Arachnology Stano Pekár (Harvey 2002) Diversity 12-16 extant orders Lozano-Fernandez et al. (2019) Phylogeny missing: Schizomida Palpigradi Schizomida Palpigradi Pseudoscorpiones Origin: Devonian Diversity: 4 200 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 2-8 mm Prosoma: rostrosoma (projections on palpal coxae in front of mouth) Pedicel: absent Opisthosoma: 12 segments Eyes: 0-2 pairs Chelicerae: 2 segments, chelate, with spinning glands Pedipalps: 6 segments, with chela, with venom gland Legs: 6-7 segments, elongated patellae Respiration: 2 pairs of trachea on 3th & 4th abdominal segments Scorpiones Origin: Silur Diversity: 2 500 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 1–20 cm Prosoma: gnathosoma Mesosoma: 8 segments, 2nd: gonopore, 3rd: pektines, 4-7th: book lung openings Pedicel: absent Metasoma: 5 segments + telson, paired venom gland Eyes: 1 pair of median, 0-5 pairs of lateral Chelicerae: 3 segments, chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments, flexible finger Legs: 7 segments Respiration: 4 pairs of book lungs Euscorpius tergestinus Thelyphonida (Uropygi) Orign: Carbon Diversity: 130 species Distribution: tropics Body size: up to 75 mm Prosoma: carapace Pedicel: present Opisthosoma: 12 segments, flagellum with repugnatory glands Eyes: 1 pair of median, 3-5 pairs of lateral Chelicerae: 2 segments, subchelate Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 7 segments, 1st pair elongated Respiration: 2 pairs of book lungs Schizomida Origin: Paleogene Diversity: 400 species Distribution: circum-tropical, introduced to Europe Body size: up to 18 mm Prosoma: propeltidium, mesopeltidium, metapeltidium Pedicel: present Opisthosoma: 12 segments, repugnatory glands, mesosoma, metasoma (pygidium+flagellum) Eyes: absent Chelicerae: 2 segments, almost chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 7 segments, 1st pair elongated Respiration: 1 pair of book lungs Stenochrus portoricensis Amblypygi Origin: Devonian Diversity: 250 species Distribution: circum-tropical Body size: 10-45 mm Prosoma: carapace, Pedicel: present Opisthosoma: 12 segments, last one – pygidium Eyes: 2 median, 6 lateral Chelicerae: 2 segments, subchelate Pedipalps: 6 segments, elongated Legs: 1st pair elongated, 3-segmented tarsi Respiration: 2 pairs of book lungs Ricinulei Origin: Carbon Diversity: 100 species Distribution: tropical Africa and America Body size: 3-10 mm Prosoma: carapace, cucullus Pedicel: present Opisthosoma: 9 segments, 3-segmented pygidium Eyes: absent Chelicerae: 2 segments, chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 7 segments, 2nd pair elongated Respiration: one pair of tracheae Opiliones Origin: Devonian Diversity: 7 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 2-22 mm Prosoma: carapace, pro-, meso-, metapeltidium, orificia of scent glands Opisthosoma: 9-10 segments Eyes: pair of median on ocularium Chelicerae: 3 segments, chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 6-7 segments, tarsi sub-segmented Respiration: openings of tracheae on 8th sternite Czechia: 33 species Suborders: Cyphophthalmi • body size: 1-6 mm • eyes: 2 or completely blind • Siro carpaticus Laniatores Dispnoi • cheliceral fingers with small regular teeth • Dicranolasmatidae, Ischyropsalidae, Nemastomatidae, Trogulidae Eupnoi • tibia of adults with additional stigmata • ovipositor articulated • Sclerosomatidae, Phalangiidae Ischyropsalidae • large chelicerae, longer than body • specialised on snails • Ischyropsalis hellwigi Trogulidae • flat body with hood • eye tubercle absent • legs short • Trogulus tricarinatus Dicranolasmatidae • eyes on the hood • Dicranolasma scabrum Nemastomatidae • pedipalpal Ti with clavate setae • Nemastoma lugubre Sclerosomatidae • pedipalpal claws smooth • Leiobunum limbatum Phalangiidae • elongated gnathocoxa of the 2nd leg pair • Phalangium opilio Palpigradi Origin: Neogene Diversity: 150 species Distribution: tropics, under ground Body size: 3 mm Prosoma: 3 segments, rostrum, mesopeltidium small Opisthosoma: 11 segments, flagellum (14-15 segments) Eyes: absent Chelicerae: 3 segments, chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 1st pair with tactile organ Respiration: no organs Eukoenenia spelaea Solifugae Origin: Carboniferous Diversity: 1 200 species Distribution: arid parts of tropics and subtropics (Greece 10 species) Body size: 8-80 mm Prosoma: pro-, meso-, metapeltidium Pedicel: absent Opisthosoma: 11 segments Eyes: 2-6 median eyes Chelicerae: 2 segments, chelate Pedipalps: 6 segments, sucking organ Legs: 7 segments, 3-5 malleoli Respiration: 3-5 pairs of tracheae Acari Origin: Devonian Diversity: more than 50 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 0.1-30 mm Tagmata: gnathosoma, idiosoma Eyes: lateral or absent Chelicerae: originally chelate, 2-3 segments Pedipalps: 6 segments Legs: 6 (2-7) segments, larva with 3 pairs of legs Respiration: tracheae or no organs Superorders Parasitiformes: Opilioacaridae, Holothyrida, Ixodida, Gamasida Acariformes: Actinedida, Sarcoptiformes Opilioacaridae Origin: Cretaceous Diversity: 40 species Distribution: subtropical and tropical areas Body size: 1-2.5 mm Body: originally 18 segments Idiosoma: undivided Eyes: 2-3 pairs Chelicerae: 3 segments Legs: coxae loose (separate segments) Respiration: tergites with 4 pairs of stigmata Holothyrida Origin: Cretaceous Diversity: 30 species Distribution: southern Hemisphere Body size: 2-7 mm Body: originally 18 segments, sclerotised Idiosoma: undivided Eyes: often absent Legs: coxae loose (separate segments) Respiration: 1 (2) pair of stigmata laterally on Cx Ixodida Origin: Cretaceous Diversity: 1 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: less than 2 mm Body: originally 18 segments Idiosoma: undivided Chelicerae: hypostom Pedipalps: 3 segments Legs: Cx loose (separate segments), Ta of the 1st pair with Haller's organ (chemoreceptor) Respiration: stigmata on special plates in front or behind 4th leg pair Origin: Cretaceous Diversity: 12 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 0.5-3 mm Body: originally 18 segments Idiosoma: undivided Chelicerae: retractible Legs: Cx loose (separate segments) Respiration: 1 pair of stigmata laterally on Cx II-IV Gamasida Phytoseiulus persimilisDermanyssus gallinaeVarroa jacobsoni Origin: Devonian Diversity: 25 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: less than 2 mm Body: originally 16 segments Idiosoma: divided to propodosoma and histerosoma Legs: Cx fused with ventral body wall Respiration: stigmata close to bases of chelicerae or pedipalps Actinedida Trombidium holosericeum Demodex foliculorumTetranychus telarius Origin: Devonian Diversity: 16 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: less than 2 mm Body: originally 16 segments Idiosoma: divided to propodosoma and histerosoma Legs: Cx fused with ventral body wall Respiration: tracheae absent Sarcoptiformes Sarcoptes scabiei Acarus siro Oribatid Araneae Origin: Carbon Diversity: 52 000 species Distribution: whole world Body size: 1-80 mm Prosoma: carapace Pedicel: petiolus Opisthosoma: 1-2 pairs of spinnerets Eyes: 2-8 Chelicerae: 2 segments, subchelate, venom gland Pedipalps: 6 segments, in males with copulatory organs Respiration: 0-2 pairs of book lungs 0-2 pairs of tracheae Suborders: Mesothelae • chelicerae paraxial • 4 pairs of spinnerets, on 4th-5th abdominal segments • segmented abdomen Mygalomorphae • chelicera prognathous Araneomorphae • chelicera labidognathous Czech spiders 900 species • AMAUROBIIDAE (4 species) • ANAPIDAE (1 species) • CYBAEIDAE (2 species) • LIOCRANIDAE (10 species) • MYSMENIDAE (2 species) • OCHYROCERATIDAE (1 species) • SPARASSIDAE (1 species) • TRACHELIDAE (1 species) • ZOROPSIDAE (1 species) Amaurobius Micrommata Zoropsis Cybaeus Agroeaca Cetonana AGELENIDAE  5-20 mm 14 species Tegenaria • series of trichobothria of increasing length on Ta • 2 segmented posterior spinnerets longer than anterior  build sheet webs with tubular retreat • tracheal stigma in the middle of abdomen (ventrally)  free-living hunters, common on plants or trees ANYPHAENIDAE  4-8 mm 2 species Anyphaena ARANEIDAE  2-20 mm 46 species Hypsosinga • height of clypeus = diameter of AE (cf. Linyphiidae) • chelicerae often with condylus • legs with strong spines  build vertical orb webs with a sticky spiral Argiope ATYPIDAE  7-15 mm 3 species • massive orthognath chelicerae (as long as the carapace)  live inside closed tube-like burrows dug in the ground Atypus • width of eye field ≥ half of prosoma width • legs long, leg I considerably longer than leg II (cf. Clubionidae)  free-living nocturnal hunters on foliage CHEIRACANTHIIDAE (Miturgidae)  5-15 mm 10 species Cheiracanthium CLUBIONIDAE  3-11 mm 27 species Clubiona • width of eye field ≥ half of the largest width of prosoma • legs short and stout, of similar length (cf. Cheiracanthidae)  free-living nocturnal hunters on foliage DICTYNIDAE  1-4 mm 23 species Dictyna • calamistrum in one row • gnathocoxae enclosing labium (cf. Titanoecidae)  build tangled cribellate webs on vegetation DYSDERIDAE  5-15 mm 10 species Dysdera • 6 eyes arranged in a circle • sternum with intercoxal sclerites • chelicerae may be porrect  free-living nocturnal ground-dwellers Harpactea ERESIDAE Eresus • 8 small eyes, ME close together, LE at corners of prosoma • carapace dorsally rectangular  build tangled webs with tube retreat in the ground  3 - 20 mm 4 species GNAPHOSIDAE  2-18 mm 75 species Drassodes Zelotes • 8 small eyes, in 2 rows, PME usually oval • anterior spinnerets cylindrical, parallel and longer than others  nocturnal free-living hunters on the ground HAHNIIDAE  1-3 mm 12 species Hahnia • 8 eyes in 2 rows • all spinnerets arranged in a transverse row  build small sheet webs on ground LINYPHIIDAE  1-7 mm 320 species Linyphia • height of clypeus > 2x diameter of AE (cf. Araneidae) • chelicerae often with stridulating ridges  build sheet webs on ground and in foliage LYCOSIDAE Trochosa Pardosa • 8 eyes in 3 rows, PME largest  free-living ground-dwellers Pirata  3-30 mm 65 species MIMETIDAE  3-4 mm 4 species Ero • 1 to 3 pairs of small tubercles on abdomen • Mt I, II and Ta I, II with series of prominent spines  free-living on foliage, araneophagous MITURGIDAE (Zoridae)  4-7 mm 8 species Zora • 8 eyes closely grouped, first row procurved • carapace pale yellowish with pair of longitudinal brown bands  diurnal free-living ground-dwellers NESTICIDAE Nesticus • legs with few or no spines, bristles on Ta IV • labium with front margin swollen (cf. Theridiidae)  build tangled webs in dark places  2-6 mm 2 species OONOPIDAE  < 2 mm 4 species Oonops • 6 eyes arranged in a compact group • abdomen often with scuta  free-living ground-dwellers, mostly synanthropic Triaeris OXYOPIDAE  5-10 mm 1 species Oxyopes • 8 eyes in 4 rows, hexagonal eye field • legs with very long spines  diurnal free-living plant-dwellers PHILODROMIDAE Tibellus Thanatus • 8 eyes, row of PE recurved, similar in size • legs long, prograde, legs II usually longer than others  free-living hunters common on foliage Philodromus  3-10 mm 25 species PHOLCIDAE  2-10 mm 8 species Pholcus • 6 of 8 eyes arranged in 2 triads, AME much smaller than the rest • very long and slender legs  build tangled webs, mostly synanthropic • width of eye field < half of largest width of prosoma (cf. Clubionidae) • Mt I+II with long ventral bristles  diurnal free-living ground-dwellers PHRUROLITHIDAE (Corinnidae)  3-5 mm 4 species Phrurolithus PISAURIDAE  9-20 mm 3 species Pisaura Dolomedes • 8 eyes in 3 rows, similarly sized  diurnal, free-living on low vegetation or water surface SALTICIDAE  2-12 mm 72 species Philaeus SalticusMyrmarachne • 8 eyes in 3 rows, AME largest, quadrangular eye field  diurnal jumping hunters in canopy and on ground SCYTODIDAE  3-6 mm 1 species Scytodes • 6 small eyes in 3 separated groups of 2 • carapace very domed  nocturnal free-living hunter, spray gum and poison from chelicerae, synanthropic SEGESTRIIDAE  6-15 mm 2 species Segestria • 6 eyes in 3 groups of 2 • abdomen with a clear dark pattern  build tube-webs with radiating silk in walls or barks TETRAGNATHIDAE  3-15 mm 15 species • chelicerae often long and massive • maxillae much longer than wide  build orb webs with open hub Tetragnatha THERIDIIDAE Phylloneta • legs with few or no spines, serrated bristles ventrally on Ta IV • labium with the front margin NOT swollen (cf. Nesticidae)  build tangled webs in vegetation  2-13 mm 74 species THERIDIOSOMATIDAE  1-3 mm 1 species • sternum with two depressions • globular abdomen  build small horizontal orb webs, inverted umbrella-like Theridiosoma THOMISIDAE DiaeaThomisus • 8 eyes, row of PE recurved, similar in size • legs long, prograde, legs II usually longer than others  free-living hunters common on foliage  3-10 mm 42 species • calamistrum in one row • gnathocoxae parallel with labium (cf. Dictynidae)  build tangled cribellate webs under stones TITANOECIDAE  3-7 mm 4 species Titanoeca Uloborus Hyptiotes  3-6 mm 3 species • legs I and IV clearly longer than others • Mt IV curved with calamistrum  build horizontal orb webs or triangular webs with cribellate silk ULOBORIDAE ZODARIIDAE  2-5 mm 4 species Zodarion • 8 eyes arranged in heart-like shape • anterior spinnerets much larger than the rest  free-living ground-dwellers