1 •1 Genes and Proteins •Katerina Dadakova, Department of Biochemistry •Figures adopted from Buchanan et al., Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants 2 Amino acids Genes and proteins 3 Aromatic amino acids Genes and proteins Synthesis of aromatic amino acids 4 Aspartate-derived amino acids Genes and proteins Regulation of threonine, lysine, and methionine synthesis 5 Branched-chain amino acids Genes and proteins Examples of herbicides that inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase 6 Glutamate-derived amino acids Genes and proteins Osmotic adjustment No osmotic adjustment 7 Nucleic acids Genes and proteins The chemical composition of nucleic acids 8 Replication of nuclear DNA Genes and proteins Telomere sequences are conserved 9 DNA repair Genes and proteins 10 DNA recombination Genes and proteins 11 Structure and organization of nuclear genome Genes and proteins 12 Structure and organization of nuclear genome Genes and proteins Genes are found on either DNA strand, but rarely in the same region on both strands. 13 Transposable elements Genes and proteins Mechanism of retrotransposon transposition Structure and transposition of a class II transposable element 14 Organellar DNA Genes and proteins Comparison of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences from rice. The colored boxes represent DNA sequences that have been transferred from chloroplast genome to the mitochondria. 15 RNA Genes and proteins Ribosomal RNAs can fold into complex secondary structures by pairing of complementary sequences. A notable feature of all tRNA molecules is the presence of unusual bases. Structures of typical mature nuclear-encoded and chloroplast mRNAs differ. 16 Genes and proteins Gene expression Example of a transcription preinitiation complex 17 Chromatin and regulation of gene expression Genes and proteins 18 Protein synthesis Genes and proteins 19 Post-translational modification of proteins Genes and proteins Structures of chaperonins illustrating the central cavity in which folding takes place 20 Protein degradation Genes and proteins Ubiquitin pathway