The central theme of the article is the conflict of the transport infrastructure (in this case the motorways and the expressways) with the residential environment with the problematic air quality in the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to identify the residential areas with the high level of air pollution in the vicinity of the relevant express transport infrastructure in the Czech Republic and to evaluate the impacts of air pollution on the population. We will design the possible recommendations for the implementation of the public policies taking into account the burden of air pollution on the population.