Historický vývoj systému placentálních savců
(podle Ivana Horáčka)
MODULARIZACE VÝUKY EVOLUČNÍ A EKOLOGICKÉ BIOLOGIE
CZ.1.07/2.2.00/15.0204
19451910
18721866
1758 1817
1997
Linnæus, C. 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera,
species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp.
[1-4], 1-824.
Linnaeus, 1758
Mammalia
Unguiculata
Ordo: Primates (Primates, Dermoptera, Chiroptera)
Ordo: Bruta (Proboscidea, Sirenia, Bradypodidae - lenochodi,
Myrmecophagidae - mravenečníci, Pholidota – luskouni)
Ordo: Ferae (Carnivora)
Ordo: Bestiae (Suidae, Tayassuidae – pekariovití , Dasypodidae - pásovci,
Erinaceidae, Talpidae, Didelphidae - vačice)
Ordo: Glires (Rhinocerotidae - nosorožcovití, Lagomorpha, Rodentia)
Ungulata
Ordo: Pecora (Tylopoda, Ruminantia)
Ordo Belluae (Equidae, Hippopotamidae - hrochovití)
Mutica
Ordo: Cete (Cetacea)
Cuvier, G. 1817. Le régne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire
naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Volume 4. 1-255. Deterville. Paris.
Cuvier, 1817
Mammalia
Ordo: Bimanes (Homo)
Ordo: Quadrumanes (Primates excl. Homo)
Ordo: Carnasiers
Cheiroptéres (Dermoptera, Chiroptera)
Insectivores (Erinaceidae, Soricidae, Talpidae, Chrysochloridae)
Ordo: Carnivores
Plantigrades (Procyonidae, někteří Mustelidae)
Digitigrades (někteří Mustelidae, Canidae, Viverridae, Hyaenidae, Felidae)
Amphibes (Pinnipedia)
Marsupiaux (Marsupialia)
Ordo: Rongeurs (incl. Lagomorpha)
A clavicules (Rodentia s claviculou, primát Daubentonia)
San clavicules (Rodentia bez claviculy, Lagomorpha)
Ordo: Edentés
Tardigrada (pásovci)
Édentés ordinaires (Dasypodidae - pásovci, Manidae - luskouni, Myrmecophagidae - mravenečníci, Tubulidentata
- hrabáči)
Monotremés (Monotremata)
Ordo: Pachydermes
Proboscidea
Pachydermés ordinaries (hroši, prasata, damani, Ceratomorpha – tapíři a nosorožci)
Solipédes (Equidae)
Ordo: Ruminans (Tylopoda, Ruminantia)
Sans cornes (Camelidae - velbloudovití a Tragulidae - kančilovití)
Avec cornes (Ruminantia excl. kančilovití)
Ordo: Cétacés
Herbivores (Sirenia)
Ordinaires (Cetacea)
zalambdodontní stolička
dilambdodontní stolička
typhlon = caecum
Ernst Haeckel Theodore Gill
W. H. Flower. 1883. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia. Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London 1883:178-186
W. K. Gregory. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27:1-524
Šelmy a všichni kopytníciDrápy a nehty
G. G. Simpson. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History 85:1-350
Ferae
McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.
Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.
Pilosa = lenochodi a mravenečníci
Cingulata = pásovci
Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., O’Brien, S. J., Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C., Teeling, E. C., Ryder, O. A.,
Stanhope, M., De Jong, W. W. and M. S. Springer. 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal
radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294: 2348-2351.
Murphy, W. J., Pringle, T., Crider, T., Springer, M. S., and W. Miller. 2007. Using genomic data to
unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research 17: 413-421.
Systém Placentalia
103
97
73
91
87
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Atlantogenata
105
Laurasiatheria
Euarchontoglires
Xenarthra
Afrotheria
125
Eomaia
Podle: Murphy et al. 2007:
Clade Atlantogenata
Group I: Afrotheria (79 species)
Clade Afroinsectiphilia
Order Macroscelidea
Family Macroscelididae: (16 species), elephant shrews (Africa)
Order Afrosoricida
Family Tenrecidae: (30 species), tenrecs (Madagascar) and otter-shrews (West and
Central Africa)
Family Chrysochloridae: (21 species), golden moles (Africa south of the Sahara)
Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae: (1 species), aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
Clade Paenungulata
Order Proboscidea
Family Elephantidae: (3 species), elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
Order Hyracoidea
Family Procaviidae: (4 species), hyraxes, dassies (Africa, Arabia)
Order Sirenia
Family Dugongidae: (1 species), dugong (East Africa, Red Sea, North Australia)
Family Trichechidae: (3 species), manatees (tropical Atlantic coasts and adjacent
rivers)
Group II: Xenarthra (29 species)
Order Cingulata
Family Dasypodidae: (20 species), armadillos (Neotropical and Nearctic)
Order Pilosa
Family Myrmecophagidae: (3 species), anteaters (Neotropical)
Family Megalonychidae: (2 species), two-toed sloths (Neotropical)
Family Bradypodidae: (4 species), three-toed sloths (Neotropical)
Clade Boreoeutheria
Group III Euarchontoglires
Superorder Euarchonta
Order Scandentia
Clade Primatomorpha
Order Dermoptera: flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia)
Order Primates: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes (cosmopolitan).
Superorder Glires
Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)
Order Rodentia: rodents (cosmopolitan)
Group IV: Laurasiatheria
Order Eulipotyphla
Clade Ferungulata
Cohort Cetartiodactyla: includes orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea
Clade Pegasoferae
Order Chiroptera: bats (cosmopolitan)
Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
Clade Ferae
Order Pholidota
Order Carnivora: carnivorans (cosmopolitan)