Akvatická ekotoxikologie
Ekosystémová ekotoxikologie
Druh C
Asplanchna priodonta 0,5
Brachionus rubens 1,5
Linmodrilus neuneruis 0,01-0,04
Daphnia pulex 0,21-0,45
Daphnia longispina 0,12
Moina brachiata 0,25
Bosmina longirosrris 0,15
Cyclops sp. 0,12
Unio tumidus 0,00035
Sphaerium corneum 0,0044
Chironomus phanasus 0,007-0,024
Chaoborus crystallinus 0,033
Průměmá hodnota Rozpětí hodnot
baktérie 141,0 73 -237
fytoplankton 113,0 9 -359
herbivorní
zooplankton
15,9 0,5- 44,0
karnivomí
zooplankton
11,6 1,5- 30,4
herbivorní
bentičtí
bezobratlí
3,7 0,6- 12,6
karnivorní
bentičtí
bezobratlí
4,6 1,0- 25,0
Průměrné hodnoty a rozpětí P/B koeficientů v různých trofických skupinách organismů
sladkovodních ekosystémů (podle různých autorů sestavil Wetzel, 1963)
Produkce/ hrubý příjem jako ekologický parametr toku energie
Schematic presence of the major characteristics of the three main types
of toxicity tests; the arrows indicate the extrapolation/validation steps
Predicting receiving system impacts from effluent discharge (adapted
from Cairns et al. 1978)
Relative frequency of the use of
specific structural parameters to
characterize the responses of
phytoplankton, periphyton, and
macrophytes, respectively
(Co=Composition of lowest
practical taxon; Ch=Chlorophylla;
Bi=Biomass; Ab=Abundance;
Si=Similarity index; Div=Diversity
index; Sd=Spatial distribution.
Relative frequency of the use of
specific structural parameters to
characterize the responses of
zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and
fish, respectively (Co=Composition at
lowest practical taxon; Bi=Biomass;
Ab=Abundance; Flg=Functional
feeding groups, food choice and diet;
Si=Similarity index; Di=Diversity index;
Ds=Demographic characteristics;
Sd=Spatial distribution).
Numbers of experiments in which
structural aspects of different
(sub)communities have been
studied, in the three types of aquatic
(model) ecosystem discerned.
(Mo=Microorganisms;
Ph=Phytoplankton; Pe=Perinhyton;
M=Macrophytos; Zo=Zooplankton;
Mi=Macro-invertebrates, Fi=fish)
Komponenty standardního
akvatického mikrokosmu
Design experimentu ovlivní
spektrum sledovaných organismů
Taxa, volumes and endpoints appropriate for tests of circa three to six month duration in aquatic
experimental ecosystem used in testing the fate and effects of agricultural chemicals. Taxa richness may
be supplemented by indices or diversity, dominance and similarity. Chl a is chlorophyll a. From
SETACˇEurope, "Testing Procedures tor Pesticides in Freshwater Static Mesocosms," Monks Wood
Experimental Station, July 1991.
Taxa, volume and endpoints appropriate for tests of circa one-month duration in aquatic experimental
ecosystems used in testing the fate and effects of agricultural chemical. LC50 is the lethal concentration
for a 50% reduction in test organisms. EC50 is an effective concentration, typically used for behavioral
endpoint
Increase in fish biomass (g/m3) during microcosm and mesocosm
studies. A, B, C and D represent the four compounds tested. Data are
averages for control microcosms and mesocosms. There were two or
three replicates in each study.
Comparison of the NOEC's of SS tests with microalgae, protozoans,
rotifers, crustaceans and insect larvae and the NOEC's of lotic and lentic
outdoor microcosm tests (CEC project, 1988-1992)
Comparison of the LOEC's and NOEC's obtained in SS laboratory and
MS field tests for 10 pesticide. A: atrazine, B: azinphosmethyl: C cyflurin,
D: cypermethrin, E: diquat, F: endosulfan, G: lambda-cyhalothrin, H:
matamitron, I: parathion, J: tralomethrin
Fathead minnow survival and growth (A) and Ceriodaphnia dubia survival
and reproduction (B) (mean and 95% confidence intervals) during the
dechlorination period
A
B
Schéma koloběhu fosforu ve vodním ekosystému v interakci se železem a
sírou. Vlevo situace za aerobních podmínek u dna, vpravo za anaerobních
podmínek a za vzniku H2S v hypolimnionu. Znázorněn je rovněž koloběh fosforu v
epilimnionu. Bakteriální a chemické uvolňování PO4 v hypolimnionu nádrže za
přítomnosti H2S může pokračovat po podzimní cirkulaci a zrušení termální
stratifikace rovněž ve svrchních vrstvách vodního sloupce (čárkované šipky) (podle
Barthelmesa, 1981)
Survival of organisms after 96 hours of exposure in in situ testing. The arrow
signifies the point of effluent discharge into the river.
Artificial stream system of the Water, Soil and Air Hygiene Office,
Marienfelde, Germany. Facility has been used to study the effects ot
sewage, nutrients, and detergents on stream ecosystem. Large building
in the center is a pilot sewage treatment plant which contains automated
sampling equipment. (Photo by P. D. Hansen.)
Photograph of recirculation artificial system developed by Shell
Research (England)
Chlorpyritos, as a percentage of
the dose applied, in the water,
sediment and vegetation
compartments of microcosms with
(a) and without (b) macrophytes
and macrophyte dominated ditches
(c). During the first week postapplication
sediment and
macrophytes were not sampled in
the microcosms.
Schematic diagram of the lentic mesocosm ponds at the Water
Research Field Station of the University of North Texas. Smaller circles
represent the location of fiberglass microcosm test systems
Flow-through exposure chamber for flow-through tests with polychaetes.
The exposure chamber is a glass crystallizing ditch with an inflow of water over the
sediment surface. Arrows show flow of water into the test tube (b) through silicone
tubing (a), which has a piece of glass tubing (c) attached at the bottom then through an
elliptical opening; (d) cut in the side of the test tube and into the dish just above the
sediment surface. Water circulates around the dish and leaves through a siphon and
catch cup. (Reprinted with permission from Pesch, C. E.. Munns, W. R. Jr., GutjahrGobell
R.: Effects of a contaminated sediment on life history traits and population
growth rate of Nennthes arenoceodénmra (Polychaeta: Nereidae) in the laboratory.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 70(6):805-875. Copyright 1991. SETAC)
Model-II regression of NOECMS-experiment on NOECSS-experiment
for similar or related species, corresponding effects parameters and
similar exposure concentrations, based on 17 data pairs:
log NOECMS-experiment = 0.750 * log NOECSS-experiment + 0.263,
r = 0.935.
Conceptual application of WET testing to aquatic hazard assessment;
portrays the issues of laboratory-to-field scaling and exposure, surrogate
species and sensitivityˇ, variability and false positives
Relationship between structure and functions in macrophyte-dominated
ecosystems. Arrows indicate main communities of litoral ecosystem
and for each terrestrial and aquatic communities, structural and
functional parameters are represented by relative Ievels of activity:
production and decomposition are functions of the system and
complexity and biomass to water ratio are structural parameters.
Example demonstrating the value of ecoregional reference conditions for
assessing effluent effects on either fish (IBI) or macroinvertebrate (ICI)
community integrity (Karr et al. 1986). As an example, the downstream site would
not be judged as impaired based on the ecoregional reference condition or an
average-scoring upstream site (diamond). However, the downstream site would
be incorrectly judged as either impaired (based on the single upstream site [circle]
that was unusually species rich) or of extremely high ecological integrity (based
on the single low-scoring upstream site [triangle]).
Average number (+-1 standard deviation) of Naididae (Oligochaeta)
collected in experimental ponds by artificial substrates. Triangles
represent application of a pyrethroid insecticide.
Naididae (Oligochaeta) from artificial substrates
Naididae (Oligochaeta) from artificial substrates
Average number (+-1 standard deviation) of Naididae (Oligochaeta)
collected in experimental ponds by Ekman Grab. Triangles represent
application times of a pyrethroid insecticide.
PCA-ordination ,,species" plot of the 1990
SC macroinvertebrate data set. For
explanation see text and figure 7
PCA-adination 'sites' plot of the 1990 SC
macroinvertebrate data set. The 'sites' of
test units treated with the same
concentralion at different sampling times
(days 6, +7, +14, +28, and +56 p.a.) have
been connected by a line. For explanation
see text and Figure 6.