This book summarizes the main results of the Czech Science Foundation project GA205/09/1297. The primary objectives of the project were: (i) to study the spatial and temporal variability of selected meteorological elements within urban areas and their surroundings, (ii) to quantify differences between urban and rural environments and finally (iii) to investigate possible reasons for these differences. Three data types were analyzed: a) stationary measurements from standard and automatic meteorological stations, b) mobile measurements, c) satellite thermal imagery. The most comprehensive analysis was that performed for temperature patterns. We characterized overall intensity, daily course, seasonality, and spatial features of Urban Heat Island in Brno. Mean daily temperature at urban stations was higher than that at rural stations in all seasons. The greatest difference was in summer (1.2 degrees Celsius). The difference in minimum daily temperatures varied from 3.6 to 4.0 degrees Celsius. The highest temperatures were found for the central part of the city with the highest density of buildings and the lowest density of vegetation. Besides that, we characterized spatial and time variability of relative air humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction, cloudiness, and sunshine duration. Role of several natural and anthropogenic factors affecting variability of the above variables was quantified and results are compared with analogous studies from Central Europe. Compiled and homogenized temperature and precipitation series served to characterize long-term climate variability in Brno in Central European context. The mean annual temperature increase has reached a rate of 0.35 degrees Celsius/10 years during the last 50 years. Precipitation series show no statistically significant linear trends, but quite high inter-annual variability.