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@article{1372503,
author = {Gluge, Juliane and Wang, Zhanyun and Bogdal, Christian and Scheringer, Martin and Hungerbuhler, Konrad},
article_location = {AMSTERDAM},
article_number = {December},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.105},
keywords = {Chlorinated paraffins; CPs; Emissions; Production; SCCPs; Use},
language = {eng},
issn = {0048-9697},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
title = {Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716318009},
volume = {573},
year = {2016}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 1372503
AU - Gluge, Juliane - Wang, Zhanyun - Bogdal, Christian - Scheringer, Martin - Hungerbuhler, Konrad
PY - 2016
TI - Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario
JF - Science of the Total Environment
VL - 573
IS - December
SP - 1132-1146
EP - 1132-1146
PB - Elsevier
SN - 00489697
KW - Chlorinated paraffins
KW - CPs
KW - Emissions
KW - Production
KW - SCCPs
KW - Use
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716318009
L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716318009
N2 - Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) show high persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. Consequently, restrictions on production and use have been enforced in several countries/regions. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants recognized the PBT properties and long-range transport potential of SCCPs in 2015 and is now evaluating a possible global phase-out or restrictions. In this context, it is relevant to know which countries are producing/using SCCPs and in which amounts, and which applications contribute most to their environmental emissions. To provide a first comprehensive overview, we review and integrate all publicly available data on the global production and use of both chlorinated paraffins (CPs) as a whole and specifically SCCPs. Considerable amount of data on production/use of CPs and SCCPs are missing. Based on the available data and reported emission factors, we estimate the past and current worldwide SCCP emissions from individual applications. Using the available data as a minimum scenario, we conclude: (i) SCCP production and use is increasing, with the current worldwide production volume being 165,000 t/year at least, whereas the global production of total CPs exceeds 1 million t/year. (ii) The worldwide release of SCCPs from their production and use to air, surface water, and soil between 1935 and 2012 has been in the range of 1690-41,400 t, 1660-105,000 t, and 9460-81,000 t, respectively. (iii) The SCCP manufacture and use in PVC, the use in metal working applications and sealants/adhesives, and the use in plastics and rubber contribute most to the emissions to air, surface water, and soil. Thus, the decrease in the environmental emissions of SCCPs requires reduction of SCCP use in (almost) all applications. (iv) Emissions due to the disposal of waste SCCPs cannot be accurately estimated, because relevant information is missing. Instead, we conduct a scenario analysis to provide some insights into it.
ER -
GLUGE, Juliane, Zhanyun WANG, Christian BOGDAL, Martin SCHERINGER and Konrad HUNGERBUHLER. Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario. \textit{Science of the Total Environment}. AMSTERDAM: Elsevier, 2016, vol.~573, December, p.~1132-1146. ISSN~0048-9697. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.105.
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