More than two decades since the revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the development of social movements and civil society activism in post-communist countries remains a matter of considerable scholarly debate. Whilst earlier research tended to emphasise low levels of protest events and the weak and non-participatory nature of post-communist civil society in general, more recent research has begun to re-evaluate this picture by illustrating the extent to which movement actors develop particular repertoires of action and contention, which are more appropriate for the opportunity structures available within these still young post-communist democracies