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Hierarchical clustering analysis exemplified for Topotecan‐resistant (R) 
andTopotecan‐sensitive (S) cell lines. All cell lines resistant toTopotecan (left 
panel) and all cell lines sensitive to Topotecan (right panel) express a unique set 
of genes. Each row in the cluster indicates the expression profile of a specific 
gene across all 19 cell lines. Each column
indicates the individual cell line in which the gene is expressed.
Red, green, and black squares indicate that expression of the gene is greater 
than, less than, or equal to the median level of expression across all cell lines,
respectively. The scale bar reflects the fold increase (red) or decrease (green) for 
any given gene relative to the median level of expression across all samples. 
Dietel and Sers, 2006.
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Our civilization is built on farming, the surface area needed for feeding people
has decreased by 90% over 10,000 years .
To prevent collapse, it is necessary to reduce this area from the current 0.45 
ha/person to 0.2 ha/person by the year 2050. Return to original methods of 
agriculture would be a return to the original demands on area and therefore 
would be unsustainable Intensive farming = conversion of water and oil into food.
The goal of plant biotechnology is to use all the available scientific knowledge to
breed varieties with higher yield with lower inputs (of land, water, fertilizers, 
sprays ...)
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Announced recently by Quartz server, the world could be facing a 214 trillion 
calorie deficit in the food production (announced as soon as in 2027. 
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Boyer a Swanson – firma Genentech
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When the Cry protein reaches the gut, it is partially degraded, releasing a smaller and 
potentially toxic part of the protein [6]. But this toxin will only be active if it finds the 
right matching protein receptor sticking off the cells lining the gut of a larval insect. This 
is the most important aspect of the Cry toxin mechanism. Much in the same way that a 
certain key will only open a certain lock, the Cry toxin can only exert its toxic effect on a 
particular cell receptor. Consequently, the toxin tends to only impact insects within a 
particular taxonomic order.
Once the toxin is bound, the process is fairly straightforward. The toxin recruits other Cry 
toxins to the same cell and together they form a hole in cell’s membrane that ultimately 
causes the cell to burst [6]. The cumulative effect of this happening to many cells is the 
irreversible destruction to the midgut membrane, compromising the barrier between 
the body cavity and gut. Without this barrier, Bt spores and other native gut bacteria can 
infiltrate and grow within the nutrient‐rich body of the insect [4‐5].
What makes Bt such a great candidate for pesticide and GM applications is that while 
these Cry toxins are highly effective against insects, they have been shown to be safe for 
consumption by mammals. Tests by the EPA have demonstrated that Cry proteins, like 
any other benign dietary protein, are very unstable in the acidic stomach environment. 
Furthermore, an oral toxicity test, which involves giving mice exceptionally high doses of 
purified toxic Bt proteins, showed no significant health impacts. In their 2001 
reassessment of several Bt Cry proteins, the EPA concluded from these findings that 
“there is reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the 
U.S. population, including infants and children, to the Cry1AB and Cry1F proteins and the 
genetic material necessary for their production.” Similar conclusions were drawn about 
the Cry1Ac protein of Bt cotton [7]. Other mouse studies on have shown that even high 
doses of truncated Cry proteins, such that only the toxic region is conserved, have no 
deleterious effects [8]. A paper in Annual Review of Entomology from 2002 also makes 
the strong point that, in addition to no demonstrated toxicity of Bt toxins, their use 
provides important health benefits to livestock and humans by preventing certain insect‐
caused crop diseases that produce toxic and carcinogenic compounds [13].
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Hlízy manioku (cassava) tvoří základní potravinovou složku pro více než 500 milionů
lidí. Rovněž se využívá jako krmivo - zkrmuje se v podobě maniokové moučky hlavně
prasatům, skotu, ovcím a kozám.
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Hrachor – Lathyrus sativus
Cizrna – Chickpea
Obiloviny - Cereals
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When crops are supplied with excess nitrogen fertilizer to gain maximal yields the excess
nitrogen is converted into the gas nitrous oxide (N2O) and also leaches into rivers. N2O
has 300x the Global Warming Potential of CO2 and nitrogen fertilizer runoff creates
marine dead zones, such as in the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi river.
Crops that have the ability to grow well with less nitrogen, because of enhanced uptake
or similar characteristics, result in less N2O release and less N runoff. This lessens the
effect of fertilizer nitrogen on global warming and lake and marine pollution.
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While most biotech crops have characteristics that enhance their cultivation, those with
enhanced consumer characteristics are being developed. For example many children in
SE Asia develop blindness because of a deficiency of vitamin A. Golden rice is
engineered with genes from maize to be high in the precursor of vitamin-A that when
eaten is converted to vitamin-A in order to prevent blindness in developing countries.
High oleic soybean and canola oil are now available. Oil with this fat profile is more
stable, allowing for greater heat tolerance and longer shelf life.
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More info about mouse at 
http://www.informatics.jax.org/greenbook/index.shtml.
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