MAPOVÉ ZDROJE
Prof. Dr. Milan KONEČNÝ
Dr. Radim ŠTAMPACH
Cílem předmětu je podat přehled o stávajících
analogových a digitálních zdrojích, jež jsou využívány
v kartografii a geoinformatice, včetně zdrojů
statistických.
Tento přehled je podán ve třech horizontech, a sice
ČR, Evropa (země EU a ostatní země) a Svět.
Geoinfostrategie ČR.
Rozvoj a využití Big Data.
Pozornost je věnována i integraci dat v rámci
prostorových datových a informačních infrastruktur a
možnostem využití dat, informací a znalostí ze
stávajících prostorově orientovaných regionálních a
globálních projektů.
1. Přehled a struktura zdrojů pro kartografii a
geoinformatiku. Český kontext (EGON, Registry,
Geoinfostrategie ČR, U.N. GGIM, DBAR).
2. Analogové zdroje v kartografii: mapové sbírky,
analogová mapová a atlasová díla
3. Státní mapová díla; významná produkce map a
atlasů v soukromém sektoru (autoatlasy, turistické
mapy, aj.)
4. Digitální zdroje dat; data, informace a znalosti na
Internetu; elektronické atlasy. Otevřené zdroje.
5. ČR a budování digitálních datových zdrojů: civilní a
vojenský sektor (ZABAGED, DMR, aj.)
6. Jednotné digitální mapové dílo ČR: teoretické
předpoklady, koncepce, praktické požadavky;
implementace. Digitální katastr.
7. Digitální fotogrammetrie a mapová díla v ČR.
8. Evropa: digitální mapové zdroje v rámci Evropské
unie (Eurogeographics, INSPIRE, COPERNICUS)
9. Tvorba, koncepce a implementace
Evropské geografické informační infrastruktury
10. Statistické zdroje v ČR, EU (Eurostat aj.) a ve světě (OSN, FAO, aj.)
11. Globální výzvy: Agenda 2030 a Sendajský rámec
12. Svět: Globální mapování a Globální prostorová datová
infrastruktura. GEO, GEOSS, Future World.
13. Svět: Digitální planeta Země a Geografická datová báze OSN.
14. OSN nové globální aktivity: Globální geoprostorový informační
management (U.N. GGIM), Digitální pásmo a stezka prostorová data
(DBAR).
13. Prostorová data a mapy pro redukci rizik a
katastrof.
14. Data a informace v „Spatially Enabled
Society“.
15. BIG DATA – Velká Data: koncepce, analýza,
vizualizace
References:
www.geoinfostrategie.cz
www.digitalearth.com
www.gsdi.org
www.cuzk.org
Manual of Digital Earth. Guo Huadong, Michael F.
Goodchild, Alessandro Annoni, eds. International
Society for Digital Earth. Springer Open. 2020.
Open access: Manual of Digital Earth | SpringerLink
U.N. GGIM. https://ggim.un.org/
U.N. GGIM: Europe. https://www.cuzk.cz/O-
resortu/Mezinarodni-spoluprace/UNGGIM-Europe.aspx
GEO and GEOSS portal.
https://www.geoportal.org/?f:dataSource=dab
COVID-19 Pandemic, Geospatial Information, and Community Resilience Global
Applications and Lessons. Eds.Abbas Rajabifard, Greg Foliente, Daniel Paez
a vydali ji lidé spolupracuijíci v oblasti Agendy 2030 a Sendajského rámce s OSN:
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/49450/9781000402926.pdf
Geospatial Intelligence in Dealing with COVID-19 Challenges in Czechia (p. 393-398)
DEFINITIONS- GI SCIENCES
TYPES AND THEMES OF GEOGRAPHIC DATA
FREE GIS DATA SOURCES
Definitions
• Geographic information science is the scientific discipline
that studies the techniques to capture, analyze, process and
represent / visualize geographic information.
• GIScience is conceptually related to geography, cartography,
geodesy, information science, computer science, but it claims
the status of an independent scientific discipline. Other
overlapping disciplines are: geoinformatics, geomatics and
geovisualization. (Wiki)
• GIScience is a multidisciplinary research enterprise that
addresses the nature of geographic information and the
application of geospatial technologies to basic scientific
questions (Goodchild, 1992).
World first GIS Textbook in Brno, 1985, Konecny Milan, Karel
Rais, Folia Geographia, 21, 26,13, p.9: (first time mentioned
people)
• „GIS is a system of people, technical and organizational means that collect,
transfer, store and process data to create information suitable for further
use in geographic research and its practical applications.”
• “Geografický informační systém je systém lidí a technických a organizačních
prostředků, které provádějí sběr, přenos, uložení a zpracování údajů za
účelem tvorby informací vhodných pro další využití v geografickém
výzkumu a jeho praktických aplikacích”. (s.9)
• Citation of book is: KONEČNÝ, M. – RAIS, K. Geografické informační systémy.
Folia Geografia, roč. XXVI, Geographia 21, č. 13. Brno,1985. 196 p.
“Geo-information science is
the integration of different
disciplines dealing with
spatial information (figure
8). It was introduced as
geographical information
science by Goodchild (1992)
meaning the science behind
the systems or research
about GIS and research with
GIS.”
Prof. W. Kainz
More GI Sciences?
1. GEOLOGY
2. GEOCHEMISTRY
3. GEOPHYSICS
4. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
5. PETROLOGY
6. SEDIMENTOLOGY
7. MARINE GEOLOGY
8. OCEANOGRAPHY
9. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
10. FIELD GEOLOGY
11. MINING GEOLOGY
12. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
13. HYDROGEOLOGY
14. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
15. OPTICAL MINERALOGY AND
16. EARTH SCIENCES
Occupation 2000-2010 Growth (projected)
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists.. 18.5%
Surveyors ………………………………. 08.1%
Surveying and Mapping Technicians….. 25.3%
Architectural and Civil Drafters………… 20.8%
Civil Engineering Technicians………….. 11.9%
Mechanical Drafters……………………... 15.4%
Electrical Drafters………………………... 23.3%
Electrical and Electronic Engineers……. 10.8%
Mechanical Engineering Technicians….. 13.9%
Industrial Engineering Technicians…….. 10.1%
Environmental Engineering Technicians. 29.1%
Geoscientists……………………………... 18.1%
U.S. Department of Labor “Geospatial Jobs Outlook” (Department of Labor, n.d.)
Quick Facts: Geoscientists
2019 Median Pay
$92,040 per year
$44.25 per hour
Typical Entry-Level Education Bachelor's degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation None
On-the-job Training None
Number of Jobs, 2019 31,800
Job Outlook, 2019-29 5% (Faster than average)
Employment Change, 2019-29 1,600
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
US Cartography Employment Outlook 2010-2020
According to the ArcNews Summer 2012 issue, the occupation listed as “cartographers and
photogrammetrists” has a 2010 estimated employment of 14,000 in the US with a projected
growth between 2010 and 2020 of 6,100, for a predicted growth rate of 20%-28%.
This growth rate is the highest reported for the 10 GIS related occupations listed in the
ArcNews article, typing with “geodetic surveyors” and “surveyors”. Numerically, however, it
is still a relatively small portion of GIS work, considering the categories of “geospatial
information scientists and technologists” and “geographic information systems technicians”
each have a 2010 estimated employment of 210,000.
ArcNews sites the US Bureau of Labor Statistics as the source.
Cartography
•Barber, Peter. The Map Book. Walker & Company, 2005.
•Brewer, Cynthia A. Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users 2nd Edition. ESRI Press, 2016.
•Brotton, Jerry. Great Maps (Dk Smithsonian). DK, 2014.
•Dent, B., Torguson, J., Hodler, T. Cartography: Thematic Map Design. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math; 6 edition, 2008.
•Imhof, Eduard. Cartographic Relief Presentation. ESRI Press, 2007.
•Monmonier, Mark. How to Lie with Maps (3rd Edition). University of Chicago Press, 2018.
•Peterson, Gretchen N. Cartographer's Toolkit: Colors, Typography, Patterns. PetersonGIS Press, 2012.
•Peterson, Gretchen N. GIS Cartography: A Guide to Effective Map Design Second Edition. CRC Press, 2014.
•Peterson, Gretchen N. QGIS Map Design Second Edition. Locate Press, 2018. Order the PDF here. Order the print book here or at any other
book store.
•Zineddin, Z., P. M. Garvey, R. A. Carlson, and M. T. Pietrucha. "Effects of Practice on Font Legibility," Perception and Performance 4, Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings (2007): 1717–1720.
•Carto Blog , a blog for the company Carto, start with posts by Mamata Akella.
•Free and Open Source GIS Ramblings Anita Graser's blog on QGIS and other software technique.
•GeoLounge is a news site that features cartography articles among others.
•The Map Room is a blog about maps, mapping, and technology by Jonathan Crowe.
•The National Geologic Map Database is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey and contains information on mapping techniques and
guidelines.
•Petrichor Geoviz Studio is a blog of sweet (donuts, etc.) cartography techniques.
•The Soil Geographic Data Standard, developed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), describes the standards for mapping soils in
the United States with specific regard to the soil data created by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
•The Utilities Data Content Standard, created by the Federal Geographic Data Committee, is a good resource for looking up the standard
attributes of many utility features.
•View from the sky, a blog post by Amy Lee on designing the Cali Terrain map style. See other posts in this blog for more cartography-minded
discussions. https://www.gretchenpeterson.com/
Geodata is location
information stored in a
geographic information
system (GIS)
What is Geodata?
As it turns out, there’s not
one single type of geodata.
Instead geodata exists in
various forms. For example,
we commonly use vector
and raster to depict geodata.
Types of Geographic Data
Vector files
Vector data consists of vertices and paths. The
three basic types of vector data are points,
lines and polygons (areas). Each point, line
and polygon has a spatial reference frame
such as latitude and longitude.
First, vector points are simply XY coordinates.
Secondly, vector lines connect each point or
vertex with paths in a particular order. Finally,
polygons join a set of vertices. But it encloses
the first and last vertices creating a polygon
area.
Types of Geographic Data
Raster files
Raster data is made up of pixels or grid cells.
Commonly, they are square and regularlyspaced.
But rasters can be rectangular as well.
Rasters associate values to each pixel.
Continuous rasters have values that gradually
change such as elevation or temperature. But
discrete rasters set each pixel to a specific
class. For example, land cover classes are
represented to a set of values.
Types of Geographic Data
Geographic Database
The purpose of geographic databases is to
house vectors and rasters. Databases store
geographic data as a structured set of
data/information.
Geographic databases are used because it’s a
way to put all data in a single container.
Within this container, networks can be built,
mosaics can be created and versioning can be
done.
Types of Geographic Data
Web files
As the internet becomes the largest library in
the world, geodata has adapted with its own
types of storage and access. For example,
GeoJSON, GeoRSS and web mapping services
(WMS) were built specifically to serve and
display geographic features over the internet.
Types of Geographic Data
Multi-temporal
Multi-temporal data attaches a time
component to information. But multitemporal
geodata not only has a time
component, but a geographic component as
well.
For example, weather and climate data tracks
how temperature and meteorological
information changes in time in a geographical
context. Other examples of multi-temporal
geodata are demographic trends, land use
patterns and lightning strikes.
Types of Geographic Data
Geodata Themes
Geodata can be grouped into as many themes as you want.
They can be as broad or as narrow to your liking.
Here are examples of geographic themes:
cultural
administrative (boundaries, cities and planning)
socioeconomic data (demographics, economy and crime)
transportation (roads, railways and airport)
physical
environmental data (agriculture, soils and climate)
hydrography data (oceans, lakes and rivers)
elevation data (terrain and relief)
Milan Konečný a Roger Tomlinson z r. 2007, konference ISDE,
Berkley, California, USA
Definice Roger Tomlinson:
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and
display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. GIS application are tools that allow end users to perform spatial
query, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy maps. In simple way GIS can be define as an image that is
referenced to the earth or has x and y coordinate and it’s attribute values are stored in the table. These x and y
coordinates are based on different projection system and there are various types of projection system. Most of the time
GIS is used to create maps and to print. To perform the basic task in GIS, layers are combined, edited and designed.
https://grindgis.com/what-is-gis/what-is-gis-definition
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
RASTER AND VECTOR DATASETS [2020]
1. Esri Open Data Hub
In 2020, the Esri Open Data Hub is a hidden gold mine of free GIS
data. For example, it now houses over 250,000+ open data sets
from 5,000+ organizations worldwide.
The search is convenient with a map preview of the extent and
table. Alternatively, the search by topic or location and download
data in multiple GIS formats are available. Ultimately, there is
nothing more thorough for GIS data than the Esri Open Data Hub.
https://hub.arcgis.com/search
gisgeography.com/best-free-gis-data-sources-raster-vector/
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12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
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1. Esri Open Data Hub
Advantages Data Types
•As of 2020, it has 250,000+ open data sets
from over 5,000+ organizations worldwide
•Managed by the largest commercial GIS
organization in the world.
•Download formats are in spreadsheet, KML,
shapefile.
•API’s are OGC WMS, GeoJSON and
GeoService.
https://hub.arcgis.com/search
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2. Natural Earth Data
http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/
Natural Earth Data is number 2 on the list because it best suits the needs of cartographers. By and large, all the
key cultural and physical vector GIS datasets are at a global scale conveniently to use. The raster datasets also
provide beautiful hillshade relief for any map.
The best part is Natural Earth Data is in public domain. So this means that you have the right to use, modify and
disseminate the data in any manner.
Here’s more details for Natural Earth data: https://gisgeography.com/natural-earth-data-free-gis-public/
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
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1. Natural Earth Data
http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/
Advantages Data Types
•Download global free GIS data in public domain
•Supported by the North American Cartographic
Information Society (NACIS).
•Cultural, physical and raster (basemap) data.
•Quick start kit (MXD and QGS files) with all the
essential stylized layers.
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3. USGS Earth Explorer
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
For satellite and aerial imagery, the USGS Earth Explorer is one of the largest free sources of data. The best
part? It is possible to download data outside of the United States too.
A friendly user-interface makes accessing remote sensing data simple. In fact, it even has a bulk download
application if it is needed to be downloaded more than one data sets.
Registration is free. For other satellite data providers, here is a list of 15 free satellite imagery sources:
https://gisgeography.com/free-satellite-imagery-data-list/
(Sentinel-2 has 10-meter resolution in red, green, blue and near-infrared.)
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3. USGS Earth Explorer
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
Advantages Data Types
•Satellite imagery is worldwide and not just
within the United States
•User interface is state-of-the-art with easyto-use
filters
•Landsat, Sentinel-2 and land cover
•Digital Elevation Models such as NASA’s
ASTER and SRTM
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4. OpenStreetMap (OSM)
https://gisgeography.com/openstreetmap-download-
osm-data/
GIS users are harnessing the power of OSM as a means to crowdsourced data. The result of crowd-sourcing is
highly detailed data. But it is detailed with cautious optimism.
While OSM is open to the public, it’s also created by the public. So this means that accuracy varies based on the
creator.
For GIS analysts seeking free GIS data at a street level, OSM is exactly what they are looking for. For example, it may
be the biggest inventory of buildings in the world.
How much data is being created every second into OpenStreetMap? There’s a map for that – OSM Show Me The
Way: http://osmlab.github.io/show-me-the-way/
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4. OpenStreetMap (OSM)
https://gisgeography.com/openstreetmap-download-
osm-data/
Advantages Data Types
•Highly detailed free GIS data with different
levels of accuracy and completeness
•High spatial resolution cultural vector data
such as buildings, roads, waterways.
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5. NASA’s Socioeconomic Data and
Applications Center (SEDAC)
https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/
NASA’s Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) shows human interactions with the environment.
SEDAC has a wide variety of coarse global free GIS data.
For example, their flagship data product is a gridded population of the world. With 800+ citations, it includes
population characteristics such as age, education and density. And the global urban and local populations extents
comes from night time lights
The SEDAC map viewer is good because it can be selected GIS thematic maps of the socioeconomic data. If the
assemble data is needed, there’s that option too.
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5. NASA’s Socioeconomic Data and
Applications Center (SEDAC)
https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/
Advantages Data Types
•Flagship data is its gridded population of
the world.
•Global socioeconomic data comes from 15
different themes.
•Socioeconomic data includes a range of
topics such as agriculture, climate and
health.
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6. Open Topography
https://portal.opentopography.org/datasets
It provides a portal to high spatial resolution topographic data and tools. In particular, it houses LiDAR Data, which
is a rare, precious resource nowadays.
https://gisgeography.com/lidar-light-detection-and-ranging/
Currently, Open Topography has collected 300 high resolution datasets. Most are point clouds. Some are just
available in raster format. Their data map shows most available data is in the United States. But data is also
available in Europe, Asia and Australia too.
If you can’t find LiDAR data for your area of interest, the next best thing is a global DEM.
https://gisgeography.com/free-global-dem-data-sources/
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, také LADAR) je metoda
dálkového měření vzdálenosti na základě výpočtu doby šíření
pulsu laserového paprsku odraženého od snímaného
objektu. Obvykle se využívá spektra 1064–1540 nm, pro
batymetrická měření cca 530 nm.
Radar i lidar slouží k měření vzdálenosti objektů.
Zatímco radar pro tyto účely používá elektromagnetické
záření, konkrétně rádiové vlny, lidar využívá laserový paprsek.
Jedná o stejný princip, který používá sonar, ovšem s tím
rozdílem, že sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) využívá
pro stejný účel ultrazvukové vlny.
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6. Open Topography
https://portal.opentopography.org/datasets
Advantages Data Types
•Select regions in the world and search
available LiDAR data.
•LiDAR (90% in United States, Canada,
Australia, Brazil, Haiti, Mexico and Puerto
Rico)
•If LiDAR is unavailable, coarse global DEMs
are available for download.
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7. UNEP Environmental Data Explorer
http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/
It is the authoritative source for UN data. For example, it holds more than 500 variables such as freshwater, climate
and health.
It is a bit difficult to explore the GIS data because the interfaces takes awhile to get used to. But clicking advanced,
it can be filtered “Geospatial Data Sets”. From here, you can download free GIS data like climate, disasters and
ecosystems.
UNEP is U.N. Environmental program.
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
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7. UNEP Environmental Data Explorer
http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/
Advantages Data Types
•Spatial and non-spatial data on a variety of
themes.
•Display maps, graphs and tables on-the-fly.
•Themes include population, forests,
emissions, disasters and GDP (gross
domestic product) for spatial and nonspatial
data.
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
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8. NASA Earth Observations (NEO)
https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Imagine seeing daily snapshots of climate and environmental conditions of Earth. It is like a real-time climate
snapshot of the world.
NEO focuses on 5 themes with 50+ global datasets, mostly climate-related. For example, data ranges from aerosols,
chlorophyll to sea surface temperature. All are free GIS data sets that can be downloaded in JPEG, GeoTIFF and
Google Earth formats.
If there is not enough data, it can be found a whole list of 7 free world climate data sources:
https://gisgeography.com/free-world-climate-data-sources/
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
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8. NASA Earth Observations (NEO)
https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Advantages Data Types
•Constant updates ensuring timely climate
information of our globe.
•Accessible in a variety of GIS formats.
•All raster grids are atmosphere, energy,
land, life and ocean GIS data.
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
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9. Sentinel Satellite Data
https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
Sentinel-2 is the highest resolution satellite imagery available to the public for free. Its interface is the Copernicus
Open Access Hub.
First, an account is needed after registration. Next, the area of interest can be selected by right-clicking on the map.
Finally, the S2A or S2B product can be selected and downloaded.
The Copernicus Open Access Hub also stores Sentinel-1 which is synthetic aperture radar.
READ MORE: How to Download Sentinel Satellite Data for Free - https://gisgeography.com/how-to-download-
sentinel-satellite-data/
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9. Sentinel Satellite Data
https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
Advantages Data Types
•10-meter resolution satellite data readily
available.
•Sentinel 2 data has 13 spectral bands
including red, green, blue, near-infrared
•Raster data – 13 channels from Sentinel-2.
•Synthetic aperture radar from Sentinel-1.
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10. Terra Populus
https://www.terrapop.org
Terra Populus (TerraPop for short) integrates census data from over 160 countries around the world. In fact, it spans
up to six decades for household-level and aggregate data for more than 80 countries.
The unique thing about it is how you can explore temporal and spatial changes. It’s not only for researches. But
everyone can access changes in the human-environment system for geographic space.
TerraPop also includes your basic land cover, land use, and climate data. It’s supported by the National Science
Foundation and the University of Minnesota. Even now, updates keep rolling out.
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10. Terra Populus
https://www.terrapop.org
Advantages Data Types
•User-friendly interface with customized
temporal data delivery.
•Micro and environmental data describing
land cover, land use, and climate.
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11. FAO GeoNetwork
http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home
This one is the FAO GeoNetwork which is another portal of free GIS data from the United Nations.
The focus of GeoNetwork is to improve global sustainable development. For example, global agriculture, food
security and fisheries are some of its key free GIS data.
FAO produces a large number of GIS datasets for monitoring, assessment and analysis of environmental and socioeconomic
factors causing poverty and food insecurity.
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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11. FAO GeoNetwork
http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/en/main.home
Advantages Data Types
•Search wide range of categories and filter
by country.
•Agriculture, fisheries, land resource GIS
data.
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12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
RASTER AND VECTOR DATASETS [2020]
12. ISCGM Global Map
https://globalmaps.github.io/
Unfortunately, the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) portal no longer exists. But that
doesn’t mean the data is gone forever. That’s because ISCGM archived their data to the Global Map Github.
Global Map still packs some serious punch with their free GIS data. For example, global land cover and percent tree
cover are the two key datasets here. But that’s not all. It has cultural and natural vector datasets in here too.
Since the move, registration is no longer required. Despite the lack of updates, ISCGM free GIS data is still a source
that many of us can use in our maps.
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
12 FREE GIS DATA SOURCES: BEST GLOBAL
RASTER AND VECTOR DATASETS [2020]
12. ISCGM Global Map
https://globalmaps.github.io/
Advantages Data Types
•Download global land cover and tree
prevent by selecting map tiles.
•Boundaries, drainage, transportation,
population centers, elevation, land cover,
land use and vegetation.
GISGEOGRAPHY.COM
In a perfect world, you’d be able to find all
the free GIS data you need in a single
website. Of course, it would have to be
free, downloadable from an authoritative
source.
But well, you know the drill. The world’s not
perfect, life’s not fair.
More Free GIS Data
Here are more free GIS data sources to superpower
your maps:
•15 Free Satellite Imagery Data Sources
•https://gisgeography.com/free-satellite-imagery-
data-list/
•Free Global DEM Data Sources – Digital Elevation
Models
•https://gisgeography.com/free-global-dem-data-
sources/
•Top 6 Free LiDAR Data Sources
•https://gisgeography.com/top-6-free-lidar-data-
sources/
BUT
U.N. GGIM is missing
(next lectures)
EU Efforts
COPERNICUS and INSPIRE
COPERNICUS (GMES) and INSPIRE:
from begining to valuable services
Milan KONECNY
Masaryk University Brno, CZ
President (past) ICA, Vice-President, ISDE
konecny@geogr.muni.cz
Brno, October 8, 2020
GMES
Services
Space
systems
In-situ
systems
Data Integration &
Information Management
GMES
Services
Space
systems
In-situ
systems
Data Integration &
Information Management
(INSPIRE/ESDI)
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
INSPIRE
Infrastructure for Spatial
Information in Europe
COPERNICUS-GMES (Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security) is a European
initiative for the implementation of
information services dealing with
environment and security.
GMES is based on observation data received
from Earth Observation satellites and ground
based information. These data will be
coordinated, analysed and prepared for end-
users.
Through GMES the state of our environment and
its short, medium and long-term evolution will be
monitored to support policy decisions or
investments.
GMES is a set of services for European citizens
helping to improve their quality of life regarding
environment and security.
GMES is built up gradually: it starts with a pilot
phase which targets the availability of a first set of
operational GMES services by 2008 followed by
the development of an extended range of services
which meet user requirements.
2. How did it start?
Years of research in the fields of science and
technology associated with observation and
understanding of the processes and phenomena
of the terrestrial environment led in 1998 to the
idea to launch GMES.
By a combination of measurements at terrestrial
level and from space, it rapidly became clear that
new operational services could be offered in
fields such as oceanography, precise mapping
of land use, rapid mapping at times of
emergency for the civil protection field or air
quality monitoring.
The progressive implementation of GMES is made
possible by the activities and investments of
European Union and ESA Member States. These
and other public and private contributions are
jointly supported by the European Commission
(EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA).
3. To whom is it addressed?
GMES is the European solution to respond to the
needs of citizens in Europe to access reliable
information on the status of their environment.
GMES will mainly support decision-making by both
institutional and private actors. Decisions could
concern either new regulations to preserve our
environment or urgent measures in case of a natural
or man–made catastrophes (i.e. floods, forest fires,
water pollution).
But to take decisions, it is necessary to anticipate,
intervene and control.
WHAT SERVICES WILL BE PROVIDED?
The services provided by GMES can be classified in three
major categories:
Mapping, including topography or road maps but also
land-use and harvest, forestry monitoring, mineral and
water resources that do contribute to short and long-term
management of territories and natural resources. This
service generally requires exhaustive coverage of the
Earth surface, archiving and periodic updating of data.
Support for emergency management in case of natural
hazards and particularly civil protection institutions
responsible for the security of people and property. This
service concentrates on the provision of the latest
possible data before intervening.
Forecasting is applied for marine zones, air quality or
crop yields. This service systematically provides data on
extended areas permitting the prediction of short,
medium or long-term events, including their modelling
and evolution.
The widespread and regular availability of technical data
within GMES will allow a more efficient use of the
infrastructures and human resources. It will help the
creation of new models for security and risk
management, as well as better management of land and
resources.
COPERNICUS
is the European participation in the worldwide monitoring
and management of our planet Earth and the European
contribution to the Group on Earth Observation (GEO). The
global community acts together for a synergy of all
techniques of observation, detection and analysis.
GEO and GEOSS
At the World Summit on Earth Observation in Washington in July
2003, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) was established,
with the goal of addressing the information requirement for the
environment on a global scale.
This work was completed in Brussels in February 2005 by the
adoption of a 10 year implementation plan of an integrated
Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
The GEOSS
is an ambitious programme of information for ecological
security and durable development intended for mankind.
It principally foresees the monitoring and understanding of
nature, the extent of disasters due to human activities, the
impact of global warming, desertification, erosion and
deforestation.
GMES will be the main European contribution to GEOSS.