Central Europe and Czech Lands (recent Czech republic) itself have recently represented an area with a transitional type between the oceanic and continental types of temperate climate. The climate changed during geological history and various climates played an important role in the evolution of landforms due to changes in type and intensity of weathering and earth surface processes. This chapter describes general trends in climate oscillations during the Tertiary and the Quaternary within the Czech Lands and Central Europe. Climatological and hydrological extremes and fluctuations during the last centuries are along with human activity fundamental drivers of recent changes in the landscape evolution.