INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE II 1. WARM UP - If you could change something in chemistry, what would that be? - If you were a teacher of chemistry at a primary/secondary school, how would you change the way chemistry is taught there? - If you could change something in the way chemistry is taught at Masaryk University, what would you do? 2. INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE II C. Ternary compounds (compounds that consist of a combination of three elements) ACIDS HYDROACIDS: hydrogen + non-metal Hydro + root + ic acid HCl hydrochloric acid HCl HF hydrofluoric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid OXYACIDS (OXOACIDS) : polyatomic ion + acid - only one oxyacid: root + -ic acid H[3]BO[3] boric acid H[4]SiO[4] silicic acid - two oxyacids with different oxygen content: - root + -ic acid indicates higher oxygen content - root + -ous indicates lower oxygen content H[2]SO[4] sulphuric acid (higher oxygen content) H[2]SO[3] sulphurous acid (lower oxygen content) H[2]S[2]O[7 ]disulphuric acid H[3]PO[4] phosphoric acid H[3]PO[3] phosphorous acid HNO[3] nitric acid HNO[2] nitrous acid - more than two oxyacids: prefix suffix Examples per (more than) -ic HClO[4] perchloric acid -ic HClO[3] chloric acid -ous HClO[2] chlorous acid hypo (less than) -ous HClO hypochlorous acid Practise: - Write chemical formulae for: 1. phosphorous acid ______ H[3]PO[3]_____ 2. carbonic acid ___ H[2]CO[3]______________ 3. disulfuric acid ____ H[2]S[2]O[7]__________________ 4. nitric acid _____ HNO[3]___________________ 5. hydrobromic acid ____ HBr_______________ 6. iodic acid ______ HIO[3]_________________ 7. chromic acid ______ H[2]CrO[4]_________________ 8. bromic acid _______ HBrO[3]________________ 9. hypoiodous acid ___ HIO_____________ 10. phosphoric acid ____ H[3]PO[4]____________ - Write the names for: 1. H[3]PO[4 ___]phosphoric__________ 2. H[2]SO[4 ___]sulphuric____________ 3. H[4]SiO[4 ]_____silicic_____ 4. HClO __hypochlorous_______ 5. H[3]BO[3 ]___boric_______________ SALTS SALTS OF HYDROACIDS HCl hydrochloric acid HCl → NaCl sodium chloride (salt) Note: H[2]S hydrogen sulphide SALTS OF OXOACIDS (ternary compound containing oxygen) - if there is only one such compound: root + -ate Na[2]CO[3] sodium carbonate, (no carbonite is known) Na[3]BO[3] sodium borate, (no borite is known) Na[4]SiO[4] sodium silicate, (no silicite is known) - if there are two compounds, differing only in their oxygen content and oxidation number of the central atom: the one which contains more oxygen ends in -ate and the other, with less oxygen, ends in -ite Example 1: sodium salts lower oxygen content higher oxygen content NaNO[2] sodium nitrite NaNO[3] sodium nitrate Na[3]PO[3] sodium phosphite Na[3]PO[4] sodium phosphate Na[3]AsO[3] sodium arsenite Na[3]AsO[4] sodium arsenate Na[2]SO[3] sodium sulphite Na[2]SO[4] sodium sulphate Example: sodium salts of the oxyacids of chlorine: - if there are more than two compounds, differing only in their oxygen content and oxidation number of the central atom: prefix suffix Examples per (more than) -ate NaClO[4] sodium perchlorate -ate NaClO[3] sodium chlorate -ite NaClO[2] sodium chlorite hypo (less than) -ite NaClO sodium hypochlorite KMnO[4] - potassium permanganate Corresponding nomenclature of acids and their salts: acids salts (ions) perchloric acid HClO[4] perchlorate ion ClO[4 ]¯ chloric acid HClO[3] chlorate ion ClO[3]¯ chlorous acid HClO[2] chlorite ion ClO[2]¯ hypochlorous acid HClO hypochlorite ion ClO¯ Since the oxygen-acid nomenclature of ternary compounds does not give the absolute number of oxygens involved, the name must be derived from experience. That´s why the chemists use rational nomenclature (named according to IUPAC regulations): - prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-… express the absolute number of oxygens - root+ suffix - ate - Roman numerals express the oxidation number Examples: Na[2]SO[3] sodium trioxosulfate (IV) – 3 oxygens, oxidation number IV Na[2]SO[4] sodium tetraoxosulfate (VI) sodium salts: NaClO[4] sodium tetraoxochlorate (VII) NaClO[3] sodium trioxochlorate (V) NaClO[2] sodium dioxochlorate (III) NaClO sodium oxochlorate (I) Practise - Write the chemical formulae for: 1. sodium tetraoxochlorate (VII) ___ NaClO[4] ____ 2. sodium trioxochlorate (V) ___ NaClO[3] ___ 3.sodium phosphite ___ Na[3]PO[3] _______ 4. sodium phosphate ___ Na[3]PO[4] _____ 5. sodium sulphate ___ Na[2]SO[4] _____ 6. sodium sulfite ____ Na[2]SO[3] _______ - Write the name for (use the IUPAC system): 1. Ca(NO[3])[2 _______________]calcium trioxonitrate (II) [___________________] 2. Ca(NO[2])[2 _________] calcium dioxonitrate (III) [_________________________________________] 3. BaSO[4 _______________] barium tetraoxosulfate (VI) [________________________________________] 4. NaClO[3 _______________] sodium trioxochlorate (V) [________________________________________] 5. NaClO[2 ___________________] sodium dioxochlorate (III) [_____________________________________] 6. NaHSO[4 _____] sodium hydrogen tetraoxosulfate (VI) [__________________________________] HYDROXIDES - (bases containing the OH group) – the same rules applied NaOH sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)[2] calcium hydroxide Mg(OH)[2] magnesium hydroxide Fe(OH)[2] iron (II) hydroxide = ferrous hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide = ferric hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide 3. LISTENING – v interaktivní osnově ve složce Poslechy link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hxt6hd-wV0 Listen and answer the following questions: 1. What compounds are necessary for the chemical experiment? _potassium dichromate (diluted), sulphuric acid, mercury drop____ 2. What is the position of the iron nail? ___ It almost touches the mercury _______________ 3. What is the mercury drop compared to? ___beating heart___________________________ 4. What is the role of the dichromate? __It oxidizes mercury to mercury (I) ions, they combine with sulphate ions at the surface of the drop to form mercury (I) sulphate_________ 5. What compound is formed on the surface of the drop? ______ mercury (I) sulphate________________________________ 6. What do you know about its solubility? ________insoluble______________________ 7. Why does the mercury drop flatten? ___the film decreases the surface tension_____________ 8. What enables electrons to flow from the nail to the mercury? _Mercury drop expands to touch the iron nail, at which time electrons flow… 9. How does the shape of the drop change due to the electrons? _Electrons reduce mercury (I) ions to mercury, destroy the surface film, surface tension increases and the drop becomes more spherical____ 10. What happens at the end of the process? __Mercury and nail stop touching, mercury I sulphate forms on the surface…__ 4. HOW TO READ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS IN ENGLISH: Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H[2]O We spell as: H Cl plus Na OH gives Na Cl plus H[2]O We read as: hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium chloride and water Reading chemical formulae: + reacts with, combines with, plus, and or together with = give, form, pass over to, yield or go to --> give, pass over to or lead to <--> forms and is formed from the sign - designates the bond and is not to be read in the formulae the sign = designates two bonds and is not to be read in formulae C[3]H[2] c three h two 2 CO[2] two molecules of c o two CO[2] + CaO → CaCO[3] c o two plus c a o give c a c o three c o two reacts with c a o to give c a c o three Ca(OH)[2] c a o h twice You can also use time clauses / conditional clauses to describe the reactions: When we mix____________ with ____________, we will get ____________. If ___________mixes together with ____________, it will lead to ____________. If we mixed ____________ and ____________, it would lead to ____________. Practise: Read these equations in pairs. First spell them, then express in words. You can use a time / conditional clause. a) CO[2] + H[2]O ---> H[2]CO[3] b) CaCO[3]--->CaO + CO[2 ] c) 2 CO + O[2]-->2 CO[2 ] d) 2 Ca[3](PO[4]) + 6 SiO[2] + 10 C-->6 CaSiO[3] + P[4] + 10 CO e) 2 Na + Cl[2 ]→ 2 NaCl f) ZnO + H[2]SO[4 ]→ 2 ZnSO[4] + H[2]O g) 2 Na + 2 H[2]O → 2 NaOH + H[2 ] Work in small groups. Write down two or three equations on a piece of paper. Then present the equations to the others. Reading numbers and measurements: 31% k^3 y^2 -70°F^ x^ ^ 1,203.4 10°C 3a^4 : 0.002 3.14 0.631 = 30.7° Text: read out the expressions in bold Diatoms, microscopic organisms, produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by normal photosynthesis: 6 CO[2] + 6 H20 + solar energy --> C[6]H[12]O[6] + 6 O[2] During the first five years of life whales gain 75 kg of mass per day by feeding on krill. The whale must consume ten times this mass of krill each day. The whale must consume 10.0 kg of diatoms to produce 1.0 kg of krill. a) Assuming that the mass gain in the first years of a whale's life is due to the consumption of carbohydrates, calculate the volume of CO[2] at 0 °C and 101 kPa that must be used by the diatoms to produce the carbohydrates consumed by a blue whale in its first five years of life. b) There is 0.23 ml of dissolved CO[2] per 1 sea water (at 24 °C and l0l kPa). If diatoms can completely remove carbon dioxide from the water they process, what volume of water would they process to produce the carbohydrates required by a blue whale during the first five years of life? c) 3% of the mass of a 9.1.10^4 kg adult whale is nitrogen. What is the maximum mass of NH[4]^+ that can become available for other marine organisms if one adult whale dies? d) 18% of a adult whale's mass is carbon which can be returned to the atmosphere as CO[2] being removed from there by weathering of rocks containing calcium silicate. CaSiO[3] (s) + 2 CO[2] + 3H[2]0(1) --> Ca^2+ (aq) + 2HCO[3]^-(aq) + H[4]Si0[4](aq) What is the maximum number of grams of CaSiO[3] that can be weathered by the carbon dioxide produced from the decomposition of 1000 blue whales, the number estimated to die annually? Assignment 9: A. Write equations for the following chemical reactions: B. Read out the following equations: