Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
http://www.envigogika.cuni.cz/ 1
LET’s start a new LETS: Learning from a case study in Brno,
Czech Republic
Lukáš Kala, Eva Fraňková, Jan Labohý, Jan Fousek
Envigogika 8 (4) – Reviewed Papers
Abstract:
This paper presents information about the operation of RozLEŤSe, a LETS (Local
Exchange Trading System) network, based in Brno, Czech Republic. LETS are
complementary monetary systems in which local community networks attempt to
emancipate themselves from the international economy by using their own currency. LETS
are supposed to promote sustainable development by localising economic relationships.
Although several LETS groups were developed in the Czech Republic between 1990 and
2000, all of them vanished during the first few years of the new millennium. RozLEŤSe
was built from the remains of one of these former LETS groups. The aim of this study is to
evaluate its current operations and to determine possible threats to the future existence of
the group. It is a sociological case study examining the socio-demographic characteristics,
motivations and organisational operations of the group. We point out some serious threats
to the group (lack of supply, growth in negative credit, decrease in trust) and we discuss
some possible solutions.
Keywords:
Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS), community currencies, sustainable
development, RozLEŤSe, case study
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
2 Envigogika 8 (4)
1. Introduction
In the last two decades, community currencies have become a growing form of
alternative monetary systems that exist beyond the control of mainstream economic
institutions such as banks or governments. There are more than 4,000 forms of
community currencies all around the world (Blanc and Fare, 2012). Community currencies
(also called local currencies, here used as a synonym) belong to the broader category of
complementary currencies, which is a generic term for alternative exchange systems.
There is a wide range of various forms of complementary currencies that “have been
springing up in developed and developing countries since the 1990s as a response to
social, economic and environmental needs, in the form of skills-exchanges, modern-day
barter, green versions of supermarket reward schemes, and even notes and coins”
(Seyfang, 2009, p. 141).
From this broad variety of complementary currencies, the so-called Local Exchange
Trading Systems (LETS) are among the most popular models. There are about 250 LETS in
the world registered in the Online Database of Complementary Currencies Worldwide,
servicing almost eight hundred thousand members.1
Compared to classic barter systems,
where services and goods are exchanged directly between participants, LETS are based on
an exchange medium in the form of local virtual currency which allows participants to
trade member-to-member within the entire community. Technically speaking, LETS
represent “membership clubs using a virtual currency created at the moment of
transaction as a credit for the seller of a good or service and a debit for the buyer”
(Dittmer, 2013, p. 3).
Within a LETS, participants can offer or request goods and services through a
website (like Cyclos2
), newsletter, notice board, or meetings. Actual transactions are
usually negotiated and undertaken between two members of the LETS group where the
provider receives some kind of tradable credit3
from the buyer. “Local currency is not
issued by a bank but by its members; therefore, this money is theoretically unlimited and
economic activity need no longer be restricted by a lack of money” (Caldwell, 2000, p. 4).
The system is often managed by volunteers, who are simultaneously participants and
administrators.
According to many authors,4
LETS have the potential to address current economic,
social, and environmental problems, e.g. by building community and local economic
networks, supporting alternative values, allowing for the realization of alternative
livelihoods, contributing to eco-localization (Dittmer, 2013), creating environmental
awareness, resource-sharing (Collom, 2011; Seyfang and Longhurst, 2013), and opening
access to goods and services to those who might otherwise be financially excluded or
unable to find formal employment (Williams et al., 2001). For these reasons, community
currencies (including LETS) have been promoted as tools that can contribute towards all
1 Within this database, 32 initiatives use the “LETS” acronym in their name, 18 describe themselves
featuring a LETS type of exchange system, and ten are doing both. For details see
http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccDatabase/les_public.html (2013-01-10).
2
Cyclos is software for the administration of online payments for transactions within complementary
currency systems.
3
“These local currencies are usually pegged to the national currency and are tracked electronically or
by a checkbook system through a centralized administrator” (Collom, 2011, p. 146).
4
See Johanisová et al. (2013).
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
http://www.envigogika.cuni.cz/ 3
three pillars of sustainable development, as discussed by Seyfang and Longhurst (2013, p.
67).
Despite the fact that LETS groups have such a potential, both internal and external
barriers prevent them from achieving the kinds of impact they initially promised (see
Seyfang and Longhurst, 2013, p. 73). Some authors have already described the decline of
LETS systems, which is usually caused by disagreement about how a group should be
operated, an insufficient supply of specific goods and services (e.g., a lack of food and
skilled and manual labour), or by geographical distance between members (see Crowley,
2004; Schraven, 2001). Surveys such as that conducted by Williams (2001) have shown
that ideology (e.g. environmental) usually attracts the attention of people ready to join
LETS, but fails in achieving practical needs and a sufficient number of active members.
Crowley (2004), reporting similar results based on investigations in Ireland, suggests three
conditions which could prevent the decline of LETS:
“Firstly, that the range of goods and services needs to be expanded, so that
people can get what they need from it. Secondly, it needs to become less like
an environmentalist club that spreads by word-of-mouth, and a broader
membership targeted through local publicity campaigns. Thirdly, there needs
to be more equity of payment for work performed by all members so that
social inequality is not reproduced within the LETS.” (Crowley, 2004, p. 29).”
The same trends observed in Western countries have been described in the Czech
Republic, too. During the 1990s, the first complementary currency groups were established
by environmental activists in Prague, Brno, and České Budějovice. Jelínek (2012)
reports that the main purpose of these groups was to enable and promote
environmentally-friendly behaviour more than to meet the everyday needs of their
members. These groups vanished at the beginning of the new millennium because of
“fatigue of the LETS organizers”, “little real economic need for bartering among LETS
members”, and “other priorities of the LETS organizers, who were closely connected with
environmental organizations” (Jelínek, 2012).
After several years without a working LETS group in the Czech Republic, the
RozLEŤSe group was established in Brno in November 2010. Subsequently, they started
regular trading after adopting the Cyclos software in February 2011, and after two years
they had 41 active members.5
The aim of this study is to understand how the group
currently operates and to analyze potential threats to its future development. In studying
the group, we posed the following main questions: 1. Who uses the RozLEŤSe network and
how? 2. What are the motivations for their participation in RozLEŤSe? 3. What are the
motivations for trading there? 4. How satisfied are participants with the group and trading?
5. What factors or barriers limit access and participating in LETS?
Although the great potential of LETS for sustainable development is often highlighted
in the literature (i.e. Seyfang and Longhurst, 2013), so far there has been little discussion
about the defects within these systems. This article investigates the operation of the LETS
group called RozLEŤSe with a special focus on potential threats. This study allowed us to
compare our results with similar research from abroad. It could also provide some useful
5
We consider members as „active“ if they trade (almost) every month. The number of active
members varies over time, during the last six months of the analyzed period it was between 29 and
41 people. More than half of the members, on the other hand, traded only once or twice during the
whole analyzed period (24 months).
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
4 Envigogika 8 (4)
information for people who would like to start a new LETS or to improve the work of an
existing one.
2. Methods
During spring 2013, several introductory interviews with key contact persons from
RozLEŤSe were conducted regarding the history, organizational structure, decision making
processes, and activities of the group. Our research project was presented to the group at
one of its regular meetings where we proposed our intention to analyze the transactions
within the RozLEŤSe group (the main objective of the project), and to carry out a survey to
better understand the work of the group (the subject of this paper). Subsequently, access
to the transaction data and the distribution of the questionnaires were arranged. The
transaction data were analyzed via a transaction network analysis, a methodological tool
which allows visualization and inspection of systems with network properties (i.e. complex
systems including numerous entities which are linked by specified relations). It allows
analysis of basic network properties in the case of LETS, e.g. the number of transaction
partners, volume of their trades, topology of the trading relations, etc.6
The survey was designed after we obtained data from the transaction network
analysis. To present all the results of the transactional research is beyond the scope of this
paper. In order to better understand the features of the RozLEŤSe group, we present here
only a few relevant numbers: 1. There are 89 members who have traded at least once and
about 35 active participants who trade almost every month; 2. the total number of
transactions per month ranges from 50 to 100; 3. the amount of cash flow is about 15,000
BRKs7
per month; and 4. the most frequently traded items within the group are secondhand
goods, services (especially massages and therapy), and processed food.
For this part of the project, the online survey was used to explore the socioeconomic
profiles of the members, their history and interactions within RozLEŤSe, their motivations
for participation, and their views about the operation of their LETS system. The
questionnaire was distributed during June and July 2013. An electronic form with both
open-ended and close-ended questions was distributed to all RozLEŤSe members by email,
and subsequently a printed version of the same form was distributed during the RozLEŤSe
meeting in July 2013. Of the 89 subjects to whom the questionnaire was sent, one third
returned the form.8
All questionnaires were analyzed both qualitatively (open-ended
questions) and quantitatively (close-ended questions).
The questionnaire was designed to: a) identify the socio-economic profiles of the
group members, b) determine personal motivations for joining the group, c) determine
motivations for trading within LETS, d) evaluate personal participation, and e) evaluate the
operation of RozLEŤSe. In order to identify who the members of RozLEŤSe group are, we
included several standard socio-demographic questions regarding gender, age, education,
6
This specific approach resulted in a complex description of the system and allowed us to identify the
key active members. Thanks to that type of data, we could also simulate scenarios of e.g. the removal
of key transacting persons from the network. These findings will be published in another paper (see
Fraňková et al, submitted).
7
BRK is Rozleťse currency and corresponds to the value of the Czech Crown and approx. 4 Euro cents.
8
However, we received responses from the majority of active participants (72%). Passive members
did not respond at all.
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
http://www.envigogika.cuni.cz/ 5
occupation, socio-economic situation, marital status, and household type. Within this
section we also asked our respondents: How many Czech crowns do you spend each
month on living? How many BRKs do you spend each month on living? For how long have
you been a member of the group?
Another two sections of the questionnaire were related to personal motivations. Two
open-ended questions were posed: Why did you join RozLEŤSe? and What most motivates
you to trade within RozLEŤSe? These questions were followed by statements where
respondents expressed their agreement or disagreement:9
To be a member of RozLEŤSe
helps me to reduce my dependence on the current economic system. RozLEŤSe
contributes to the sustainable development of our society. The next section of the
questionnaire concerns personal participation within the group. We asked respondents the
following close-ended question:10
In comparison with other members, do you consider
yourself rather active or inactive? This question was followed by three statements where
respondents indicated their attitude on the scale as above (see footnote 9): I have found
new friends within RozLEŤSe who I also meet beyond trading; Thanks to RozLEŤSe I can
afford goods and services that would normally be unaffordable for me; I have employed
my skills and proficiency that I would not be normally paid for. The last section of the
questionnaire relates to the work of the group. The questions were intentionally configured
to be open-ended: Do you consider the frequency of transactions within RozLEŤSe
sufficient? For how long is it fair to leave an account in debt? Are you satisfied with the
goods and services that are traded in RozLEŤSe? What are the main advantages of
RozLEŤSe? What are the main problems of RozLEŤSe?
Considering the relatively small number of responses we received, we did not create
a formalized system for the coding of open-ended questions, we simply grouped those
expressing similar positions. The responses to close-ended questions and the responses to
statements were analysed on the basis of the frequency of the selected options. We
present our findings both in relative11
(only the most frequent responses) and absolute
figures.
3. Research findings
3.1. Sociodemographic data
Of the twenty-five respondents, fourteen were female and eleven male. The average
age of the respondents was 40 and ranged from 22 to 63. Most of them were younger than
30. Education level, occupation, and household type ranged broadly. Most respondents
(16, i.e. 64 %) had a university degree; nine had completed at least some college
education. The largest number of respondents (5) worked in the service sector, four were
employed in education and academia, four worked in manual professions, four worked in
business, three were homemakers, three had artistic professions, and one was retired. Ten
9
We use Likert’s (1932) scaling method in order to measure either positive or negative response to a
statement. The format of possible answers was typical five-level Likert item, where respondents can
mark off: 1. Strongly disagree, 2.Disagree,3. Neither agree nor disagree, 4.Agree, or 5. Strongly
agree.
10
Respondents can choose the answers “yes”, “rather yes”, “rather no”, or “no”.
11
The relative frequency is represented by valid percent, i.e., if there is a missing answer, the
response is not included in the calculation.
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
6 Envigogika 8 (4)
respondents (i.e. 40 %) lived in a family with children or in a household with a partner (7).
Others lived in a shared flat, single household or lived with their parents.
The monthly household expenditure of respondents varied; twelve respondents
spent up to 10,000 CZK (400 EUR), another seven up to 20,000 CZK (800 EUR), and the
remaining three up to 30,000 CZK (1, 200 EUR). Monthly household expenditure in BRKs
varied also; nine respondents spend up to 200 BRKs, six respondents spent up to 600
BRKs, and two respondents spent more than 600 BRKs per month for their household. On
average, the respondents spent 408 BRKs per month in RozLEŤSe, which is about 25 times
less than their average household expenses in CZK. In other words, they spent about 3.8
% of their household expenses in BRKs. The average duration of RozLEŤSe membership
was 15 months; eight respondents were members from the beginning (25-30 months),
while seven respondents were newcomers (participating for less than 6 months).
3.2. Motivations to join the LETS group
Regarding the motivations to join the LETS group, eight respondents became
members of RozLEŤSe to meet new and interesting people, and to create and/or
participate in a social network.12
Six people considered LETS to be an interesting, new (or
even “sexy”) activity, and wanted to support such a project; seven also wanted to
explicitly participate in a non-monetary activity, at least partly to escape the current
financial system or support alternatives. Four people wanted to exchange with others; and
three wanted to share their skills and make use of them.13
Often the motivations were
mixed: “I have joined RozLEŤSe to be able to barter things, meet creative people,
participate in personal connections, and emancipate myself from the system” (housewife,
29 years). Only a few respondents indicated that environmental concerns motivated them
to join LETS14
: “I expect that LETS will soon be the only possibility for trading. I’m using
the time left to learn and build self-sufficiency” (retired female, 58 years). There were also
only a few people (about 10%) who joined RozLEŤSe for economic reasons (none of these
respondents was unemployed).
3.3. Motivations for trading
Motivations for trading partly overlapped with motivations for joining the group,
although they were more varied. Again, the motivation to meet people, exchange and
share were important: “I enjoy my production especially when it is appreciated by others”
(locksmith, 48 years). It was accompanied on the one hand with the appreciation of new
and interesting/original goods and services (6 people), and on the other hand with the
intention to help others (3 people). Environmental motivations were more explicit in this
case: “I don’t like throwing away old things. I check first if somebody doesn’t need
something what is superfluous for me, or offer something I need” (masseuse, 32 years),
while motivation was also briefly stated as “saving the Earth’s resources” (labourer, 57
years). Several people also appreciated home-made products, food, and local materials.
12
Ten respondents (40 %) fully agreed with the statement “I have found new friends in RozLEŤSe
with whom I meet also beyond trading”, whereas 17 % fully or rather disagreed.
13
Regarding the statement “Within RozLEŤSe, I have employed my skills and proficiency that I would
not normally be paid for”, the sample was split into two groups of the same size agreeing (eight) and
disagreeing (seven). Nine (37 %) respondents stayed in the middle.
14
However, there is strong agreement (75 %) with the statement that LETS contribute to sustainable
development.
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
http://www.envigogika.cuni.cz/ 7
3.4. Participation in RozLEŤSe
Regarding their participation in RozLEŤSe, eleven respondents considered
themselves more active than others, while another twelve felt the opposite. Most of the
respondents (17, i.e. 68 %) were fully or rather satisfied with the frequency of
transactions within the group. On average, it was fair in their opinion to settle the debts in
individual accounts within 7.3 months, with expectations ranging from 2 to 12 months.
About one third of the respondents were satisfied with the supply of goods and services
within RozLEŤSe, one third was rather discontent and the rest was undecided. Mostly, the
varied supply of traded goods was appreciated, but there was a widely reported (11; i.e.
44 %) lack of (local, home-made, organic) food, craft work and manual labour. Most of the
respondents (14; i.e. 56 %) were totally or rather happy with the current way of pricing of
goods and services, while five saw both its advantages and disadvantages. However, there
was also strong criticism of the pricing mechanism present in the group: “I’ve learned
during the three years to negotiate about the price so that there is a balance between
giving and receiving. […] I think the exchange ratio of 1:1 [BRK:CZK] can’t work”
(masseuse, 32 years). Another respondent (housewife, 29 years), on the other hand, said
she would appreciate a “fixed conversion rate between BRK and CZK”, whereas yet
another (teacher, 40 years) would like to have “a unified pricing of services according to
time constraints”.
3.5. Evaluation of RozLEŤSe operations
Despite partial disagreements, there was strong agreement among the respondents
about the positive aspects of RozLEŤSe. Nearly all of them appreciated the social spirit,
personal interactions and alternative direction of the group. Self-
sufficiency/independence,15
local scope, trust and helpfulness were also mentioned several
times. The variety of perceived weaknesses was wider and mostly connected to the
practice of trading: a lack of activity of some members, a limited supply of goods and
services requested by many (home-made food, skilled labor) on the one hand, and an
abundance of marginally useful products (trinkets, decorations) on the other. According to
a locksmith (48 years), “Many people would like to take, but they give only a little. Those
who produce something (e.g., basic foodstuffs) can’t be sure they will be able to buy
something useful with the BRKs they obtain”. A related issue was that members can build
up quite a high credit (up to -10,000 BRKs) which enables them to make purchases for
quite a long time without selling anything back. also The significant geographical distance
between members, and some organizational shortcomings were also mentioned several
times as barriers.
4. Discussion
Previous studies have reported that some people are motivated to joint LETS
because of the inclusive potential of these systems (Seyfang, 2004). Several attempts
have been made to describe how LETS empower socially excluded groups by enabling
them to apply skills that are not valued on the formal market (Williams et al., 2001).
Although we found rather mixed motivations for joining RozLEŤSe, probably the strongest
15
When asked directly, the majority of respondents (66 %) fully or quite agreed with the statement
“By participating in RozLEŤSe, I’m trying to reduce my dependence on the current economic system.”
One person disagreed, and 29 % stood in the middle.
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
8 Envigogika 8 (4)
one was a willingness to be a part of a community.16
Many of the participants saw it
similarly to the 32-year-old masseuse: “…I saw in LETs mainly the forming of a social
network.” Surprisingly, this kind of motivation is better for this group because the
participants are more interested in providing a service to others (see Collom, 2001, p.
163).
Serious problems included insufficient supply (with regard to food, crafts, and
manual labour). Some members of RozLEŤSe showed very low motivation to trade such as
the 48-year-old locksmith. Crowley (2004) refers to a similar situation17
which developed
after membership declined in the West Cork LETS (p. 20). The decline was caused by a
lack of useful supply. Although the supply of second-hand items within RozLEŤSe is
environmentally friendly, the lack of a supply of basic needs undermines the whole system.
A possible threat to the group could also be the fact that nearly half of the
respondents feel more active than the rest. Some members complain about the passivity
of the others who do not care about the development of the group, who do not have
anything to offer (not even time), and who just profit from the efforts of others. Passive
members18
are usually associated with ideologically motivated individuals who actually do
not need to trade, who, besides RozLEŤSe, are involved in many other activities, and who
offer second-hand items instead of work or needed supplies. These people pose a
significant problem for the stability of the group,19
especially when they maintain a large
negative credit (debt) over the long term. Therefore, “those who produce have no
guarantee that they will ever get some goods or services”20
(locksmith, 48 years.)
Whereas low debt represents a commitment to the group and binds the local community
together,21
high longer-term debt causes division in the group22
.
Previous studies have reported that the great distance between members’
residences is also a serious threat because members know each other less, and time spent
travelling is not counted.23
Some members of RozLEŤSe perceive this as a problem. “Even
local Brno is quite big and distances between members are relatively large” (scientist, 60
years). Not surprisingly, most of the transactions are made at regular meetings of the
group and in daily life.
16
Among our respondents there were 41% who absolutely agree with statement “I have found new
friends in RozLEŤse with whom I meet beyond the trading” and 17% disagree.
17
“You could get someone to give you a massage, but no-one to dig your garden” (Crowley, 2004, p.
20).
18
These members who do not participate in operating the group are called by others “closet people” –
derived probably from the idiom “to have a skeleton in the closet.”
19
They could cause membership to decline or even the end of the group (see Jelínek, 2012, p.).
20
Douthwaite (1996) describes this as “a serious weakness with LETS because people earning more
local units than they can immediately spend stop accepting them so readily and thus damage the
system for everyone else” (p.112).
21
See Lee (1996, p. 1384).
22
Transaction analysis (not part of this paper) has shown the existence of a “rich club”—a group of
relatively active members without whom Rozleťse could not exist.
23
Crowley (2004) support it with his respondent’s statement: “There’s no incentive to go all the way
to Bantry [30 miles away] to do work for someone you don’t know, or who isn’t likely to become part
of your community. (p. 20)
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
http://www.envigogika.cuni.cz/ 9
5. Conclusion
This paper provides an account of the operations of a LETS group in Brno called
RozLEŤSe. Its aim is to identify possible threats to the group’s existence in the future and
to evaluate its current work. This study has shown that the significance of RozLEŤSe for its
members is not primarily economic, but social. One of the interesting findings to emerge
from this study is that half of the group consider other members passive. It was also
shown that the passivity of some members has serious impacts on how the group operates
– resulting in a lack of supply, growth of negative credit, and decrease in trust. These
results are consistent with those of other studies and suggest that LETS should be a
community based not just on ideology, but rather on the exchange of goods and services.
Based on the study of the RozLEŤSe group, the authors suggest that for a LETS group to
function well all members should know each other and actively trade with everyone else.
Goods and services required for day-to-day living should be offered rather than secondhand
items of limited use. The group should be local so that members can easily trade on
a daily basis.
The case study from Brno showed that regular meetings of the group stimulate
trading. These findings may help us understand how a LETS can operate sustainably.
Possible models for the sustainable future of complementary currencies (not just LETS)
remain an important issue for future research.
6. Acknowledgements
Financial support for this study was provided by a research project “EVAR”
(MUNI/A/0764/2012), Faculty of Social Sciences, Masaryk University.
References:
 Blanc, J., & Fare, M. (2012). Les monnaies sociales en tant que dispositifs innovants
: une évaluation. Innovations - Cahiers de l’économie de l’innovation, 2(38),
Retrieved from http://hal.archives-
uvertes.fr/docs/00/51/83/49/PDF/BlancFareRIUESSLux.pdf
 Dittmer, K. (2013). Local currencies for purposive degrowth? A quality check of
some proposals for changing money-as-usual. Journal of Cleaner Production, 54,
3-13. Retrieved from
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652613001820
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.044
 Douthwaite, R. J. (1996). Short Circuit: Strengthening local economies for security
in an unstable world. Dublin: Lilliput Press Dublin.
 Caldwell, C. (2000). Why Do People Join Local Exchange Trading Systems?.
International Journal of Community Currency Research, 4(1), Retrieved from
https://ijccr.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ijccr-vol-4-2000-1-caldwell.pdf
 Crowley, E. (2004). Local Exchange Trading Systems: Globalising Rural
Communities. Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper. n.
37.. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved from
http://www.tcd.ie/iiis/documents/discussion/pdfs/iiisdp37.pdf
Envigogika: Charles University E-journal for Environmental Education ISSN 1802-3061
10 Envigogika 8 (4)
 Collom, E. (2011). Motivations and Differential Participation in a Community
Currency System: The Dynamics Within a Local Social Movement Organization1.
Sociological Forum, 2011, 144-168.
 Fraňková, E., Fousek, J., Kala, L., & Labohý, J. . Transaction network analysis of
Local Exchange Trading System in Brno, Czech Republic.. Ecological Economics,
 Jelínek, P., Szalay, Z. E., & . Konečný, A., (2012). Local exchange trade systems in
central European post communist countries. International Journal of Community
Currency Research, 16, 116-123.
 Johanisova, N., Crabtree, T., & Fraňková, E. (2013). Social enterprises and nonmarket
capitals: a path to degrowth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 38(38), 7-16.
Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652612000066
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.004
 Lee, R. (1996). Moral Money? LETS and the Social Construction of Local Economic
Geographies in Southeast England’. Environment and Planning. , 28, 1377-1394.
 Seyfang, G. I. L. L. (2004). Working Outside the Box: Community Currencies, Time
Banks and Social Inclusion. J. Soc. Pol, 33(1), 49-71. Retrieved from
http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0047279403007232
doi:10.1017/S0047279403007232
 Seyfang, G. (2009). The New Economics Of Sustainable Consumption: Seeds of
Change. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan.
 Seyfang, G., & Longhurst, N. (2013). Growing green money? Mapping community
currencies for sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 86, 65-77.
Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800912004259
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.11.003
 Schraven, J. (2001). The Economics of Community Currencies: A Theoretical
Perspective. . Retrieved from
http://www.jorim.nl/economicscommunitycurrencies.pdf
 Williams, C. C., Aldridge, T., Tooke, J., Lee, R., Leyshon, A., & Thrift, N. (2001).
Bridges into Work: An Evaluation of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS).
Bristol: Policy Press.
--
Mgr. Lukáš Kala, Mgr. Eva Fraňková Ph.D., Mgr. Jan Labohý
Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk
University, Brno, Czech Republic
Mgr. Jan Fousek
Department of Computer Systems and Communications, Faculty of Informatics,
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic