Food preferences are considered an important factor contributing to “risky” dietary behaviour. The amount of data on the nutritional behaviour of the adolescent population is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse food preferences and their projection into food consumption in a cohort of adolescents of Central-European origin. The sample included 1,615 15-year-olds who were asked to indicate their like or dislike of 59 food and drink items, evaluating them on a scale of 1 = “I dislike” to 10 = “I love”. Food consumption was studied using a frequency questionnaire which included the same items and a 5-grade frequency scale. Compliance with nutritional recommendations was assessed, as were gender differences; the relationship between preferences and consumption was subsequently analysed. Preferences were found to differ significantly between the genders, with results indicating less healthy choices in the case of boys. However, the established preferences were not completely projected into actual consumption, which in fact appears to be healthier than the preferences imply. Study results thus indicate that food preferences are not necessarily being projected into the actual consumption of the Central-European adolescent population.