C0-HD-TOP.png C0-HD-BTM.png STUDIUM KULTURNÍ KRAJINY Alois Hynek Geografický ústav PřF MU Brno Katedra geografie FP TUL Liberec C0-HD-TOP.png NEOLIBERALISM •McCarthy and Prudham (2004) explain that neoliberalism has the •following components: •1. It central focus is privatisation, or the assignation of property values to resources that were previously commonly owned – involves enclosures of common land/resources •2. A near worship of the concept of the self-regulating market as the best and most efficient means of allocating value and tackling problems •3. This requires the commodification of everything •4. A resistance to what is seen as state interference, except to defend property rights. This involves both deregulation and re-regulation. •5. The rolling back of the state including the processes of privatisation, funding cuts, hollowing out by shifting governance to supranational scales, shift to voluntary agreements C0-HD-TOP.png TeEconomistBabel C0-HD-TOP.png DOSAVADNÍ GEOGRAFICKÉ PŘÍSTUPY ÒCarl Sauer , 1922 ÒJ.G.Sauškin , 1947 ÒJ.Demek, od r.1974 ÒM.Ružička a L.Miklós, 70.-90.léta – LANDEP ÒSoučasná slovenská krajinná ekologie ÒZ.Lipský, J.Kolejka – současnost ÒMillennium Ecosystems Assessment ÒGeoScape Ústí n.L. ÒHerberův Sborník Ò C0-HD-TOP.png KRITIKA ÒSauer a Zelinski – kultura jako superorganic ÒKde jsou Sočava, Milkov, Armandové….? ÒKde je LANDEP? ÒKde je relace FG a HG ve studiu krajiny? ÒProč je Moldán dál v aplikaci Millenium Ecosystem Assessment? ÒKde je týmová spolupráce FG složek? ÒKde je relace krajinný ekosystém-životní prostředí? C0-HD-TOP.png MAPOVÁNÍ KRAJINNÝCH EKOSYSTÉMŮ •Složkový přístup s aplikací GIS •Celostní přístup……? •Vztah land use/land cover a krajinné ekosystémy? •Percepce a imaginace obyvatel •Legislativní přístupy v ochraně přírody a krajiny C0-HD-TOP.png THE PROCESS OF HYBRIDIZATION/COPRODUCTIONS * the dissolution of artificial boundaries and linear arrangements * a prerequisite for comprehending processes through and purposes for which hybrids are constituted * the simultaneous production of knowledge and social order (S. Jasanoff) * power/knowledge nexus (M.Foucault) C0-HD-TOP.png Hybrid C0-HD-TOP.png docu0057 C0-HD-TOP.png C0-HD-TOP.png SOCIÁLNÍ KONSTRUKCE/PRODUKCE PŘÍRODY •Noel Castree •Přírodně technické systémy •Realita a její reprezentace •Materialita a mentalita •Přírodní a umělé? •Politická ekologie •Ekonomie a kultura C0-HD-TOP.png • http://www.cplbookshop.com/images/0631215670.jpg •Social Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics •Edited by Noel Castree and Bruce Braun Blackwell Publishing 2001 •Social Nature: Theory, Practice and Politics C0-HD-TOP.png ŽIVOTNÍ PROSTŘEDÍ V ČESKÉ GEOGRAFII: •Neuvěřitelné množství článků •Jejich nespojitost…..ale: •blízkost fyzické a humánní geografie •Regionální studia – rozvoj zahrnující i ŽP •celebritizace C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\espect05Feb09b.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\Kancl Brno\Nicolas\Colour-Studies--C10080863.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png ACTOR-NETWORK THEORY – B.LATOUR, M.SERRES… 1.all the usual boundaries…between humans and things, nature and culture, tradition and modernity, inside and outside / must be put aside 2.the world is a series of acts of ‘ heterogenous engineering’ … Latour- actant (hesitant), actant- rhizome theory 3.the existence of A/N depends so heavily on circulation… immutable mobiles = devices, types of people, animals, money… C0-HD-TOP.png LANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES: •shape and shaping the people living there •is a bank of cultural memories •past practices and knowledges •the link of people and land •series of layers •text/palimpsest – landscapes read as texts illustrating the belief of people •the spatial diffusion of change •reflect a culture’s beliefs, practices and technologies C0-HD-TOP.png SPATIALITY •Spatiality (H.Lefebvre in Johnson,et al.,2000) a way of registering both ‘ mental space’ and ‘material space’ •T.Cresswell (1996): geographical ‘ facts of life’ (place, territory, landscape) are constitutive of social life because they relate the body to space through habitus •Space (M.Castells, 1983) is not a reflection of society, it is society – the space of flows, locations, places •how space and social relations are made through each other C0-HD-TOP.png SPATIALITY •pragmatic space – organized by our bodily situation •perceptual space – observing through intentions •existential space – by cultural structures as much as our perceptions (full of social meanings), relationship to some human existence or task •cognitive space – how we abstractly model spatial relationships C0-HD-TOP.png LANDSCAPES •Oriented on production, consumption reproduction •Territorial infrastructure is constructed as a vital organizational landscape to facilitate social production and reproduction •Relationship between economic production, social reproduction and political governance are reconstructed C0-HD-TOP.png ‘SPATIALIZATIONS’ •are not just physical arrangements of things, but spatial patterns of social action and embodied routine,as well as historical conceptions of space and world. •Landscapes are concrete instances of spatialization •Interpretation and understanding of landscape in geographical thought in matters of subjectivity, representation, power and authority • C0-HD-TOP.png SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF NATURE: •marxian – concern with material transformation of nature, variety of human uses under different conditions of production •cultural – changing idea of nature, how different societies represent it in words and images (charts, graphs,maps) C0-HD-TOP.png SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY (S.J.SMITH): •Not •´how are particular social groups spread across physical space´ •But •How do spatial arrangements, how does place and position, actively contribute to the construction and reproduction of social identities C0-HD-TOP.png docu0055 C0-HD-TOP.png docu0041 C0-HD-TOP.png docu0058 C0-HD-TOP.png N.CASTREE (1995) – THE PRODUCTION OF NATURE: •it is not something fixed and unchanging •process of producing goods for humans and exchange simultaneously transforms the physical fabric of material world and people’s relationships to it •capitalism turns landscapes, bodies, molecular structures of cells into marketable commodities C0-HD-TOP.png THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF NATURE 自然的社会构架 •Modernity and society-nature dualism (human vs physical geography) S/N seen as fundamental, unquestionable. •现代性和社会－自然二元论（人vs自然地理）社会/自然被看作是根本的，不容质疑的 •But N is S and S is N. Nothing unnatural about humans or indeed cities. Counters ideologies of nature. •但是自然即社会，社会即自然。人或城市没有什么不自然之说。对自然的意识形态的反驳。 •Focus shifts from N>S or S>N to who constructs what kinds of nature(s) to what ends and with what social and ecological effects. (Construction is both material and discursive) •焦点从自然>社会或社会>自然转换为谁出于什么目的建造了什么样的自然，并且有着什么样的社会效益和生态效益。（建造既是实在的又是杂乱的） •Critical social theory reveals how natures are made and can be remade – allows new forms of nature/environmental politics •批判社会理论揭示自然是如何创建的以及能怎样被重制 － 允许自然/环境政治出现新的形式。 •Two versions of SC argument: 1 nature can only be known through culture, 2 nature is increasingly engineered and produced for profit. •社会/文化论据的两个版本：1.自然只能通过文化才能知道。2.为了利润，自然越来越被改变并被生产。 •But nature not wholly social, biophysical processes at work •但是自然并不全是社会、生物物理过程在起作用。 •Braun & Castree, 2001 • Arguments about the social construction of nature prove difficult for a school geography that continues to celebrate modern dualism or the separation of physical and human geography. The environment strand at KS3 allows the interactions of bio-physical and social processes to be explored but there is too little guidance for teachers on how the social construction of natures of various kinds should be explained. Without adequate explanation school geography’s contribution to education for sustainable development will remain underdeveloped. C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\Scan001.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\Scan002.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\Scan003.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\Scan004.jpg C0-HD-TOP.png D:\DokumentyNové\FG sekce\2009\Scan005.jpg