhor/Koru Kenya eM 17.5-19 Dendropithecus3 cf. Proconsul5, Rusinga/Songhor/Napak/Koru K/U eM 17.5 Rusinga/Mfangano Kenya e M 17.5 Turkanapithecus Kalodirr Kenya eM 17.5 Afropithecus Kalodirr Kenya e-m M 17.5-15 Simiolus Kalodirr/Maboko Kenya e-m M 17.5-15 Nyanzapithecus Rusinga/Maboko Kenya e M 17 Heliopithecus Ad Dabtiyah S. Arabia eM 16.5 cf. Griphopithecus Engel swies Germany eM 16 Griphopithecus Pa§alar/Candir Turkey m M 15 Equatorius Maboko/Kipsarimon Kenya m M 15 Mabokopithecus Ma boko Kenya m M 15 Nacholapithecus Nachola Kenya m M 13 Pierolapithecus El Hostelets de Pierola Spain m M 13 Kenyapithecus Fort Ternan Kenya m M 13 Otavipithecus Otavi Namibia m-l M 12-7 Sivapithecus Potwar Plateau Pakistan m-l M 12-10 Dryopithecus Rudabänya/Can Llobateres H/S Craniodental fragments Craniodental fragments Cranial, dental, postcrania Dental Cranial, dental, postcrania Craniodental fragments Cranial, dental, postcrania Craniodental Craniodental Craniodental Craniodental fragments Cranial, dental, postcrania (Cranial, dental, postcrania}+ Cranial, dental, postcrania Cranial, dental, postcrania Cranial, dental, postcrania Craniodental fragments Dental Dental Cranial, (dental)+, postcrania (Cranial, dental, postcrania)+ Dental Partial skeleton Partial skeleton Cranial, dental, postcrania Craniodental, vertebra (Cranial, dental, postcraniaR (Cranial, dental, postcrania)+ Age Ma Genera Important localities Country Material2 m-l M 713.5-7 Khoratpithecus6 Ban Sa/Khorat Thailand Craniodental fragments 1 M 10 Ankarapithecus Sinap Turkey Cranial, dental, postcrania 1 M 9.5 Samburupithecus Samburu Kenya Craniodental fragments IM 9.5 Ouranopithecus Ravin de la Pluie Greece (Craniodental)+, 2 phalanges 1 M 9-8 Graecopithecus Pygros Greece Mandible 1 M 9-8 Lufengpithecus Lufeng China (Cranial, dental)+, postcrania 1 M 8-7 New taxon Corakyerler Turkey Mandible, maxilla 1 M 7 Oreopithecus Baccinello/Monte Bamboli Italy (Cranial, dental, postcrania}+ 1 M 7-6 Sahelanthropus Toros-Menalla Chad Craniodental 1 M 6.5 Gigantopithecus Potwar Plateau Pakistan Mandible 1 M 6 Orrorin Lukeino Kenya Craniodental, postcrania 1 M 5.8-5.2 Ardipithecus7 Alayla (Middle Awash} Ethiopia Craniodental, postcrania Rooneyia Macrotarsius Tetonius Figure 1 Postorbital bar. A characteristic of primates. Figure 9-2 Continental drift. Changes in position of the continental plates from Late Paleozoic to Late Eocene, (a) The position of the continents at the end of the Paleozoic (c. 250 m.y.a.). Pangea is breaking up into a northern land mass (Laurasia) and a southern land mass (Gondwanaland). {b) The position of the continents during much of the Paleocene and Eocene (up to c.45 m.y.a.). Note that North America and Europe are still joined but are separate from Asia. NORTH" AMERICA EUROPE Turgai Straight ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA INDIA ANTARCTICA (b) \AL\A FIGURE 9-1 Smilodectes. An Eocene adapid. (From 'The Early Relatives of Man" by E. L. Simons. Copyright © 1964 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.) FIGURE 9-2 Necrolemur. The skull of the omomyid Necrolemur. Primates (53 m.y.-37 m.y.) Modern lorises and lemurs Pliocene 5 m.y. Miocene 25 m.y. Oligocene 37 m.y. Eocene Modern tarsiers k Modern New World monkeys \ V- < \N A v VI Modern Pongids Old World ^ ^ monkeys / i \ v / \ l / l / i l l l i / J_L_ Hominids / / HOMINOIDS X yx Adapids^ Vx Anthropoids : ! / // /x \$Öftfs LEMUR GRADE: Necrolemur //'PROSIMIAN RADIATION \ Omomyids 53 m.y. \ . ' \ / \ \ V Paleocene 65 m.y. Piesiadapids \ -v ? / TREE SHREW GRADE: PROTO-PROSIMIANS' \ ? \ \ Purgatorius Figure 9-3 Summary, earl evolution. / CRETACEOUS Figure 15-3 Artist's reconstruction of Amphipithecus bused on actual fossil evidence and the order of development of anatomical features observed in primate evolution. 15-2 The reconstructed mandible of Amphipithecus. Kashab Formation 350- 300 250-1 ■a § & 13 200-1 s I I I I 150-; 100 Widan el Faras Basalt (31.0 ± 1.0 m.y.) Afrotarsius; Apidium; Parapithecus; Propliopithecus; Aegyptopithecus \ Apidium; Parapithecus; Propliopithecus; Aegyptopithecus Parapithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Apidium; Propliopithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Apidium; Propliopithecus; ?Aegyptopithecus Oligopithecus; Qatrania / 50 - Qasr el Sagha Formation Jebel Qatrani Formation *- FIGURE 9-4 The Qatrani Formation, Fayu FIGURE 9-5 Apidium. A reconstruction of Apidium, "ember of the family Parapithecidae from the Fayum. Oreopithecus bamboIii matík i FIGURE 9-7 Aegyptopithecus. Tie reconstructs post-cranial skeleton of Aegyptopithecus ?euxis. Bones shown in color have been recovered. FIGURE 9-6 Aegyptopithecus. The reconstructed skull of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis from the Oligocene of the Fayum. (a) (b) Figure 9-6 Aegyptopithecus skull from the Fayum, Egypt. Oligocene, circa 28 m.y.a., discovered in 1966. (a) Front view; ib) side view. DRYOPITHECUS FONTANI LIDOOP EVROPSKÝCH LESŮ Map showing the location of the Miocene taxa discussed in this chapter PROCONSUL AFRICAN US Figure 9-14 Comp cranium (center) wit (left) and orangutan cus fossil is specime Potwar Plateau, Paki; (a) lateral view; ib) fix Figure 15-8 (left) Note the large canines and the canine diastema (situated between the canine and the first premolar) of this Sivapithecus mandible, (right) A side view of the same mandible. Front characteristic feature of hominoid molars. igure 9-9 Overlapping canines and sec-)rial lower first premolar. (Shown here in a lacaque.) A taxonomy of the Hominidea Cercopithecidea {Magnafamily, new rank) Hominidea (Magnafamily, new rank) Proconsuloidae Proconsul cf. Proconsul Samburupithecus Micropithecus Hominoidea Hylobatidae Hylobates Hominidae Pierolapithecus Dryopithecus Ouranopithecus Graecopithecus Sivapithecus Lufengpithecus Khoratpithecus Ankaropithecus Gigantopithecus Sahelonthropus Orrorin Homo Ardipithecus Praeanthropus Australopithecus Paroustralopithecus Paranthropus Pongo Pan Gorilla Crown hominoids of uncertain status Kenyapithecus Oreopithecus Family incertae sedis Afropithecus Morotopithecus Heliopithecus Griphopithecus Equatorius Nacholapithecus Otavipithecus Superfamily incertae sedis Rangwapithecus Nyanzapithecus Mabokopithecus Turkanapithecus Magnafamily incertae sedis Kamoyapithecus Dendropithecus Simiolus Limnopithecus Kalepithecus Figure 15-11 Upper and lower molars of Gigantopithecus (right) compared with those of modern humans (left). Gisanlopithecus , -i „wrnrilla (From "Gigantopithecus by reserved.) Pierolapithecus catalaunicus 13 mil. let Pierolapithecus catalaunicus 13 mil. let Byl objeven v roce 2004 na lokalitě Els Hostalets de Pierola v Katalánsku Nese znaky shodné s lidoopy i ostatními druhy úzkonosých opic Vzhledem k tomu, že lidoopi se oddělili od úzkonosých opic před 11 až 16 mil. lety, může se jednat o posledního společného předka člověka a lidoopů Byl adaptován k pohybu po stromech. - Měl široký a plochý hrudník (podobný moderním lidoopům) - Pohyblivá zápěstí (měl už dvě předloketní kosti - ulnu a radius, které mu umožňovaly rotaci ruky) - Lopatky měl postavené svisle na zádech jako lidé a lidoopi Tyto adaptace mu umožňovaly vzpřímený postoj při šplhání Pierolapithecus catalaunicus 13 mil. let Objevená fosílie patřila samci Vážil asi 35 kg, byl menší než šimpanz Potravně byl jednoznačně adaptován k plodožravosti FIGURE 9-16 Pliopithecus. Pan Gorilla i I Homo Pongo I Australopithecus \I / ? Sivapithecus DRYO PITHS European varieties (Dryopithecus) \ \ \ \ \ RAMAPITHS ? 9 DRYOPITHS^ (Proconsul) Figure 9-20 A pn m-y-a- possible relationsh: horninoids/ Gigantopithecus 10 African varieties 20 Outgroup "Proconsul" Proconsul sensu stricto Micropithecus Samburupithecus Afropithecus Morotopithecus Heliopithecus Griphopithecus Equatorius Nacholapithecus Otavipithecus Kenyapithecus Hylobates Oreopithecus Homo Paranthropus Australopithecus Para ustralop ithecus Praeanthropus Ardipithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Pan Gorilla Dryopithecus Pierolapithecus Ouranopithecus Pongo Sivapithecus Ankarapithecus Lufengpithecus Khoratpithecus Gigantopithecus